This document describes methods used to estimate groundwater recharge in Neishaboor Plain, Iran. Three methods were used: the Water Table Fluctuation (WTF) method, the Distributed Hydrological Budget (DHB) method, and the Hydrological Budget (HB) method. The WTF and DHB methods estimated monthly recharge rates for individual areas defined by observation wells, while the HB method estimated annual recharge for the entire study area. The results found average annual recharge rates of 228, 269, and 354 million cubic meters using the WTF, DHB, and HB methods respectively. The WTF and DHB methods were considered to provide more reliable estimates of groundwater recharge.
Morphometry and Hydrology relationship in Lidder valleyShakil Romshoo
Morphometric analysis of the Lidder catchment was carried out using geospatial technique.The analysis revealed that the area has uniform lithology and is structurally permeable. The high drainage density of all
subwatersheds indicate more surface runoff.The morphometric analysis also indicates that the area is more prone to weathering due to very-coarse to coarse drainage texture.
Identification of Groundwater Potential Zones in Vaippar Basin, Tamil Nadu, I...SagarChougule11
Groundwater is prominent part of the earth’s fresh water as well as main source of drinking water and survival source for many lives on earth. Groundwater potential zone identification can be done using advanced as well as recently developed geospatial technology such as Remote Sensing and GIS. GIS technology is useful for capturing, storing, and analyzing spatial data with the help of computer programming techniques. Here in identification of groundwater potential zone using of spatial elements which are related for infiltration of water into ground. For the groundwater potential zone analysis using of spatial layers like geology, geomorphology, rainfall, lineament, land use/land cover, drainage density, soil texture, soil depth etc.
Spatial variability of nutrients (N, P) in a deep, temperate lake with a low trophic level supported by global navigation satellite systems, geographic information system and geostatistics
Morphometry and Hydrology relationship in Lidder valleyShakil Romshoo
Morphometric analysis of the Lidder catchment was carried out using geospatial technique.The analysis revealed that the area has uniform lithology and is structurally permeable. The high drainage density of all
subwatersheds indicate more surface runoff.The morphometric analysis also indicates that the area is more prone to weathering due to very-coarse to coarse drainage texture.
Identification of Groundwater Potential Zones in Vaippar Basin, Tamil Nadu, I...SagarChougule11
Groundwater is prominent part of the earth’s fresh water as well as main source of drinking water and survival source for many lives on earth. Groundwater potential zone identification can be done using advanced as well as recently developed geospatial technology such as Remote Sensing and GIS. GIS technology is useful for capturing, storing, and analyzing spatial data with the help of computer programming techniques. Here in identification of groundwater potential zone using of spatial elements which are related for infiltration of water into ground. For the groundwater potential zone analysis using of spatial layers like geology, geomorphology, rainfall, lineament, land use/land cover, drainage density, soil texture, soil depth etc.
Spatial variability of nutrients (N, P) in a deep, temperate lake with a low trophic level supported by global navigation satellite systems, geographic information system and geostatistics
Remote Sensing & GIS based drainage morphometryAkshay Wakode
Remote sensing and Geographical Information Systems (GIS) techniques are increasingly being used for morphometric analysis of drainage basins throughout the world. GIS facilitates the manipulation and analysis of spatial information obtained using remote sensing. Integrating GIS and RS provides an efficient mechanism not only to upgrade and monitor morphometric parameters but also to permit spatial analysis of other associated thematic database. As compared to the conventional morphometric studies, remote sensing provides extant ground reality inputs for assessing changes in drainage patterns, density soil characteristics and land-use/land form changes in real life. Morphometry by and large, affects the hydrological processes rather indirectly through their dependency on several other factors such as soil, geology, vegetation cover and climate (Schmidt et al. 2000). The interrelationship between morphometric parameters varies from basin to basin under diverse topography and climatic condition. Understanding these relationship would enable the identification of the dominant parameters acting on a particular basin. An extensive and detailed analysis accounting for the various morphometric parameters under linear, areal and relief aspects of measurements was performed. The test site is located along the foothills of the Western Ghats, near the city of Pune and comprises of three large scale basins. The three rivers viz. Ghod, Bhima and Mula-Mutha, which are amongst the largest in the state, broadly consist of 23 sub-basins of Ghod, 22 of Bhima and 11 of Mula-Mutha.
THE APPLICATION OF MATHEMATICAL MODELS IN MANAGEMENT OF AQUIFERamsjournal
Before feeling water -shortage crisis human has understood the importance of water From the
religious texts. Considering recent conditions of the world the water will replace most recent
boundaries, at future. Imamzadeh Jaafar plain is located 5 kilometers northeast of Gachsaran, south
of Kohgilooye and Boerahmad province. The plain has 61km 2 area extents and contains two,
alluvial and carbonate aquifers. These aquifers supply the water needs, agricultural, industrial and
domestic. Highly exploitation and transportation of groundwater resources, especially by National Oil
Company, caused highly drawdown in alluvial aquifer, 1.85m in a 5 years period from 1361 to
1365 as reported by Mahab Ghods Consulting Engineers. There are two artificial recharge
projects, 1 flood spreading system and 1 recharge ponds system, in the plain. To present the future
water resources management program the hydrogeological behaviors of the alluvial aquifer and the
effects of artificial recharge must be evaluated. edrock, hydrodynamic coefficients, topography, water
resources and were collected, field surveys were performed and required maps were prepared. Using
conceptual model and MODFLOW PMWIN code the mathematical model of the plain was
calibrated against water year 1380 -81 and then verified against water year 1384 - 85. The verified
model was used to predict future conditions of aquifer. The results implied the rapid response of
aquifer to precipitation due to high aquifer ransmissivity, positive water budget at year 1385
comparing year 65, change of direction of groundwater flow from plain outlet to the center of
plain in response to highly exploitation at the center of plain, water level in the wells located
downward the flood spreading system will raise as 1 to 6m and water level in t he wells located
downward the recharge pond system will lower as 1 to 4m.
Quantitative evaluation and analysis of morphometric parameters derived from ...AM Publications
GIS has become a key source to understand the hydrological conditions of watersheds for the last few decades. Arc Hydro tool of ArcGIS has been proven its role in the automated extraction of drainage network and morphometric analysis from DEMs. The delineation of drainage network can be done either manually from topographic sheets or derived from Digital Elevation Model (DEM) data by means of computational methods. In the present work, ASTER DEM has been incurred to extract drainage network with the aid of Arc hydro tool. The Vaishali River basin of Madhya Pradesh has been taken as the study area. This study has been done primarily based on a geo-spatial software ARC GIS in which ARC HYDRO a tool has been used extensively. The quantitative evaluation and analysis of about twenty morphometric parameters has been done based on the linear, areal and relief aspects. The analysis has revealed that the Vaishali River basin is a fifth order basin showing dendritic drainage pattern with drainage density of 0.40 per km and stream frequency of 0.08 per km2. Low drainage density indicates the basin has not been much affected by structural disturbances while drainage frequency and very coarse drainage texture specifies low relief and porous, permeable rocks beneath the ground surface. The form factor, circularity ratio and elongated ratio suggest the basin shape as elongated. The area has low to moderate relief and slopes displays moderate relief ratios. It is concluded that this technique is not only reduces time but also provides valuable results which are very helpful for watershed management studies.
Scale-dependency and Sensitivity of Hydrological Estimations to Land Use and ...Beniamino Murgante
Scale-dependency and Sensitivity of Hydrological Estimations to Land Use and Topography for a Coastal Watershed in Mississippi - Vladimir J. Alarcon and Charles G. O’Hara
Feed Ratio Study Groundwater in Aquifer System Constrained Up for Urban Areaspaperpublications3
Abstract: Determining the origin of groundwater are closely related to conservation and renewable groundwater resources. Research on the source of groundwater recharge would be based on a theoretical approach, the statistical methods Principle Component Analysis and mass-balanced mixing models. Both of these methods will be tested using secondary data naturally occurring isotope of water, deuterium and oxygen-18, and ions major cations and anions in the aquifer distressed over (depth of the well between 40 dan140 meters). Source recharge ground water to be tested consists of three sources that recharge rainwater, river water and ground water.
This study aims to determine the ratio of the source of groundwater recharge using statistical methods and mass balance-mixing models. Where tracer affix source water using natural isotope parameters. In this study, physical and chemical parameters of water contained in the data of ground water, river water and rainwater are used to determine the origin or source of ground water recharge.
The results of mass balance calculation-mixing models using parameters 1H or δD and pH, to a rate of groundwater recharge source for the location of T3, T4, T6 and T13 are as follows: 43% of riverwater, 33% rainwater and 23% groundwater. Research on the ratio of recharge sources provide some information about water sources that contribute to groundwater recharge in Jakarta and surrounding areas. There are two sources that recharge rainwater and river water Bogor area near the location of groundwater. Physical development is carried out in the Bogor area will result in reduced water that seeps into the groundwater, it will bring a reduced impact to the aquifer water supply in Jakarta.
Modelling of runoff response in a semi-arid coastal watershed using SWATIJERA Editor
The GIS based hydrological model SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) is applied to a coastal watershed in the water scarce Saurashtra region of Gujarat, India, to understand the rainfall-runoff linkage. The study attempts to identify response of the coastal watershed for existing climatic conditions. The hydrological model is calibrated (2006-2009) and validated (2010-2012) at both daily and monthly scales. Performance of the model during calibration and validation period is evaluated through standard indices, NSE, R2 and PBIAS that indicate an acceptable response. At monthly scale, model performance is good for both low and above average rainfall years.
The integration of space born and ground remotely sensed dataoilandgas24
The integration of space born and ground remotely sensed data in exploring the environmental stresses and deterioration in ras gharib area, gulf of suez, egypt
Morphometric analysis of vrishabhavathi watershed using remote sensing and giseSAT Journals
Abstract Vrishabhavathi Watershed is a constituent of the Arkavathi River Basin, Bangalore Urban and Ramanagara District and covers an area of 381.465Km2, representing seasonally dry tropical climate. To achieve the Morphometric analysis, Survey of India (SOI) topomaps in 1:50000 scales are procured and the boundary line is extracted by joining the ridge points. This will serve as study area or area of interest for preparing base map and thematic maps. The recent changes are updated with the help of Remote sensing satellite data. The drainage map is prepared with the help of Geographical Information System tool and morphometric parameters such as linear, aerial and relief aspects of the watershed have been determined. These dimensionless and dimensional parametric values are interpreted to understand the watershed characteristics. From the drainage map of the study area dendritic drainage pattern is identified. Strahler (1964) stream ordering method is used for stream ordering of the watershed. The drainage density of the watershed is 1.697 km/km2. Index Terms: Morphometric analysis, Remote Sensing, GIS, SOI Topomap and Vrishabhavathi Watershed
Leveling techniques, including the use of levels, theodolites and GPS are less applicable
under forest canopies. In addition, the “Light Detection and Ranging” (LIDAR) technique is sophisticated,
expensive and not readily available in developing countries. The current study therefore attempted the use of
water table as an alternative method for leveling the Jozani groundwater forest (JGWF) of Zanzibar,
Tanzania. The “Height of Instrument” method was used to determine reduced level (RL) of the water table
(RLWT) of JGWF from local wells. Then, through temporary wells (TWs), RLWT was used as a wide
benchmark to determine other RLs on the ground surface along 32 transect lines. The height from the water
table to the ground surface (floating height (FH)) was then measured. Benchmark number 205 and SOKKIA
C.3.2 level were used to determine the RLWT. Soil auger was used to open TWs, and cellphone timer and
floating rod tape were used respectively to determine time of water settlement, and FH in a TW. GARMIN
GPS Model Etrex 10 and ArcGIS 10.1 were used for geo-referencing and mapping. Elevations of ground
surfaces were computed by summing the RLWT and FH at a particular point and were then used to produce
digital elevation model (DEM) of JGWF. It is concluded that, use of water table for leveling the
groundwater forest is feasible and an alternative method.
Remote Sensing & GIS based drainage morphometryAkshay Wakode
Remote sensing and Geographical Information Systems (GIS) techniques are increasingly being used for morphometric analysis of drainage basins throughout the world. GIS facilitates the manipulation and analysis of spatial information obtained using remote sensing. Integrating GIS and RS provides an efficient mechanism not only to upgrade and monitor morphometric parameters but also to permit spatial analysis of other associated thematic database. As compared to the conventional morphometric studies, remote sensing provides extant ground reality inputs for assessing changes in drainage patterns, density soil characteristics and land-use/land form changes in real life. Morphometry by and large, affects the hydrological processes rather indirectly through their dependency on several other factors such as soil, geology, vegetation cover and climate (Schmidt et al. 2000). The interrelationship between morphometric parameters varies from basin to basin under diverse topography and climatic condition. Understanding these relationship would enable the identification of the dominant parameters acting on a particular basin. An extensive and detailed analysis accounting for the various morphometric parameters under linear, areal and relief aspects of measurements was performed. The test site is located along the foothills of the Western Ghats, near the city of Pune and comprises of three large scale basins. The three rivers viz. Ghod, Bhima and Mula-Mutha, which are amongst the largest in the state, broadly consist of 23 sub-basins of Ghod, 22 of Bhima and 11 of Mula-Mutha.
THE APPLICATION OF MATHEMATICAL MODELS IN MANAGEMENT OF AQUIFERamsjournal
Before feeling water -shortage crisis human has understood the importance of water From the
religious texts. Considering recent conditions of the world the water will replace most recent
boundaries, at future. Imamzadeh Jaafar plain is located 5 kilometers northeast of Gachsaran, south
of Kohgilooye and Boerahmad province. The plain has 61km 2 area extents and contains two,
alluvial and carbonate aquifers. These aquifers supply the water needs, agricultural, industrial and
domestic. Highly exploitation and transportation of groundwater resources, especially by National Oil
Company, caused highly drawdown in alluvial aquifer, 1.85m in a 5 years period from 1361 to
1365 as reported by Mahab Ghods Consulting Engineers. There are two artificial recharge
projects, 1 flood spreading system and 1 recharge ponds system, in the plain. To present the future
water resources management program the hydrogeological behaviors of the alluvial aquifer and the
effects of artificial recharge must be evaluated. edrock, hydrodynamic coefficients, topography, water
resources and were collected, field surveys were performed and required maps were prepared. Using
conceptual model and MODFLOW PMWIN code the mathematical model of the plain was
calibrated against water year 1380 -81 and then verified against water year 1384 - 85. The verified
model was used to predict future conditions of aquifer. The results implied the rapid response of
aquifer to precipitation due to high aquifer ransmissivity, positive water budget at year 1385
comparing year 65, change of direction of groundwater flow from plain outlet to the center of
plain in response to highly exploitation at the center of plain, water level in the wells located
downward the flood spreading system will raise as 1 to 6m and water level in t he wells located
downward the recharge pond system will lower as 1 to 4m.
Quantitative evaluation and analysis of morphometric parameters derived from ...AM Publications
GIS has become a key source to understand the hydrological conditions of watersheds for the last few decades. Arc Hydro tool of ArcGIS has been proven its role in the automated extraction of drainage network and morphometric analysis from DEMs. The delineation of drainage network can be done either manually from topographic sheets or derived from Digital Elevation Model (DEM) data by means of computational methods. In the present work, ASTER DEM has been incurred to extract drainage network with the aid of Arc hydro tool. The Vaishali River basin of Madhya Pradesh has been taken as the study area. This study has been done primarily based on a geo-spatial software ARC GIS in which ARC HYDRO a tool has been used extensively. The quantitative evaluation and analysis of about twenty morphometric parameters has been done based on the linear, areal and relief aspects. The analysis has revealed that the Vaishali River basin is a fifth order basin showing dendritic drainage pattern with drainage density of 0.40 per km and stream frequency of 0.08 per km2. Low drainage density indicates the basin has not been much affected by structural disturbances while drainage frequency and very coarse drainage texture specifies low relief and porous, permeable rocks beneath the ground surface. The form factor, circularity ratio and elongated ratio suggest the basin shape as elongated. The area has low to moderate relief and slopes displays moderate relief ratios. It is concluded that this technique is not only reduces time but also provides valuable results which are very helpful for watershed management studies.
Scale-dependency and Sensitivity of Hydrological Estimations to Land Use and ...Beniamino Murgante
Scale-dependency and Sensitivity of Hydrological Estimations to Land Use and Topography for a Coastal Watershed in Mississippi - Vladimir J. Alarcon and Charles G. O’Hara
Feed Ratio Study Groundwater in Aquifer System Constrained Up for Urban Areaspaperpublications3
Abstract: Determining the origin of groundwater are closely related to conservation and renewable groundwater resources. Research on the source of groundwater recharge would be based on a theoretical approach, the statistical methods Principle Component Analysis and mass-balanced mixing models. Both of these methods will be tested using secondary data naturally occurring isotope of water, deuterium and oxygen-18, and ions major cations and anions in the aquifer distressed over (depth of the well between 40 dan140 meters). Source recharge ground water to be tested consists of three sources that recharge rainwater, river water and ground water.
This study aims to determine the ratio of the source of groundwater recharge using statistical methods and mass balance-mixing models. Where tracer affix source water using natural isotope parameters. In this study, physical and chemical parameters of water contained in the data of ground water, river water and rainwater are used to determine the origin or source of ground water recharge.
The results of mass balance calculation-mixing models using parameters 1H or δD and pH, to a rate of groundwater recharge source for the location of T3, T4, T6 and T13 are as follows: 43% of riverwater, 33% rainwater and 23% groundwater. Research on the ratio of recharge sources provide some information about water sources that contribute to groundwater recharge in Jakarta and surrounding areas. There are two sources that recharge rainwater and river water Bogor area near the location of groundwater. Physical development is carried out in the Bogor area will result in reduced water that seeps into the groundwater, it will bring a reduced impact to the aquifer water supply in Jakarta.
Modelling of runoff response in a semi-arid coastal watershed using SWATIJERA Editor
The GIS based hydrological model SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) is applied to a coastal watershed in the water scarce Saurashtra region of Gujarat, India, to understand the rainfall-runoff linkage. The study attempts to identify response of the coastal watershed for existing climatic conditions. The hydrological model is calibrated (2006-2009) and validated (2010-2012) at both daily and monthly scales. Performance of the model during calibration and validation period is evaluated through standard indices, NSE, R2 and PBIAS that indicate an acceptable response. At monthly scale, model performance is good for both low and above average rainfall years.
The integration of space born and ground remotely sensed dataoilandgas24
The integration of space born and ground remotely sensed data in exploring the environmental stresses and deterioration in ras gharib area, gulf of suez, egypt
Morphometric analysis of vrishabhavathi watershed using remote sensing and giseSAT Journals
Abstract Vrishabhavathi Watershed is a constituent of the Arkavathi River Basin, Bangalore Urban and Ramanagara District and covers an area of 381.465Km2, representing seasonally dry tropical climate. To achieve the Morphometric analysis, Survey of India (SOI) topomaps in 1:50000 scales are procured and the boundary line is extracted by joining the ridge points. This will serve as study area or area of interest for preparing base map and thematic maps. The recent changes are updated with the help of Remote sensing satellite data. The drainage map is prepared with the help of Geographical Information System tool and morphometric parameters such as linear, aerial and relief aspects of the watershed have been determined. These dimensionless and dimensional parametric values are interpreted to understand the watershed characteristics. From the drainage map of the study area dendritic drainage pattern is identified. Strahler (1964) stream ordering method is used for stream ordering of the watershed. The drainage density of the watershed is 1.697 km/km2. Index Terms: Morphometric analysis, Remote Sensing, GIS, SOI Topomap and Vrishabhavathi Watershed
Leveling techniques, including the use of levels, theodolites and GPS are less applicable
under forest canopies. In addition, the “Light Detection and Ranging” (LIDAR) technique is sophisticated,
expensive and not readily available in developing countries. The current study therefore attempted the use of
water table as an alternative method for leveling the Jozani groundwater forest (JGWF) of Zanzibar,
Tanzania. The “Height of Instrument” method was used to determine reduced level (RL) of the water table
(RLWT) of JGWF from local wells. Then, through temporary wells (TWs), RLWT was used as a wide
benchmark to determine other RLs on the ground surface along 32 transect lines. The height from the water
table to the ground surface (floating height (FH)) was then measured. Benchmark number 205 and SOKKIA
C.3.2 level were used to determine the RLWT. Soil auger was used to open TWs, and cellphone timer and
floating rod tape were used respectively to determine time of water settlement, and FH in a TW. GARMIN
GPS Model Etrex 10 and ArcGIS 10.1 were used for geo-referencing and mapping. Elevations of ground
surfaces were computed by summing the RLWT and FH at a particular point and were then used to produce
digital elevation model (DEM) of JGWF. It is concluded that, use of water table for leveling the
groundwater forest is feasible and an alternative method.
Human rights are rights inherent to all human beings, whatever our nationality, place of residence, sex, national or ethnic origin, color, religion, language, or any other status. We are all equally entitled to our human rights without discrimination. These rights are all interrelated, interdependent and indivisible.
Delineation of potential groundwater recharge zones plays a vital role in sustainable management of groundwater resources. The present study is carried out to identify the groundwater potential recharge zones in Multan, Pakistan by using Remote Sensing (RS) & Geographical Information System (GIS) for augmenting groundwater resources. In Multan district (Punjab, Pakistan), the increasing population and expansion of land use for agriculture have severely exploited the regional ground water resources. Land Use Land Cover (LULC) change is an accelerating phenomenon on the surface of earth driven by anthropogenic activities including urban expansion, deforestation, and climatic variations. Intensive pumping has resulted in a rapid decline in the level of water table as well as its quality. Better management practices and artificial recharge are needed for the development of sustainable groundwater resources. In order to address these issues Geographic information system (GIS) and Remote sensing (RS) are the most efficient methods for the identification and detection of Land Use patterns. All of these techniques are used for mapping and identification of groundwater potential analysis. This groundwater potential information will be useful for the effective identification of appropriate locations for extraction of water. This study should be done to delineate groundwater potential recharge zones by using different thematic layers that were overlaid in ArcGIS. In the overlay analysis, the weights (for various thematic layers) are allocated based on a review of published literature or by expert opinion. The assigned weights are then normalized and modified using the analytical hierarchical process (AHP). The potential recharge map thus obtained and divided into four zones (poor, moderate, good, and very good) based on their influence to groundwater recharge.
Weekly and Monthly Groundwater Recharge Estimation in A Rural Piedmont Enviro...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— La Colacha basin (Córdoba province, Argentina) is a typical piedmont rural area where the unconfined aquifer is used for agricultural activities. The objective of this work is to show the estimation of the recharge (R) rate in the unconfined aquifer, using the water table fluctuation method (WTF). Furthermore, considerations in relation to monthly and weekly recharge rhythms and to the aquifer discharge (D) were performed. The aquifer shows a typical behavior of groundwater recharge areas with an important and quick answer of water table to the arrival of precipitations (P). After that, a recession curve is observed, representing the groundwater discharge to the local base level (the main stream of the basin). The monthly estimation resulted in an annual average R value of 14.3 % of total P. Although the major amounts of recharge occur in full summer, according to the major total amounts of P, the correlation between monthly R and P was low (r2 < 0.2) as a result of the high quantities of rainfall water that are converted into runoff. The regression coefficient is higher (r2 = 0.6) for the end of summer and autumn when rainfalls diminish and have low intensities. This situation provides less water to the aquifer, but the recharge process is more efficient. The ratio R/D for the 3 year series was positive, which means that the aquifer recharge was dominant. In the weekly recharge analysis, the annual average R is slightly lower than in the monthly one, that is, 12.4 % of the total P. Thus, it may be concluded that, in this case, the change from monthly to a weekly time step, did not much improve the final value. However, the information obtained with the weekly estimation is much more useful to interpret the aquifer detailed behavior.
Data Preparation for Assessing Impact of Climate Change on Groundwater RechargeAM Publications
Climate change is a change in the statistical properties of the climate system when considered over long
periods of time. It significantly affects the various components of hydrological cycle like temperature, precipitation,
evapotranspiration and infiltration. All these components together affect the rate of groundwater recharge. So
understanding the effects of climate change on groundwater recharge is the need of time for the management of
groundwater resources. This paper presents the data preparation initiatives and a suitable methodology that can be
used to characterize the effect of climate change on groundwater recharge. The method is based on the hydrologic
model Visual HELP which can be used to estimate potential groundwater recharge at the regional scale. The success
of Modeling depends on the accuracy of data and the mode of collecting the data. Therefore, identifying the data
needs of a particular modeling study, collection/monitoring of required data and preparation of data set form an
integral part of any groundwater modeling exercise. The main objective of this paper is to describe the exact data
required and its preparation to simulate the groundwater recharge using HELP Model Software for Yavatmal as a
study area situated in Maharashtra state, India. The impact of climate change as a pilot study is modeled by using
computer software HELP (Hydrologic Evaluation of Landfill Performance). The initiatives for data preparation
presented herein may be useful to the researchers in this field.
Land, soil and water management: Watershed management practices and hydrologi...ICRISAT
Improve smallholder agricultural productivity through sustainable intensification by managing water resources using a watershed approach. Studying the seasonal variations of water levels in shallow wells at land scale level, establishing new sets of monitoring stations and field experiments to study the dynamics of water availability and land cover changes, water balance modelling from farm to watershed scale and, regional climate change modelling.
THE APPLICATION OF MATHEMATICAL MODELS IN MANAGEMENT OF AQUIFERAnonymouslVQ83F8mC
Before feeling water -shortage crisis human has understood the importance of water From the
religious texts. Considering recent conditions of the world the water will replace most recent
boundaries, at future. Imamzadeh Jaafar plain is located 5 kilometers northeast of Gachsaran, south
of Kohgilooye and Boerahmad province. The plain has 61km 2 area extents and contains two,
alluvial and carbonate aquifers. These aquifers supply the water needs, agricultural, industrial and
domestic. Highly exploitation and transportation of groundwater resources, especially by National Oil
Company, caused highly drawdown in alluvial aquifer, 1.85m in a 5 years period from 1361 to
1365 as reported by Mahab Ghods Consulting Engineers. There are two artificial recharge
projects, 1 flood spreading system and 1 recharge ponds system, in the plain. To present the future
water resources management program the hydrogeological behaviors of the alluvial aquifer and the
effects of artificial recharge must be evaluated. edrock, hydrodynamic coefficients, topography, water
resources and were collected, field surveys were performed and required maps were prepared. Using
conceptual model and MODFLOW PMWIN code the mathematical model of the plain was
calibrated against water year 1380 -81 and then verified against water year 1384 - 85. The verified
model was used to predict future conditions of aquifer. The results implied the rapid response of
aquifer to precipitation due to high aquifer ransmissivity, positive water budget at year 1385
comparing year 65, change of direction of groundwater flow from plain outlet to the center of
plain in response to highly exploitation at the center of plain, water level in the wells located
downward the flood spreading system will raise as 1 to 6m and water level in t he wells located
downward the recharge pond system will lower as 1 to 4m.
THE APPLICATION OF MATHEMATICAL MODELS IN MANAGEMENT OF AQUIFERpijans
Before feeling water -shortage crisis human has understood the importance of water From the
religious texts. Considering recent conditions of the world the water will replace most recent
boundaries, at future. Imamzadeh Jaafar plain is located 5 kilometers northeast of Gachsaran, south
of Kohgilooye and Boerahmad province. The plain has 61km 2 area extents and contains two,
alluvial and carbonate aquifers. These aquifers supply the water needs, agricultural, industrial and
domestic. Highly exploitation and transportation of groundwater resources, especially by National Oil
Company, caused highly drawdown in alluvial aquifer, 1.85m in a 5 years period from 1361 to
1365 as reported by Mahab Ghods Consulting Engineers. There are two artificial recharge
projects, 1 flood spreading system and 1 recharge ponds system, in the plain. To present the future
water resources management program the hydrogeological behaviors of the alluvial aquifer and the effects of artificial recharge must be evaluated. edrock, hydrodynamic coefficients, topography, water resources and were collected, field surveys were performed and required maps were prepared. Using
conceptual model and MODFLOW PMWIN code the mathematical model of the plain was calibrated against water year 1380 -81 and then verified against water year 1384 - 85. The verified model was used to predict future conditions of aquifer. The results implied the rapid response of
aquifer to precipitation due to high aquifer ransmissivity, positive water budget at year 1385 comparing year 65, change of direction of groundwater flow from plain outlet to the center of
plain in response to highly exploitation at the center of plain, water level in the wells located downward the flood spreading system will raise as 1 to 6m and water level in t he wells located
downward the recharge pond system will lower as 1 to 4m.
THE APPLICATION OF MATHEMATICAL MODELS IN MANAGEMENT OF AQUIFERpijans
Before feeling water -shortage crisis human has understood the importance of water From the
religious texts. Considering recent conditions of the world the water will replace most recent
boundaries, at future. Imamzadeh Jaafar plain is located 5 kilometers northeast of Gachsaran, south
of Kohgilooye and Boerahmad province. The plain has 61km 2 area extents and contains two,
alluvial and carbonate aquifers. These aquifers supply the water needs, agricultural, industrial and
domestic. Highly exploitation and transportation of groundwater resources, especially by National Oil
Company, caused highly drawdown in alluvial aquifer, 1.85m in a 5 years period from 1361 to
1365 as reported by Mahab Ghods Consulting Engineers. There are two artificial recharge
projects, 1 flood spreading system and 1 recharge ponds system, in the plain. To present the future
water resources management program the hydrogeological behaviors of the alluvial aquifer and the
effects of artificial recharge must be evaluated. edrock, hydrodynamic coefficients, topography, water
resources and were collected, field surveys were performed and required maps were prepared. Using
conceptual model and MODFLOW PMWIN code the mathematical model of the plain was
calibrated against water year 1380 -81 and then verified against water year 1384 - 85. The verified
model was used to predict future conditions of aquifer. The results implied the rapid response of
aquifer to precipitation due to high aquifer ransmissivity, positive water budget at year 1385
comparing year 65, change of direction of groundwater flow from plain outlet to the center of
plain in response to highly exploitation at the center of plain, water level in the wells located
downward the flood spreading system will raise as 1 to 6m and water level in t he wells located
downward the recharge pond system will lower as 1 to 4m.
THE APPLICATION OF MATHEMATICAL MODELS IN MANAGEMENT OF AQUIFERpijans
Groundwater models are often developed to obtain predictions of societal importance. Such
predictions might be the response of an aquifer to future groundwater pumping, or the
groundwater transport of contaminants from a source location. Because the groundwater flow
system characteristics represented in such models are always unknown to some degree, model
predictions are uncertain. To reduce this prediction uncertainty, it is necessary to improve the
model so that it more accurately represents the flow system
THE APPLICATION OF MATHEMATICAL MODELS IN MANAGEMENT OF AQUIFERamsjournal1
Before feeling water -shortage crisis human has understood the importance of water From the
religious texts. Considering recent conditions of the world the water will replace most recent
boundaries, at future. Imamzadeh Jaafar plain is located 5 kilometers northeast of Gachsaran, south
of Kohgilooye and Boerahmad province. The plain has 61km 2 area extents and contains two,
alluvial and carbonate aquifers. These aquifers supply the water needs, agricultural, industrial and
domestic. Highly exploitation and transportation of groundwater resources, especially by National Oil
Company, caused highly drawdown in alluvial aquifer, 1.85m in a 5 years period from 1361 to
1365 as reported by Mahab Ghods Consulting Engineers. There are two artificial recharge
projects, 1 flood spreading system and 1 recharge ponds system, in the plain. To present the future
water resources management program the hydrogeological behaviors of the alluvial aquifer and the
effects of artificial recharge must be evaluated. edrock, hydrodynamic coefficients, topography, water
resources and were collected, field surveys were performed and required maps were prepared. Using
conceptual model and MODFLOW PMWIN code the mathematical model of the plain was
calibrated against water year 1380 -81 and then verified against water year 1384 - 85. The verified
model was used to predict future conditions of aquifer. The results implied the rapid response of
aquifer to precipitation due to high aquifer ransmissivity, positive water budget at year 1385
comparing year 65, change of direction of groundwater flow from plain outlet to the center of
plain in response to highly exploitation at the center of plain, water level in the wells located
downward the flood spreading system will raise as 1 to 6m and water level in t he wells located
downward the recharge pond system will lower as 1 to 4m.
Watershed management practices and hydrological modelling under changing clim...africa-rising
Poster prepared by B.Z. Birhanu, F.Kizito, K.Traore, O. Cofie and R. Tabo for the Africa RISING Science for Impact Workshop, Dar es Salaam, 17-19 January 2017
Integrated application of HEC-RAS and GIS and RS for flood risk assessment i...inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
2. 10
basin and 44–244 mm for the Kompienga dam
basin. Moon et al. 2004 applied a modified WTF
and statistical analysis of groundwater hydrographs
to estimate groundwater recharge for a river basin
of South Korea. The average recharge ratios of the
monitoring stations, grouped according to their
groundwater hydrographs, varied from 4.07 to
15.29%. Rasoulzadeh & Moosavi 2008 by using an
inverse approach and considering the WTF model
as a forward model estimated the groundwater
recharge and WTF parameters for the vicinity of
Tashk Lake (called Tavabe-e-Arsanjan) in Iran,
Fars province. Ganji khorramdel et al. 2008 used
Double Water Table Fluctuation to optimize an
observation well network in order to estimate the
groundwater budget of Astane-Koochesfahan
aquifer in Iran, Gilan Province. The results showed
that such an optimized network provides far fewer
measurement points, i.e. 33 wells, without consid-
erably changing the conclusions regarding ground-
water budget.
In this research the Hydrological Budget method
(HB) was applied by Geographical Information
System (GIS) technique to estimate annual aver-
age groundwater recharge of the whole study area
(Neishaboor Plain). The monthly groundwater
recharge for each Thiessen polygon was estimated
using Distributed Hydrological Budget (DHB).
Moreover the WTF method and an inverse mod-
eling approach was implemented to determine
how much of precipitation and irrigation return
flow contribute to natural groundwater recharge in
monthly scale.
2 MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1 Description of the study area
The Neishaboor plain is located between 35°40′ N
to 36°39′ N latitude and 58°17′ E to 59°30′ E longi-
tude with semi-arid to arid climate, in the northeast
of Iran as shown in Figure 1. The total geographi-
cal area is 7,350 km2
, consisting of 3,160 km2
mountainous terrain and about 4,190 km2
of plain.
The maximum elevation is located in the Binalood
Mountains (3,300 m above sea level), and the mini-
mum elevation is at the outlet of the plain (Hosein
Abad Jangal) at 1,050 m above mean sea level.
The average annual precipitation is 234 mm, but
this varies considerably from one year to another.
The mean annual temperatures at the Bar-Aria
station (in the mountainous area) and Moham-
mad Abad-Fedisheh station (in the plain area) are
13 and 13.8°C, respectively. The annual potential
evapotranspiration is about 2,335 mm (Velayati
and Tavassloi 1991). According to official reports,
about 93.5% of the withdrawals in the Neishaboor
Figure 1. Location of study area in Iran, Khorasan-
Razavi province.
watershed are consumed by agriculture, mostly in
irrigation.
Moreover, the share of surface-water resources
in total consumption is about 4.2%. It means
that groundwater is a primary source of water
for different purposes and surface water plays a
minor role in providing water supply services in
the Neishaboor watershed. Therefore, crop eva-
potranspiration (ETc)—evapotranspiration from
disease-free, well fertilized crops, grown in large
fields, under optimum soil water conditions, and
achieving full reduction under the given climatic
conditions—is responsible for about 90% of water-
resources consumption (Hoseini et al. 2005).
2.2 Theory of Hydrological Budget (HB) method
The hydrologic budget for a geographic basin can
be written as:
(W|Qin)(ETROIPQbfQout) Qw = ΔS (1)
where W is the applied water on the ground sur-
face; Qin and Qout are subsurface water fluxes into
and out of a geographic basin along a boundary;
ET represents evapotranspiration losses in surface
and subsurface waters, including the unsaturated
and saturated zones; RO is surface water runoff;
IP is intercepted precipitation by vegetation; Qbf
is groundwater discharge to streams (baseflow);
3. 11
Qw is groundwater withdrawal through pumping
wells; and ΔS is the change in saturated ground-
water storage. The units for all components in the
hydrologic budget equation are in volume per time
period.
As groundwater recharge includes any percolated
water that reaches the saturated portion of the water
table aquifer per time period, and can be written as:
Rt = W − (ET + RO + IP + Qbf + Qin − Qout) (2)
where Rt is groundwater recharge.
Assuming water table aquifer conditions, the
change in groundwater storage per time period can
be written (Bredehoeft et al. 1982) as:
ΔS − ΔH × Agb × Sy (3)
where ΔH is the average change of the measured
groundwater levels per time period; Agb is the area
of the geographic basin; and Sy is the average spe-
cific yield of the water table aquifer.
Substituting Equations 2 and 3 into Equation 1
and simplifying results in:
Rt = Qw + (ΔH × Agb × Sy) (4)
If the geographic basin area is divided into a grid,
then the groundwater recharge per time period, Rt,
equals the summation of groundwater recharge of
the grid, and can be presented as:
RtRR i
n
i
n
( )h a Sih i yS i×hihh∑ ∑r Qirri
n
QQ=rirr=1 1i=i∑Qirr QQi wQ (5)
where ri, Δhi, ai, n and Syi represent the associated
quantity for each grid cell and n is the number of
grid cells. The effect of groundwater withdrawal is
assumed to be equally distributed on the grid. Any
time period may be used, but for semi-arid regions
where groundwater levels are very deep, it is best
to assume a longer time period (for example 1 year
time period) because of the lag time necessary for
groundwater recharge to reach the saturated water
table system (Manghi et al. 2009).
2.3 Theory of Distributed Hydrological Budget
(DHB) method
The groundwater recharge can be estimated by clas-
sifying the study area into Thiessen polygons based
upon observation wells and writing the water budget
equation (Eq. 1) for each Thiessen polygon. The
groundwater recharge for each Thiessen polygon in
monthly scale is estimated from the Equation 6, i.e.,
Rt = Qw + (ΔH × Agh × Sy) − (Qin − Qout) − ET − Qbf
(6)
Since the groundwater depth in the study area is
more than 5 meters and there is no river to drain
the groundwater, the terms ET and Qbf were negli-
gible in the study area.
2.4 Theory of Water Table Fluctuation (WTF)
method
The water table fluctuation method by analyzing
water level fluctuations provides an estimate of
groundwater recharge. For applying this method
only groundwater level and specific yield data are
needed. The WTF method is based on the premise
that rises in groundwater levels in unconfined aqui-
fers are due to recharge water arriving at the water
table. Recharge is calculated as (Healy & Cook
2002):
R = Sydh/dt = SyΔh/Δt (7)
Where R is recharge; Sy is specific yield; h is water-
table height, and t is time.
To derive Equation 7 one needs to assume that
water arriving at the water table goes immediately
into storage and that all other components of
Equation 1 are zero during the period of recharge.
A time lag occurs between the arrival of water dur-
ing a recharge event and the redistribution of that
water to the other components of Equation 1. If
the method is applied during that time lag, all of
the water going into recharge can be accounted for.
This assumption is most valid over short periods
of time, and it is this time frame for which applica-
tion of the method is most appropriate (Healy &
Cook 2002; Scanlon et al. 2002).
2.4.1 Inverse modeling approach
The Equation 7 could be rewritten as below:
dh/dt = R/Sy (8)
The above equation considers the groundwater
recharge as a whole. Recharge might be resulted
from precipitation (P), irrigation return flow
(QIrrigation) and net subsurface water flux (QInOut) into
the aquifer or Thiessen polygon. The Equation 8 is
rearranged as the following equation by consider-
ing these parameters within it:
dh
dt
irrigation pumpage InOut
= + − +
pumpageβ λPβ
S
Qiλλ
S
Qp
S
QI
Sy yS S y yS S
(9)
where λ = percentage of irrigation return flow
which contributes to recharge; β = percentage of
precipitation which contributes to recharge; and
4. 12
QPumpage = groundwater withdrawal through pump-
ing wells (Rasoulzadeh & Moosavi 2008).
InversemodelingapproachconsidersWTFmodel
as forward model and fits Equation 9 on observed
data, then unknown parameters of WTF model
are estimated with the help of one of optimization
procedure in order to minimize objective function
(difference between observed and simulated water
level fluctuations with WTF model) (Eq. 10).
RMSE
x x f x x x
n
n nx
=
−∑ ( (F , , )xn ,x ))1 2x,x x, 2
… ff, )xn xx xx,
(10)
where F = observed values; f = simulated values;
and n = the number of observed values.
The optimization procedure was used with the
help of Spss 18.0 to minimize Root Mean Square
Error (RMSE) and to get the best fit between the
two curves. Spss uses Levenberg–Marquardt and
Sequential Quadratic Programming to minimize
objective function.
2.5 Conceptual model of study area
To build conceptual model and preparing required
data, at first point shape file of Observation Wells
(OWs) added to ARCMAP (ARCGIS products)
and Thiessen polygon were made based on them.
Figure 2 illustrates the conceptual model of study
area and Thiessen polygons.
Following the construction of Thiessen poly-
gons based on observation wells, the monthly
records of groundwater levels at each polygon were
arranged at 35 Excel spreadsheets for the period
from October 2000 to September 2010. Then,
monthly records of rainfall, net subsurface water
flux and Abstraction Wells (AWs) data were listed
against the corresponding groundwater level data
for each sub-zone, and plotted against time.
Monthly net subsurface water fluxes were esti-
mated using Darcy Flow function of ARCGIS.
Monthly groundwater level, monthly saturation
thickness (i.e., subtraction of bed rock and ground-
water level rasters), the porosity and transmissiv-
ity rasters are required for calculating groundwater
flow across grid cells using the Darcy Flow function.
These rasters were produced with Topo to Raster
embedded in ARCGIS 9.3 3D Analyst function by
pixcel size of 1000 by 1000 m. Monthly Darcy Flow
outputs were summed for each sub-zone.
Since, the Darcy Flow function could not cal-
culate the in/outflow for the boundary cells, the
monthly lateral groundwater inflow and outflows
were calculated by using Equation 11 as (Fig. 3):
Q j
T T
h h
x
yxQQ
i j i j
i jTT i jTT
i jhh i jhh
( ,i ) *
( )Ti jTT ( )Ti jTTj i)j ( i
j i
j i
j, )1
2
1
2
Δ
Δyy
(11)
where Qx = lateral groundwater inflow or out-
flow; T = transmissivity; h = groundwater level;
i and j = represents each cell position at x and y
directions, respectively; Δx = distance between two
adjacent cell; and Δy = width of each cell. These
lateral inflow or outflows were summed up by the
net subsurface water fluxes which estimated for the
boundary polygons.
For spatial distribution of rainfall in the study
area the Inverse Distance Weighting method (IDW)
was applied, then the monthly records of rainfall
at each polygon were averaged to be used with
DHB and WTF models. Groundwater withdrawals
through pumping wells are used for irrigation pur-
poses. So the monthly records of abstraction wells
were summed for each polygon.
3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
For calculating groundwater recharge using the
HB method (Eq. 5), the rasters of groundwater
level of October and September of each year wasFigure 2. Conceptual model of the study area.
Figure3. Thispictureillustratesthathowthelateralground-
water inflow or outflow were calculated in boundaries.
5. 13
subtracted to calculate Δhi in each pixel (grid cell).
The raster of specific yield was also used to com-
pute the change in saturated groundwater storage.
Then annual average groundwater recharge rate
based on Equation (5) for Neishaboor Plain was
estimated from 2000 to 2010 (Table 1).
The average contribution of groundwater
recharge for a ten-year period was about 61% of the
totalgroundwaterwithdrawal(Table1).Theaverage
groundwater extraction from the Neishaboor Plain
from 2000 to 2010 was 649 MCM. Therefore,
39% of exploitation was supplied from saturated
groundwater storage and 61% was the result of
groundwater recharge including net groundwater
inflow, infiltration and irrigation return flow. If we
subtract the net groundwater inflow (which equals
41 MCM based on Table 4) from annual average
Table 1. Estimated groundwater recharge (MCM) for
Neishaboor Plain form 2000/2001 to 2009/2010.
Time
period (Year)
Qw
(MCM)
ΔS
(MCM)
Rt
(MCM)
Rt
(%)
2000–2001 690 −379 311 45
2001–2002 679 −308 371 55
2002–2003 671 −204 467 70
2003–2004 663 −274 390 59
2004–2005 654 −227 427 65
2005–2006 643 −251 392 61
2006–2007 633 −216 417 66
2007–2008 623 −226 396 64
2008–2009 616 −220 396 64
2009–2010 616 −233 384 62
Mean 649 −254 395 61
Figure 4. Comparison between groundwater recharge
estimated through HB, DHB and WTF methods.
Figure 5. Comparison of observed and simulated water
level fluctuation with WTF model for OW2.
Figure 6. Comparison of observed and simulated water
level fluctuation with WTF model for OW18.
groundwater recharge rate, recharge from rainfall
deep percolation and irrigation return flow would
be estimated as 354 MCM. HB is a lumped method
and wouldn’t report any further information about
distribution of groundwater recharge rate in the
study area.
Using the DHB method the groundwater
recharge resulted from both rainfall deep percola-
tion and irrigation return flow for each sub-zone
was estimated. Utilizing the WTF method was
6. 14
Table 2. Annual groundwater recharge estimated with WTF model for Neishaboor plain from 2000 to 2010.
Time
(Year)
Rainfall
(mm)
Total recharge
(MCM)
Recharge from infiltration
(MCM)
Recharge from other
sources (MCM)
2000–2001 146 211 44 167
2001–2002 209 226 62 164
2002–2003 280 247 85 162
2003–2004 260 240 79 160
2004–2005 296 245 87 158
2005–2006 188 213 57 155
2006–2007 317 248 95 153
2007–2008 142 194 44 150
2008–2009 292 235 86 149
2009–2010 250 223 74 149
Mean 238 228 71 157
Table 3. Groundwater inflow and outflow into/out of
plain boundaries computed from Darcy flow equation.
Year
Groundwater inflow
(MCM)
Groundwater outflow
(MCM)
2000–2001 55 −13
2001–2002 56 −13
2002–2003 56 −13
2003–2004 57 −13
2004–2005 55 −14
2005–2006 56 −14
2006–2007 55 −14
2007–2008 54 −14
2008–2009 55 −14
2009–2010 55 −15
Mean 55 −14
Figure 7. Zoning of Groundwater recharge estimated
with DHB method for the year of 2009–2010.
Figure 8. Zoning of Groundwater recharge estimated
with WTF method for the year of 2009–2010.
distinctly designated how much of rainfall and
irrigation return flow contributes to groundwater
recharge within each polygon.
Figure 4 shows the comparison between ground-
water recharge estimated through these three
methods. As shown in Figure 4 annual ground-
water recharge estimated using various methods
matched well with the average annual precipita-
tion. As the annual rainfall decreased, the recharge
declined and vice versa. In the HB method the
specific yield is the only estimated parameter.
Although it plays a critical role in the water budget,
this parameter has a limited domain of variation.
So the result of the HB method could be consid-
ered as a lumped reliable value. Figure 4 shows
good agreement between groundwater recharge
estimated using the DHB and WTF model. The
difference between the results and those of the HB
7. 15
methodarisesfrom(1)consideringnetgroundwater
inflow as an average groundwater recharge in this
method and (2) assuming constant groundwater
level to calculate groundwater flow from one cell to
adjacent cell during a month time period which is
not well matched with aquifer condition in reality.
But for estimating groundwater recharge in a dis-
tributed manner the utilization of this assumption
isunavoidable.Thedifferencebetweengroundwater
recharge rate estimated through DHB and WTF is
less than 20% in contrast to the HB method, thus,
using this assumption can be justified with regards
to the uncertainty of the parameters.
Figures 5 and 6 illustrates the results of apply-
ing the WTF model. As shown in Figures 5 and
6 there is a fairly good agreement between the
observed and simulated groundwater level fluctua-
tion with the WTF model for some piezometers.
These results were achieved by minimizing Root
Mean Square Error (RMSE) between observed
and simulated groundwater level fluctuations. The
values of groundwater recharge estimated through
WTF model from 2000 to 2010 are presented in
Table 2. Groundwater flows into/out of plain
boundary which were obtained from Darcy Flow
(Eq. 11) are presented in Table 3. It is noteworthy
that the WTF method considers specific assump-
tions that do not hold precisely for the Neishaboor
plain. It seems that considering the lag time and
effective period of precipitation and irrigation will
enhance the results.
Figures 7 and 8 exhibit zoning of groundwater
recharge estimated through DHB and WTF meth-
ods during the year of 2009–2010, respectively
4 CONCLUSION
In this study, natural groundwater recharge for
the Neishaboor plain and groundwater inflow and
outflow into/out of the plain boundaries were esti-
mated with the help of water budget approaches
such as Hydrological Budget, Distributed Hydro-
logical Budget, and Water Table Fluctuation meth-
ods as well as utilizing a Geographical Information
System (GIS). These methods were useful, easy to
be utilized, cost effective, simple, requiring a few
non-deterministic data such as groundwater level
measurements, rainfall, aquifer properties, and
groundwater extraction datasets.
Accuracy and reliability of groundwater
recharge estimated with these methods depends on
those of the input datasets and their assumptions.
We couldn’t definitely say which of the applied
methods are more reliable and well matched with
the physical and geological properties of the plain,
but if a model is more distributed, less dependent
on non-deterministic parameters and easy access
to more accurate information, its results are more
reliable.
Applying these methods for groundwater mod-
eling would result in more useful information. The
DHB and WTF models provided spatial and tem-
poral distribution of natural groundwater recharge
for the study area. The WTF model clearly exhib-
ited groundwater recharge components. Since the
WTF method assumption did not hold completely,
the results of CRD and RIB methods which con-
sider lag time and effective recharge period will
enhance the results.
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