The core of the vision IRJES is to disseminate new knowledge and technology for the benefit of all, ranging from academic research and professional communities to industry professionals in a range of topics in computer science and engineering. It also provides a place for high-caliber researchers, practitioners and PhD students to present ongoing research and development in these areas.
The water balance, or budget, is a simple equation used to understand water resources in a drainage basin. It accounts for precipitation, evapotranspiration, infiltration into soils, storage of water in soils, and outputs like surface runoff and flow into rivers. When precipitation exceeds evapotranspiration, soils become saturated and excess water runs off as overland flow, contributing to rivers. When evapotranspiration is greater than precipitation, stored soil moisture is reduced and depleted.
This document presents an overview of water balance calculations. It defines water balance and its components such as precipitation, evapotranspiration, soil moisture, surplus and deficit. It describes different types of water balances including surface water, groundwater, soil water, lake water and oceanic water balances. The document discusses applications of water balance calculations and limitations. It concludes that water balance estimation is an important tool for assessing water resources and supporting water management decisions.
The document discusses the water balance of a drainage basin. It is made up of precipitation inputs, evapotranspiration outputs, and storage changes. Precipitation is the primary water input. Evapotranspiration is water released into the air by evaporation from wet surfaces and transpiration from plants. The water balance equation expresses that precipitation equals total streamflow discharge plus evapotranspiration, plus or minus changes in water storage.
The water budget, or water balance, of a drainage basin shows the relationship between precipitation, evapotranspiration, surface runoff, and changes in water storage. It is often expressed as an equation where precipitation equals surface runoff plus evapotranspiration plus or minus changes in storage. The water budget is useful for hydrologists to understand water surplus and deficit, and to plan for potential water shortages or recharge after deficit. A water budget graph illustrates surplus when precipitation exceeds evapotranspiration and deficit when the reverse is true.
The document provides an overview of water resources management and hydrology. It discusses the goals of understanding hydrologic processes and solving water-related problems. Key topics covered include the water cycle, what hydrologists study and do, examples of ancient hydrologic history like the Nile River, major global water usage, water scarcity issues, and the shrinking of the Aral Sea as an example of poor water management.
The document provides an introduction to hydrology, including:
- Defining hydrology as the science studying the water cycle and flows between the atmosphere, land, and oceans.
- Describing the key elements of the water cycle, including precipitation, infiltration, evaporation, and the spatial and temporal scales involved.
- Noting that the water cycle sustains life on Earth, shapes its surface, and regulates the climate.
The document discusses the hydrologic cycle, which describes the continuous movement and storage of water between the atmosphere, oceans, lakes, soils and land. Water is evaporated from oceans and land surfaces, transported by winds, condensed into rain or snow clouds, and precipitated back onto the Earth where it collects in streams, rivers and lakes before returning to the oceans, completing the cycle. The hydrologic cycle is powered by solar energy and influences climate patterns and variability across different timescales. It is an important process linking the water, energy and carbon cycles.
The water balance, or budget, is a simple equation used to understand water resources in a drainage basin. It accounts for precipitation, evapotranspiration, infiltration into soils, storage of water in soils, and outputs like surface runoff and flow into rivers. When precipitation exceeds evapotranspiration, soils become saturated and excess water runs off as overland flow, contributing to rivers. When evapotranspiration is greater than precipitation, stored soil moisture is reduced and depleted.
This document presents an overview of water balance calculations. It defines water balance and its components such as precipitation, evapotranspiration, soil moisture, surplus and deficit. It describes different types of water balances including surface water, groundwater, soil water, lake water and oceanic water balances. The document discusses applications of water balance calculations and limitations. It concludes that water balance estimation is an important tool for assessing water resources and supporting water management decisions.
The document discusses the water balance of a drainage basin. It is made up of precipitation inputs, evapotranspiration outputs, and storage changes. Precipitation is the primary water input. Evapotranspiration is water released into the air by evaporation from wet surfaces and transpiration from plants. The water balance equation expresses that precipitation equals total streamflow discharge plus evapotranspiration, plus or minus changes in water storage.
The water budget, or water balance, of a drainage basin shows the relationship between precipitation, evapotranspiration, surface runoff, and changes in water storage. It is often expressed as an equation where precipitation equals surface runoff plus evapotranspiration plus or minus changes in storage. The water budget is useful for hydrologists to understand water surplus and deficit, and to plan for potential water shortages or recharge after deficit. A water budget graph illustrates surplus when precipitation exceeds evapotranspiration and deficit when the reverse is true.
The document provides an overview of water resources management and hydrology. It discusses the goals of understanding hydrologic processes and solving water-related problems. Key topics covered include the water cycle, what hydrologists study and do, examples of ancient hydrologic history like the Nile River, major global water usage, water scarcity issues, and the shrinking of the Aral Sea as an example of poor water management.
The document provides an introduction to hydrology, including:
- Defining hydrology as the science studying the water cycle and flows between the atmosphere, land, and oceans.
- Describing the key elements of the water cycle, including precipitation, infiltration, evaporation, and the spatial and temporal scales involved.
- Noting that the water cycle sustains life on Earth, shapes its surface, and regulates the climate.
The document discusses the hydrologic cycle, which describes the continuous movement and storage of water between the atmosphere, oceans, lakes, soils and land. Water is evaporated from oceans and land surfaces, transported by winds, condensed into rain or snow clouds, and precipitated back onto the Earth where it collects in streams, rivers and lakes before returning to the oceans, completing the cycle. The hydrologic cycle is powered by solar energy and influences climate patterns and variability across different timescales. It is an important process linking the water, energy and carbon cycles.
This document provides information about the hydrological cycle and water budget. It begins with the objectives of understanding water sources and the hydrological cycle components of evaporation, precipitation, infiltration, runoff and subsurface flow. It then discusses the global water resources and usage, including increasing population growth. The bulk of the document defines and explains the various components of the hydrological cycle, including evaporation, condensation, precipitation types, interception, infiltration, subsurface flow, runoff and storage. It provides an example water balance equation and long-term water balance calculation. Finally, it briefly discusses the global water cycle and a typical hydrological cycle for the UAE.
The document discusses water balance analysis and provides an overview of key concepts related to the hydrologic cycle and water balance. It defines water balance as calculating total precipitation input and outputs for an area. The hydrologic cycle and water balance principles are then applied to discuss the unsaturated zone, including soil moisture storage, infiltration, and subsurface water flow. Key terms like field capacity, wilting point, and available soil moisture are explained in the context of the unsaturated zone water balance.
This document discusses hydrology and the water cycle. It begins by explaining that hydrology studies the flows of water between the atmosphere, land, and oceans, which make up the water cycle. It then describes the different types of water flows, including precipitation, infiltration, evaporation, transpiration, surface runoff, and groundwater flow. The document also provides statistics on the quantities and distributions of water on Earth. It finishes by outlining some of the uses of hydrology in areas like predicting floods, assessing reservoir needs, and designing hydraulic structures.
This document introduces hydrology and the components of the drainage basin system. It discusses the water budget of a drainage basin including inputs, stores, outputs, and transfers. It also covers how human activity, rainfall-discharge relationships, storm and seasonal hydrographs, and various influences impact drainage basins. Key topics covered are the drainage basin as a system, water storage in different reservoirs, how long it takes for water renewal in different water bodies, and how vegetation and evaporation influence the hydrological cycle.
The document discusses engineering hydrology, which uses hydrologic principles to solve problems related to water resource management and development. It defines engineering hydrology as studying the hydrologic cycle and its components like precipitation, evaporation, infiltration and runoff. Engineering hydrologists work on projects for water control, utilization and management by estimating maximum floods, droughts, water supply and more using statistical and modeling techniques. The key aspects of hydrology discussed are data collection, analysis and prediction.
Evaporation is the process by which the liquid water is converted in to the water vapour and removed from the evaporating surface.
Evaporation is the means by which the vast amount of latent heat is transformed from the earth surface to atmosphere.
The source of energy for evaporation may be a solar radiation and the air blowing over the surface.
The energy required for the evaporation regardless of the surface where the evaporation is taking place is 2.5 MJ/KG or 590 Calories/gm of water at 2 ˚C.
This document summarizes a study that used integrated hydrological modeling tools to assess water availability and identify vulnerable areas in the complex Lake Kinneret Watershed in Israel under future climate change scenarios. The watershed spans multiple countries and hydrogeological units. The study used the Water Evaluation and Planning tool along with other hydrological models to simulate the watershed and separate regions impacted by climate change from those impacted by operational decisions. The watershed faces challenges of increasing water demand, limited supply, and an expected reduction in available water due to climate change impacts like decreased rainfall and groundwater recharge.
1. The document discusses key concepts in hydrology including the hydrologic cycle, water budget equation, and groundwater components.
2. The hydrologic cycle describes the continuous movement of water on, above, and below the surface of the Earth, including evaporation, transpiration, precipitation, and subsurface flow.
3. The water budget equation expresses the principle of conservation of mass by equating water inputs such as precipitation to outputs like evapotranspiration and changes in storage over a given time period for a defined catchment area.
a. Groundwater System Geometry
b. Groundwater Storage
Groundwater management has been increasingly delegated to local authorities in recent decades. Local agencies are allowed to create groundwater management plans and raise revenue to pay for management.
defining the geometric elements of an aquifer or a groundwater system is the first and most important step in the majority of hydrogeologic studies. It is finding the answers to the following questions regarding the groundwater :
“where is it coming from?” (contributing area),
“where is it entering the system?” (recharge area),
“where is it flowing?” (throughout the aquifer extent), and
“where is it discharging from the system?” (discharge area).
This document contains a syllabus for a hydrology course. It includes sections on catchment area, the water budget equation, and two examples. The catchment area section defines it as the area draining into a stream. The water budget equation accounts for precipitation, surface runoff, groundwater flow, evaporation, transpiration, and change in storage over a time period. Example 1 applies the water budget equation to a lake. Example 2 calculates runoff and non-runoff amounts for a storm event in a small catchment.
An integrated groundwater-surface water model was developed for the proposed Babcock Ranch development site in Lee County, Florida using the GSFLOW code. The model was calibrated to streamflow, groundwater levels, and wetland stage data. Model results showed that the proposed stormwater management system is expected to improve wetland hydroperiods and buffer peak flows compared to current and natural conditions. The calibrated integrated model provides a tool to evaluate the impacts of land development and climate change on the groundwater and surface water system.
Groundwater is an important natural resource under threat from increasing population and development. Current groundwater models have limitations due to subsurface heterogeneity and lack of data. Assessing climate change impacts on groundwater and managing resources during droughts are significant challenges. Improving data collection and developing more realistic models are needed for effective groundwater management.
This document summarizes a study on deconvoluting the flood hydrograph at the outlet of the Kolondieba watershed in Mali to understand the runoff process. Monitoring of physicochemical parameters was conducted from 2009-2011 at rainfall, surface water, and groundwater sites. Analysis using electrical conductivity and total dissolved solids as tracers showed runoff was composed of 77% rapid flow from rainfall and 23% delayed flow from shallow aquifers during 2010's wet season. In 2011, rapid flow increased 3% as shallow aquifer discharge declined 6.8% due to lower rainfall. The study found groundwater contributes little to hydrologic balance at the outlet, and surface runoff from rainfall heavily influenced by degraded land
The document discusses the hydrology cycle, which describes the continuous movement of water on, above, and below the Earth's surface. It involves six main processes: 1) Evaporation of water into vapor from surfaces, 2) Transpiration of water vapor from plants, 3) Condensation of vapor into liquid water clouds, 4) Precipitation as rain, snow, or hail falls to Earth, 5) Runoff of water over the land or infiltration into soils and rocks below ground, and 6) Storage of water in oceans, lakes, soils, and atmosphere in a never-ending cycle of continuous movement.
This document provides an overview of the field of hydrology. It defines hydrology as the study of the occurrence, circulation, distribution, and properties of water on Earth. The document then discusses the history of hydrology, highlighting early civilizations that developed irrigation systems, and scientists throughout history who contributed to understanding of hydrologic processes. It also outlines the main branches and applications of hydrology, and provides details on key hydrologic concepts like the water cycle, watersheds, and global patterns of water distribution and availability.
The document defines and discusses several terms related to hydrology:
1. Potamology is the study of rivers, which examines rivers from five perspectives including the physics of running water and rivers as habitats for organic life.
2. Limnology is the study of biological, chemical, and physical features of lakes and other bodies of fresh water.
3. Cryology is the scientific study of ice, including areas like snow and ice mapping and classification.
This document provides an introduction to hydrology, including:
1. Hydrology is defined as the science of water, its occurrence and circulation on Earth. It deals with water resources, processes like precipitation and runoff, and problems like floods and droughts.
2. The hydrologic cycle describes the continuous movement of water on, above, and below the Earth's surface, including evaporation, transpiration, precipitation, runoff, and storage components.
3. The water budget equation expresses the relationship between inputs, outputs, and changes in storage of water in a given catchment area over a period of time.
IRJET- Water Resources Planning and the Hydrologic CycleIRJET Journal
1) Water is essential for life but only a small percentage of Earth's total water is available freshwater. Sustainable management of water resources is important for development.
2) The hydrologic cycle describes how water circulates between the atmosphere and Earth's surface in different states as it evaporates, condenses, precipitates, and collects or infiltrates into the ground.
3) At the regional scale, river basins are a key unit for studying hydrology as they represent areas where all precipitation and runoff drains to a common point such as a river mouth. Understanding the hydrologic cycle and its processes within river basins is important for water planning.
This chapter discusses key concepts in hydrology including:
- The hydrologic cycle and its major processes like precipitation, infiltration, evapotranspiration, surface runoff, and groundwater flow.
- The global distribution of water resources, with oceans holding over 96% of water as saline water and the small fraction of freshwater resources on land and in ice.
- The water budget equation that accounts for inputs, outputs, and changes in storage of water in a given catchment area over time.
- Major components of the hydrologic cycle and their roles in transporting water throughout the environment.
1. The document discusses methods to identify saltwater intrusion in coastal aquifers, including geophysical methods, geochemical investigations, and numerical modeling. Geophysical surveys and monitoring of groundwater levels and chemistry can detect the intrusion of saline water. Numerical models like MODFLOW and EFDC are used to simulate groundwater flow and salinity transport.
2. Results from various studies are presented. Geophysical monitoring showed tidal influence on groundwater levels. Modeling indicated sources of recharge and the spatial extent of intrusion over time. Validation of models compared observed and simulated data.
3. Saltwater intrusion poses an environmental threat as human activities like groundwater pumping can lead to overexploitation and degradation
This document summarizes a study characterizing the regional variability of seasonal water balances within the Omo-Gibe River Basin in Ethiopia. The study analyzed the water balances of 21 catchments in the basin using the HBV light conceptual hydrology model with a single linear reservoir. The model was calibrated against stream flow data from 10 catchments and showed good performance. The calibrated parameters were then used to predict stream flows in 11 ungauged catchments. The catchments were regionalized into two regions based on similarities in their seasonal water balances and controlling precipitation regimes. Region 1 consisted of 14 northern catchments where precipitation and evaporation are out of phase. Region 2 consisted of 7 southern catchments where precipitation and evaporation are
Origin of water salinity in Annaba aquifer system, North-Eastern Algeria | JBESInnspub Net
The Annaba area hosts in its underground a water potential of great importance. In fact, it is one of the Algerian plains where groundwater is subject to over-pumping. Moreover, the expansion of farmlands and the development of the neighboring agglomerations required a massive pumping of water, thereby leading to the change in hydrodynamic regime of groundwater and to the degradation of its quality. On the basis of boreholes and physicochemical data, the three major factors responsible for the evolution of chemical quality of water observed at the aquifer were identified: (1) mineralization due to natural and anthropogenic processes (responsible for the increase in the contents of chlorides, sodium, calcium and magnesium), (2) the oxydoreduction conditions due to the passage of the water table from an unconfined aquifer or even semi-confined to a confined aquifer (responsible for the reduction of nitrates and (3) pollution of groundwater by nitrates in areas where the water table is shallow and in the absence of a protective clayey cover.
This document provides information about the hydrological cycle and water budget. It begins with the objectives of understanding water sources and the hydrological cycle components of evaporation, precipitation, infiltration, runoff and subsurface flow. It then discusses the global water resources and usage, including increasing population growth. The bulk of the document defines and explains the various components of the hydrological cycle, including evaporation, condensation, precipitation types, interception, infiltration, subsurface flow, runoff and storage. It provides an example water balance equation and long-term water balance calculation. Finally, it briefly discusses the global water cycle and a typical hydrological cycle for the UAE.
The document discusses water balance analysis and provides an overview of key concepts related to the hydrologic cycle and water balance. It defines water balance as calculating total precipitation input and outputs for an area. The hydrologic cycle and water balance principles are then applied to discuss the unsaturated zone, including soil moisture storage, infiltration, and subsurface water flow. Key terms like field capacity, wilting point, and available soil moisture are explained in the context of the unsaturated zone water balance.
This document discusses hydrology and the water cycle. It begins by explaining that hydrology studies the flows of water between the atmosphere, land, and oceans, which make up the water cycle. It then describes the different types of water flows, including precipitation, infiltration, evaporation, transpiration, surface runoff, and groundwater flow. The document also provides statistics on the quantities and distributions of water on Earth. It finishes by outlining some of the uses of hydrology in areas like predicting floods, assessing reservoir needs, and designing hydraulic structures.
This document introduces hydrology and the components of the drainage basin system. It discusses the water budget of a drainage basin including inputs, stores, outputs, and transfers. It also covers how human activity, rainfall-discharge relationships, storm and seasonal hydrographs, and various influences impact drainage basins. Key topics covered are the drainage basin as a system, water storage in different reservoirs, how long it takes for water renewal in different water bodies, and how vegetation and evaporation influence the hydrological cycle.
The document discusses engineering hydrology, which uses hydrologic principles to solve problems related to water resource management and development. It defines engineering hydrology as studying the hydrologic cycle and its components like precipitation, evaporation, infiltration and runoff. Engineering hydrologists work on projects for water control, utilization and management by estimating maximum floods, droughts, water supply and more using statistical and modeling techniques. The key aspects of hydrology discussed are data collection, analysis and prediction.
Evaporation is the process by which the liquid water is converted in to the water vapour and removed from the evaporating surface.
Evaporation is the means by which the vast amount of latent heat is transformed from the earth surface to atmosphere.
The source of energy for evaporation may be a solar radiation and the air blowing over the surface.
The energy required for the evaporation regardless of the surface where the evaporation is taking place is 2.5 MJ/KG or 590 Calories/gm of water at 2 ˚C.
This document summarizes a study that used integrated hydrological modeling tools to assess water availability and identify vulnerable areas in the complex Lake Kinneret Watershed in Israel under future climate change scenarios. The watershed spans multiple countries and hydrogeological units. The study used the Water Evaluation and Planning tool along with other hydrological models to simulate the watershed and separate regions impacted by climate change from those impacted by operational decisions. The watershed faces challenges of increasing water demand, limited supply, and an expected reduction in available water due to climate change impacts like decreased rainfall and groundwater recharge.
1. The document discusses key concepts in hydrology including the hydrologic cycle, water budget equation, and groundwater components.
2. The hydrologic cycle describes the continuous movement of water on, above, and below the surface of the Earth, including evaporation, transpiration, precipitation, and subsurface flow.
3. The water budget equation expresses the principle of conservation of mass by equating water inputs such as precipitation to outputs like evapotranspiration and changes in storage over a given time period for a defined catchment area.
a. Groundwater System Geometry
b. Groundwater Storage
Groundwater management has been increasingly delegated to local authorities in recent decades. Local agencies are allowed to create groundwater management plans and raise revenue to pay for management.
defining the geometric elements of an aquifer or a groundwater system is the first and most important step in the majority of hydrogeologic studies. It is finding the answers to the following questions regarding the groundwater :
“where is it coming from?” (contributing area),
“where is it entering the system?” (recharge area),
“where is it flowing?” (throughout the aquifer extent), and
“where is it discharging from the system?” (discharge area).
This document contains a syllabus for a hydrology course. It includes sections on catchment area, the water budget equation, and two examples. The catchment area section defines it as the area draining into a stream. The water budget equation accounts for precipitation, surface runoff, groundwater flow, evaporation, transpiration, and change in storage over a time period. Example 1 applies the water budget equation to a lake. Example 2 calculates runoff and non-runoff amounts for a storm event in a small catchment.
An integrated groundwater-surface water model was developed for the proposed Babcock Ranch development site in Lee County, Florida using the GSFLOW code. The model was calibrated to streamflow, groundwater levels, and wetland stage data. Model results showed that the proposed stormwater management system is expected to improve wetland hydroperiods and buffer peak flows compared to current and natural conditions. The calibrated integrated model provides a tool to evaluate the impacts of land development and climate change on the groundwater and surface water system.
Groundwater is an important natural resource under threat from increasing population and development. Current groundwater models have limitations due to subsurface heterogeneity and lack of data. Assessing climate change impacts on groundwater and managing resources during droughts are significant challenges. Improving data collection and developing more realistic models are needed for effective groundwater management.
This document summarizes a study on deconvoluting the flood hydrograph at the outlet of the Kolondieba watershed in Mali to understand the runoff process. Monitoring of physicochemical parameters was conducted from 2009-2011 at rainfall, surface water, and groundwater sites. Analysis using electrical conductivity and total dissolved solids as tracers showed runoff was composed of 77% rapid flow from rainfall and 23% delayed flow from shallow aquifers during 2010's wet season. In 2011, rapid flow increased 3% as shallow aquifer discharge declined 6.8% due to lower rainfall. The study found groundwater contributes little to hydrologic balance at the outlet, and surface runoff from rainfall heavily influenced by degraded land
The document discusses the hydrology cycle, which describes the continuous movement of water on, above, and below the Earth's surface. It involves six main processes: 1) Evaporation of water into vapor from surfaces, 2) Transpiration of water vapor from plants, 3) Condensation of vapor into liquid water clouds, 4) Precipitation as rain, snow, or hail falls to Earth, 5) Runoff of water over the land or infiltration into soils and rocks below ground, and 6) Storage of water in oceans, lakes, soils, and atmosphere in a never-ending cycle of continuous movement.
This document provides an overview of the field of hydrology. It defines hydrology as the study of the occurrence, circulation, distribution, and properties of water on Earth. The document then discusses the history of hydrology, highlighting early civilizations that developed irrigation systems, and scientists throughout history who contributed to understanding of hydrologic processes. It also outlines the main branches and applications of hydrology, and provides details on key hydrologic concepts like the water cycle, watersheds, and global patterns of water distribution and availability.
The document defines and discusses several terms related to hydrology:
1. Potamology is the study of rivers, which examines rivers from five perspectives including the physics of running water and rivers as habitats for organic life.
2. Limnology is the study of biological, chemical, and physical features of lakes and other bodies of fresh water.
3. Cryology is the scientific study of ice, including areas like snow and ice mapping and classification.
This document provides an introduction to hydrology, including:
1. Hydrology is defined as the science of water, its occurrence and circulation on Earth. It deals with water resources, processes like precipitation and runoff, and problems like floods and droughts.
2. The hydrologic cycle describes the continuous movement of water on, above, and below the Earth's surface, including evaporation, transpiration, precipitation, runoff, and storage components.
3. The water budget equation expresses the relationship between inputs, outputs, and changes in storage of water in a given catchment area over a period of time.
IRJET- Water Resources Planning and the Hydrologic CycleIRJET Journal
1) Water is essential for life but only a small percentage of Earth's total water is available freshwater. Sustainable management of water resources is important for development.
2) The hydrologic cycle describes how water circulates between the atmosphere and Earth's surface in different states as it evaporates, condenses, precipitates, and collects or infiltrates into the ground.
3) At the regional scale, river basins are a key unit for studying hydrology as they represent areas where all precipitation and runoff drains to a common point such as a river mouth. Understanding the hydrologic cycle and its processes within river basins is important for water planning.
This chapter discusses key concepts in hydrology including:
- The hydrologic cycle and its major processes like precipitation, infiltration, evapotranspiration, surface runoff, and groundwater flow.
- The global distribution of water resources, with oceans holding over 96% of water as saline water and the small fraction of freshwater resources on land and in ice.
- The water budget equation that accounts for inputs, outputs, and changes in storage of water in a given catchment area over time.
- Major components of the hydrologic cycle and their roles in transporting water throughout the environment.
1. The document discusses methods to identify saltwater intrusion in coastal aquifers, including geophysical methods, geochemical investigations, and numerical modeling. Geophysical surveys and monitoring of groundwater levels and chemistry can detect the intrusion of saline water. Numerical models like MODFLOW and EFDC are used to simulate groundwater flow and salinity transport.
2. Results from various studies are presented. Geophysical monitoring showed tidal influence on groundwater levels. Modeling indicated sources of recharge and the spatial extent of intrusion over time. Validation of models compared observed and simulated data.
3. Saltwater intrusion poses an environmental threat as human activities like groundwater pumping can lead to overexploitation and degradation
This document summarizes a study characterizing the regional variability of seasonal water balances within the Omo-Gibe River Basin in Ethiopia. The study analyzed the water balances of 21 catchments in the basin using the HBV light conceptual hydrology model with a single linear reservoir. The model was calibrated against stream flow data from 10 catchments and showed good performance. The calibrated parameters were then used to predict stream flows in 11 ungauged catchments. The catchments were regionalized into two regions based on similarities in their seasonal water balances and controlling precipitation regimes. Region 1 consisted of 14 northern catchments where precipitation and evaporation are out of phase. Region 2 consisted of 7 southern catchments where precipitation and evaporation are
Origin of water salinity in Annaba aquifer system, North-Eastern Algeria | JBESInnspub Net
The Annaba area hosts in its underground a water potential of great importance. In fact, it is one of the Algerian plains where groundwater is subject to over-pumping. Moreover, the expansion of farmlands and the development of the neighboring agglomerations required a massive pumping of water, thereby leading to the change in hydrodynamic regime of groundwater and to the degradation of its quality. On the basis of boreholes and physicochemical data, the three major factors responsible for the evolution of chemical quality of water observed at the aquifer were identified: (1) mineralization due to natural and anthropogenic processes (responsible for the increase in the contents of chlorides, sodium, calcium and magnesium), (2) the oxydoreduction conditions due to the passage of the water table from an unconfined aquifer or even semi-confined to a confined aquifer (responsible for the reduction of nitrates and (3) pollution of groundwater by nitrates in areas where the water table is shallow and in the absence of a protective clayey cover.
1) Hydrologists are re-evaluating the concept of runoff and finding that streamflow during rainfall events is primarily "old" groundwater being mobilized from the shallow subsurface rather than surface runoff.
2) This challenges the traditional conceptual model of overland runoff dominating event response and requires considering subsurface flow through soil and weathered bedrock as three-dimensional rather than just vertical.
3) Fully-distributed hydrologic models like GSFLOW that can simulate subsurface storage and three-dimensional flow pathways are needed to properly represent key processes like soil zone storage, groundwater feedback to the land surface, and flow through shallow heterogeneous geologic layers.
#36068 Topic SCI 207 Our Dependence upon the EnvironmentNumber.docxAASTHA76
#36068 Topic: SCI 207 Our Dependence upon the Environment
Number of Pages: 1 (Double Spaced)
Number of sources: 2
Writing Style: APA
Type of document: Essay
Academic Level:Undergraduate
Category: Environmental Issues
Language Style: English (U.S.)
Order Instructions: ATTACHED
Week 3 - Assignment 1
Ground and Surface Water Interactions Laboratory
[WLO: 2] [CLOs: 1, 3, 4, 5]
This lab enables you to design models of different scenarios that affect the earth’s surface water and groundwater.
The Process:
Take the required photos and complete all parts of the assignment (calculations, data tables, etc.). On the “Lab Worksheet,” answer all of the questions in the “Lab Questions” section. Finally, transfer all of your answers and visual elements from the “Lab Worksheet” into the “Lab Report.” You will submit both the “Lab Report” and the “Lab Worksheet” to Waypoint.
The Assignment:
Making sure to complete all of the following items before submission:
Before you begin this assignment, read the Groundwater and Surface Water Interactions Investigation ManualPreview the document and review The Scientific Method (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.presentation video.
Follow the instructions in the manual to complete Activities 1, 2, and 3 using materials in your kit, augmented by additional materials that you will supply. Photograph each activity following these instructions:
When taking lab photos, you need to include in each image a strip of paper with your name and the date clearly written on it.
Complete all parts of the Week 3 Lab WorksheetPreview the document and answer all of the questions in the “Lab Questions” section.
Transfer your responses to the lab questions and data tables and your photos from the “Lab Worksheet” into the “Lab Report” by downloading the Lab Report TemplatePreview the document.
Submit your completed “Lab Report” and your “Lab Worksheet” through Waypoint.
Groundwater and Surface
Water Interactions
Investigation
Manual
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
Made ADA compliant by
NetCentric Technologies using
the CommonLook® software
Key
Personal protective
equipment
(PPE)
goggles gloves apron
follow
link to
video
photograph
results and
submit
stopwatch
required
warning corrosion flammable toxic environment health hazard
GROUNDWATER AND SURFACE WATER INTERACTIONS
Overview
Clean drinking water is vital for all human life. In this lab, students
will learn how freshwater sources interact through the natural
processes of the hydrosphere (all the water on the planet)
and what happens to drinking water supplies when our planet
becomes altered by human activities. Students will design models
of different scenarios that affect the earth’s surface water and
groundwater. The models will demonstrate overconsumption and
dro
Background
The hydrosphere encompasses all the water
on the planet. It includes freshwater and
saltwater; liquid, solid, and vapor; and water
.
1) Groundwater management involves strategies for sustainably using groundwater resources, including artificial recharge, varying pumping amounts and locations over time, and connecting groundwater and surface water sources.
2) Key aspects of groundwater management include artificial recharge, which increases groundwater levels through direct or indirect methods. Indirect methods involve pumping near surface water sources to induce infiltration, while direct methods transport surface water long distances to recharge aquifers.
3) Determining a groundwater basin's safe yield, or maximum sustainable extraction rate, is difficult as it depends on climate, geology, and subjective factors like environmental and legal constraints. Artificial recharge can increase the safe yield by replenishing groundwater at
The hydrological cycle describes the continuous movement of water on, above, and below the surface of the Earth. Water is evaporated from bodies of water by solar energy, transpired from plants, and condensed into clouds. Clouds are moved by wind and precipitation falls as rain or snow and returns to bodies of water, either above or below ground. This cycle maintains a balance, but human activities like deforestation, agriculture, and industry can disrupt it and cause impacts like increased flooding and soil erosion.
Water exists on Earth in three states: liquid (oceans and freshwater), solid (ice), and gas (water vapor in the atmosphere). There is approximately 1.3 billion cubic kilometers of water on Earth, with 97.5% being saltwater and 2.5% freshwater. The hydrologic cycle describes how water moves between the atmosphere, land, and oceans through various processes like evaporation, condensation, precipitation, and runoff. A hydrologist studies the distribution and movement of water both above and below the ground, including aspects of the hydrologic cycle, hydrologic budget, and interactions between water and geologic materials.
This document describes methods used to estimate groundwater recharge in Neishaboor Plain, Iran. Three methods were used: the Water Table Fluctuation (WTF) method, the Distributed Hydrological Budget (DHB) method, and the Hydrological Budget (HB) method. The WTF and DHB methods estimated monthly recharge rates for individual areas defined by observation wells, while the HB method estimated annual recharge for the entire study area. The results found average annual recharge rates of 228, 269, and 354 million cubic meters using the WTF, DHB, and HB methods respectively. The WTF and DHB methods were considered to provide more reliable estimates of groundwater recharge.
Examining wetland loss and potential restoration opportunities in the Sandusk...James Ashby
This document outlines a methodology for assessing wetland functions in the Sandusky watershed of Ohio using GIS. It discusses modeling historic wetlands, enhancing the National Wetlands Inventory with hydrogeomorphic descriptors, and assigning wetland functions. Historic wetland mapping found over 78% loss since pre-settlement, with forested wetlands declining 90% and scrub-shrub 85%. Functions like floodwater storage and nutrient transformation were assigned significance levels of high, medium, low based on wetland type, location and other criteria. Comparing current to historic conditions provides targets for wetland management.
You have delineated your watershed boundary as shown in the figure abo.docxerinskingsman95711
You have delineated your watershed boundary as shown in the figure above in black. What problems might come about given this delineation if you are trying to estimate the water budget for this watershed? What might be a better delineation of the boundary for this watershed (please draw a more appropriate boundary)? If groundwater inflows/outflows are negligible and you are trying to estimate ET using the water balance equation (but do not have any measurements of ET), what hydrologic variables do you need to have long-term estimates of? What is the key assumption that you have made in making this estimate of ET?
Solution
Rain or irrigation reaching a unit area of soil surface, may
infiltrate into the soil, or leave the
area as surface runoff. The infiltrated water may
(a) evaporate directly from the soil surface,
(b) taken up by plants for growth or transpirat
ion, (c) drain downward beyond the root zone
as deep percolation, or (d) accumulate within the root zone
. The water balance method is
based on the conservation of mass which st
ates that change in soil water content
S of a root
zone of a crop is equal to the difference between the amount of water added to the root
zone, Q
i
, and the amount of water withdrawn from it, Q
o
(Hillel, 1998) in a given time
interval expressed as in Eq. (1).
io
SQ Q
(1)
Eq. (1) can be used to determine evapotranspiration of a given crop as follows
ET
P
I U
R D
S
(2)
where
S = change in root zone soil moisture stor
age, P = Precipitation, I = Irrigation, U =
upward capillary rise into the root zone, R = Runoff, D = Deep percol
ation beyond the root
zone, ET = evapotranspiration. All quantities are expressed as volume of water per unit land
area (depth units).
In order to use Eq. (2) to determine evapotra
nspiration (ET), other parameters must be
measured or estimated. It is relatively easy
to measure the amount of water added to the
field by rain and irrigation. In agricultural fields, the amount of runoff is generally small so
is often considered negligible. When the groundwater table is deep, capillary rise U is
negligible. The most difficult parameter to measure is deep percolation D. If soil water
potential and moisture content are monitored,
D can be estimated using Darcy’s Principle.
In this study, deep percolation estimated us
ing AquaCrop (Raes et al., 2009), was adopted.
Runoff R was also estimated using AquaCrop following USDA curve number approach
(Hawkins et al., 1985). The ch
ange in soil water storage
S is measured using specialized
instruments such as neutron probe and time-domain reflectrometer
.
This document outlines the course content for a hydrology course taught by Dr. Getachew Tegegne. The course covers key topics in hydrology including the hydrologic cycle, precipitation, evaporation and evapotranspiration, runoff and streamflow. Understanding hydrology is important for sustainable water resources management, environmental protection, and mitigating natural disasters and climate change impacts. The distribution of water on Earth is uneven, with only a small portion as freshwater. Drainage basins are areas of land where precipitation drains to a common outlet.
This document provides an overview of groundwater resource management. It begins by listing references on the topic. It then discusses the importance of groundwater resources and management, given unprecedented population growth and increased water demand. Several key concepts are introduced, including the hydrologic cycle, different types of aquifers and aquitards, and groundwater flow patterns. Groundwater is described as an important water source and part of the natural environment. The document emphasizes that integrated water resources management should consider surface water and groundwater as interconnected.
High-frequency monitoring of water fluxes hess-20-347-2016Meidan Winegram
Controlled drainage was introduced at an experimental field to assess its effects on water storage and nutrient transport. Monitoring before and after controlled drainage showed that it:
1) Reduced drain discharge and increased groundwater storage in the field.
2) Initially elevated drain overflow levels in early spring to maximize water storage.
3) Increased nitrogen concentrations and loads in drains, largely from one monitored drain.
4) Reduced phosphorus loads via drains due to reduced discharge, but this may be counteracted by higher groundwater levels and increased shallow groundwater and overland flow to surface water.
Similar to International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES) (20)
This document describes an automatic safety door lock system for cars that uses infrared sensors and a hydraulic piston to prevent injuries caused by closing car doors. The system uses IR sensors placed along the door and outer panel connected to a microcontroller. When an object is detected between the closing door and outer panel, the sensors transmit a signal to the microcontroller which activates a relay driver to extend the hydraulic piston to stop the door from closing. The system aims to prevent the over 120,000 injuries that occur annually from unexpected car door closings.
Extrusion can be defined as the process of subjecting a material to compression so that it is forced to
flow through an opening of a die and takes the shape of the hole. Multi-hole extrusion is the process of
extruding the products through a die having more than one hole. Multi-hole extrusion increases the production
rate and reduces the cost of production. In this study the ram force has calculated experimentally for single hole
and multi-hole extrusion. The comparison of ram forces between the single hole and multi-hole extrusion
provides the inverse relation between the numbers of holes in a die and ram force. The experimental lengths of
the extruded products through the various holes of multi-hole die are different. It indicates that the flow pattern
is dependent on the material behavior. The micro-hardness test has done for the extruded products of lead
through multi-hole die. It is observed that the hardness of the extruded lead products from the central hole is
found to be more than that of the products extruded from other holes. The study suggests that multi-hole
extrusion can be used for obtaining the extruded products of lead with varying hardness. The micro-structure
study has done for the lead material before and after extrusion. It is observed that the size of grains of lead
material after extrusion is smaller than the original lead.
Analysis of Agile and Multi-Agent Based Process Scheduling Modelirjes
As an answer of long growing frustration of waterfall Software development life cycle concepts,
agile software development concept was evolved in 90’s. The most popular agile methodologies is the Extreme
Programming (XP). Most software companies nowadays aim to produce efficient, flexible and valuable
Software in short time period with minimal costs, and within unstable, changing environments. This complex
problem can be modeled as a multi-agent based system, where agents negotiate resources. Agents can be used to
represent projects and resources. Crucial for the multi-agent based system in project scheduling model, is the
availability of an effective algorithm for prioritizing and scheduling of task. To evaluate the models, simulations
were carried out with real life and several generated data sets. The developed model (Multi-agent based System)
provides an optimized and flexible agile process scheduling and reduces overheads in the software process as it
responds quickly to changing requirements without excessive work in project scheduling.
Effects of Cutting Tool Parameters on Surface Roughnessirjes
This paper presents of the influence on surface roughness of Co28Cr6Mo medical alloy machined
on a CNC lathe based on cutting parameters (rotational speed, feed rate, depth of cut and nose radius).The
influences of cutting parameters have been presented in graphical form for understanding. To achieve the
minimum surface roughness, the optimum values obtained for rpm, feed rate, depth of cut and nose radius were
respectively, 318 rpm, 0,1 mm/rev, 0,7 mm and 0,8 mm. Maximum surface roughness has been revealed the
values obtained for rpm, feed rate, depth of cut and nose radius were respectively, 318 rpm, 0,25 mm/rev, 0,9
mm and 0,4 mm.
Possible limits of accuracy in measurement of fundamental physical constantsirjes
The measurement uncertainties of Fundamental Physical Constants should take into account all
possible and most influencing factors. One from them is the finiteness of the model that causes the existence of
a-priori error. The proposed formula for calculation of this error provides a comparison of its value with the
actual experimental measurement error that cannot be done an arbitrarily small. According to the suggested
approach, the error of the researched Fundamental Physical Constant, measured in conventional field studies,
will always be higher than the error caused by the finite number of dimensional recorded variables of physicalmathematical
models. Examples of practical application of the considered concept for measurement of fine
structure constant, speed of light and Newtonian constant of gravitation are discussed.
Performance Comparison of Energy Detection Based Spectrum Sensing for Cogniti...irjes
With the rapid deployment of new wireless devices and applications, the last decade has witnessed a growing
demand for wireless radio spectrum. However, the policy of fixed spectrum assignment produces a bottleneck for more
efficient spectrum utilization, such that a great portion of the licensed spectrum is severely under-utilized. So the concept of
cognitive radio was introduced to address this issue.The inefficient usage of the limited spectrum necessitates the
development of dynamic spectrum access techniques, where users who have no spectrum licenses, also known as secondary
users, are allowed to use the temporarily unused licensed spectrum. For this purpose we have to know the presence or
absence of primary users for spectrum usage. So spectrums sensing is one of the major requirements of cognitive radio.Many
spectrum sensing techniques have been developed to sense the presence or absence of a licensed user. This paper evaluates
the performance of the energy detection based spectrum sensing technique in noisy and fading environments.The
performance of the energy detection technique will be evaluated by use of Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) curves
over additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) and fading channels.
Comparative Study of Pre-Engineered and Conventional Steel Frames for Differe...irjes
In this paper, the conventional steel frames having triangular Pratt truss as a roofing system of 60 m
length, span 30m and varying bay spacing 4m, 5m and 6m respectively having eaves level for all the portals is at
10m and the EOT crane is supported at the height of 8m from ground level and pre-engineered steel frames of
same dimensions are analyzed and designed for wind zones (wind zone 2, wind zone 3, wind zone 4 and wind
zone 5) by using STAAD Pro V8i. The study deals with the comparative study of both conventional and preengineered
with respect to the amount of structural steel required, reduction in dead load of the structure.
Flip bifurcation and chaos control in discrete-time Prey-predator model irjes
The dynamics of discrete-time prey-predator model are investigated. The result indicates that the
model undergo a flip bifurcation which found by using center manifold theorem and bifurcation theory.
Numerical simulation not only illustrate our results, but also exhibit the complex dynamic behavior, such as the
periodic doubling in period-2, -4 -8, quasi- periodic orbits and chaotic set. Finally, the feedback control method
is used to stabilize chaotic orbits at an unstable interior point.
Energy Awareness and the Role of “Critical Mass” In Smart Citiesirjes
This document proposes a novel analytical model to define a new concept of critical mass in the context of spreading energy awareness in smart cities. The model incorporates centrality measures in both single-layer and multilayer social networks. Simulation results show that including centrality measures and a multilayer approach lowers the critical mass needed to trigger and spread good consumer habits. Specifically, the model calculates critical mass values using eigenvector centrality in single layers and a heterogeneous eigenvector-like centrality in multilayers. Considering network structure and central nodes' influence allows a smaller critical mass to foster diffusion compared to models that do not account for centrality. Extending the analysis to multilayers further reduces critical mass by increasing tie strength between nodes.
A Firefly Algorithm for Optimizing Spur Gear Parameters Under Non-Lubricated ...irjes
Firefly algorithm is one of the emerging evolutionary approaches for complex and non-linear
optimization problems. It is inspired by natural firefly‟s behavior such as movement of fireflies based on
brightness and by overcoming the constraints such as light absorption, obstacles, distance, etc. In this research,
firefly‟s movement had been simulated computationally to identify the best parameters for spur gear pair by
considering the design and manufacturing constraints. The proposed algorithm was tested with the traditional
design parameters and found the results are at par in less computational time by satisfying the constraints.
The Effect of Orientation of Vortex Generators on Aerodynamic Drag Reduction ...irjes
One of the main reasons for the aerodynamic drag in automotive vehicles is the flow separation
near the vehicle’s rear end. To delay this flow separation, vortex generators are used in recent vehicles. The
vortex generators are commonly used in aircrafts to prevent flow separation. Even though vortex generators
themselves create drag, but they also reduce drag by delaying flow separation at downstream. The overall effect
of vortex generators is more beneficial and proved by experimentation. The effect depends on the shape,size and
orientation of vortex generators. Hence optimized shape with proper orientation is essential for getting better
results.This paper presents the effect of vortex generators at different orientation to the flow field and the
mechanism by which these effects takes place.
An Assessment of The Relationship Between The Availability of Financial Resou...irjes
The availability of financial resources is an important element in impacting the success of a planning
process for an effective physical planning. The extent to which however, they are articulated in the process
remained elusive both in scholarly and public discourse. The objective of this study wastherefore, to examine
the extent to which financial resources affect physical planning. In doing so, the study examinedwhether
financial resources were adequate or not to facilitate planning processes in Paidha. According to the study
findings,budget prioritization and ceilings are still a challenge in Paidha Town Council. This is partly due
limited level of knowledge of physical planning among the officials of Paidha Town Council. As a result, there
were no dedicated budget line for routine inspection of physical development plan compliance and enforcement
tools in Paidha. In conclusion, in addressing uncoordinated patterns of physical development that characterize
Uganda‟s urban centres, a critical starting point ought to be the analysis of physical planning process. The
research of this kind is not only significant to other emerging urban centres facing poor a road network,
mushrooming informal settlements and poor social services including poor pattern of residential and commercial
developments but also to all institutions that are involved in planning these towns. Knowing the extent of need
for financial influences in planning may assist local authorities to take the processes of planning seriously which
will help enhance the sustainable development of emerging urban centres including Paidha.
The Choice of Antenatal Care and Delivery Place in Surabaya (Based on Prefere...irjes
This study analyzed factors affecting the utilization of antenatal care and delivery places in Surabaya, Indonesia based on preferences and choice theory. The study found that:
1) Nearly half of women chose healthcare for delivery based on information from others
2) Most women's main criteria for choosing a delivery place was that it was safe, comfortable and cheap
3) The majority of women's primary choice for a delivery place was one that was close, comfortable and cheap
Prediction of the daily global solar irradiance received on a horizontal surf...irjes
This document presents a new approach for predicting the daily global solar irradiance received on a horizontal surface as a function of local daytime and the maximum daily value. An exponential distribution function is suggested and compared to experimental data from several locations. The maximum daily value (qmax) is estimated theoretically in terms of the solar constant adjusted for earth-sun distance variation. Computed values using the new approach show good agreement with experimental data, within 16% error except for some extreme points.
HARMONIC ANALYSIS ASSOCIATED WITH A GENERALIZED BESSEL-STRUVE OPERATOR ON THE...irjes
This document summarizes a research paper that considers a generalized Bessel-Struve operator on the real line. It defines generalized Bessel-Struve and Weyl integral transforms, which are shown to be transmutation operators relating the generalized Bessel-Struve operator to derivatives. These tools are then used to develop a new harmonic analysis associated with the generalized Bessel-Struve operator, including generalized Sonine integral transforms. Key results proven include Paley-Wiener theorems and properties of the various integral transforms.
The Role of Community Participation in Planning Processes of Emerging Urban C...irjes
This document summarizes a research study examining the level of community participation in the physical planning process in Paidha Town, Uganda. The study found that community participation in planning is very low, limited mostly to a few mass meetings. Few community members are actually involved in planning. Even those involved do not understand their rights and roles. Physical planning has not been adequately prioritized or funded. To improve participation, the study recommends involving communities at different administrative levels from villages to the town council, and using a wider range of participatory methods beyond just meetings. Overall, the study finds that community participation in planning is still limited and needs to be strengthened for more sustainable urban development.
Understanding the Concept of Strategic Intentirjes
This document summarizes the concept of strategic intent in strategic management. It begins by discussing the origins and evolution of strategic management from Greek history to modern theories. It then defines strategic intent, comparing various authors' definitions. A key model by Hamel and Prahalad links strategic intent to other strategic components like foresight and core competencies. Strategic intent inspires long-term thinking beyond strategic planning alone. It provides direction and commitment to help organizations shape competitive priorities and capabilities for the future. Chief executives play a critical role in developing strategic intent to guide organizational progress over 10-20 years.
The (R, Q) Control of A Mixture Inventory Model with Backorders and Lost Sale...irjes
This document summarizes an inventory model that considers a mixture of backorders and lost sales when stockouts occur. The model has the following key features:
1) The set-up cost and lead time are controllable variables that can be optimized.
2) Instead of minimizing stockout costs, the model employs a service level constraint to bound the stockout level per cycle.
3) The model is solved using a genetic algorithm approach to find optimal values for ordering quantity, set-up cost, and lead time that minimize total costs while satisfying the service level constraint.
Relation Between Stress And Menstrual Cycle At 18-21 Years Of Ageirjes
The document summarizes a study that examined the relationship between stress and menstrual cycles in Indonesian nursing students ages 18-21. It found:
1) Nearly half (45.5%) of the 132 students studied experienced irregular menstrual cycles.
2) Slightly over half (50.8%) of students reported experiencing stress.
3) There was a significant relationship between stress and irregular menstrual cycles, with stressed students over 4 times more likely to have irregular cycles.
The study concluded that most of the nursing students experienced irregular menstrual cycles and stress, and that stress was strongly correlated with irregular menstrual periods.
Wave Transmission on Submerged Breakwater with Interlocking D-Block Armorirjes
1. The document summarizes a study on wave transmission through a submerged breakwater with interlocking D-block armor. Laboratory experiments were conducted to determine how water depth, wave period, structure height, and wave steepness influence the transmission coefficient.
2. Regression analysis showed that transmission coefficient (Kt) is most influenced by the ratio of wave length to top width, ratio of structure height to water depth, and ratio of wave height to wave period squared. A formula for Kt in terms of these parameters was developed.
3. Comparisons with previous studies show the same trend that higher wave steepness results in lower transmission coefficient, validating the results. The study provides useful insights into breakwater design using inter
“An Outlook of the Ongoing and Future Relationship between Blockchain Technologies and Process-aware Information Systems.” Invited talk at the joint workshop on Blockchain for Information Systems (BC4IS) and Blockchain for Trusted Data Sharing (B4TDS), co-located with with the 36th International Conference on Advanced Information Systems Engineering (CAiSE), 3 June 2024, Limassol, Cyprus.
Climate Impact of Software Testing at Nordic Testing DaysKari Kakkonen
My slides at Nordic Testing Days 6.6.2024
Climate impact / sustainability of software testing discussed on the talk. ICT and testing must carry their part of global responsibility to help with the climat warming. We can minimize the carbon footprint but we can also have a carbon handprint, a positive impact on the climate. Quality characteristics can be added with sustainability, and then measured continuously. Test environments can be used less, and in smaller scale and on demand. Test techniques can be used in optimizing or minimizing number of tests. Test automation can be used to speed up testing.
Enchancing adoption of Open Source Libraries. A case study on Albumentations.AIVladimir Iglovikov, Ph.D.
Presented by Vladimir Iglovikov:
- https://www.linkedin.com/in/iglovikov/
- https://x.com/viglovikov
- https://www.instagram.com/ternaus/
This presentation delves into the journey of Albumentations.ai, a highly successful open-source library for data augmentation.
Created out of a necessity for superior performance in Kaggle competitions, Albumentations has grown to become a widely used tool among data scientists and machine learning practitioners.
This case study covers various aspects, including:
People: The contributors and community that have supported Albumentations.
Metrics: The success indicators such as downloads, daily active users, GitHub stars, and financial contributions.
Challenges: The hurdles in monetizing open-source projects and measuring user engagement.
Development Practices: Best practices for creating, maintaining, and scaling open-source libraries, including code hygiene, CI/CD, and fast iteration.
Community Building: Strategies for making adoption easy, iterating quickly, and fostering a vibrant, engaged community.
Marketing: Both online and offline marketing tactics, focusing on real, impactful interactions and collaborations.
Mental Health: Maintaining balance and not feeling pressured by user demands.
Key insights include the importance of automation, making the adoption process seamless, and leveraging offline interactions for marketing. The presentation also emphasizes the need for continuous small improvements and building a friendly, inclusive community that contributes to the project's growth.
Vladimir Iglovikov brings his extensive experience as a Kaggle Grandmaster, ex-Staff ML Engineer at Lyft, sharing valuable lessons and practical advice for anyone looking to enhance the adoption of their open-source projects.
Explore more about Albumentations and join the community at:
GitHub: https://github.com/albumentations-team/albumentations
Website: https://albumentations.ai/
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/100504475
Twitter: https://x.com/albumentations
Generative AI Deep Dive: Advancing from Proof of Concept to ProductionAggregage
Join Maher Hanafi, VP of Engineering at Betterworks, in this new session where he'll share a practical framework to transform Gen AI prototypes into impactful products! He'll delve into the complexities of data collection and management, model selection and optimization, and ensuring security, scalability, and responsible use.
Introducing Milvus Lite: Easy-to-Install, Easy-to-Use vector database for you...Zilliz
Join us to introduce Milvus Lite, a vector database that can run on notebooks and laptops, share the same API with Milvus, and integrate with every popular GenAI framework. This webinar is perfect for developers seeking easy-to-use, well-integrated vector databases for their GenAI apps.
Alt. GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using ...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
GraphSummit Singapore | The Art of the Possible with Graph - Q2 2024Neo4j
Neha Bajwa, Vice President of Product Marketing, Neo4j
Join us as we explore breakthrough innovations enabled by interconnected data and AI. Discover firsthand how organizations use relationships in data to uncover contextual insights and solve our most pressing challenges – from optimizing supply chains, detecting fraud, and improving customer experiences to accelerating drug discoveries.
How to Get CNIC Information System with Paksim Ga.pptxdanishmna97
Pakdata Cf is a groundbreaking system designed to streamline and facilitate access to CNIC information. This innovative platform leverages advanced technology to provide users with efficient and secure access to their CNIC details.
Unlock the Future of Search with MongoDB Atlas_ Vector Search Unleashed.pdfMalak Abu Hammad
Discover how MongoDB Atlas and vector search technology can revolutionize your application's search capabilities. This comprehensive presentation covers:
* What is Vector Search?
* Importance and benefits of vector search
* Practical use cases across various industries
* Step-by-step implementation guide
* Live demos with code snippets
* Enhancing LLM capabilities with vector search
* Best practices and optimization strategies
Perfect for developers, AI enthusiasts, and tech leaders. Learn how to leverage MongoDB Atlas to deliver highly relevant, context-aware search results, transforming your data retrieval process. Stay ahead in tech innovation and maximize the potential of your applications.
#MongoDB #VectorSearch #AI #SemanticSearch #TechInnovation #DataScience #LLM #MachineLearning #SearchTechnology
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 5DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 5. In this session, we will cover CI/CD with devops.
Topics covered:
CI/CD with in UiPath
End-to-end overview of CI/CD pipeline with Azure devops
Speaker:
Lyndsey Byblow, Test Suite Sales Engineer @ UiPath, Inc.
TrustArc Webinar - 2024 Global Privacy SurveyTrustArc
How does your privacy program stack up against your peers? What challenges are privacy teams tackling and prioritizing in 2024?
In the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey, we asked over 1,800 global privacy professionals and business executives to share their perspectives on the current state of privacy inside and outside of their organizations. This year’s report focused on emerging areas of importance for privacy and compliance professionals, including considerations and implications of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies, building brand trust, and different approaches for achieving higher privacy competence scores.
See how organizational priorities and strategic approaches to data security and privacy are evolving around the globe.
This webinar will review:
- The top 10 privacy insights from the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey
- The top challenges for privacy leaders, practitioners, and organizations in 2024
- Key themes to consider in developing and maintaining your privacy program
GraphSummit Singapore | The Future of Agility: Supercharging Digital Transfor...Neo4j
Leonard Jayamohan, Partner & Generative AI Lead, Deloitte
This keynote will reveal how Deloitte leverages Neo4j’s graph power for groundbreaking digital twin solutions, achieving a staggering 100x performance boost. Discover the essential role knowledge graphs play in successful generative AI implementations. Plus, get an exclusive look at an innovative Neo4j + Generative AI solution Deloitte is developing in-house.
Pushing the limits of ePRTC: 100ns holdover for 100 daysAdtran
At WSTS 2024, Alon Stern explored the topic of parametric holdover and explained how recent research findings can be implemented in real-world PNT networks to achieve 100 nanoseconds of accuracy for up to 100 days.
In the rapidly evolving landscape of technologies, XML continues to play a vital role in structuring, storing, and transporting data across diverse systems. The recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) present new methodologies for enhancing XML development workflows, introducing efficiency, automation, and intelligent capabilities. This presentation will outline the scope and perspective of utilizing AI in XML development. The potential benefits and the possible pitfalls will be highlighted, providing a balanced view of the subject.
We will explore the capabilities of AI in understanding XML markup languages and autonomously creating structured XML content. Additionally, we will examine the capacity of AI to enrich plain text with appropriate XML markup. Practical examples and methodological guidelines will be provided to elucidate how AI can be effectively prompted to interpret and generate accurate XML markup.
Further emphasis will be placed on the role of AI in developing XSLT, or schemas such as XSD and Schematron. We will address the techniques and strategies adopted to create prompts for generating code, explaining code, or refactoring the code, and the results achieved.
The discussion will extend to how AI can be used to transform XML content. In particular, the focus will be on the use of AI XPath extension functions in XSLT, Schematron, Schematron Quick Fixes, or for XML content refactoring.
The presentation aims to deliver a comprehensive overview of AI usage in XML development, providing attendees with the necessary knowledge to make informed decisions. Whether you’re at the early stages of adopting AI or considering integrating it in advanced XML development, this presentation will cover all levels of expertise.
By highlighting the potential advantages and challenges of integrating AI with XML development tools and languages, the presentation seeks to inspire thoughtful conversation around the future of XML development. We’ll not only delve into the technical aspects of AI-powered XML development but also discuss practical implications and possible future directions.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 6DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 6. In this session, we will cover Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI webinar offers an in-depth exploration of leveraging cutting-edge technologies for test automation within the UiPath platform. Attendees will delve into the integration of generative AI, a test automation solution, with Open AI advanced natural language processing capabilities.
Throughout the session, participants will discover how this synergy empowers testers to automate repetitive tasks, enhance testing accuracy, and expedite the software testing life cycle. Topics covered include the seamless integration process, practical use cases, and the benefits of harnessing AI-driven automation for UiPath testing initiatives. By attending this webinar, testers, and automation professionals can gain valuable insights into harnessing the power of AI to optimize their test automation workflows within the UiPath ecosystem, ultimately driving efficiency and quality in software development processes.
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into integrating generative AI.
2. Understanding how this integration enhances test automation within the UiPath platform
3. Practical demonstrations
4. Exploration of real-world use cases illustrating the benefits of AI-driven test automation for UiPath
Topics covered:
What is generative AI
Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath integration with generative AI
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 6
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)
1. International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)
ISSN (Online) 2319-183X, (Print) 2319-1821
Volume 2, Issue 8 (August 2013), PP.01-11
www.ijres.org 1 | Page
Small Islands Water Availability Analysis In Groundwater Basin
(Gwb) And Non-Groundwater Basin (Non-Gwb) Using Modified
Mock Calculation Method
Happy Mulya1
, Prof. Ir. Jutata Hadihardadja2
, DR. Ir. Robert Kodoatie3
, Msc
Doctoral Student Department of Civil Engineering of Diponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia.
Abstact:- one aspect that needs to be known before analysing water balance for a certain region is the amount of
water availability. One way of doing it is to calculate the water availability by using mock method, which are
developed by Dr. F. J. Mock (1973). Principally, Mock Method refer to water balance, where the amount of
volume of water in earth are constant, only in circulation and distribution varies. Mainlands in Indonesia consist
of GWB and Non-GWB area (KepPres 26 Year 2011). Both areas have different characteristic on producing
water availability. In Non-GWB ground, water flows only on soil water zone layer, while in GWB area, water
are capable to flow until the groundwater zone layer (kodoatie, 2012). For GWB area, Mock Methods
calculation needs to be modified, because there is an addition of groundwater from GWB in the form of base
flow from other watershed. Analysis result from Modified Mock Method calculation produce water availability
in GWB area are greater than in Non-GWB.
Keywords:- Small Islands – GWB Area – Non-GWB Area – Mock Method Calculation (Modified) – Water
Availability.
I PRELIMINARY
One aspect that needs to be known before analysing water balance for a certain regoin is the amount of
water availability. Water availability in the meaning of water resoures, principally comes from precipitation,
surface water and groundwater. Precipitation falling to the surface of a watershed or river basin partially will
vaporize back according to the climate processes, partially will flow via surface and sub surface into a drainage,
river or lake and partially will infiltrate to the ground as a recharge to the existing groundwater contents
(Bappenas, 2006)
Water availability which is part of the natural phenomena, are hard to control and predict. This is
because water availability consist of high spatial and temporal variability elements. Therefore, quantitative and
qualitative analysis must be done as carefully, so that accurate information can be obtained for planning and
maintaining water resourcess (Bappenas, 2006).
Ambon Island is a small island with an area of 761 km² ≤ 2.000 km² (Hehanussa and Bhakti, 2005). Its mainland
consist of GWB and Non-GWB area, are taken as a study case for analysing water availability with modified
Mock Modeling calculation.
II MOCK METHOD WATER AVAILABILITY
F. J. Mock (1973) propose a simulation model for monthly water balance for drainage area in
Indonesia, this method is called Mock Discharge Simulation. This model is specifically are used for rivers in
Indonesia (Bappenas, 2006).
Principally, Mock Method refers to water balance, where the amount of volume of water in earth is
constant, only in circulation and distribution varies. Mock Method consider inflows, outflows and groundwater
storage. Inflows are precipitaion, outflows are infiltration, percolation and those dominants caused by
evapotranspiration.
Mock Model is a simple simulation model. In its development, this model is used in the application of
water resources development such as irrigation and raw water supply. Mock Method is used to calculate the
amount of discharge from a watershed.
Flow Chart of Mock Method rainfall-runoff is shown in the figure below.
2. Small Islands Water Availability Analysis In Groundwater Basin (Gwb) And Non…
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Figure 1 Flow chart of Mock Method Rainfall-Runoff (Bappenas, 2006)
Calculation process performed in Mock Method is generally described in figure below.
Potential Evaportanspiration Calculation
(Penman Method)
Actual Evapotranspiration Calculation
Water Surplus Calculation
Base Flow, Direct RunOff and Storm Runoff
Calculation
Figure 2 Flow Chart of Mock Method Discharge Calculation (Bappenas, 2006)
Water Balance
On hydrology cycle, description regarding the relationship of inflow and outflow in an area for a
certain period is called water balance. This relationship, clearly will be shown on figure below.
General equation of water balance is
P = Ea + ∆GS + TRO (1)
where:
P = precipitation.
Ea = actual evapotranspiration
∆GS = groundwater storage changes
TRO = total runoff.
Water balance is a closed cycle which occur for a certain period of annual observations, where no
changes in groundwater storage or ∆GS=0. Which means, groundwater storage determination is based on the
previous month within the annual period of review, therefore the water balance equation is:
P = Ea + TRO (2)
Transportation of precipitation forms into discharge will be shown on figure below.
Figure 3 Transportation of precipitation forms into discharge (Bappenas, 2006)
Where:
P = Precipitation
Ea = Actual evapotranspiration
3. Small Islands Water Availability Analysis In Groundwater Basin (Gwb) And Non…
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GS = groundwater storage
SRO = surface run-off
DRO = direct run-off
TRO = Total run-off
BF = base flow
III WATER AVAILABILITY IN GWB AND NON-GWB
In land: in land surface, gravitationally, water flows from high places (mountains, high lands) to the low places
(low lands, coastal areas) and disembogue to the water storage (ocean, lake), water infiltrates and flow
gravitationally inside the ground from a high to low elevation. This water, furthermore, will flow to vadoze
zone (soil zone) as soil water flow and to the phreatic zone (groundwater zone or saturated zone) as groundwater
flow (Kodoatie, 2012).
In GWB, water flows inside the ground, wether in soil water zone or groundwater zone. In groundwater zone,
water flows wether in unconfined aquifer or confined aquifer. In Discharge area from unconfined aquifer, which
is where water comes out in one groundwater system formation in some condition may become one with soil
zone. In other words, in a certain topographical condition, soil water becomes one with groundwater (Kodoatie,
2012).
This groundwater zone is called Groundwater Basin (GWB). Water also flows in the Non-GWB wether inside
the ground or in the surface. Inside th ground of Non-GWB, water flows only in soil water zone, because
groundwater zone does not exist. In the surface, GWB or Non-GWB, water flows as a runoff in the watershed or
the river system (Kodoatie, 2012)
Figure 4 Simple illustration of water transportation process (Hydrology cycle) (Kodoatie, 2012)
Note: ap = surface runoff (total), at = groundwater (total)
a = soil zone, b = unconfined aquifer, c = confined aquifer
1 = interflow, 2 = groundwater (baseflow) in unconfined aquifer,
3 = groundwater flow in confined aquifer
Generally, water availability phenomenon is divided into two types, which is water on vadose zone and
water on phreatic zone. In vadoze zone, water is divided into three types: soil water, intermediate vadoze zone
and capillary water. In phreatic zone or saturated zone, groundwater exist. The division of these zone will be
shown on figure below, which shows a cross section of the earth’s water availability wether groundwater or soil
water (Kodoatie, 2012)
Figure 5 Cross section of the earth’s water availability in GWB and Non-GWB (Kodoatie, 2012)
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In GWB, throughflow and interflow occur. While in Non-GWB only throughflow occur, because after
soil water zone is an impermeable layer.
Mock Method rainfall-runoff flow chart model are shown in Figure 1, where water flow follows hydrological
cycle, generally from precipitation, partially store in the surface becomes surface runoff, partially infiltrate
groundwater storage becomes groundwater runoff and furthermore addition of surface runoff becomes total
runoff. But based on hydrology cycle on Non-GWB describe flows from precipitation are partially stored in the
surface, partially infiltrate the root zone / vadoze zone / unsaturated zone and becomes soil water. With the
existance of impermeable rock under root zone, therefore water flows changes into interflow. For GWB
calculation of Mock Method needs to be modified, because there is an addition of GWB in the form of base flow
from other watershed (Figure 6a and Figure 6b)
a. Modified Mock Method in Non-GWB
b. Modified Mock Method in GWB
Figure 6 Flow chart of Mock Method Rainfall-runoff in Non-GWB and GWB (Modified)
Modified Mock Method calculation in GWB and Non-GWB can be seen on Table 1.
5. Small Islands Water Availability Analysis In Groundwater Basin (Gwb) And Non…
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Table 1 Modified Mock Method Calculation in GWB and Non-GWB
Non-GWB GWB
Actual Evapotranspiration
∆E / Ep = ( m / 20 ) x ( 18 – n )
∆E = ( m / 20 ) x ( 18 – n ) x Ep
Eta = Ep – ∆E
Water Surplus
SMS = ISMS + (P – Eta)
WS = (P – Eta) + SS
Soilwater Storage
Infiltrasi (I) = WS x if
V (n) = k.V (n-1) + 0,5.(1 + k). I (n)
∆Vn = V (n) – V (n-1)
Interflow= I – ∆V (n)
Water Available
DRO = WS – I
WA = Interflow + DRO
Actual Evapotranspiration
∆E / Ep = ( m / 20 ) x ( 18 – n )
∆E = ( m / 20 ) x ( 18 – n ) x Ep
Eta = Ep – ∆E
Water Surplus
SMS = ISMS + (P – Eta)
WS = (P – Eta) + SS
Soilwater Storage
Infiltrasi (I) = WS x if
V (n) = k.V (n-1) + 0,5.(1 + k). I (n)
∆Vn = V (n) – V (n-1)
Interflow= I – ∆V (n)
Ground Water Storage
Perkolasi (P) = WS x if
V (n) = k.V (n-1) + 0,5.(1 + k). I (n)
∆Vn = V (n) – V (n-1)
Baseflow= P – ∆V (n)
Water Available
DRO = WS – P
WA = Interflow + Baseflow+ DRO
Where:
∆E = Potential and actual evapotranspiration difference
Ep = Potential evapotranspiration
Eta = Actual evapotranspiration
m = Percentage of uncoverd vegetation
ISMS = initial soil moisture storage (constitute of soil moisture capacity (SMC) previous
month)
P – Eta = Precipitation which experience evapotranspiration
There are two condition to determine SMC
1. SMC = 200 mm/month, if P – Eta ≥ 0
2. SMC = SMC previous month + (P – Eta), if P – Eta < 0
V (n) = Groundwater volume n month
V (n-1) = Groundwater volume (n-1) month
k = Groundwaterflow recesion factor (0,4 – 0,7)
WS = Water surplus SS = Soil Storage
I = Infiltration If = Infiltration Coefficient
P = Percolation DRO = Direct Run Off
WA = Water Available
Calibration Data
Calibration to Mock Parameter must be done so that the discharge calculation with this method may represent
the actual condition in the field (compare to the discharge from the hydrometric measurment which obtained
from the secondary data). By using Mock Method discharge runoff calculation, monthly discharge data from the
compilement of secondary data are used to calibrate.
IV RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Mock Method calculation simulation on GWB and Non-GWB in Ambon Island are shown in the figure below:
6. Small Islands Water Availability Analysis In Groundwater Basin (Gwb) And Non…
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a. GWB
b. Non-GWB
Figure 7 Example of Method Mock Calculation in GWB and Non-GWB
Figure 8 Map Location of GWB and Non-GWB in Ambon Island
7. Small Islands Water Availability Analysis In Groundwater Basin (Gwb) And Non…
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Table 2 Example of Water Availability calculation in GWB Ambon Island in 2011
Monthly Recession Constant
0,
7
0,
7
0,
7
0,
7
0,9
5
0,
95
0,
95
0,
75
0,
75
0,
7
0,
6
0,
7
N
o
Uraian
Sat
uan
Bulan
Ja
n
Fe
b
M
ar
A
pr
Me
i
Ju
n
Ju
l
A
gt
Se
p
O
kt
N
op
D
es
[1
]
Curah Hujan (P) mm
22
8
20
1
12
6
23
7
14
68
69
2
69
4
32
3
30
4
14
3
44
14
7
[2
]
Jumlah Hari Hujan (n) Hari 17 18 15 19 25 23 27 24 22 15 10 19
Actual Evapotranspiration
[3
]
Evapotranspiration (Eto) mm
15
0
13
7
15
4
13
5
12
3
96 97
11
7
12
6
16
3
15
9
14
9
[4
]
Exposed Surface (m) %
0
%
0
%
0
%
0
%
0
%
0
%
0
%
0
%
0
%
0
%
0
%
0
%
[5
]
(m/20) x (18-n)
0,
00
0,
00
0,
00
0,
00
0,0
0
0,
00
0,
00
0,
00
0,
00
0,
00
0,
00
0,
00
[6
]
ΔE= ((m/20)x(18-n)) x Eto [5] x [3] mm 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
[7
]
Eta = Eto –ΔE [3] - [6] mm
15
0
13
7
15
4
13
5
12
3
96 97
11
7
12
6
16
3
15
9
14
9
Water Balance
[8
]
P – Eta [1] - [7] mm 78 64
-
28
10
2
13
45
59
6
59
7
20
6
17
8
-
21
-
11
4
-2
[9
]
SMS = ISMS + (P -
Eta ), SMC =
150
,00
mm
22
8
21
4
12
2
25
2
14
95
74
6
74
7
35
6
32
8
12
9
36
14
8
[1
0]
Soil Storage (SS), if P -Eta >=0 , SS = 0 mm 0 0 28 0 0 0 0 0 0 21
11
4
2
[1
1]
Soil Moisture Capacity (SMC) mm
15
0
15
0
12
2
15
0
15
0
15
0
15
0
15
0
15
0
12
9
36
14
8
[1
2]
Water Surplus (WS) = (P-
Eta)+SS
[8] + [10] mm 78 64 0
10
2
13
45
59
6
59
7
20
6
17
8
0 0 0
Run Off and Soilwater Storage
Unsaturated Zone
[1
3]
Infiltration (i) = If x
WS
If = 0,20 mm 16 13 0 20
26
9
11
9
11
9
41 36 0 0 0
[1
4]
{0.5 x (1+k) x i} mm 13 11 0 17
26
2
11
6
11
6
36 31 0 0 0
[1
5]
k x (V n-1) mm 85 69 56 39 54
30
0
39
5
38
4
31
5
24
2
14
5
10
2
[1
6]
Soilwater Storage Volume [14] + [15] mm 98 80 56 56
31
6
41
6
51
2
42
0
34
6
24
2
14
5
10
2
[1
7]
ΔVn = Vn - Vn-1 mm
-
23
-
19
-
24
1
25
9
10
0
96
-
92
-
74
-
10
4
-
97
-
44
[1
8]
Interflow [13] - [17] mm 39 31 24 20 10 19 24
13
3
10
9
10
4
97 44
Groundwater Storage
Saturated Zone
[1
9]
Percolation (p) = If x
WS
If = 0,20 mm 16 13 0 20
26
9
11
9
11
9
41 36 0 0 0
[2
0]
{0.5 x (1+k) x i} mm 13 11 0 17
26
2
11
6
11
6
36 31 0 0 0
[2
1]
k x (V n-1) mm 85 69 56 39 54
30
0
39
5
38
4
31
5
24
2
14
5
10
2
[2
2]
Groundwater Storage
Volume
[14] + [15] mm 98 80 56 56
31
6
41
6
51
2
42
0
34
6
24
2
14
5
10
2
[2
3]
ΔVn = Vn - Vn-1 mm
-
23
-
19
-
24
1
25
9
10
0
96
-
92
-
74
-
10
4
-
97
-
44
[2
4]
Baseflow [19] - [23] mm 39 31 24 20 10 19 24
13
3
10
9
10
4
97 44
Water Available
[2
5]
Interflow [18] mm 39 31 24 20 10 19 24
13
3
10
9
10
4
97 44
[2
6]
Baseflow [24] mm 39 31 24 20 10 19 24
13
3
10
9
10
4
97 44
[2
7]
Direct Runoff [12] - [13] mm 63 51 0 82
10
76
47
7
47
7
16
5
14
2
0 0 0
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Monthly Recession Constant
0,
7
0,
7
0,
7
0,
7
0,9
5
0,
95
0,
95
0,
75
0,
75
0,
7
0,
6
0,
7
N
o
Uraian
Sat
uan
Bulan
Ja
n
Fe
b
M
ar
A
pr
Me
i
Ju
n
Ju
l
A
gt
Se
p
O
kt
N
op
D
es
[2
8]
Water Available
[25] + [26]
+ [27]
mm
14
0
11
4
48
12
2
10
95
51
4
52
5
43
1
36
1
20
8
19
4
87
Table 3 Example of Water Availability calculation in Non-GWB Ambon Island in 2011
Monthly Recession Constant
0,
7
0,
7
0,
7
0,
7
0,9
5
0,
95
0,
95
0,
75
0,
75
0,
7
0,
6
0,
7
N
o
Uraian
Satu
an
Bulan
Ja
n
Fe
b
M
ar
A
pr
Me
i
Ju
n
Ju
l
A
gt
Se
p
Ok
t
No
p
De
s
[1
]
Curah Hujan (P) mm
22
8
20
1
12
6
23
7
14
68
69
2
69
4
32
3
30
4
14
3
44
14
7
[2
]
Jumlah Hari Hujan (n) Hari 17 18 15 19 25 23 27 24 22 15 10 19
Actual Evapotranspiration
[3
]
Evapotranspiration (Eto) mm
15
0
13
7
15
4
13
5
12
3
96 97
11
7
12
6
16
3
15
9
14
9
[4
]
Exposed Surface (m) %
0
%
0
%
0
%
0
%
0%
0
%
0
%
0
%
0
%
0
%
0
%
0
%
[5
]
(m/20) x (18-n)
0,
00
0,
00
0,
00
0,
00
0,0
0
0,
00
0,
00
0,
00
0,
00
0,
00
0,
00
0,
00
[6
]
ΔE= ((m/20)x(18-n)) x Eto
[5] x
[3]
mm 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
[7
]
Eta = Eto –ΔE
[3] -
[6]
mm
15
0
13
7
15
4
13
5
12
3
96 97
11
7
12
6
16
3
15
9
14
9
Water Balance
[8
]
P – Eta
[1] -
[7]
mm 78 64
-
28
10
2
13
45
59
6
59
7
20
6
17
8
-
21
-
11
4
-2
[9
]
SMS = ISMS + (P -
Eta ), SMC =
150,
00
mm
22
8
21
4
12
2
25
2
14
95
74
6
74
7
35
6
32
8
12
9
36
14
8
[1
0]
Soil Storage (SS), if P -Eta >=0 , SS =
0
mm 0 0 28 0 0 0 0 0 0 21
11
4
2
[1
1]
Soil Moisture
Capacity (SMC)
mm
15
0
15
0
12
2
15
0
15
0
15
0
15
0
15
0
15
0
12
9
36
14
8
[1
2]
Water Surplus (WS) = (P-
Eta)+SS
[8] +
[10]
mm 78 64 0
10
2
13
45
59
6
59
7
20
6
17
8
0 0 0
Run Off and Soilwater Storage
[1
3]
Infiltration (i) = If x
WS
If = 0,20 mm 16 13 0 20
26
9
11
9
11
9
41 36 0 0 0
[1
4]
{0.5 x (1+k) x i} mm 13 11 0 17
26
2
11
6
11
6
36 31 0 0 0
[1
5]
k x (V n-1) mm 85 69 56 39 54
30
0
39
5
38
4
31
5
24
2
14
5
10
2
[1
6]
Soilwater Storage Volume
[14] +
[15]
mm 98 80 56 56
31
6
41
6
51
2
42
0
34
6
24
2
14
5
10
2
[1
7]
ΔVn = Vn - Vn-1 mm
-
23
-
19
-
24
1
25
9
10
0
96
-
92
-
74
-
10
4
-
97
-
44
[1
8]
Interflow
[13] -
[17]
mm 39 31 24 20 10 19 24
13
3
10
9
10
4
97 44
Water Available
[1
9]
Interflow [18] mm 39 31 24 20 10 19 24
13
3
10
9
10
4
97 44
[2
0]
Direct Runoff
[12] -
[13]
mm 63 51 0 82
10
76
47
7
47
7
16
5
14
2
0 0 0
[2
1]
Water Available
[19] +
[20]
mm
10
1
82 24
10
2
10
85
49
6
50
1
29
8
25
2
10
4
97 44
Note: The result of the Calculation (WA) on table above are using millimeter (mm) units, therefore if WA are
multiplied with the area of catchment in km2
with a certain conversion rate, discharge unit of m3
/sec are
obtained.
On Pada Error! Reference source not found. dan Error! Reference source not found. diperlihatkan hasil
perbandingan ketersediaan air di daerah CAT dan Non-CAT di Pulau Ambon.
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Table 4 Water Availability comparison in GWB and Non-GWB
Commentary
Month
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Des
Water Availability
(mm)
GWB
4 3 2 53 159 137 158 69 46 34 21 11
Non-GWB
3 1 1 37 150 119 117 35 27 17 10 5
Figure 9 Comparison Graphic of Water Availability in GWB and Non-GWB in Ambon Island
From Figure 8, two Watershed in GWB and Non-GWB are chosen which is Pia Besar Watershed
which consist of GWB and Yari Watershed which consist of GWB and Non-GWB. Other than that, these rivers
has the same watershed width. Comparison of calculation with Modified Mock Method and Primary Discharge
measurement for Pia Besar River and Way Yari River. Primary and Secondary data are shown below:
Primary Data: Dischare measurement in 2011 and 2012, 4 times of measurement each year. Detail of
measurement are shown below.
Table 5 Discharge measurement of two rivers in Ambon Island
No.
Date of
Measurement
Discharge (m3/det)
Pia Besar
Watershed
Way Yari
Watershed
1 January 12, 2011 1,55 1,2
2 February 2, 2011 0,45 0,35
3 June 19, 2011 4 3,3
4 July 4, 2011 11 9,6
5 January 1, 2012 1 0,8
6 February 14, 2012 0,1 0,05
7 June 16, 2012 7 7
8 July 1, 2012 3,5 3,4
Secondary Data: Climatology data taken from Pattimura Station for daily data according to the primary
measurement. Pia Besar Watershed Area = 16 km2
(All are GWB), Way Yari Watershed are = 16,23 km2
(100%) with 9,35 km2
(58%) are GWB and 6,88 km2
(42%) are Non-GWB.
The result of comparing Modified Mock calculation with direct measurement in the field are shown in the
figure below. Notes for the exact previous comparison has been modified with equated area scale.
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a. Comparison of discharge calculation of water availability using Modified Mock Method and the resul of
direct measurement of Discharge for Pia Besar Watershed
b.Comparison of discharge calculation of water availability using Modified Mock Method and the resul of
direct measurement of Discharge for Way Yari Watershed (58 % GWB, 42 Non-GWB)
1,55
0,45
4,00
11,00
1,00
0,10
7,00
3,50
1,20
0,35
3,30
9,60
0,80
0,05
7,00
3,40
-1,00
1,00
3,00
5,00
7,00
9,00
11,00
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
DebitQ(m3/det)
Jumlah pengkuran primer
Pia Besar 16,02 km2 (100% CAT)
Way Yari (16,23 km2; 58% CAT dan 42% Non CAT)
Pia Besar (Hasil Survey Primer)
Way Yari (Hasil Survey Primer)
c. Merged comparison between calculation result with modified mock and direct measurement of the two rivers.
Figure 10 Comparison of Modifed Mock calculation result and direct measurement for the two rivers.
V CONCLUSION
1.Water Availability calculation with Mock Method for GWB and Non-GWB are different.
2.For Non-GWB, water flows as soil water flow in soil zone or known as interflow, therefore Mock may be
used directly.
3.For GWB, additional groundwater flow which becomes base flows from other watershed, therefore flow chart
and calculation of Mock Method needs to be modified
4.From the result of water availability analysis in GWB are always bigger than water availability in Non-GWB.
5.In Non-GWB, existing rivers are intermittent rivers, therefore on dry season river discharge measurement
cannot be applied, calibration from the result of Mock Model Modification are only applied on rain season.
11. Small Islands Water Availability Analysis In Groundwater Basin (Gwb) And Non…
www.ijres.org 11 | Page
REFERENCES
[1]. Badan Perencanaan Pembangunan Nasional, 2006. Identification of Java Island Water Resources
Management Problem. Water Resources Management on Resolving Drought and Flood Initiative
Strategies. Book 2, Final Report.
[2]. Hehanussa and Bhakti, 2005. Small Islands Water Resources. Obor Indonesia Foundation Publisher.
[3]. KePres No.26 Year 2011 about Groundwater Basin.
[4]. Kodoatie, Robert J., 2012. Groundwater Spatial. Andi Publisher. Yogyakarta.
[5]. Mock, F. J., 1973. Land Capability Appraisal, Indonesia. Water Availability Appraisal - Basic Study 1
(English). FAO, Rome (Italy). Land and Water Development Div., 1973 , 81 p.