a.) Topoisomerase-Topoisomerases are enzymes used in the overwindin.pdf
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NaCN(aq) ? Na+(aq) + CN-(aq) Assuming that NaCN is an ionic compound (composed of a monatomic cation and a polyatomic anion) it will completely dissociate in water, therefore [NaCN] = [CN-] Then, since HCN (Prussic Acid) is a weak acid, write the equilibrium equation between the acid and its conjugate base: ..... H2O(l) + CN-(aq) ? HCN(aq) + OH-(aq) Pure solids and liquids are ignored in equilibrium reactions, so water is ignored. I ........ .......... 0.1 . . | . . . . 0 . . . . . 0 C ...... ............ -x . . | . . . .+x . . . . +x E ...... .......... 0.1 . . | . . . . x . . . . . x Since Ka was given, change it to Kb by using: Ka * Kb = Kw 4.9*10^(-10) * Kb = 10^(-14) Kb = 2.0*10^(-5) Then set up the base dissociation constant equation (since it was written with a CN- (base) on the left and HCN (acid) on the right). It is assumed that x is significantly smaller than [CN-], just to make the calculations easier (avoiding quadratics). Kb = [HCN] [OH-] / [CN- ] 2.0*10^(-5) = x² / 0.1 x² = 2.0*10^(-6) x = [OH-] = 1.4*10^(-3) M pOH = -log[OH-] = - log(1.4*10^(-3)) = 2.8 pH = 14 - pOH = 14 - 2.8 = 11.2 Solution NaCN(aq) ? Na+(aq) + CN-(aq) Assuming that NaCN is an ionic compound (composed of a monatomic cation and a polyatomic anion) it will completely dissociate in water, therefore [NaCN] = [CN-] Then, since HCN (Prussic Acid) is a weak acid, write the equilibrium equation between the acid and its conjugate base: ..... H2O(l) + CN-(aq) ? HCN(aq) + OH-(aq) Pure solids and liquids are ignored in equilibrium reactions, so water is ignored. I ........ .......... 0.1 . . | . . . . 0 . . . . . 0 C ...... ............ -x . . | . . . .+x . . . . +x E ...... .......... 0.1 . . | . . . . x . . . . . x Since Ka was given, change it to Kb by using: Ka * Kb = Kw 4.9*10^(-10) * Kb = 10^(-14) Kb = 2.0*10^(-5) Then set up the base dissociation constant equation (since it was written with a CN- (base) on the left and HCN (acid) on the right). It is assumed that x is significantly smaller than [CN-], just to make the calculations easier (avoiding quadratics). Kb = [HCN] [OH-] / [CN- ] 2.0*10^(-5) = x² / 0.1 x² = 2.0*10^(-6) x = [OH-] = 1.4*10^(-3) M pOH = -log[OH-] = - log(1.4*10^(-3)) = 2.8 pH = 14 - pOH = 14 - 2.8 = 11.2.
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Enzymes and proteins in dna replication
Multiple proteins are required for DNA replication, including DNA polymerases, helicases, primase, topoisomerases, ligase and single-stranded DNA binding proteins. Helicases unwind DNA at replication forks using ATP while primase synthesizes RNA primers and DNA polymerases use the primers to replicate DNA in the 5' to 3' direction. DNA gyrase introduces negative supercoils to relieve positive supercoiling formed during unwinding while ligase seals nicks between Okazaki fragments to complete replication.
DNA replication -.pptx
DNA replication is the process by which a cell copies its DNA in preparation for cell division. It occurs in three steps: initiation, elongation, and termination. During elongation, the two strands of DNA unwind and serve as templates for new complementary strands. The leading strand is synthesized continuously while the lagging strand is synthesized in fragments called Okazaki fragments. Enzymes such as DNA polymerase and ligase ensure accurate copying of the DNA.
Enzymes of DNA replication
Enzymes of DNA replicationMarudhar Kesari Jain College for Women Vaniyambadi - 635 751, Tamil Nadu, INDIA.
DNA replication is the process where one original DNA molecule is copied to produce two identical DNA molecules. It occurs through semiconservative replication where each strand of the original DNA serves as a template for the production of the complementary strand. The replication fork forms during DNA replication through the unwinding of the DNA double helix by helicases. It has two branching prongs that serve as templates for the leading and lagging strands which are synthesized by DNA polymerase.replication.pptx
DNA replication involves separating the two strands of the DNA double helix to serve as templates for producing two new DNA molecules. Each new molecule contains one old strand and one newly synthesized strand. This process of semiconservative replication ensures that each cell receives a complete copy of the genome upon division. DNA polymerases are the key enzymes that catalyze DNA replication by adding nucleotides to the 3' end of a growing DNA strand in a 5' to 3' direction. Replication occurs bidirectionally from an origin of replication.
List and define the significance of the following proteinsstructures.pdf
List and define the significance of the following proteins/structures involved in DNA
replication: DNA polymerase III, DNA polymerase I, Primase, Single stranded binding proteins
(SSBPs), Helicase, Ligase, Primers, Topoisomerase, Anti-parallel ds DNA, Leading strand of
DNA, Lagging Strand of DNA, replication bubble, and deoxyribonucleotide tri-phosphates
(dNTPs). Describe the process of DNA replication using all of the terms that were listed (and
defined) above. Make sure you include the difference in how the leading strand and lagging
strand are synthesized. Also, include any differences (covered in class) between bacterial DNA
replication and eukaryotic DNA replication. Lastly, include a hand drawn diagram with each of
these structures and enzymes in different colors to illustrate how this process occurs.
Solution
DNA Replication: it is the biological process in which two identical replicas of DNA are
produced. It involves many steps and components.
Protein/ structures involved in DNA replication are as follows:
DNA polymerase III: it was discovered by Thomas Kornberg and Malcolm Gefter. It is an
enzyme which has its role to play in prokaryotic DNA replication. It has high processivity which
is the number of nucleotides added per binding event. It can also perform proof reading which is
the correction of wrongly added nucleotides is
DNA polymerase I: it was first discovered polymerase enzyme and Arthur Korenberg discovered
it. It does not have a role in replication but poses exonuclease activity that is removal of
nucleotides during DNA repair.
Primase: it is a type of RNA polymerase. This is very important in initiation of DNA replication
because no polymerase can synthesise a DNA without small single stranded RNA. Thus a
primase help in synthesising such small single stranded RNA complementary to the template
DNA. After initiation, this RNA piece is removed.
Single-stranded binding proteins (SSBPs): these are the class of proteins that prevent premature
binding of nucleotides to template DNA. They protect single stranded DNA from being digested
by nucleases and also prevents looping of single stranded DNA, so that other enzymes can
perform their function.
Helicases: these are the group of enzymes which help in separating two strands of DNA for the
process of replication.
Ligases: another class of enzymes which help in binding of two strands of DNA by catalysing
formation of phosphodiester bond between the two strands.
Primer: a short single stranded DNA/RNA that serves as a starting point for the DNA synthesis.
Primase helps in the formation of primer.
Topoisomerases: during replication DNA over wounds ahead the replication point making
further replication difficult, in such instance topoisomerase help in unwinding supercoiled DNA.
Anti-parallel double strand: DNA is made of two strands running in opposite directions and
hence anti parallel one runs from 5’ to 3’ and the other from 3’ to 5’.
Leading strand: DNA replication on leading stra.
DNA replication in prokaryotes
This document provides an outline and summary of a presentation on DNA replication in prokaryotes. The presentation was assigned by Mam Fatima and involved several participants who discussed:
1) DNA replication in prokaryotes begins at the origin of replication site (oriC) where DnaA protein binds and unwinds the DNA. Bidirectional replication forks are formed.
2) Enzymes such as helicase, primase, DNA polymerase III and ligase are involved in semi-conservative DNA replication. The leading strand replicates continuously while the lagging strand replicates discontinuously in Okazaki fragments.
3) Elongation occurs as DNA polymerases add nucleotides to the growing DNA strands in
Proteins involved in DNA replication (25).pptx
The key proteins involved in DNA replication in prokaryotes include DnaA protein which initiates replication by binding to oriC, DNA helicases which unwind DNA strands, DNA primase which synthesizes RNA primers, single-stranded DNA binding protein which binds to single strands of DNA, topoisomerases which relieve supercoiling during unwinding, DNA polymerase which adds nucleotides to extend DNA strands, and DNA ligase which seals nicks in newly synthesized DNA strands. In eukaryotes, similar proteins are involved along with additional proteins such as the origin recognition complex, MCM complex, RPA, PCNA, and RNAse H and FEN1 which remove RNA primers.
Replication in prokaryotes
The document summarizes key aspects of DNA replication in bacteria. It describes the semi-conservative model of replication, which was experimentally proven by Meselson and Stahl using E. coli. Replication initiates at a fixed origin and proceeds bidirectionally. It involves unwinding of DNA by helicase, synthesis of new strands by DNA polymerase, and ligation of Okazaki fragments. Replication is tightly regulated to occur once per cell cycle.
Recommended
Enzymes and proteins in dna replication
Multiple proteins are required for DNA replication, including DNA polymerases, helicases, primase, topoisomerases, ligase and single-stranded DNA binding proteins. Helicases unwind DNA at replication forks using ATP while primase synthesizes RNA primers and DNA polymerases use the primers to replicate DNA in the 5' to 3' direction. DNA gyrase introduces negative supercoils to relieve positive supercoiling formed during unwinding while ligase seals nicks between Okazaki fragments to complete replication.
DNA replication -.pptx
DNA replication is the process by which a cell copies its DNA in preparation for cell division. It occurs in three steps: initiation, elongation, and termination. During elongation, the two strands of DNA unwind and serve as templates for new complementary strands. The leading strand is synthesized continuously while the lagging strand is synthesized in fragments called Okazaki fragments. Enzymes such as DNA polymerase and ligase ensure accurate copying of the DNA.
Enzymes of DNA replication
Enzymes of DNA replicationMarudhar Kesari Jain College for Women Vaniyambadi - 635 751, Tamil Nadu, INDIA.
DNA replication is the process where one original DNA molecule is copied to produce two identical DNA molecules. It occurs through semiconservative replication where each strand of the original DNA serves as a template for the production of the complementary strand. The replication fork forms during DNA replication through the unwinding of the DNA double helix by helicases. It has two branching prongs that serve as templates for the leading and lagging strands which are synthesized by DNA polymerase.replication.pptx
DNA replication involves separating the two strands of the DNA double helix to serve as templates for producing two new DNA molecules. Each new molecule contains one old strand and one newly synthesized strand. This process of semiconservative replication ensures that each cell receives a complete copy of the genome upon division. DNA polymerases are the key enzymes that catalyze DNA replication by adding nucleotides to the 3' end of a growing DNA strand in a 5' to 3' direction. Replication occurs bidirectionally from an origin of replication.
List and define the significance of the following proteinsstructures.pdf
List and define the significance of the following proteins/structures involved in DNA
replication: DNA polymerase III, DNA polymerase I, Primase, Single stranded binding proteins
(SSBPs), Helicase, Ligase, Primers, Topoisomerase, Anti-parallel ds DNA, Leading strand of
DNA, Lagging Strand of DNA, replication bubble, and deoxyribonucleotide tri-phosphates
(dNTPs). Describe the process of DNA replication using all of the terms that were listed (and
defined) above. Make sure you include the difference in how the leading strand and lagging
strand are synthesized. Also, include any differences (covered in class) between bacterial DNA
replication and eukaryotic DNA replication. Lastly, include a hand drawn diagram with each of
these structures and enzymes in different colors to illustrate how this process occurs.
Solution
DNA Replication: it is the biological process in which two identical replicas of DNA are
produced. It involves many steps and components.
Protein/ structures involved in DNA replication are as follows:
DNA polymerase III: it was discovered by Thomas Kornberg and Malcolm Gefter. It is an
enzyme which has its role to play in prokaryotic DNA replication. It has high processivity which
is the number of nucleotides added per binding event. It can also perform proof reading which is
the correction of wrongly added nucleotides is
DNA polymerase I: it was first discovered polymerase enzyme and Arthur Korenberg discovered
it. It does not have a role in replication but poses exonuclease activity that is removal of
nucleotides during DNA repair.
Primase: it is a type of RNA polymerase. This is very important in initiation of DNA replication
because no polymerase can synthesise a DNA without small single stranded RNA. Thus a
primase help in synthesising such small single stranded RNA complementary to the template
DNA. After initiation, this RNA piece is removed.
Single-stranded binding proteins (SSBPs): these are the class of proteins that prevent premature
binding of nucleotides to template DNA. They protect single stranded DNA from being digested
by nucleases and also prevents looping of single stranded DNA, so that other enzymes can
perform their function.
Helicases: these are the group of enzymes which help in separating two strands of DNA for the
process of replication.
Ligases: another class of enzymes which help in binding of two strands of DNA by catalysing
formation of phosphodiester bond between the two strands.
Primer: a short single stranded DNA/RNA that serves as a starting point for the DNA synthesis.
Primase helps in the formation of primer.
Topoisomerases: during replication DNA over wounds ahead the replication point making
further replication difficult, in such instance topoisomerase help in unwinding supercoiled DNA.
Anti-parallel double strand: DNA is made of two strands running in opposite directions and
hence anti parallel one runs from 5’ to 3’ and the other from 3’ to 5’.
Leading strand: DNA replication on leading stra.
DNA replication in prokaryotes
This document provides an outline and summary of a presentation on DNA replication in prokaryotes. The presentation was assigned by Mam Fatima and involved several participants who discussed:
1) DNA replication in prokaryotes begins at the origin of replication site (oriC) where DnaA protein binds and unwinds the DNA. Bidirectional replication forks are formed.
2) Enzymes such as helicase, primase, DNA polymerase III and ligase are involved in semi-conservative DNA replication. The leading strand replicates continuously while the lagging strand replicates discontinuously in Okazaki fragments.
3) Elongation occurs as DNA polymerases add nucleotides to the growing DNA strands in
Proteins involved in DNA replication (25).pptx
The key proteins involved in DNA replication in prokaryotes include DnaA protein which initiates replication by binding to oriC, DNA helicases which unwind DNA strands, DNA primase which synthesizes RNA primers, single-stranded DNA binding protein which binds to single strands of DNA, topoisomerases which relieve supercoiling during unwinding, DNA polymerase which adds nucleotides to extend DNA strands, and DNA ligase which seals nicks in newly synthesized DNA strands. In eukaryotes, similar proteins are involved along with additional proteins such as the origin recognition complex, MCM complex, RPA, PCNA, and RNAse H and FEN1 which remove RNA primers.
Replication in prokaryotes
The document summarizes key aspects of DNA replication in bacteria. It describes the semi-conservative model of replication, which was experimentally proven by Meselson and Stahl using E. coli. Replication initiates at a fixed origin and proceeds bidirectionally. It involves unwinding of DNA by helicase, synthesis of new strands by DNA polymerase, and ligation of Okazaki fragments. Replication is tightly regulated to occur once per cell cycle.
Replication of DNA
1) DNA replication begins with the unwinding of the DNA double helix at an origin of replication site.
2) This forms a replication fork with leading and lagging strands that are copied semi-conservatively to produce two identical copies of DNA.
3) RNA primers, DNA polymerases, helicase and single-strand binding proteins work together to separate the strands and synthesize new DNA in the 5’-3’ direction along the template.
Origin of replication, replication fork, enzymes
The document summarizes DNA replication in three main points:
1) DNA replication involves the semi-conservative duplication of DNA in which each new DNA molecule contains one old and one new strand. It is facilitated by various enzymes and occurs through multiple steps.
2) Replication initiates at the origin of replication and proceeds bidirectionally, forming a replication fork. The leading strand is replicated continuously while the lagging strand forms discontinuous Okazaki fragments.
3) Key enzymes involved include DNA polymerases, helicase, primase, ligase, topoisomerases and single-strand binding proteins which help unwind, copy and join DNA strands for accurate duplication of genetic material.
dna_replication.pptx
The document discusses DNA replication in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. It explains that replication involves initiation at an origin of replication, followed by unwinding of the DNA double helix by helicase. RNA primers are synthesized by primase and DNA polymerase adds nucleotides to the primers to elongate DNA strands. In prokaryotes, leading and lagging strands are synthesized continuously and discontinuously respectively to form Okazaki fragments. Enzymes like DNA polymerase, ligase, and topoisomerase ensure high fidelity and processivity of replication. Telomerase maintains telomere integrity in eukaryotes during DNA replication.
Prof._Moushira_DNA replication.pdf
This document summarizes DNA replication. It begins by listing the objectives of describing the process. DNA replication duplicates the entire genome before cell division so each daughter cell receives a complete copy. It proceeds in a semi-conservative, bidirectional manner starting from the origin. Several enzymes are involved including helicase, DNA polymerase, primase, ligase and topoisomerases. DNA polymerase builds new strands using the old strands as templates while primase lays down RNA primers. The leading strand is synthesized continuously but the lagging strand requires discontinuous Okazaki fragments joined by ligase. Proofreading ensures high fidelity through exonuclease activity. Eukaryotes differ in having multiple origins and using RNAse H to remove primers.
For each step of DNA replication, predict the outcome ifconcentra.pdf
For each step of DNA replication, predict the outcome if:
concentration of nitrogenous bases is low
primase is inhibited
DNA polymerase were inhibited
DNA ligase were inhibited
Helicase were inhibited
AND
Identify cellular process(es) that require DNA replication
THANKS
Solution
concentration of nitrogenous bases is low- DNA molecule is made up of nitrogenous bases
adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine. These nitrogenous bases form the template and the
sequence of DNA in replication. They specify the order of these bases in the complementary
template strand being formed.
primase is inhibited- Enzyme primase is of key importance in DNA replication because it is the
only enzyme that can initiate DNA synthesis strand without an initial PNA or CNA primer.
Hence primase is essential as it catalysis the synthesis of a primer complementary to ssDNA
template aiding in the initiation of DNA replication to take place.
DNA polymerase were inhibited- DNA polymerase is an essential enzyme involved in the repair
of any damage to DNA molecule and it also plays a vital role in DNA replication; it connects the
Okazaki fragments (complementary fragements to the lagging template strand ) by deleting RNA
primers and replacing it with DNA.
DNA ligase were inhibited- Ligase enzyme is useful in DNA repair (single-strand or double-
strand breaks of DNA) and in replication by joining the double DNA strands through
phosphodiester bond formation (3\'OH end and 5\'P end). DNA double helicular structure is thus
formed through ligation of both strands on replication.
Helicase were inhibited- Helicases help in the seperation of nucleic acid strands required during
the cellular processes like DNA replication, transcription, repair. This seperation is done by
Helicase enzyme by moving through a nucleic acid phosphodiester backbone that exists in DNA,
RNA, or DNA-RNA hybrid.
cellular process that require DNA replication- In mitosis DNA replication is essential (S stage of
interphase) which gets distributed to the resulting daughter cells at the end of cytokinesis. This
ensures two similar daughter cells having common genetic material..
Replication in prokaryotes
The document summarizes the process of DNA replication in prokaryotes. It describes that replication initiates at the origin of replication (oriC) site and proceeds bidirectionally. There are three main steps - initiation, elongation, and termination. In initiation, proteins help unwind DNA at oriC. In elongation, primase synthesizes primers and DNA polymerase adds nucleotides to replicate both leading and lagging strands. In termination, RNA primers are removed and DNA ligase seals the replicated DNA, completing replication.
DNA Replication
DNA replication is the process by which a cell makes an identical copy of its DNA before cell division. It involves unwinding the DNA double helix at an origin of replication and using each strand as a template to synthesize new partner strands. RNA primers are used to initiate DNA synthesis, which occurs semi-conservatively and bidirectionally from the replication fork to produce two identical copies of the original DNA molecule.
Dna replication
DNA replication is the process where a double-stranded DNA molecule is copied to produce two identical copies. It occurs during the S phase of the cell cycle. The DNA double helix unwinds and each strand serves as a template for new partner strands. DNA polymerase adds complementary nucleotides to each new strand, building them from the 5' to 3' direction. The leading strand is synthesized continuously while the lagging strand is synthesized discontinuously in fragments called Okazaki fragments that are later joined together. This semiconservative process results in two double-stranded DNA molecules that are identical to the original DNA.
Dna replication
DNA replication is the process where a double-stranded DNA molecule is copied to produce two identical copies. It occurs during the S phase of the cell cycle. The DNA double helix unwinds and each strand serves as a template for new partner strands. DNA polymerase adds complementary nucleotides to each new strand, building them from the 5' to 3' direction. The leading strand is replicated continuously while the lagging strand is replicated in discontinuous fragments called Okazaki fragments that are later joined together.
Various model of DNA replication
1. There are four main models of DNA replication: rolling circle replication, theta replication, bidirectional replication of linear DNA, and telomere replication.
2. Rolling circle replication involves nicking circular DNA and using one strand as a template to produce multiple copies of the original circular DNA.
3. Theta replication occurs in prokaryotes and involves unwinding circular DNA at an origin of replication and replicating bi-directionally to form a theta-shaped structure.
4. Bidirectional replication of linear DNA involves unwinding DNA at origins of replication and using leading and lagging strand synthesis to replicate in both directions until the ends of the linear genome are reached.
Dna replication b.pharm
DNA replication is the process where a cell makes an identical copy of its DNA before cell division. It involves unwinding the DNA double helix into single strands, and using DNA polymerase to add complementary nucleotides to each strand to make two new double helix DNA molecules. It is semiconservative, starting at the origin of replication and proceeding bidirectionally. The leading strand is synthesized continuously while the lagging strand makes short Okazaki fragments that are later joined. DNA replication occurs with high fidelity to maintain genetic integrity as cells divide.
Dna replication in prokaryotes
DNA replication in prokaryotes occurs through bidirectional replication from an origin of replication. It involves three main steps - initiation, elongation, and termination. During initiation, helicase unwinds the DNA at the origin of replication, forming a replication fork. In elongation, DNA polymerase extends RNA primers to synthesize new leading and lagging strands. The lagging strand is synthesized discontinuously in short Okazaki fragments. Termination occurs when replication is complete and the replicated circular DNA molecules are separated by topoisomerase II.
DNA Replication in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes .pptx
DNA replication is the process where a cell makes an exact copy of its DNA before cell division. It occurs during the S phase of the cell cycle and involves unwinding the DNA double helix, making RNA primers, and synthesizing new DNA strands in both directions from the origin of replication using the old strands as templates. This results in two identical copies of the DNA. The key enzymes involved are DNA helicase, DNA polymerase, DNA ligase, topoisomerase, and single-stranded binding proteins. Replication proceeds through the semi-conservative model and results in the production of leading and lagging strands made of long and short Okazaki fragments respectively.
Dna replication in prokaryotes
DNA replication in prokaryotes occurs through a semi-conservative process whereby the parental DNA strands serve as templates for the production of new daughter strands. It begins with the unwinding of DNA at the origin of replication by helicase to form a replication fork. Primase then synthesizes an RNA primer to initiate leading and lagging strand DNA synthesis by DNA polymerase. While the leading strand is synthesized continuously, the lagging strand involves the formation of Okazaki fragments that are later joined by ligase. Polymerases also proofread and correct any errors to maintain high-fidelity replication. Replication terminates when the replication forks from opposite directions meet.
Replication fork final
DNA replication begins with the unwinding of the DNA double helix at locations called replication origins by helicase enzymes. This forms a Y-shaped structure called the replication fork. At the fork, single-stranded binding proteins bind to the parental DNA strands to prevent rewinding and expose the bases for DNA synthesis. The leading strand is synthesized continuously in the 5' to 3' direction by DNA polymerase. The lagging strand is synthesized discontinuously in short Okazaki fragments that are later joined by DNA ligase. RNA primers are required for initiation of both strands and are laid down by primase. DNA replication proceeds bidirectionally from the origin until the replication forks converge.
Dna replication
DNA replication occurs through initiation, elongation, and termination steps. Initiation begins at the origin of replication where enzymes separate the DNA strands. Elongation builds the new strands through leading and lagging strand synthesis. The leading strand adds nucleotides continuously towards the unwinding while the lagging strand adds fragments called Okazaki fragments. Termination occurs when termination proteins bind to termination sites and stop the polymerase.
Dna replication in prokaryotes
This document summarizes DNA replication in prokaryotes. It begins by introducing DNA and its role in encoding genetic instructions. It then describes the general features of DNA replication, including that it is semi-conservative and bidirectional from the origin of replication. It discusses the various enzymes involved, including DNA polymerase, helicase, and ligase. It provides details on the three stages of replication in prokaryotes - initiation, elongation, and termination. Initiation begins at the origin of replication with unwinding, elongation involves continuous leading and discontinuous lagging strand synthesis, and termination occurs at terminus sequences.
Dna replication
DNA replication is fundamental process occurring in all living organism to copy their DNA. The process is called replication in sense that each strand of dsDNA serve as template for reproduction of complementary strand.
DNA REPLICATION
DNA replication is the process by which DNA copies itself. It involves unwinding the double helix and using each strand as a template to synthesize new complementary strands. Key enzymes involved include helicase, primase, DNA polymerase III, and ligase. DNA polymerase III is responsible for adding nucleotides to the new strands, while helicase unwinds the DNA and primase adds RNA primers. The process is semi-conservative, producing two DNA molecules each with one original and one new strand. Replication occurs through initiation, elongation, and termination stages and proofreading ensures high-fidelity copying of the genetic material.
A) There are several factors taken into consideration before giving .pdf
Tanzania is seeking a credit rating to raise capital for infrastructure projects through bond issues. It has shown strong economic growth of 7% in 2014, reducing poverty and increasing incomes, allowing it to advance from low- to middle-income status. Tanzania recently issued a $500 million bond with a 5-year maturity to be repaid in semi-annual installments, though the price faced speculation. Further bond issues may have higher coupons given Tanzania's continued growth, with proceeds still intended for infrastructure development.
48) there is increasing , institutionalization in US finacial market.pdf
here heat capacity of calorimeter = (50 x 4.186 x ( 37.92 - 29.11 ) - 50 x 4.186 x (
29.11 - 20.91 ))/dt = 127.673/dt where dt is the change in temp .. it is not given so i have
mentioned it as dt
Solution
here heat capacity of calorimeter = (50 x 4.186 x ( 37.92 - 29.11 ) - 50 x 4.186 x (
29.11 - 20.91 ))/dt = 127.673/dt where dt is the change in temp .. it is not given so i have
mentioned it as dt.
More Related Content
Similar to a.) Topoisomerase-Topoisomerases are enzymes used in the overwindin.pdf
Replication of DNA
1) DNA replication begins with the unwinding of the DNA double helix at an origin of replication site.
2) This forms a replication fork with leading and lagging strands that are copied semi-conservatively to produce two identical copies of DNA.
3) RNA primers, DNA polymerases, helicase and single-strand binding proteins work together to separate the strands and synthesize new DNA in the 5’-3’ direction along the template.
Origin of replication, replication fork, enzymes
The document summarizes DNA replication in three main points:
1) DNA replication involves the semi-conservative duplication of DNA in which each new DNA molecule contains one old and one new strand. It is facilitated by various enzymes and occurs through multiple steps.
2) Replication initiates at the origin of replication and proceeds bidirectionally, forming a replication fork. The leading strand is replicated continuously while the lagging strand forms discontinuous Okazaki fragments.
3) Key enzymes involved include DNA polymerases, helicase, primase, ligase, topoisomerases and single-strand binding proteins which help unwind, copy and join DNA strands for accurate duplication of genetic material.
dna_replication.pptx
The document discusses DNA replication in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. It explains that replication involves initiation at an origin of replication, followed by unwinding of the DNA double helix by helicase. RNA primers are synthesized by primase and DNA polymerase adds nucleotides to the primers to elongate DNA strands. In prokaryotes, leading and lagging strands are synthesized continuously and discontinuously respectively to form Okazaki fragments. Enzymes like DNA polymerase, ligase, and topoisomerase ensure high fidelity and processivity of replication. Telomerase maintains telomere integrity in eukaryotes during DNA replication.
Prof._Moushira_DNA replication.pdf
This document summarizes DNA replication. It begins by listing the objectives of describing the process. DNA replication duplicates the entire genome before cell division so each daughter cell receives a complete copy. It proceeds in a semi-conservative, bidirectional manner starting from the origin. Several enzymes are involved including helicase, DNA polymerase, primase, ligase and topoisomerases. DNA polymerase builds new strands using the old strands as templates while primase lays down RNA primers. The leading strand is synthesized continuously but the lagging strand requires discontinuous Okazaki fragments joined by ligase. Proofreading ensures high fidelity through exonuclease activity. Eukaryotes differ in having multiple origins and using RNAse H to remove primers.
For each step of DNA replication, predict the outcome ifconcentra.pdf
For each step of DNA replication, predict the outcome if:
concentration of nitrogenous bases is low
primase is inhibited
DNA polymerase were inhibited
DNA ligase were inhibited
Helicase were inhibited
AND
Identify cellular process(es) that require DNA replication
THANKS
Solution
concentration of nitrogenous bases is low- DNA molecule is made up of nitrogenous bases
adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine. These nitrogenous bases form the template and the
sequence of DNA in replication. They specify the order of these bases in the complementary
template strand being formed.
primase is inhibited- Enzyme primase is of key importance in DNA replication because it is the
only enzyme that can initiate DNA synthesis strand without an initial PNA or CNA primer.
Hence primase is essential as it catalysis the synthesis of a primer complementary to ssDNA
template aiding in the initiation of DNA replication to take place.
DNA polymerase were inhibited- DNA polymerase is an essential enzyme involved in the repair
of any damage to DNA molecule and it also plays a vital role in DNA replication; it connects the
Okazaki fragments (complementary fragements to the lagging template strand ) by deleting RNA
primers and replacing it with DNA.
DNA ligase were inhibited- Ligase enzyme is useful in DNA repair (single-strand or double-
strand breaks of DNA) and in replication by joining the double DNA strands through
phosphodiester bond formation (3\'OH end and 5\'P end). DNA double helicular structure is thus
formed through ligation of both strands on replication.
Helicase were inhibited- Helicases help in the seperation of nucleic acid strands required during
the cellular processes like DNA replication, transcription, repair. This seperation is done by
Helicase enzyme by moving through a nucleic acid phosphodiester backbone that exists in DNA,
RNA, or DNA-RNA hybrid.
cellular process that require DNA replication- In mitosis DNA replication is essential (S stage of
interphase) which gets distributed to the resulting daughter cells at the end of cytokinesis. This
ensures two similar daughter cells having common genetic material..
Replication in prokaryotes
The document summarizes the process of DNA replication in prokaryotes. It describes that replication initiates at the origin of replication (oriC) site and proceeds bidirectionally. There are three main steps - initiation, elongation, and termination. In initiation, proteins help unwind DNA at oriC. In elongation, primase synthesizes primers and DNA polymerase adds nucleotides to replicate both leading and lagging strands. In termination, RNA primers are removed and DNA ligase seals the replicated DNA, completing replication.
DNA Replication
DNA replication is the process by which a cell makes an identical copy of its DNA before cell division. It involves unwinding the DNA double helix at an origin of replication and using each strand as a template to synthesize new partner strands. RNA primers are used to initiate DNA synthesis, which occurs semi-conservatively and bidirectionally from the replication fork to produce two identical copies of the original DNA molecule.
Dna replication
DNA replication is the process where a double-stranded DNA molecule is copied to produce two identical copies. It occurs during the S phase of the cell cycle. The DNA double helix unwinds and each strand serves as a template for new partner strands. DNA polymerase adds complementary nucleotides to each new strand, building them from the 5' to 3' direction. The leading strand is synthesized continuously while the lagging strand is synthesized discontinuously in fragments called Okazaki fragments that are later joined together. This semiconservative process results in two double-stranded DNA molecules that are identical to the original DNA.
Dna replication
DNA replication is the process where a double-stranded DNA molecule is copied to produce two identical copies. It occurs during the S phase of the cell cycle. The DNA double helix unwinds and each strand serves as a template for new partner strands. DNA polymerase adds complementary nucleotides to each new strand, building them from the 5' to 3' direction. The leading strand is replicated continuously while the lagging strand is replicated in discontinuous fragments called Okazaki fragments that are later joined together.
Various model of DNA replication
1. There are four main models of DNA replication: rolling circle replication, theta replication, bidirectional replication of linear DNA, and telomere replication.
2. Rolling circle replication involves nicking circular DNA and using one strand as a template to produce multiple copies of the original circular DNA.
3. Theta replication occurs in prokaryotes and involves unwinding circular DNA at an origin of replication and replicating bi-directionally to form a theta-shaped structure.
4. Bidirectional replication of linear DNA involves unwinding DNA at origins of replication and using leading and lagging strand synthesis to replicate in both directions until the ends of the linear genome are reached.
Dna replication b.pharm
DNA replication is the process where a cell makes an identical copy of its DNA before cell division. It involves unwinding the DNA double helix into single strands, and using DNA polymerase to add complementary nucleotides to each strand to make two new double helix DNA molecules. It is semiconservative, starting at the origin of replication and proceeding bidirectionally. The leading strand is synthesized continuously while the lagging strand makes short Okazaki fragments that are later joined. DNA replication occurs with high fidelity to maintain genetic integrity as cells divide.
Dna replication in prokaryotes
DNA replication in prokaryotes occurs through bidirectional replication from an origin of replication. It involves three main steps - initiation, elongation, and termination. During initiation, helicase unwinds the DNA at the origin of replication, forming a replication fork. In elongation, DNA polymerase extends RNA primers to synthesize new leading and lagging strands. The lagging strand is synthesized discontinuously in short Okazaki fragments. Termination occurs when replication is complete and the replicated circular DNA molecules are separated by topoisomerase II.
DNA Replication in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes .pptx
DNA replication is the process where a cell makes an exact copy of its DNA before cell division. It occurs during the S phase of the cell cycle and involves unwinding the DNA double helix, making RNA primers, and synthesizing new DNA strands in both directions from the origin of replication using the old strands as templates. This results in two identical copies of the DNA. The key enzymes involved are DNA helicase, DNA polymerase, DNA ligase, topoisomerase, and single-stranded binding proteins. Replication proceeds through the semi-conservative model and results in the production of leading and lagging strands made of long and short Okazaki fragments respectively.
Dna replication in prokaryotes
DNA replication in prokaryotes occurs through a semi-conservative process whereby the parental DNA strands serve as templates for the production of new daughter strands. It begins with the unwinding of DNA at the origin of replication by helicase to form a replication fork. Primase then synthesizes an RNA primer to initiate leading and lagging strand DNA synthesis by DNA polymerase. While the leading strand is synthesized continuously, the lagging strand involves the formation of Okazaki fragments that are later joined by ligase. Polymerases also proofread and correct any errors to maintain high-fidelity replication. Replication terminates when the replication forks from opposite directions meet.
Replication fork final
DNA replication begins with the unwinding of the DNA double helix at locations called replication origins by helicase enzymes. This forms a Y-shaped structure called the replication fork. At the fork, single-stranded binding proteins bind to the parental DNA strands to prevent rewinding and expose the bases for DNA synthesis. The leading strand is synthesized continuously in the 5' to 3' direction by DNA polymerase. The lagging strand is synthesized discontinuously in short Okazaki fragments that are later joined by DNA ligase. RNA primers are required for initiation of both strands and are laid down by primase. DNA replication proceeds bidirectionally from the origin until the replication forks converge.
Dna replication
DNA replication occurs through initiation, elongation, and termination steps. Initiation begins at the origin of replication where enzymes separate the DNA strands. Elongation builds the new strands through leading and lagging strand synthesis. The leading strand adds nucleotides continuously towards the unwinding while the lagging strand adds fragments called Okazaki fragments. Termination occurs when termination proteins bind to termination sites and stop the polymerase.
Dna replication in prokaryotes
This document summarizes DNA replication in prokaryotes. It begins by introducing DNA and its role in encoding genetic instructions. It then describes the general features of DNA replication, including that it is semi-conservative and bidirectional from the origin of replication. It discusses the various enzymes involved, including DNA polymerase, helicase, and ligase. It provides details on the three stages of replication in prokaryotes - initiation, elongation, and termination. Initiation begins at the origin of replication with unwinding, elongation involves continuous leading and discontinuous lagging strand synthesis, and termination occurs at terminus sequences.
Dna replication
DNA replication is fundamental process occurring in all living organism to copy their DNA. The process is called replication in sense that each strand of dsDNA serve as template for reproduction of complementary strand.
DNA REPLICATION
DNA replication is the process by which DNA copies itself. It involves unwinding the double helix and using each strand as a template to synthesize new complementary strands. Key enzymes involved include helicase, primase, DNA polymerase III, and ligase. DNA polymerase III is responsible for adding nucleotides to the new strands, while helicase unwinds the DNA and primase adds RNA primers. The process is semi-conservative, producing two DNA molecules each with one original and one new strand. Replication occurs through initiation, elongation, and termination stages and proofreading ensures high-fidelity copying of the genetic material.
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here heat capacity of calorimeter = (50 x 4.186 x ( 37.92 - 29.11 ) - 50 x 4.186 x (
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here heat capacity of calorimeter = (50 x 4.186 x ( 37.92 - 29.11 ) - 50 x 4.186 x (
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gases do not have a fixed volume as they are to be compressed.
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gases do not have a fixed volume as they are to be compressed..
3.) 2 methyl 2 penteneSolution3.) 2 methyl 2 pentene.pdf
H2CrO4 ? 2 H+ + CrO42- Ka = 5.83 x 10-8 Initial .0375 2(.150) 0 Change - x +x
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simpler. 5.83E-8 = (.3x + x^2)/(.0375) x = [CrO4^2-] = 7.3E-9 mol/L
Solution
H2CrO4 ? 2 H+ + CrO42- Ka = 5.83 x 10-8 Initial .0375 2(.150) 0 Change - x +x
+x Eq. .0375 -x .3 + x x Ka = [H+][A-]/[HA] 5.83E-8 = (.3 + x)(x)/(.0375 - x) Let\'s assume
that the value of [H+] is within +- 5%, so we can simplify the above eq. to make calculations
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Fe2O3(s)+3CO(g)=======>2Fe(s)+3CO2(g) 50.0g Fe2O3*(1 mol Fe2O3/
159.69 g Fe2O3)*(2 mol Fe/1 mol Fe2O3)*(55.85 g Fe/1 mol Fe) 34.97 g Fe [ theoretical yield]
% of yield = practical/theoretical * 100 = 32.8/34.97 *100 = 93.80 %
Solution
Fe2O3(s)+3CO(g)=======>2Fe(s)+3CO2(g) 50.0g Fe2O3*(1 mol Fe2O3/
159.69 g Fe2O3)*(2 mol Fe/1 mol Fe2O3)*(55.85 g Fe/1 mol Fe) 34.97 g Fe [ theoretical yield]
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FOR ACIDIC MEDIUM: First separate into half-reactions. Second balance all
elements other than \"O\" and \"H\" Third balance \"O\" with \"H2O\" Fourth balance \"H\" with
\"H+\" ions Fifth balance charge with electrons then repeat for the second half reaction. make
sure the electrons are on opposite sides of you half reactions. (one reaction should have them in
the reactants, the other the products) make the electrons \"cancel\" each other by multiplying the
other half reaction by the number of the electrons. then add the two half reactions together by
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FOR ACIDIC MEDIUM: First separate into half-reactions. Second balance all
elements other than \"O\" and \"H\" Third balance \"O\" with \"H2O\" Fourth balance \"H\" with
\"H+\" ions Fifth balance charge with electrons then repeat for the second half reaction. make
sure the electrons are on opposite sides of you half reactions. (one reaction should have them in
the reactants, the other the products) make the electrons \"cancel\" each other by multiplying the
other half reaction by the number of the electrons. then add the two half reactions together by
combining like terms..
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a. Sn2/E2 mixture (secondary; strong nucleophile) b. Mostly Sn2 with some E2
(primary; strong nucleophile) c. E2 (secondary and very hindered, blocking Sn2) d. Sn1/E1
mixture (tertiary; water indicates it\'s going Sn1/E1) a. cyanide b. alcohol c. ester
Solution
a. Sn2/E2 mixture (secondary; strong nucleophile) b. Mostly Sn2 with some E2
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mixture (tertiary; water indicates it\'s going Sn1/E1) a. cyanide b. alcohol c. ester.
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- 1. a.) Topoisomerase:-Topoisomerases are enzymes used in the overwinding or underwinding of DNA. DNA get overwound ahead of a replication fork, during DNA replication, so it can produce torsion and it can stop the ability of DNA or RNA polymerases, which is used in the DNA Replication processs. To avoid and correct these types of topological problems of DNA, topoisomerases bind to double-stranded DNA by the breakdown of phosphate backbone on either one or both the DNA strands. b) Primase:-Primase catalyzes the synthesis of primer in corresponding to complementary ssDNA template. Primer is a short RNA or DNA segment. During DNA replication, without an initial RNA or DNA primer, the synthesis of a DNA strand is not possible. Primase forms one primer for the "leading strand" and Primase also form "lagging strand" at several time, to form Okazaki fragments. c.)Helicase:- DNA helicases are very necessary during DNA replication. Helicase separates both the strands of DNA into single strands. It unwinds DNA at origins. Origins are position where synthesis will be initiated. DNA helicase unwind the DNA to form replication fork. d). single strand binding protein:- It stabilize the single-stranded structure produced by helicase and it fastens the process of replication 100times. Solution a.) Topoisomerase:-Topoisomerases are enzymes used in the overwinding or underwinding of DNA. DNA get overwound ahead of a replication fork, during DNA replication, so it can produce torsion and it can stop the ability of DNA or RNA polymerases, which is used in the DNA Replication processs. To avoid and correct these types of topological problems of DNA, topoisomerases bind to double-stranded DNA by the breakdown of phosphate backbone on either one or both the DNA strands. b) Primase:-Primase catalyzes the synthesis of primer in corresponding to complementary ssDNA template. Primer is a short RNA or DNA segment. During DNA replication, without an initial RNA or DNA primer, the synthesis of a DNA strand is not possible. Primase forms one primer for the "leading strand" and Primase also form "lagging strand" at several time, to form Okazaki fragments. c.)Helicase:- DNA helicases are very necessary during DNA replication. Helicase separates both the strands of DNA into single strands. It unwinds DNA at origins. Origins are position where synthesis will be initiated. DNA helicase unwind the DNA to form replication fork. d). single strand binding protein:- It stabilize the single-stranded structure produced by helicase and it fastens the process of replication 100times.