Elliptic curve cryptography (ECC) is the most efficient public key encryption scheme based on
elliptic curve concepts that can be used to create faster, smaller, and efficient cryptographic keys. ECC
generates keys through the properties of the elliptic curve equation instead of the conventional method of
key generation. This scheme can be used with public key encryption methods, such as RSA, Diffie-Hellman key
exchange and Digital Signature. Review of the four protocols which applies ECC namely Bitcoin, secure
shell (SSH), transport layer security (TLS), and the Austrian e-ID Card describes the high security by using
elliptic curve cryptography.
New Blind Muti-signature Schemes based on ECDLP IJECEIAES
In various types of electronic transactions, including election systems and digital cash schemes, user anonymity and authentication are always required. Blind signatures are considered the most important solutions to meeting these requirements. Many studies have focused on blind signature schemes; however, most of the studied schemes are single blind signature schemes. Although blind multi-signature schemes are available, few studies have focused on these schemes. In this article, blind multi-signature schemes are proposed based on the Elliptic Curve Discrete Logarithm Problem (ECDLP). The proposed schemes are based on the GOST R34.10-2012 digital signature standard and the EC-Schnorr digital signature scheme, and they satisfy blind multi-signature security requirements and have better computational performance than previously proposed schemes. The proposed schemes can be applied in election systems and digital cash schemes.
A PAIRING-FREE IDENTITY BASED TRIPARTITE SIGNCRYPTION SCHEMEijcisjournal
The certificate-based cryptosystems is traditional way in providing the system parameters. Identity-based
cryptography is more efficient than certificate-based cryptosystems. Each user in identity-based
cryptography uses any arbitrary string that uniquely identifies him as his public key. This paper proposes
a new identity-based tripartite signcryption scheme based on the elliptic curve discrete logarithm problem.
The proposed id-based tripartite signcryption scheme does not use the bilinear pairings in both the
Signcryption and unsigncryption phases. The proposed scheme used to reduce the communication over
head when three entities wants to communicate securely as in authentication protocol in GSM and in ecommerce.
The proposed scheme satisfies various desirable security properties. Also, the performance of
the proposed scheme is tested.
“Proposed Model for Network Security Issues Using Elliptical Curve Cryptography”IOSR Journals
Abstract: Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) plays an important role in today’s public key based security
systems. . ECC is a faster and more secure method of encryption as compared to other Public Key
Cryptographic algorithms. This paper focuses on the performance advantages of using ECC in the wireless
network. So in this paper its algorithm has been implemented and analyzed for various bit length inputs. The
Private key is known only to sender and receiver and hence data transmission is secure.
DATA SECURITY ANALYSIS AND SECURITY EXTENSION FOR SMART CARDS USING JAVA CARDijait
This document discusses and compares two public key cryptosystems - RSA and Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) - for use in smart cards. It finds that ECC provides equivalent security to RSA but with significantly smaller key sizes, making it more efficient and suitable for smart cards with limited storage and processing capabilities. The document outlines the principles, key generation algorithms, and encryption/signature schemes for both RSA and ECC, including specific algorithms like Menezes-Vanstone and Nyberg-Rueppel. It analyzes the security level, efficiency, and space requirements of RSA and ECC, finding that ECC requires keys 10 times smaller than RSA for the same security level and its operations are an order of magnitude faster.
Digital signatures provide authentication of digital messages or documents. There are three main algorithms involved: hashing, signature generation, and signature verification. Common digital signature schemes include ElGamal, Schnorr, and the Digital Signature Standard (DSS). The DSS is based on ElGamal and Schnorr schemes. It uses smaller signatures than ElGamal by employing two moduli, one smaller than the other. Digital signatures are widely used to provide authentication in protocols like IPSec, SSL/TLS, and S/MIME.
Survey on asymmetric key cryptography algorithmsEditor Jacotech
The document summarizes and compares several asymmetric key cryptography algorithms. It begins by introducing the concept of public key cryptography and describing some of its advantages. It then provides brief overviews of the following algorithms: RSA, Diffie-Hellman key exchange, Digital Signature Algorithm, Elliptic Curve Cryptography, Elliptic Curve Diffie-Hellman, ElGamal Encryption Algorithm, and the Knapsack Algorithm. For each algorithm, it outlines the key generation, encryption, and decryption processes. It concludes by comparing the advantages and disadvantages of the different approaches.
WEAKNESS ON CRYPTOGRAPHIC SCHEMES BASED ON REGULAR LDPC CODESIJNSA Journal
We propose a method to recover the structure of a randomly permuted chained code and how to cryptanalyse cryptographic schemes based on these kinds of error coding. As application of these methods is a cryptographic schema using regular Low Density Parity Check (LDPC) Codes. This result prohibits the use of chained code and particularly regular LDPC codes on cryptography
Lightweight Cryptography for Distributed PKI Based MANETSIJCNCJournal
This document proposes a lightweight cryptography solution for secure communication in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). It describes creating a distributed public key infrastructure (PKI) using Shamir's secret sharing to decentralize the certificate authority role among MANET nodes. Each node holds a share of the private key. It then proposes using Tiny Encryption Algorithm (TEA), an efficient symmetric-key cipher, along with elliptic curve Diffie-Hellman key exchange to establish secure communication between nodes with limited resources. The system initializes by having founding MANET nodes act as dealers to distribute secret shares. Nodes then use Diffie-Hellman to independently derive a secret key to encrypt communications.
New Blind Muti-signature Schemes based on ECDLP IJECEIAES
In various types of electronic transactions, including election systems and digital cash schemes, user anonymity and authentication are always required. Blind signatures are considered the most important solutions to meeting these requirements. Many studies have focused on blind signature schemes; however, most of the studied schemes are single blind signature schemes. Although blind multi-signature schemes are available, few studies have focused on these schemes. In this article, blind multi-signature schemes are proposed based on the Elliptic Curve Discrete Logarithm Problem (ECDLP). The proposed schemes are based on the GOST R34.10-2012 digital signature standard and the EC-Schnorr digital signature scheme, and they satisfy blind multi-signature security requirements and have better computational performance than previously proposed schemes. The proposed schemes can be applied in election systems and digital cash schemes.
A PAIRING-FREE IDENTITY BASED TRIPARTITE SIGNCRYPTION SCHEMEijcisjournal
The certificate-based cryptosystems is traditional way in providing the system parameters. Identity-based
cryptography is more efficient than certificate-based cryptosystems. Each user in identity-based
cryptography uses any arbitrary string that uniquely identifies him as his public key. This paper proposes
a new identity-based tripartite signcryption scheme based on the elliptic curve discrete logarithm problem.
The proposed id-based tripartite signcryption scheme does not use the bilinear pairings in both the
Signcryption and unsigncryption phases. The proposed scheme used to reduce the communication over
head when three entities wants to communicate securely as in authentication protocol in GSM and in ecommerce.
The proposed scheme satisfies various desirable security properties. Also, the performance of
the proposed scheme is tested.
“Proposed Model for Network Security Issues Using Elliptical Curve Cryptography”IOSR Journals
Abstract: Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) plays an important role in today’s public key based security
systems. . ECC is a faster and more secure method of encryption as compared to other Public Key
Cryptographic algorithms. This paper focuses on the performance advantages of using ECC in the wireless
network. So in this paper its algorithm has been implemented and analyzed for various bit length inputs. The
Private key is known only to sender and receiver and hence data transmission is secure.
DATA SECURITY ANALYSIS AND SECURITY EXTENSION FOR SMART CARDS USING JAVA CARDijait
This document discusses and compares two public key cryptosystems - RSA and Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) - for use in smart cards. It finds that ECC provides equivalent security to RSA but with significantly smaller key sizes, making it more efficient and suitable for smart cards with limited storage and processing capabilities. The document outlines the principles, key generation algorithms, and encryption/signature schemes for both RSA and ECC, including specific algorithms like Menezes-Vanstone and Nyberg-Rueppel. It analyzes the security level, efficiency, and space requirements of RSA and ECC, finding that ECC requires keys 10 times smaller than RSA for the same security level and its operations are an order of magnitude faster.
Digital signatures provide authentication of digital messages or documents. There are three main algorithms involved: hashing, signature generation, and signature verification. Common digital signature schemes include ElGamal, Schnorr, and the Digital Signature Standard (DSS). The DSS is based on ElGamal and Schnorr schemes. It uses smaller signatures than ElGamal by employing two moduli, one smaller than the other. Digital signatures are widely used to provide authentication in protocols like IPSec, SSL/TLS, and S/MIME.
Survey on asymmetric key cryptography algorithmsEditor Jacotech
The document summarizes and compares several asymmetric key cryptography algorithms. It begins by introducing the concept of public key cryptography and describing some of its advantages. It then provides brief overviews of the following algorithms: RSA, Diffie-Hellman key exchange, Digital Signature Algorithm, Elliptic Curve Cryptography, Elliptic Curve Diffie-Hellman, ElGamal Encryption Algorithm, and the Knapsack Algorithm. For each algorithm, it outlines the key generation, encryption, and decryption processes. It concludes by comparing the advantages and disadvantages of the different approaches.
WEAKNESS ON CRYPTOGRAPHIC SCHEMES BASED ON REGULAR LDPC CODESIJNSA Journal
We propose a method to recover the structure of a randomly permuted chained code and how to cryptanalyse cryptographic schemes based on these kinds of error coding. As application of these methods is a cryptographic schema using regular Low Density Parity Check (LDPC) Codes. This result prohibits the use of chained code and particularly regular LDPC codes on cryptography
Lightweight Cryptography for Distributed PKI Based MANETSIJCNCJournal
This document proposes a lightweight cryptography solution for secure communication in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). It describes creating a distributed public key infrastructure (PKI) using Shamir's secret sharing to decentralize the certificate authority role among MANET nodes. Each node holds a share of the private key. It then proposes using Tiny Encryption Algorithm (TEA), an efficient symmetric-key cipher, along with elliptic curve Diffie-Hellman key exchange to establish secure communication between nodes with limited resources. The system initializes by having founding MANET nodes act as dealers to distribute secret shares. Nodes then use Diffie-Hellman to independently derive a secret key to encrypt communications.
On the Usage of Chained Codes in CryptographyCSCJournals
This document summarizes a research paper on using randomized chained linear codes for digital signatures. The summary is:
1) Randomized chained linear codes are proposed to address attacks on previous signature schemes that used regular chained codes. Random vectors are concatenated to the generator matrix of a chained code to create randomized chained codes.
2) A digital signature scheme is presented that uses randomized chained codes. The private key consists of the generator matrix and randomization matrices. The public key is the randomized parity check matrix. Signatures are created using the chain code decoding algorithm.
3) Security analysis shows the scheme is secure if the code length is over 1350 bits, preventing an attacker from determining the private key from the public information
Blind Signature Scheme Based On Elliptical Curve Cryptography (ECC)IOSR Journals
This document summarizes a blind signature scheme based on elliptic curve cryptography. It begins with an introduction to cryptography and the history of cryptography. It then discusses symmetric key cryptography, asymmetric key cryptography including public and private key pairs. It describes digital signatures, how they are generated and verified. It introduces the concept of blind signatures, how a message can be signed without revealing its contents to the signer. It discusses the mathematics behind elliptic curves and elliptic curve cryptography. It describes how to represent points on an elliptic curve and perform operations like point addition. The document focuses on implementing a blind digital signature scheme using elliptic curve cryptography.
Blockchain privacy approaches in hyperledger indyManishKumarGiri2
Hyperledger Indy provides privacy-preserving identity solutions using distributed ledger technology. It uses several cryptographic techniques like elliptic curve cryptography, zero-knowledge proofs, and authenticated encryption. Zero-knowledge proofs allow a prover to prove possession of certain information to a verifier without revealing the information itself. Hyperledger Indy implements zero-knowledge proofs using zk-SNARKs and Idemix to privately verify credential information. It also uses Libsodium's sealed boxes for anonymous messaging and credential revocation features to preserve privacy in credentials over time. These approaches help Hyperledger Indy provide private and decentralized identity solutions on blockchains.
This document summarizes a lecture on public-key cryptography and the RSA algorithm. It begins by introducing public-key cryptography and how it can provide both confidentiality and authentication simultaneously. It then describes the basic idea behind the RSA algorithm, which uses modular exponentiation and the fact that exponents behave modulo the totient of a number when the number is a product of two primes. The document provides details on how to implement RSA, including choosing the modulus as a product of two large prime numbers, and proves that the RSA algorithm works as intended. It also discusses computational and security aspects of RSA.
Blind multi-signature scheme based on factoring and discrete logarithm problemTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
One of the important objectives of information security systems is providing authentication of
the electronic documents and messages. In that, blind signature schemes are an important solution to
protect the privacy of users in security electronic transactions by highlighting the anonymity of participating
parties. Many studies have focused on blind signature schemes, however, most of the studied schemes
are based on single computationally difficult problem. Also, digital signature schemes from two difficult
problems were proposed but the fact is that only finding solution to single hard problem then these digital
signature schemes are breakable. In this paper, we propose a new signature schemes base on
the combination of the RSA and Schnorr signature schemes which are based on two hard problems: IFP
and DLP. Then expanding to propose a single blind signature scheme, a blind multi-signature scheme,
which are based on new baseline schemes.
A Secure Encryption Technique based on Advanced Hill Cipher For a Public Key ...IOSR Journals
This document presents a secure encryption technique based on an advanced Hill cipher for a public key cryptosystem. The technique uses an involutory matrix and permuted key to encrypt plaintext into ciphertext. It further encrypts the ciphertext through two levels of scrambling and adds tamper detection by calculating and transmitting the determinant of the ciphertext matrix. The decryption process reverses these steps to recover the original plaintext. The technique aims to make the cipher highly secure against cryptanalytic attacks by introducing multiple transformations and ensuring the integrity of the ciphertext through determinant verification.
Public key cryptography uses key pairs - a public key and a private key - to encrypt and decrypt messages. The public key can be shared widely, while the private key is kept secret. This allows users to securely share encrypted messages without having to first share secret keys. Common applications of public key cryptography include public key encryption and digital signatures.
Image Encryption Using Advanced Hill Cipher AlgorithmIDES Editor
The Hill cipher algorithm is one of the symmetric
key algorithms that have several advantages in data
encryption. But, the inverse of the key matrix used for
encrypting the plaintext does not always exist. Then if the
key matrix is not invertible, then encrypted text cannot be
decrypted. In the Involutory matrix generation method the
key matrix used for the encryption is itself invertible. So, at
the time of decryption we need not to find the inverse of the
key matrix. The objective of this paper is to encrypt an
image using a technique different from the conventional Hill
Cipher. In this paper a novel advanced Hill (AdvHill)
encryption technique has been proposed which uses an
involutory key matrix. The scheme is a fast encryption
scheme which overcomes problems of encrypting the images
with homogeneous background. A comparative study of the
proposed encryption scheme and the existing scheme is
made. The output encrypted images reveal that the
proposed technique is quite reliable and robust.
EFFICIENT CONDITIONAL PROXY REENCRYPTION WITH CHOSEN CIPHER TEXT SECURITYIJNSA Journal
In a proxy re-encryption (PRE) scheme, Alice gives a special information to a proxy that allows it to transform messages encrypted under Alice's public key into a encryption under Bob's public key such that the message is not revealed to the proxy. In [14], Jian Weng and others introduced the notion of conditional proxy re-encryption (C-PRE) with bilinear pairings. Later, a break for the same was published in [17] and a new C-PRE scheme with bilinear pairings was introduced. In C-PRE, the proxy also needs to have the right condition key to transform the ciphertext (associated with a condition set by Alice) under Alice's public key into ciphertext under Bob's public key, so that Bob can decrypt it. In this paper, we propose an efficient C-PRE scheme which uses substantially less number of bilinear pairings when compared to the existing one [17]. We then prove its chosen-ciphertext security under modified Computational Diffie-Hellman (mCDH) and modified Computational Bilinear Diffie-Hellman (mCBDH) assumptions in the random oracle model.
This document proposes a hybrid encryption-decryption algorithm combining AES and DES. It implements the algorithm in VHDL using a Modelsim platform. The hybrid algorithm integrates AES into each iteration of DES's Feistel network, using AES operations like substitution and key addition. This increases computational complexity compared to the individual standards. The VHDL implementation includes modules for AES encryption/decryption and the hybrid algorithm. Simulations validate the code works correctly. Future work could increase iterations to suit different security levels or implement a 128-bit AES variant. The hybrid approach strengthens AES security against attacks.
Principles of public key cryptography and its UsesMohsin Ali
This document discusses the principles of public key cryptography. It begins by defining asymmetric encryption and how it uses a public key and private key instead of a single shared key. It then discusses key concepts like digital certificates and public key infrastructure. The document also provides examples of how public key cryptography can be used, including the RSA algorithm and key distribution methods like public key directories and certificates. It explains how public key cryptography solves the key distribution problem present in symmetric encryption.
The document discusses various topics related to network security including encryption, authentication, and protocols. It provides an overview of symmetric and public key cryptography, algorithms like DES and RSA, digital signatures, protocols like SSL and IPsec, and applications like PGP. Common security threats like packet sniffing, IP spoofing, and denial of service attacks are also summarized.
The document discusses the implementation of the Paillier and ElGamal cryptosystems. It begins with an introduction on the need for encrypted data transmission. It then reviews related literature and describes the key generation, encryption, and decryption algorithms for both Paillier and ElGamal cryptosystems. An example application to electronic voting is provided. The document concludes with an analysis of the cryptosystems and references.
Introduction to Public key Cryptosystems with block diagrams
Reference : Cryptography and Network Security Principles and Practice , Sixth Edition , William Stalling
Multiple Encryption using ECC and Its Time Complexity AnalysisIJCERT
Rapid growth of information technology in present era, secure communication, strong data encryption technique and trusted third party are considered to be major topics of study. Robust encryption algorithm development to secure sensitive data is of great significance among researchers at present. The conventional methods of encryption used as of today may not sufficient and therefore new ideas for the purpose are to be design, analyze and need to be fit into the existing system of security to provide protection of our data from unauthorized access. An effective encryption/ decryption algorithm design to enhance data security is a challenging task while computation, complexity, robustness etc. are concerned. The multiple encryption technique is a process of applying encryption over a single encryption process in a number of iteration. Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) is well known and well accepted cryptographic algorithm and used in many application as of today. In this paper, we discuss multiple encryptions and analyze the computation overhead in the process and study the feasibility of practical application. In the process we use ECC as a multiple-ECC algorithm and try to analyze degree of security, encryption/decryption computation time and complexity of the algorithm. Performance measure of the algorithm is evaluated by analyzing encryption time as well as decryption time in single ECC as well as multiple-ECC are compared with the help of various examples.
AN EFFICIENT PROXY SIGNCRYPTION SCHEME BASED ON THE DISCRETE LOGARITHM PROBLEMZac Darcy
This document proposes a new efficient proxy signcryption scheme based on the discrete logarithm problem (DLP). The scheme allows an original signer to delegate signing power to a proxy signer, who can then sign messages on behalf of the original signer. The scheme consists of setup, proxy-credential-generation, proxy-signcryption-generation, and proxy-unsigncryption-verification phases. It achieves security requirements like verifiability, unforgeability, identifiability, and prevention of misuse through use of public/private keys and the intractability of computing discrete logarithms. The scheme is proven correct and its security is analyzed.
Image encryption using elliptical curve cryptosytem with hill cipherkarthik kedarisetti
IMAGE ENCRYPTION-BTECH FINAL YEAR PROJECT ZEROTH REVIEW.
Image encryption is rapidly increased recently by the increasing use of the internet and communication
media. Sharing important images over unsecured channels is liable for attacking and stealing. Encryption
techniques are the suitable methods to protect images from attacks. Hill cipher algorithm is one of the
symmetric techniques, it has a simple structure and fast computations, but weak security because sender
and receiver need to use and share the same private key within a non-secure channels. A new image
encryption technique that combines Elliptic Curve Cryptosystem with Hill Cipher (ECCHC) has been proposed
in this paper to convert Hill cipher from symmetric technique to asymmetric one and increase its
security and efficiency and resist the hackers. Self-invertible key matrix is used to generate encryption
and decryption secret key. So, no need to find the inverse key matrix in the decryption process. A secret
key matrix with dimensions 4 4 will be used as an example in this study. Entropy, Peak Signal to Noise
Ratio (PSNR), and Unified Average Changing Intensity (UACI) will be used to assess the grayscale image
encryption efficiency and compare the encrypted image with the original image to evaluate the performance
of the proposed encryption technique.
Information security is one of the most important issues in the
recent times. Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) is one of the most
efficient public key cryptosystems that is secured against adversaries
because it is hard for them to find the secret key and solve
the elliptic curve discrete logarithm problem. Its strengthened
security also comes from the small key size that is used in it with
the same level of safety compared to the other cryptosystems like RSA(Rivest–Shamir–Adleman))
IRJET- Secure Data on Multi-Cloud using Homomorphic EncryptionIRJET Journal
This document discusses secure data storage on multi-cloud systems using homomorphic encryption. It begins by introducing homomorphic encryption and its uses for secure computation on encrypted data. It then describes different types of homomorphic encryption schemes, including partially homomorphic (e.g. RSA, Paillier) and fully homomorphic encryption. The document proposes a multi-cloud architecture using several distributed servers to partition and store encrypted data in a way that aims to achieve the capabilities of fully homomorphic encryption.
This document provides an A-Z overview of the key aspects and benefits of e-commerce, including availability, best prices, cash on delivery, durability, easy exchanges, free shipping, guaranteed items, happy hours, independent shopping, jackpot offers, knowing the product, limited stock, merchandise, new arrivals, original products, payment options, quality products, rewards, service on time, timely delivery, user-friendly interfaces, verified reviews, wish lists, extra benefits, enthusiasm for online shopping, and zero worries.
Johnny Depp is an American actor and musician best known for his collaborations with director Tim Burton in films like Edward Scissorhands, Sleepy Hollow, Sweeney Todd, and Alice in Wonderland. Depp rose to prominence for his lead role in the television series 21 Jump Street and had his first major film role in A Nightmare on Elm Street. He has two children with his former partner Vanessa Paradis and has starred in many other popular films like Pirates of the Caribbean and Cry-Baby.
A Literal Azul é uma empresa editorial fundada em 2008 com vocação internacional, especializada na coordenação e desenvolvimento de projetos escritos. O catálogo apresenta uma amostra dos centenas de projetos nos quais a empresa participou, incluindo livros de arte, design, arquitetura, veículos, natureza, culinária, corpo e mente, entre outros. A empresa fornece serviços de tradução e coordenação editorial.
On the Usage of Chained Codes in CryptographyCSCJournals
This document summarizes a research paper on using randomized chained linear codes for digital signatures. The summary is:
1) Randomized chained linear codes are proposed to address attacks on previous signature schemes that used regular chained codes. Random vectors are concatenated to the generator matrix of a chained code to create randomized chained codes.
2) A digital signature scheme is presented that uses randomized chained codes. The private key consists of the generator matrix and randomization matrices. The public key is the randomized parity check matrix. Signatures are created using the chain code decoding algorithm.
3) Security analysis shows the scheme is secure if the code length is over 1350 bits, preventing an attacker from determining the private key from the public information
Blind Signature Scheme Based On Elliptical Curve Cryptography (ECC)IOSR Journals
This document summarizes a blind signature scheme based on elliptic curve cryptography. It begins with an introduction to cryptography and the history of cryptography. It then discusses symmetric key cryptography, asymmetric key cryptography including public and private key pairs. It describes digital signatures, how they are generated and verified. It introduces the concept of blind signatures, how a message can be signed without revealing its contents to the signer. It discusses the mathematics behind elliptic curves and elliptic curve cryptography. It describes how to represent points on an elliptic curve and perform operations like point addition. The document focuses on implementing a blind digital signature scheme using elliptic curve cryptography.
Blockchain privacy approaches in hyperledger indyManishKumarGiri2
Hyperledger Indy provides privacy-preserving identity solutions using distributed ledger technology. It uses several cryptographic techniques like elliptic curve cryptography, zero-knowledge proofs, and authenticated encryption. Zero-knowledge proofs allow a prover to prove possession of certain information to a verifier without revealing the information itself. Hyperledger Indy implements zero-knowledge proofs using zk-SNARKs and Idemix to privately verify credential information. It also uses Libsodium's sealed boxes for anonymous messaging and credential revocation features to preserve privacy in credentials over time. These approaches help Hyperledger Indy provide private and decentralized identity solutions on blockchains.
This document summarizes a lecture on public-key cryptography and the RSA algorithm. It begins by introducing public-key cryptography and how it can provide both confidentiality and authentication simultaneously. It then describes the basic idea behind the RSA algorithm, which uses modular exponentiation and the fact that exponents behave modulo the totient of a number when the number is a product of two primes. The document provides details on how to implement RSA, including choosing the modulus as a product of two large prime numbers, and proves that the RSA algorithm works as intended. It also discusses computational and security aspects of RSA.
Blind multi-signature scheme based on factoring and discrete logarithm problemTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
One of the important objectives of information security systems is providing authentication of
the electronic documents and messages. In that, blind signature schemes are an important solution to
protect the privacy of users in security electronic transactions by highlighting the anonymity of participating
parties. Many studies have focused on blind signature schemes, however, most of the studied schemes
are based on single computationally difficult problem. Also, digital signature schemes from two difficult
problems were proposed but the fact is that only finding solution to single hard problem then these digital
signature schemes are breakable. In this paper, we propose a new signature schemes base on
the combination of the RSA and Schnorr signature schemes which are based on two hard problems: IFP
and DLP. Then expanding to propose a single blind signature scheme, a blind multi-signature scheme,
which are based on new baseline schemes.
A Secure Encryption Technique based on Advanced Hill Cipher For a Public Key ...IOSR Journals
This document presents a secure encryption technique based on an advanced Hill cipher for a public key cryptosystem. The technique uses an involutory matrix and permuted key to encrypt plaintext into ciphertext. It further encrypts the ciphertext through two levels of scrambling and adds tamper detection by calculating and transmitting the determinant of the ciphertext matrix. The decryption process reverses these steps to recover the original plaintext. The technique aims to make the cipher highly secure against cryptanalytic attacks by introducing multiple transformations and ensuring the integrity of the ciphertext through determinant verification.
Public key cryptography uses key pairs - a public key and a private key - to encrypt and decrypt messages. The public key can be shared widely, while the private key is kept secret. This allows users to securely share encrypted messages without having to first share secret keys. Common applications of public key cryptography include public key encryption and digital signatures.
Image Encryption Using Advanced Hill Cipher AlgorithmIDES Editor
The Hill cipher algorithm is one of the symmetric
key algorithms that have several advantages in data
encryption. But, the inverse of the key matrix used for
encrypting the plaintext does not always exist. Then if the
key matrix is not invertible, then encrypted text cannot be
decrypted. In the Involutory matrix generation method the
key matrix used for the encryption is itself invertible. So, at
the time of decryption we need not to find the inverse of the
key matrix. The objective of this paper is to encrypt an
image using a technique different from the conventional Hill
Cipher. In this paper a novel advanced Hill (AdvHill)
encryption technique has been proposed which uses an
involutory key matrix. The scheme is a fast encryption
scheme which overcomes problems of encrypting the images
with homogeneous background. A comparative study of the
proposed encryption scheme and the existing scheme is
made. The output encrypted images reveal that the
proposed technique is quite reliable and robust.
EFFICIENT CONDITIONAL PROXY REENCRYPTION WITH CHOSEN CIPHER TEXT SECURITYIJNSA Journal
In a proxy re-encryption (PRE) scheme, Alice gives a special information to a proxy that allows it to transform messages encrypted under Alice's public key into a encryption under Bob's public key such that the message is not revealed to the proxy. In [14], Jian Weng and others introduced the notion of conditional proxy re-encryption (C-PRE) with bilinear pairings. Later, a break for the same was published in [17] and a new C-PRE scheme with bilinear pairings was introduced. In C-PRE, the proxy also needs to have the right condition key to transform the ciphertext (associated with a condition set by Alice) under Alice's public key into ciphertext under Bob's public key, so that Bob can decrypt it. In this paper, we propose an efficient C-PRE scheme which uses substantially less number of bilinear pairings when compared to the existing one [17]. We then prove its chosen-ciphertext security under modified Computational Diffie-Hellman (mCDH) and modified Computational Bilinear Diffie-Hellman (mCBDH) assumptions in the random oracle model.
This document proposes a hybrid encryption-decryption algorithm combining AES and DES. It implements the algorithm in VHDL using a Modelsim platform. The hybrid algorithm integrates AES into each iteration of DES's Feistel network, using AES operations like substitution and key addition. This increases computational complexity compared to the individual standards. The VHDL implementation includes modules for AES encryption/decryption and the hybrid algorithm. Simulations validate the code works correctly. Future work could increase iterations to suit different security levels or implement a 128-bit AES variant. The hybrid approach strengthens AES security against attacks.
Principles of public key cryptography and its UsesMohsin Ali
This document discusses the principles of public key cryptography. It begins by defining asymmetric encryption and how it uses a public key and private key instead of a single shared key. It then discusses key concepts like digital certificates and public key infrastructure. The document also provides examples of how public key cryptography can be used, including the RSA algorithm and key distribution methods like public key directories and certificates. It explains how public key cryptography solves the key distribution problem present in symmetric encryption.
The document discusses various topics related to network security including encryption, authentication, and protocols. It provides an overview of symmetric and public key cryptography, algorithms like DES and RSA, digital signatures, protocols like SSL and IPsec, and applications like PGP. Common security threats like packet sniffing, IP spoofing, and denial of service attacks are also summarized.
The document discusses the implementation of the Paillier and ElGamal cryptosystems. It begins with an introduction on the need for encrypted data transmission. It then reviews related literature and describes the key generation, encryption, and decryption algorithms for both Paillier and ElGamal cryptosystems. An example application to electronic voting is provided. The document concludes with an analysis of the cryptosystems and references.
Introduction to Public key Cryptosystems with block diagrams
Reference : Cryptography and Network Security Principles and Practice , Sixth Edition , William Stalling
Multiple Encryption using ECC and Its Time Complexity AnalysisIJCERT
Rapid growth of information technology in present era, secure communication, strong data encryption technique and trusted third party are considered to be major topics of study. Robust encryption algorithm development to secure sensitive data is of great significance among researchers at present. The conventional methods of encryption used as of today may not sufficient and therefore new ideas for the purpose are to be design, analyze and need to be fit into the existing system of security to provide protection of our data from unauthorized access. An effective encryption/ decryption algorithm design to enhance data security is a challenging task while computation, complexity, robustness etc. are concerned. The multiple encryption technique is a process of applying encryption over a single encryption process in a number of iteration. Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) is well known and well accepted cryptographic algorithm and used in many application as of today. In this paper, we discuss multiple encryptions and analyze the computation overhead in the process and study the feasibility of practical application. In the process we use ECC as a multiple-ECC algorithm and try to analyze degree of security, encryption/decryption computation time and complexity of the algorithm. Performance measure of the algorithm is evaluated by analyzing encryption time as well as decryption time in single ECC as well as multiple-ECC are compared with the help of various examples.
AN EFFICIENT PROXY SIGNCRYPTION SCHEME BASED ON THE DISCRETE LOGARITHM PROBLEMZac Darcy
This document proposes a new efficient proxy signcryption scheme based on the discrete logarithm problem (DLP). The scheme allows an original signer to delegate signing power to a proxy signer, who can then sign messages on behalf of the original signer. The scheme consists of setup, proxy-credential-generation, proxy-signcryption-generation, and proxy-unsigncryption-verification phases. It achieves security requirements like verifiability, unforgeability, identifiability, and prevention of misuse through use of public/private keys and the intractability of computing discrete logarithms. The scheme is proven correct and its security is analyzed.
Image encryption using elliptical curve cryptosytem with hill cipherkarthik kedarisetti
IMAGE ENCRYPTION-BTECH FINAL YEAR PROJECT ZEROTH REVIEW.
Image encryption is rapidly increased recently by the increasing use of the internet and communication
media. Sharing important images over unsecured channels is liable for attacking and stealing. Encryption
techniques are the suitable methods to protect images from attacks. Hill cipher algorithm is one of the
symmetric techniques, it has a simple structure and fast computations, but weak security because sender
and receiver need to use and share the same private key within a non-secure channels. A new image
encryption technique that combines Elliptic Curve Cryptosystem with Hill Cipher (ECCHC) has been proposed
in this paper to convert Hill cipher from symmetric technique to asymmetric one and increase its
security and efficiency and resist the hackers. Self-invertible key matrix is used to generate encryption
and decryption secret key. So, no need to find the inverse key matrix in the decryption process. A secret
key matrix with dimensions 4 4 will be used as an example in this study. Entropy, Peak Signal to Noise
Ratio (PSNR), and Unified Average Changing Intensity (UACI) will be used to assess the grayscale image
encryption efficiency and compare the encrypted image with the original image to evaluate the performance
of the proposed encryption technique.
Information security is one of the most important issues in the
recent times. Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) is one of the most
efficient public key cryptosystems that is secured against adversaries
because it is hard for them to find the secret key and solve
the elliptic curve discrete logarithm problem. Its strengthened
security also comes from the small key size that is used in it with
the same level of safety compared to the other cryptosystems like RSA(Rivest–Shamir–Adleman))
IRJET- Secure Data on Multi-Cloud using Homomorphic EncryptionIRJET Journal
This document discusses secure data storage on multi-cloud systems using homomorphic encryption. It begins by introducing homomorphic encryption and its uses for secure computation on encrypted data. It then describes different types of homomorphic encryption schemes, including partially homomorphic (e.g. RSA, Paillier) and fully homomorphic encryption. The document proposes a multi-cloud architecture using several distributed servers to partition and store encrypted data in a way that aims to achieve the capabilities of fully homomorphic encryption.
This document provides an A-Z overview of the key aspects and benefits of e-commerce, including availability, best prices, cash on delivery, durability, easy exchanges, free shipping, guaranteed items, happy hours, independent shopping, jackpot offers, knowing the product, limited stock, merchandise, new arrivals, original products, payment options, quality products, rewards, service on time, timely delivery, user-friendly interfaces, verified reviews, wish lists, extra benefits, enthusiasm for online shopping, and zero worries.
Johnny Depp is an American actor and musician best known for his collaborations with director Tim Burton in films like Edward Scissorhands, Sleepy Hollow, Sweeney Todd, and Alice in Wonderland. Depp rose to prominence for his lead role in the television series 21 Jump Street and had his first major film role in A Nightmare on Elm Street. He has two children with his former partner Vanessa Paradis and has starred in many other popular films like Pirates of the Caribbean and Cry-Baby.
A Literal Azul é uma empresa editorial fundada em 2008 com vocação internacional, especializada na coordenação e desenvolvimento de projetos escritos. O catálogo apresenta uma amostra dos centenas de projetos nos quais a empresa participou, incluindo livros de arte, design, arquitetura, veículos, natureza, culinária, corpo e mente, entre outros. A empresa fornece serviços de tradução e coordenação editorial.
Communicating with symbols is harder than it may seem. This is the output of a game which demonstrates how people perceive symbols differently.
The game involved people taking it in turns to either draw a picture or write a word depending on what the last person had done.
Part 2
Denn wie eine aktuelle Studie* der L’TUR Tourismus AG zeigt, ist neun von zehn Bundesbürgern gutes Essen in den Ferien wichtig. Fast 40 Prozent sagen sogar, dass das leibliche Wohl bei der Wahl ihres Reiseziels eine entscheidende Rolle spielt.
Laura Fagan has a MSc in Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance and Biotechnology from DIT and a BSc in Biology from Maynooth University. She has relevant lab skills including aseptic technique, cell culture, instrumentation, and knowledge of GMP practices. She has experience in molecular biology techniques, microbiology, chemical analysis, and cell culture. Fagan has computer skills and instructional experience tutoring biology and chemistry. She held positions as a lab assistant at Maynooth University and NUI Maynooth providing lab support.
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El documento describe la historia del teatro en Honduras desde la época indígena hasta la actualidad. Los pueblos originarios tenían rituales y ceremonias teatrales. Durante la época colonial se presentaron obras de teatro europeas. En los años 70 y 80, el teatro hondureño fue influenciado por nuevos teatristas y reflejó más la cultura local. Actualmente existen varios grupos teatrales en Honduras y centros de formación, aunque el teatro sufre por falta de recursos.
Dubai is known for pushing boundaries and achieving the impossible. It is hosting the 2020 World Expo to showcase its innovative spirit. P.N.C. Menon founded Sobha Group in 1995 and has grown it into a leading real estate developer in India and Middle East through quality projects. Hartland is a new community being developed by Sobha near many of Dubai's top attractions like Burj Khalifa and Dubai Mall that will offer various residential properties, a international school, retail and many amenities.
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Thomas Salzano provides a list of beautiful and happening cruise ports for families to enjoy. The Caribbean offers mild weather, snorkeling, and cave tubing. The Bahamas is a classic destination known for snorkeling, beaches, and palm trees. Mexico features local shopping, parasailing, and cruises along the west and east coasts. Alaska requires sweaters even in summer but allows guests to see glaciers and whales.
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Implementation and Secured Authentication Key using Elliptic Curve CryptographyAM Publications,India
The Elliptic Curve Cryptosystem (ECC) is an emerging alternative for traditional public key cryptosystem like RSA, DSA and Diffie-Hellman. It provides the highest strength- per-bit of any Cryptosystem known today with smaller key sizes resulting in faster computation and memory. Diffie – Hellman key exchange the protocol based on Elliptic curve cryptography. ECC techniques such as RSA is that the best known algorithm for solving ECDL the underlying hard mathematical in Scalar multiplication problem in ECC.
Data Security Using Elliptic Curve CryptographyIJCERT
Cryptography technique is used to provide data security. In existing cryptography technique the key generation takes place randomly. Key generation require shared key. If shared key is access by unauthorized user then security becomes disoriented. Hence existing problems are alleviated to give more security to data. In proposed system a algorithm called as Elliptic Curve Cryptography is used. The ECC generates the key by using the point on the curve. The ECC is used for generating the key by using point on the curve and encryption and decryption operation takes place through curve. In the proposed system the encryption and key generation process takes place rapidly.
PEC - AN ALTERNATE AND MORE EFFICIENT PUBLIC KEY CRYPTOSYSTEMijcisjournal
In an increasingly connected world, security is a top concern for Internet of Things (IoT). These IoT devices have to
be inexpensive implying that they will be constrained in storage and computing resources. In order to secure such
devices, highly efficient public key cryptosystems (PKC) are critical. Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) is the most
commonly implemented PKC in use today. In this paper, an alternate and a more efficient PKC, called the PEC (Pells
Equation Cryptography) has been proposed based on Pells equation: x
2 − D ∗ y
2 ≡ 1 (mod p). It is shown that scalar
multiplication in PEC is significantly more efficient compared to ECC. It is also shown that the Discrete Logarithm
Problem - computing the private key from the public key - in PEC is at least as hard as that of ECC.
A New Security Level for Elliptic Curve Cryptosystem Using Cellular Automata ...Editor IJCATR
Elliptic curve cryptography (ECC) is an effective approach to protect privacy and security of information. Encryption
provides only one level of security during transmission over the channel. Hence there is a need for a stronger encryption which is very
hard to break. So, to achieve better results and improve security, information has to pass through several levels of encryption. The aim
of this paper would be to provide two levels of security. First level comprises of plaintext using as security key compressed block to
encrypt text based ECC technique and the second level comprises of scrambling method with compression using 2D Cellular rules. In
particular, we propose an efficient encryption algorithm based ECC using Cellular automata and it is termed as Elliptic Curve
Cryptosystem based Cellular Automata (ECCCA). This paper presents the implementation of ECCCA for communication over
insecure channel. The results are provided to show the encryption performance of the proposed method.
Implementation Secure Authentication Using Elliptic Curve CryptographyAM Publications
Elliptic curve cryptography is the most efficient public key encryption scheme based on the elliptic curve concepts that
can be used to create faster, smaller, and efficient cryptographic keys. As a use of network increase for critical transaction, so
huge damages are caused by intrusion attacks hence there is the need of computer network security. To protect network against
various active and passive attack, various technique have been suggested. Mobile devices have many differences in their
capabilities, computational powers and security requirements. The security of mobile communication has stopped the list of
concerns for mobile phone users. Confidentiality, Authentication, Integrity and Non-repudiation are required security services for mobile communication.
Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) provides a secure
means of key exchange between communicating nodes using the
Diffie-Hellman (DH) Key Exchange algorithm. This work
presents an ECC encryption implementation using of the DH
key exchange algorithm. Both encryption and decryption of text
messages using this algorithm, have been attempted. In ECC,
encoding is carried out by mapping a message character to an
affine point on an elliptic curve. It can be observed from the
comparison of the proposed algorithm and Koblitz’s encoding
method, that the proposed algorithm is as secure as Koblitz’s
encoding method and the proposed algorithm has less
computational complexity as the encoding phase is eliminated
altogether. Hence, energy efficiency of the crypto system is
improved and the same can be used in resource constrained
applications, such as Wireless sensor networks (WSNs). It is
almost infeasible to attempt a brute force attack. The security
strength of the algorithm is proportional to the key length.
However, any increase in the key length results in more
communication overhead due to encryption.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Secure Data Storage on Cloud System for Privacy PreservingIRJET Journal
The document describes a proposed system for secure data storage on cloud systems using elliptic curve cryptography and Shamir's secret sharing algorithm. It discusses how ECC and secret sharing can be used to encrypt data before storing it on the cloud to preserve privacy. The system aims to provide security services like confidentiality. It generates keys using ECC and secret sharing that are shared with authenticated users to allow access to encrypted data stored on the cloud. The system reduces storage and computational overhead for the customer and cloud storage server.
the use of digital data has been increase over the past decade which has led to the evolution of digital world. With this evolution the use of data such as text, images and other multimedia for communication purpose over network needs to be secured during transmission. Images been the most extensively used digital data throughout the world, there is a need for the security of images, so that the confidentiality, integrity and availability of the data is maintained. There is various cryptography techniques used for image security of which the asymmetric cryptography is most extensively used for securing data transmission. This paper discusses about Elliptic Curve Cryptography an asymmetric public key cryptography method for image transmission. With security it is also crucial to address the computational aspects of the cryptography methods used for securing images. The paper proposes an Image encryption and decryption method using ECC. Integrity of image transmission is achieved by using Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (ECDSA) and also considering computational aspects at each stage.
Pairing Based Elliptic Curve Cryptosystem for Message AuthenticationIJTET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper on using elliptic curve cryptography for message authentication. It begins with an introduction to elliptic curve cryptography and how it can provide equivalent security to other public key encryption methods but with smaller key sizes. It then describes the proposed methodology which includes generating an ECC key pair, encrypting a message with the public key, transmitting the encrypted message, and decrypting it with the private key. The results show a message being encrypted and decrypted correctly using this ECC process. It concludes that ECC can provide an efficient method for authentication in systems like vehicular networks due to its lower computation and communication overhead compared to other encryption methods.
Blind Signature Scheme Based On Elliptical Curve Cryptography (ECC)IOSR Journals
This document summarizes a blind signature scheme based on elliptic curve cryptography. It begins with an introduction to cryptography and the history of cryptography. It then discusses symmetric key cryptography, asymmetric key cryptography including public and private key pairs. It describes digital signatures, how they are generated and verified. It introduces the concept of blind signatures, how a message can be signed without revealing its contents to the signer. It discusses the mathematics behind elliptic curves including elliptic curve equations and algorithms for performing group operations on elliptic curves. It provides details on representing divisor classes using Mumford representation and using Cantor's algorithm to compute the sum of two divisor classes.
This document summarizes a blind signature scheme based on elliptic curve cryptography. It begins with an introduction to cryptography and the history of cryptography. It then discusses symmetric key cryptography, asymmetric key cryptography including public and private key pairs. It describes digital signatures, how they are generated and verified. It introduces the concept of blind signatures, how a message can be signed without revealing its contents to the signer. It discusses the mathematics behind elliptic curves including elliptic curve equations and algorithms for performing group operations on elliptic curves. It provides details on representing divisor classes using Mumford representation and using Cantor's algorithm to compute the sum of two divisor classes.
This document provides an overview of elliptic curve cryptography (ECC). It discusses how ECC provides stronger security than RSA with smaller key sizes. The document describes the mathematical foundations of elliptic curves over finite fields. It explains scalar multiplication, which involves adding a point on the elliptic curve to itself multiple times, as the core operation in ECC. Finally, it discusses implementations of ECC and applications for encryption and digital signatures.
Low Power Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Design for Constrained DevicesCSCJournals
Digital signatures represent one of the most widely used security technologies for ensuring unforgeability and non-repudiation of digital data. In this paper a reduced power dissipation of hardware Elliptic Curve Digital Signature design has been developed. Our proposed architecture is based on the Globally Asynchronous Locally Synchronous (GALS) design methodology. In GALS system, modules that are not used frequently can be made to consume less power by pausing their local clocks until they are needed. Our design consists of using units that are clocked independently. The whole ECDSA design is captured using VHDL language, over the finite field GF (2163), and the Virtex IV FPGA device is used for the hardware implementation of the architecture
IRJET- Formulation of a Secure Communication Protocol and its ImplementationIRJET Journal
1) The document proposes a secure communication protocol using symmetric cryptography techniques like the Hill cipher and RSA algorithm.
2) The protocol uses the Goldbach conjecture and Chen's theorem to generate prime numbers from large even integers exchanged over a secure channel. These primes are then used to generate keys.
3) Plaintext is encrypted using matrix multiplication with keys generated from an irrational number's decimal expansion. Integrity is ensured by encrypting a message digest comprising words from the plaintext. Recipients can decrypt and verify integrity using the same techniques.
Ecc cipher processor based on knapsack algorithmAlexander Decker
This document describes a method for encrypting messages using Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) combined with the knapsack algorithm. It begins by explaining the basics of ECC, including defining elliptic curves over a finite field and describing point addition and doubling operations. It then presents algorithms for the full encryption/decryption process. The process involves first transforming the message into points on an elliptic curve, then applying the knapsack algorithm to further encrypt the ECC-encrypted message before transmission. Decryption reverses these steps to recover the original message. The combination of ECC and knapsack encryption is presented as an innovation that provides increased security over traditional ECC alone.
Modified Koblitz Encoding Method for ECCidescitation
Extensive use of Wireless Sensor Networks is giving
rise to different types of threats in certain commercial and
military applications. To protect the WSN data communication
against various threats appropriate security schemes are
needed. However, WSN nodes are resource constrained, with
respect to limited battery energy, and limited computational
and memory available with each WSN node. Hence, the
security model to be used in WSN’s should use minimal
resources to the extent possible and it should also provide
good security. Elliptic curve cryptography (ECC) is the best
suited algorithm for WSNs, as it offers better security for
smaller key sizes compared to the popular RSA algorithm. In
ECC, encoding of message data to a point lying on the give
Elliptic Curve is a major problem as the encoding consumes
more resources. This paper provides a novel encoding
procedure to overcome these problems to a large extent. This
paper also describes implementation aspects of the proposed
encoding and decoding methods.
Detailed cryptographic analysis of contact tracing protocolsChristian Spolaore
A detailed description of DP3T, Google/Apple and PEP-PT
contact tracing protocols. After a brief mathematical introduction on modern cryptography, the primitives used in the protocols are specifically taken into consideration. Then, they are described in details and linked to the standard goals of information security, analyzing if the proposed designs reach them or not. Finally, there can be found a quick but interesting description of the main issues regarding BLE Technology and an example of a secret sharing scheme which could be used to prevent local attacks to the system (refer also to: https://www.slideshare.net/ChristianSpolaore1/introduction-to-contact-tracing-apps-and-privacy-issues).
Robust Watermarking Technique using 2D Logistic Map and Elliptic Curve Crypto...idescitation
Copyright protection is a vital issue in modern day’s data transmission over
internet. For copyright protection, watermarking technique is extensively used. In this
paper, we have proposed a robust watermarking scheme using 2D Logistic map and elliptic
curve cryptosystem (ECC) in the DWT domain. The combined encryption has been taken to
enhance the security of the watermark before the embedding phase. The PSNR value shows
the difference between original cover and embedded cover is minimal. Similarly, NC values
show the robustness and resistance capability of the proposed technique from the common
attacks such as scaling, Gaussian noise etc. Thus, this combined version of 2D Logistic map
and Elliptic curve cryptosystem can be used in case of higher security requirement of the
watermark signal.
A new hybrid text encryption approach over mobile ad hoc network IJECEIAES
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a new hybrid text encryption approach combining elliptic curve cryptography and the Hill cipher algorithm for use on mobile ad hoc networks. The approach aims to address security weaknesses in the Hill cipher by converting it from a symmetric to an asymmetric technique. It generates public and private keys using elliptic curve cryptography so the secret key does not need to be shared over unsecured channels. The approach also allows direct encryption and decryption of characters from the full 128-character ASCII table using their numeric values, avoiding the need for a character mapping table. The advantages are seen as improved security, efficiency and faster computation compared to other techniques.
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Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
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solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
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Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) is a method of transmitting multiple signals over a single communication channel by dividing the signal into many segments, each having a very short duration of time. These time slots are then allocated to different data streams, allowing multiple signals to share the same transmission medium efficiently. TDM is widely used in telecommunications and data communication systems.
### How TDM Works
1. **Time Slots Allocation**: The core principle of TDM is to assign distinct time slots to each signal. During each time slot, the respective signal is transmitted, and then the process repeats cyclically. For example, if there are four signals to be transmitted, the TDM cycle will divide time into four slots, each assigned to one signal.
2. **Synchronization**: Synchronization is crucial in TDM systems to ensure that the signals are correctly aligned with their respective time slots. Both the transmitter and receiver must be synchronized to avoid any overlap or loss of data. This synchronization is typically maintained by a clock signal that ensures time slots are accurately aligned.
3. **Frame Structure**: TDM data is organized into frames, where each frame consists of a set of time slots. Each frame is repeated at regular intervals, ensuring continuous transmission of data streams. The frame structure helps in managing the data streams and maintaining the synchronization between the transmitter and receiver.
4. **Multiplexer and Demultiplexer**: At the transmitting end, a multiplexer combines multiple input signals into a single composite signal by assigning each signal to a specific time slot. At the receiving end, a demultiplexer separates the composite signal back into individual signals based on their respective time slots.
### Types of TDM
1. **Synchronous TDM**: In synchronous TDM, time slots are pre-assigned to each signal, regardless of whether the signal has data to transmit or not. This can lead to inefficiencies if some time slots remain empty due to the absence of data.
2. **Asynchronous TDM (or Statistical TDM)**: Asynchronous TDM addresses the inefficiencies of synchronous TDM by allocating time slots dynamically based on the presence of data. Time slots are assigned only when there is data to transmit, which optimizes the use of the communication channel.
### Applications of TDM
- **Telecommunications**: TDM is extensively used in telecommunication systems, such as in T1 and E1 lines, where multiple telephone calls are transmitted over a single line by assigning each call to a specific time slot.
- **Digital Audio and Video Broadcasting**: TDM is used in broadcasting systems to transmit multiple audio or video streams over a single channel, ensuring efficient use of bandwidth.
- **Computer Networks**: TDM is used in network protocols and systems to manage the transmission of data from multiple sources over a single network medium.
### Advantages of TDM
- **Efficient Use of Bandwidth**: TDM all
TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING TECHNIQUE FOR COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
A Survey on Elliptic Curve Cryptography
1. International Journal of Research in advance Engineering,
Volume -1 Isuue-2, Feb-2015, Available at www.knowledgecuddle.com
7
A Survey on Elliptic Curve Cryptography
Kinjal Mehta
Assistant Professor (EC)
L D College Of Engineering
Ahmedabad
Dharmesh Patel
M.E.(C.E.), student-
B.V.M.Engineering College
V V Nagar
_____________________________________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT :Elliptic curve cryptography (ECC) is the most efficient public key encryption scheme based on
elliptic curve concepts that can be used to create faster, smaller, and efficient cryptographic keys. ECC
generates keys through the properties of the elliptic curve equation instead of the conventional method of
key generation. This scheme can be used with public key encryption methods, such as RSA, Diffie-Hellman key
exchange and Digital Signature. Review of the four protocols which applies ECC namely Bitcoin, secure
shell (SSH), transport layer security (TLS), and the Austrian e-ID Card describes the high security by using
elliptic curve cryptography.
Keywords: Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC), Public Key Infrastructure (PKI), Finite field, Digital Signature,
Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (ECDSA)
________________________________________________________________________________________________
I. INTRODUCTION
Rapid development on secure communication in particular is in demand for any kind of communication
network .The main component of secure communications software stack includes key exchange and signatures
which is required for public key algorithms like RSA,DSA and elliptic curve cryptography[1][2] . The discrete
logarithm problem on elliptic curve groups is believed to be more difficult than the corresponding problem in
the underlying finite field [3][4][5].Elliptic Curve Cryptography provides level of security with a 164-bit key that
RSA require a 1,024-bit key to achieve, Because ECC helps to establish equivalent security with lower computing
power and battery resource usage. The ECC covers all primitives of public key cryptography like digital signature ,key
exchange, key transport ,key management .Presently ECC has been commercially adopted by many standardize
organization such as NIST ,ISO ,and ANSI [1] .ECC covers the discipline of mathematics and computer science and
engineering . It can widely use for electronic commerce, secure communication, etc. The security of the Elliptic
Curve Cryptography depends on the difficulty of finding the value of k, given kP where k is a large number and P is a
random point on the elliptic curve[6][7]. This is the Elliptic Curve Discrete Logarithmic Problem. The elliptic curve
parameters for cryptographic schemes should be carefully chosen in order to resist all known attacks of Elliptic
Curve Discrete Logarithmic Problem (ECDLP)[7][8]. Additional to the ECC, this paper presents the collection of the
keys which are implemented in the Bitcoin, Secure Shell (SSH), Transport Layer Security (TLS), and Australian
E-card. Bitcoin addresses are directly derived from elliptic-curve public keys, and transactions are authenticated using
digital signatures. The public keys and signatures are published as part of the publicly available and auditable
block chain to prevent double-spending. Elliptic-curve cipher suites that offer forward secrecy by establishing a session
key using elliptic-curve Diffie-Hellman key exchange [20b] were introduced in 2006 and are growing in popularity for
TLS. This dataset includes the Diffe-Hellman server key exchange messages, as well as public keys and signatures from
servers using ECDSA. Elliptic-curve cipher suites for SSH were introduced in 2009, and are also growing more common
as software support increases. This dataset includes elliptic curve Diffe-Hellman server key exchange messages,
elliptic-curve public host keys, and ECDSA signatures. The Austrian e-ID contains public keys for encryption and
digital signatures, and as of 2009, ECDSA signatures are offered.
II. ECC PRELIMINARIES
The elliptic curve cryptosystem [9, 10] was discovered by Koblitz [11] and then Miller [12] in 1985 to design
public key cryptosystem and presently, it becomes an integral part of the modern cryptography. Let E/Fp denotes an
elliptic curve E over a prime finite field Fp, which can be defined by baxxy 32
, where, a, b are real numbers
and the discriminate 0274 23
baD , which ensures that elliptic curve does not contain repeated factors.
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Figure 1
Properties:
1. Negative: The negative of a point P = (xP,yP) is its reflection about the x-axis: the point -P is (xP,-yP). For each point
P on an elliptic curve, the point -P is also on the curve.
2. Addition: Suppose that P and Q are two distinct points on an elliptic curve, and P ≠ -Q. To add the points P and Q, a
line is drawn from these two points will intersect the elliptic curve in exactly one more point, call -R. The point -R is
reflected in the x-axis to the point R. The law for addition in an elliptic curve group is P + Q = R.
3. Point at Infinity: The line through P and -P is a vertical line which does not intersect the elliptic curve at a third point.
It is for this reason that the elliptic curve group includes the point at infinity O. By definition, P + (-P) = O. all elliptic
curves have an additive identity.
4. Doubling point P: To add a point P to itself, a tangent line to the curve is drawn at the point P. If yP is not 0, then the
tangent line intersects the elliptic curve at exactly one other point, -R. -R is reflected in the x-axis to R
Figure 2
Key Generation:
ECC is the public key cryptography therefore we have to generate both public key and private key. The sender
will be encrypting the message with receiver‟s public key and the receiver will decrypt its private key.
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Select a number„d‟ within the range of „n‟.
The public key is calculated by Q = d * P
„Q‟ is the public key and„d‟ is the private key. d = The random number that we have selected within the range of (1 to n-1
). P is the point on the curve.
Encryption
In ECC, the entire message to be sent is represented on the Elliptic curve. Let „m‟ be the message that we are
sending. We have to represent this message on the curve. These have in-depth implementation details. All the advance
research on ECC is done by a company called certicom. Consider „m‟ has the point „M‟ on the curve „E‟. Randomly
select „k‟ from [1 - (n-1)].Two cipher texts will be generated let it be C1 and C2. C1 = k*P and C2 = M + k*Q , where
C1 and C2 will be sent.
Decryption
We have to get back the message „m‟ that was send to us, M = C2 – d * C1, M is the original message that we had
sent.
III. APPLICATIONS OF ECC
1. Bitcoin
The crypto currency Bitcoin is a distributed peer-to-peer digital currency which allows online payments to be
sent directly from one party to another without going through a financial institution" [13].The (public) Bitcoin block
chain is a journal of all the transactions ever executed. Each block in this journal contains the SHA-256 [14] hash of the
previous block, hereby chaining the blocks together starting from the so-called genesis block. In Bitcoin, User‟s
account‟s unique key is defined by the private key generated by an ECDSA. Thus by Transferring bitcoins, we
are transferring the ownership of bitcoins. When the bitcoins are transferred from user A to user B, digital signature is
attached with the help of user A‟s Private key. At the receiving side, ownership of bitcoins are gained by the hash of the
previous transaction and public key of user B at the end of a new transaction. The signature can be verified with the
help of user A's public key from the previous transaction. Other issues, such as avoiding double-spending, are
discussed in the original document [13].The cryptographic signatures used in Bitcoin are ECDSA signatures. Given
an ECDSA (possibly compressed) public-key K, a Bitcoin address is generated using the cryptographic hash functions
SHA-256 and RIPEMD-160 [15].
The public-key is hashed twice:
HASH160 = RIPEMD-160(SHA-256(K)).
The Bitcoin address is computed directly from this HASH160 value (where k denotes concatenation) as base58 (0x00 ||
HASH160 || [SHA-256(SHA-256(0x00 || HASH160)) =2 ^224]), where base58 is a binary-to-text encoding scheme5.
Currently (October 2013) there are over 11.5 million bitcoins in circulation with an estimated value of over 2 billion
USD. Since it is hard to tell if address reuse is due to the same user reusing their key in Bitcoin (see e.g. [9, 8] regarding
privacy and anonymity in Bitcoin), there is no simple way to check if these duplicate public keys belong to the same or
different owners.
2. Secure Shell (SSH)
Secure Shell (SSH) is a cryptographic network protocol for secure data Communication, remote
command line-login, remote command execution, and other secure network services between two networked computers.
An August 2013 SSH scan collected 1,353,151 valid elliptic curve public keys, of which 854,949 (63%) are unique.
There were 1,246,560 valid elliptic curve public keys in the October 2013 scan data, of which 848,218 (68%) are unique.
We clustered the data by public key. Many of the most commonly repeated keys are from cloud hosting providers. For
these types of hosts, repeated host keys could be due either to shared SSH infrastructure that is accessible via
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multiple IP addresses, in which case the repeated keys would not be a vulnerability, or they could be due to
mistakes during virtual machine deployment that initialize multiple VMs for different customers from a snapshot that
already contains an SSH host key pair. We were also able to identify several types of network devices that appeared
to be responsible for repeated host keys, either due to default keys present in the hardware or poor entropy on boot. We
were able to attribute the repeated keys to these implementations because these devices served login pages over HTTP or
HTTPS which identified the manufacturer and brand. We were unable to easily give an explanation for most of
the repeated keys, as (unlike in the results reported in [16]) many of the clusters of repeated keys appeared to have
almost nothing in common: different SSH versions and operating systems, different ports open, different results using
nmap host identification, different content served over HTTP and HTTPS, and IP blocks belonging to many
different hosting providers or home/small commercial Internet providers. We can speculate that some of these may be
VM images, but in many cases we have no explanation whatsoever. We can rule out Debian weak keys as an
explanation for these hosts, because the Debian bug was reported and fixed in 2008, while OpenSSH (which is
almost universally given in the client version strings for the elliptic curve results) introduced support for elliptic
curve cryptography in 2011. We checked for repeated signature nonces and did not find any. We also checked for
overlap with the set of TLS keys we collected and did not find any.
3. Transport Layer Security (TLS)
Transport Layer Security (TLS) and its predecessor, Secure Sockets Layer (SSL), are cryptographic protocols
which are designed to provide communication security over the Internet .From a total of over 5.4 million public
keys from ECDH and ECDHE key exchanges, only 5.2 million of these were unique. As observed in [17], OpenSSL's
default behavior is to use ephemeral-static ECDH which might explain some of the observed duplicate keys. We found
120,900 distinct keys that were presented by more than one IP address, with the most common duplicated key presented
by over 2,000 hosts. Many of these duplicated keys appear to be served from a single or small set of subnets, and appear
to serve similarly configured web pages for various URLs, suggesting that these are part of a single shared hosting.
Sometimes one instance of a default key being used on a device sold to different consumers. Several researches
discovered that several hosts duplicated the 32-byte random nonce used in the server hello message. We found 20 distinct
nonces that were used more than once; 19 of which were re-used by more than one IP address. The most
repeated server random was repeated 1 541 times and was simply an ASCII string of 32 f” characters. These devices all
appear to be a UPS power monitor. However, we were unable to successfully establish any TLS sessions with these
devices, either using a browser or OpenSSL. For servers that happen to always duplicate a server random, it is clear
there is an implementation problem to be fixed. However, for servers that only occasionally produce the same server
random, it is indeed more troubling. More investigation is required to find the root cause of these collisions and
determine if the problem extends to cryptographic keys.
4. Austrian e-ID
Of the 477,985 elliptic curve public keys that we extracted from the Austrian Citizen Card certificate
database, 24 126 keys appear multiple times. However, in all but 5961 of these cases, the certificate subjects were equal.
Of the non equal subjects, all but 70 had identical CN" fields. All of these remaining certificates with identical public
keys issued to nonequal names appeared to be due to either minor character encoding or punctuation differences or name
changes. Hence, there appears to be no abnormalities with the ECDSA keys in this dataset.
IV.CONCLUSION
Elliptic Curve Cryptography offers the highest strength-per-key-bit of any known public-key system of first
generation techniques like RSA, Diffie-Hellman. ECC offers the same level of security with smaller key sizes,
computational power is high. There are several major organizations that develop standards like International Standards
Organization (ISO), American National Standards Institute (ANSI), Institute of Electrical and Electronics
Engineers (IEEE), Federal Information Processing Standards (FIPS). We explore the deployment of elliptic curve
cryptography (ECC) in practice by investigating its usage in Bitcoin, SSH, TLS, and the Austrian citizen card.
More than a decade after the first ECC standardization we find that this instantiation of public key cryptography is
gaining in popularity.
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