Estimates for cost and schedule in software projects are based on a prediction of the size of the system. Software size estimation is the most important role in software cost estimation. Use Case Point method can provide software size estimation at the early stage of the development process. Software size estimation is based on the high level speciation of Use Case. This paper describes a simple approach to software size estimation base on use case models the "Use Case Points Method. This model is imported into an estimating tool. To get software size with Use Case Point, the needed factors are the number of use cases and their complexity, the number of actors and their complexity, technical complexity factors TCF , and environmental complexity factors ECF . The system computes unadjusted use case points UUCP , adjusted use case points UPC , and the total effort in staff hours. Aye Aye Seint "A Study of Software Size Estimation with use Case Points" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26531.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/other/26531/a-study-of-software-size-estimation-with-use-case-points/aye-aye-seint
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) aims to cover the latest outstanding developments in the field of all Engineering Technologies & science.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
Multiagent Based Methodologies have become an
important subject of research in advance Software Engineering.
Several methodologies have been proposed as, a theoretical
approach, to facilitate and support the development of complex
distributed systems. An important question when facing the
construction of Agent Applications is deciding which
methodology to follow. Trying to answer this question, a
framework with several criteria is applied in this paper for the
comparative analysis of existing multiagent system
methodologies. The results of the comparative over two of them,
conclude that those methodologies have not reached a sufficient
maturity level to be used by the software industry. The
framework has also proved its utility for the evaluation of any
kind of Multiagent Based Software Engineering Methodology
An Empirical Study of the Improved SPLD Framework using Expert Opinion TechniqueIJEACS
Due to the growing need for high-performance and low-cost software applications and the increasing competitiveness, the industry is under pressure to deliver products with low development cost, reduced delivery time and improved quality. To address these demands, researchers have proposed several development methodologies and frameworks. One of the latest methodologies is software product line (SPL) which utilizes the concepts like reusability and variability to deliver successful products with shorter time-to-market, least development and minimum maintenance cost with a high-quality product. This research paper is a validation of our proposed framework, Improved Software Product Line (ISPL), using Expert Opinion Technique. An extensive survey based on a set of questionnaires on various aspects and sub-processes of the ISPLD Framework was carried. Analysis of the empirical data concludes that ISPL shows significant improvements on several aspects of the contemporary SPL frameworks.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) aims to cover the latest outstanding developments in the field of all Engineering Technologies & science.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
Multiagent Based Methodologies have become an
important subject of research in advance Software Engineering.
Several methodologies have been proposed as, a theoretical
approach, to facilitate and support the development of complex
distributed systems. An important question when facing the
construction of Agent Applications is deciding which
methodology to follow. Trying to answer this question, a
framework with several criteria is applied in this paper for the
comparative analysis of existing multiagent system
methodologies. The results of the comparative over two of them,
conclude that those methodologies have not reached a sufficient
maturity level to be used by the software industry. The
framework has also proved its utility for the evaluation of any
kind of Multiagent Based Software Engineering Methodology
An Empirical Study of the Improved SPLD Framework using Expert Opinion TechniqueIJEACS
Due to the growing need for high-performance and low-cost software applications and the increasing competitiveness, the industry is under pressure to deliver products with low development cost, reduced delivery time and improved quality. To address these demands, researchers have proposed several development methodologies and frameworks. One of the latest methodologies is software product line (SPL) which utilizes the concepts like reusability and variability to deliver successful products with shorter time-to-market, least development and minimum maintenance cost with a high-quality product. This research paper is a validation of our proposed framework, Improved Software Product Line (ISPL), using Expert Opinion Technique. An extensive survey based on a set of questionnaires on various aspects and sub-processes of the ISPLD Framework was carried. Analysis of the empirical data concludes that ISPL shows significant improvements on several aspects of the contemporary SPL frameworks.
An interactive approach to requirements prioritization using quality factorsijfcstjournal
As the prevalence of software increases, so does the complexity and the number of requirements assoc
iated
to the software project. This presents a dilemma for the developers to clearly identify and prioriti
ze the
most important requirements in order to del
iver the project in given amount of resources and time.
A
number of prioritization methods have been proposed which provide consistent results, but they are v
ery
difficult and complex to implement in practical scenarios as well as lack proper structure to
analyze the
requirements properly. In this study, the users can provide their requirements in two forms: text ba
sed
story form and use case form.
Moreover, the existing prioritization techniques have a very little or no
interaction with the users. So, in t
his paper an attempt has been made to make the prioritization process
user interactive by adding a second level of prioritization where after the developer has properly a
nalyzed
and ranked the requirements on the basis of quality attributes in the first le
vel, takes the opinion of distinct
user’s about the requirements priority sequence. The developer then calculates the disagreement valu
e
associated with each user sequence in order to find out the final priority sequence.
A refined metric suite for a multi agent systemeSAT Journals
Abstract
Metrics are the basic factor for the evaluation process of an agent software .The evaluation process are complex and the available metrics for measuring the agent characteristic are in sufficient. This is due to the factor that the agents are unpredictable in a multi-agent system (MAS).In this paper we have done a detailed study about the agent-oriented methodologies and agent-oriented metrics in a suitable environment.
Keywords: agent metrics; MAS; AOSE;
An Analysis on Query Optimization in Distributed DatabaseEditor IJMTER
The query optimizer is a significant element in today’s relational database
management system. This element is responsible for translating a user-submitted query
commonly written in a non-procedural language-into an efficient query evaluation program that
can be executed against the database. This research paper describes architecture steps of query
process and optimization time and memory usage. Key goal of this paper is to understand the
basic query optimization process and its architecture.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Delivering IT as A Utility- A Systematic Reviewijfcstjournal
Utility Computing has facilitated the creation of new markets that has made it possible to realize the longheld
dream of delivering IT as a Utility. Even though utility computing is in its nascent stage today, the
proponents of utility computing envisage that it will become a commodity business in the upcoming time
and utility service providers will meet all the IT requests of the companies. This paper takes a crosssectional
view at the emergence of utility computing along with different requirements needed to realize
utility model. It also surveys the current trends in utility computing highlighting diverse architecture
models aligned towards delivering IT as a utility. Different resource management systems for proficient
allocation of resources have been listed together with various resource scheduling and pricing strategies
used by them. Further, a review of generic key perspectives closely related to the concept of delivering IT
as a Utility has been taken citing the contenders for the future enhancements in this technology in the form
of Grid and Cloud Computing.
Conceptualization of a Domain Specific Simulator for Requirements Prioritizationresearchinventy
This paper conceptualizes a domain specific simulator for requirements prioritization; its aims at helping to identify appropriate prioritization strategies for a project in hand. The possible existing scenarios are difficult to analyze; they involve different variables, like the selection of: stakeholders (their availability, expertise, and importance); prioritization criteria; and prioritization methods. To demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed simulator elements, a well established general purpose simulator, called Arena, was used. The results demonstrate that, it is possible to build the suggested scenarios in order to study and make inferences about the prioritization strategies.
Presenting an Excusable Model of Enterprise Architecture for Evaluation of R...Editor IJCATR
Upon increasing application of unified modeling language diagrams for description of enterprise architecture and
importance of evaluating the non-functional requirements in the enterprise architecture, establishing an executable model of these
diagrams is necessary. On the other side, unified modeling language diagrams have not the capability of evaluating the non-functional
requirements of system directly. The simplicity and characteristics of these diagrams must be reserved and the capability of evaluating
these requirements to be incorporated thereto. To achieve this goal, an executable model of these diagrams to be Created.
In this paper, it is assumed that architecture of a system has been described by two use case and collaboration diagrams of unified
modeling language. The role of these diagrams in evaluation of reliability and annotations related thereto has been examined and
extended by a algorithm to an executable model means colored Petri net. In this study, the procedure of establishing an executable
model that can analyze the reliability of artifacts in C4ISR framework. According to the results obtained from simulation of this model
and their analysis, we could identify the problems in planning phase and improve out artifacts in order to avoid the extreme time and
economic costs of implementation.
Smart Sim Selector: A Software for Simulation Software SelectionCSCJournals
In a period of continuous change in global business environment, organizations, large and small, are finding it increasingly difficult to deal with, and adjust to the demands for such change. Simulation is a powerful tool for allowing designers imagine new systems and enabling them to both quantify and observe behavior. Currently the market offers a variety of simulation software packages. Some are less expensive than others. Some are generic and can be used in a wide variety of application areas while others are more specific. Some have powerful features for modeling while others provide only basic features. Modeling approaches and strategies are different for different packages. Companies are seeking advice about the desirable features of software for manufacturing simulation, depending on the purpose of its use. Because of this, the importance of an adequate approach to simulation software selection is apparent. Smart Sim Selector is a software developed for the purpose of providing support for users when selecting simulation software. Smart Sim Selector consists of a database which is linked to an interface developed using Visual Basic 6.0. The system queries a database and finds a simulation package suitable to the user, based on requirements which have been specified. This paper provides an insight into the development of Smart Sim Selector, in addition to the reasoning behind the system.
SRS for smart health care system,srs for health system,health management doc...AnilkumarSingh129
SRS(it stands for software requirement specification)which is usualy used in the software engineering field for present the view of software for the client.Basically it will devloped by the programer in the it field.In IT field SRS is very importent part of the software.
Cognitive Approach Towards the Maintenance of Web-Sites Through Quality Evalu...Waqas Tariq
It is a well established fact that the Web-Applications require frequent maintenance because of cutting– edge business competitions. The authors have worked on quality evaluation of web-site of Indian ecommerce domain. As a result of that work they have made a quality-wise ranking of these sites. According to their work and also the survey done by various other groups Futurebazaar web-site is considered to be one of the best Indian e-shopping sites. In this research paper the authors are assessing the maintenance of the same site by incorporating the problems incurred during this evaluation. This exercise gives a real world maintainability problem of web-sites. This work will give a clear picture of all the quality metrics which are directly or indirectly related with the maintainability of the web-site.
An Elite Model for COTS Component Selection ProcessIJEACS
Component-based software development (CBD) promises development of high-quality trustworthy software systems within specified budget and deadline. The selection of the most appropriate component based on specific requirement plays a vital role for high-quality software product. Multi-Agent software (MAS) engineering approach played a crucial role for selection of the most appropriate component based on a specific requirement in a distributed environment. In this paper, multi agent technique is used for component selection. A semi-automated solution to COTS component selection is proposed. It is evident from the result that (MAS) plays an essential role and is suitable for component selection in a distributed environment keeping in view of the system design and testing strategies.
Formal method techniques provides a suitable platform for the software development in software systems.
Formal methods and formal verification is necessary to prove the correctness and improve performance of
software systems in various levels of design and implementation, too. Security Discussion is an important
issue in computer systems. Since the antivirus applications have very important role in computer systems
security, verifying these applications is very essential and necessary. In this paper, we present four new
approaches for antivirus system behavior and a behavioral model of protection services in the antivirus
system is proposed. We divided the behavioral model in to preventive behavior and control behavior and
then we formal these behaviors. Finally by using some definitions we explain the way these behaviors are
mapped on each other by using our new approaches.
Use Case Modeling in Software Development: A Survey and TaxonomyEswar Publications
Identifying use cases is one of the most important steps in the software requirement analysis. This paper makes a literature review over use cases and then presents six taxonomies for them. The first taxonomy is based on the level of functionality of a system in a domain. The second taxonomy is based on primacy of functionality and the third one relies on essentialness of functionality of the system. The fourth taxonomy is concerned with supporting of functionality. The fifth taxonomy is based on the boundary of functionality and the sixth one is related to generalization/specialization relation. Then the use cases are evaluated in a case study in a control command police system. Several guidelines are recommended for developing use cases and their refinement, based on some
practical experience obtained from the evaluation.
Review on Algorithmic and Non Algorithmic Software Cost Estimation Techniquesijtsrd
Effective software cost estimation is the most challenging and important activities in software development. Developers want a simple and accurate method of efforts estimation. Estimation of the cost before starting of work is a prediction and prediction always not accurate. Software effort estimation is a very critical task in the software engineering and to control quality and efficiency a suitable estimation technique is crucial. This paper gives a review of various available software effort estimation methods, mainly focus on the algorithmic model and non algorithmic model. These existing methods for software cost estimation are illustrated and their aspect will be discussed. No single technique is best for all situations, and thus a careful comparison of the results of several approaches is most likely to produce realistic estimation. This paper provides a detailed overview of existing software cost estimation models and techniques. This paper presents the strength and weakness of various cost estimation methods. This paper focuses on some of the relevant reasons that cause inaccurate estimation. Pa Pa Win | War War Myint | Hlaing Phyu Phyu Mon | Seint Wint Thu "Review on Algorithmic and Non-Algorithmic Software Cost Estimation Techniques" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26511.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/-/26511/review-on-algorithmic-and-non-algorithmic-software-cost-estimation-techniques/pa-pa-win
An interactive approach to requirements prioritization using quality factorsijfcstjournal
As the prevalence of software increases, so does the complexity and the number of requirements assoc
iated
to the software project. This presents a dilemma for the developers to clearly identify and prioriti
ze the
most important requirements in order to del
iver the project in given amount of resources and time.
A
number of prioritization methods have been proposed which provide consistent results, but they are v
ery
difficult and complex to implement in practical scenarios as well as lack proper structure to
analyze the
requirements properly. In this study, the users can provide their requirements in two forms: text ba
sed
story form and use case form.
Moreover, the existing prioritization techniques have a very little or no
interaction with the users. So, in t
his paper an attempt has been made to make the prioritization process
user interactive by adding a second level of prioritization where after the developer has properly a
nalyzed
and ranked the requirements on the basis of quality attributes in the first le
vel, takes the opinion of distinct
user’s about the requirements priority sequence. The developer then calculates the disagreement valu
e
associated with each user sequence in order to find out the final priority sequence.
A refined metric suite for a multi agent systemeSAT Journals
Abstract
Metrics are the basic factor for the evaluation process of an agent software .The evaluation process are complex and the available metrics for measuring the agent characteristic are in sufficient. This is due to the factor that the agents are unpredictable in a multi-agent system (MAS).In this paper we have done a detailed study about the agent-oriented methodologies and agent-oriented metrics in a suitable environment.
Keywords: agent metrics; MAS; AOSE;
An Analysis on Query Optimization in Distributed DatabaseEditor IJMTER
The query optimizer is a significant element in today’s relational database
management system. This element is responsible for translating a user-submitted query
commonly written in a non-procedural language-into an efficient query evaluation program that
can be executed against the database. This research paper describes architecture steps of query
process and optimization time and memory usage. Key goal of this paper is to understand the
basic query optimization process and its architecture.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Delivering IT as A Utility- A Systematic Reviewijfcstjournal
Utility Computing has facilitated the creation of new markets that has made it possible to realize the longheld
dream of delivering IT as a Utility. Even though utility computing is in its nascent stage today, the
proponents of utility computing envisage that it will become a commodity business in the upcoming time
and utility service providers will meet all the IT requests of the companies. This paper takes a crosssectional
view at the emergence of utility computing along with different requirements needed to realize
utility model. It also surveys the current trends in utility computing highlighting diverse architecture
models aligned towards delivering IT as a utility. Different resource management systems for proficient
allocation of resources have been listed together with various resource scheduling and pricing strategies
used by them. Further, a review of generic key perspectives closely related to the concept of delivering IT
as a Utility has been taken citing the contenders for the future enhancements in this technology in the form
of Grid and Cloud Computing.
Conceptualization of a Domain Specific Simulator for Requirements Prioritizationresearchinventy
This paper conceptualizes a domain specific simulator for requirements prioritization; its aims at helping to identify appropriate prioritization strategies for a project in hand. The possible existing scenarios are difficult to analyze; they involve different variables, like the selection of: stakeholders (their availability, expertise, and importance); prioritization criteria; and prioritization methods. To demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed simulator elements, a well established general purpose simulator, called Arena, was used. The results demonstrate that, it is possible to build the suggested scenarios in order to study and make inferences about the prioritization strategies.
Presenting an Excusable Model of Enterprise Architecture for Evaluation of R...Editor IJCATR
Upon increasing application of unified modeling language diagrams for description of enterprise architecture and
importance of evaluating the non-functional requirements in the enterprise architecture, establishing an executable model of these
diagrams is necessary. On the other side, unified modeling language diagrams have not the capability of evaluating the non-functional
requirements of system directly. The simplicity and characteristics of these diagrams must be reserved and the capability of evaluating
these requirements to be incorporated thereto. To achieve this goal, an executable model of these diagrams to be Created.
In this paper, it is assumed that architecture of a system has been described by two use case and collaboration diagrams of unified
modeling language. The role of these diagrams in evaluation of reliability and annotations related thereto has been examined and
extended by a algorithm to an executable model means colored Petri net. In this study, the procedure of establishing an executable
model that can analyze the reliability of artifacts in C4ISR framework. According to the results obtained from simulation of this model
and their analysis, we could identify the problems in planning phase and improve out artifacts in order to avoid the extreme time and
economic costs of implementation.
Smart Sim Selector: A Software for Simulation Software SelectionCSCJournals
In a period of continuous change in global business environment, organizations, large and small, are finding it increasingly difficult to deal with, and adjust to the demands for such change. Simulation is a powerful tool for allowing designers imagine new systems and enabling them to both quantify and observe behavior. Currently the market offers a variety of simulation software packages. Some are less expensive than others. Some are generic and can be used in a wide variety of application areas while others are more specific. Some have powerful features for modeling while others provide only basic features. Modeling approaches and strategies are different for different packages. Companies are seeking advice about the desirable features of software for manufacturing simulation, depending on the purpose of its use. Because of this, the importance of an adequate approach to simulation software selection is apparent. Smart Sim Selector is a software developed for the purpose of providing support for users when selecting simulation software. Smart Sim Selector consists of a database which is linked to an interface developed using Visual Basic 6.0. The system queries a database and finds a simulation package suitable to the user, based on requirements which have been specified. This paper provides an insight into the development of Smart Sim Selector, in addition to the reasoning behind the system.
SRS for smart health care system,srs for health system,health management doc...AnilkumarSingh129
SRS(it stands for software requirement specification)which is usualy used in the software engineering field for present the view of software for the client.Basically it will devloped by the programer in the it field.In IT field SRS is very importent part of the software.
Cognitive Approach Towards the Maintenance of Web-Sites Through Quality Evalu...Waqas Tariq
It is a well established fact that the Web-Applications require frequent maintenance because of cutting– edge business competitions. The authors have worked on quality evaluation of web-site of Indian ecommerce domain. As a result of that work they have made a quality-wise ranking of these sites. According to their work and also the survey done by various other groups Futurebazaar web-site is considered to be one of the best Indian e-shopping sites. In this research paper the authors are assessing the maintenance of the same site by incorporating the problems incurred during this evaluation. This exercise gives a real world maintainability problem of web-sites. This work will give a clear picture of all the quality metrics which are directly or indirectly related with the maintainability of the web-site.
An Elite Model for COTS Component Selection ProcessIJEACS
Component-based software development (CBD) promises development of high-quality trustworthy software systems within specified budget and deadline. The selection of the most appropriate component based on specific requirement plays a vital role for high-quality software product. Multi-Agent software (MAS) engineering approach played a crucial role for selection of the most appropriate component based on a specific requirement in a distributed environment. In this paper, multi agent technique is used for component selection. A semi-automated solution to COTS component selection is proposed. It is evident from the result that (MAS) plays an essential role and is suitable for component selection in a distributed environment keeping in view of the system design and testing strategies.
Formal method techniques provides a suitable platform for the software development in software systems.
Formal methods and formal verification is necessary to prove the correctness and improve performance of
software systems in various levels of design and implementation, too. Security Discussion is an important
issue in computer systems. Since the antivirus applications have very important role in computer systems
security, verifying these applications is very essential and necessary. In this paper, we present four new
approaches for antivirus system behavior and a behavioral model of protection services in the antivirus
system is proposed. We divided the behavioral model in to preventive behavior and control behavior and
then we formal these behaviors. Finally by using some definitions we explain the way these behaviors are
mapped on each other by using our new approaches.
Use Case Modeling in Software Development: A Survey and TaxonomyEswar Publications
Identifying use cases is one of the most important steps in the software requirement analysis. This paper makes a literature review over use cases and then presents six taxonomies for them. The first taxonomy is based on the level of functionality of a system in a domain. The second taxonomy is based on primacy of functionality and the third one relies on essentialness of functionality of the system. The fourth taxonomy is concerned with supporting of functionality. The fifth taxonomy is based on the boundary of functionality and the sixth one is related to generalization/specialization relation. Then the use cases are evaluated in a case study in a control command police system. Several guidelines are recommended for developing use cases and their refinement, based on some
practical experience obtained from the evaluation.
Review on Algorithmic and Non Algorithmic Software Cost Estimation Techniquesijtsrd
Effective software cost estimation is the most challenging and important activities in software development. Developers want a simple and accurate method of efforts estimation. Estimation of the cost before starting of work is a prediction and prediction always not accurate. Software effort estimation is a very critical task in the software engineering and to control quality and efficiency a suitable estimation technique is crucial. This paper gives a review of various available software effort estimation methods, mainly focus on the algorithmic model and non algorithmic model. These existing methods for software cost estimation are illustrated and their aspect will be discussed. No single technique is best for all situations, and thus a careful comparison of the results of several approaches is most likely to produce realistic estimation. This paper provides a detailed overview of existing software cost estimation models and techniques. This paper presents the strength and weakness of various cost estimation methods. This paper focuses on some of the relevant reasons that cause inaccurate estimation. Pa Pa Win | War War Myint | Hlaing Phyu Phyu Mon | Seint Wint Thu "Review on Algorithmic and Non-Algorithmic Software Cost Estimation Techniques" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26511.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/-/26511/review-on-algorithmic-and-non-algorithmic-software-cost-estimation-techniques/pa-pa-win
AN ITERATIVE HYBRID AGILE METHODOLOGY FOR DEVELOPING ARCHIVING SYSTEMSijseajournal
With the massive growth of the organizations files, the needs for archiving system become a must. A lot of time is consumed in collecting requirements from the organization to build an archiving system. Sometimes the system does not meet the organization needs. This paper proposes a domain-based requirement engineering system that efficiently and effectively develops different archiving systems based on new
suggested technique that merges the two best used agile methodologies: extreme programming (XP) and SCRUM. The technique is tested on a real case study. The results shows that the time and effort consumed during analyzing and designing the archiving systems decreased significantly. The proposed methodology also reduces the system errors that may happen at the early stages of the development of the system.
AN ITERATIVE HYBRID AGILE METHODOLOGY FOR DEVELOPING ARCHIVING SYSTEMSijseajournal
With the massive growth of the organizations files, the needs for archiving system become a must. A lot of
time is consumed in collecting requirements from the organization to build an archiving system. Sometimes
the system does not meet the organization needs. This paper proposes a domain-based requirement
engineering system that efficiently and effectively develops different archiving systems based on new
suggested technique that merges the two best used agile methodologies: extreme programming (XP) and
SCRUM. The technique is tested on a real case study. The results shows that the time and effort consumed
during analyzing and designing the archiving systems decreased significantly. The proposed methodology
also reduces the system errors that may happen at the early stages of the development of the system.
Reusability is an only one best direction to increase developing productivity and maintainability of application. One must first search for good tested software component and reusable. Developed Application software by one programmer can be shown useful for others also component. This is proving that code specifics to application requirements can be also reused in develop projects related with same requirements. The main aim of this paper proposed a way for reusable module. An process that takes source code as a input that will helped to take the decision approximately which particular software, reusable artefacts should be reused or not.
Size and Time Estimation in Goal Graph Using Use Case Points (UCP): A SurveyIJERA Editor
In order to achieve ideal status and meet demands of stakeholders, each organization should follow their vision and long term plan. Goals and strategies are two fundamental basis in vision and mission. Goals identify framework of organization where processes, rules and resources are designed. Goals are modelled based on a graph structure by means of extraction, classification and determining requirements and their relations and in form of graph. Goal graph shows goals which should be satisfied in order to guarantee right route of organization. On the other hand, these goals can be called as predefined sub projects which business management unit should consider and analyse them. If we know approximate size and time of each part, we will design better management plans resulting in more prosperity and less fail. This paper studies how use case points method is used in calculating size and time in goal graph.
AN OVERVIEW OF EXISTING FRAMEWORKS FOR INTEGRATING FRAGMENTED INFORMATION SYS...ijistjournal
Literatures show that there are several structured integration frameworks which emerged with the aim of facilitating application integration. But weakness and strength of these frameworks are not known. This paper aimed at reviewing these frameworks with the focus on identifying their weakness and strength. To accomplish this, recommended comparison factors were identified and used to compare these frameworks. Findings shows that most of these structure frameworks are custom based on their motives. They focus on integrating applications from different sectors within an organization for the purpose of eliminating communication inefficiencies. There is no framework which guides application’s integrators on goals of integrations, outcomes of integration, outputs of integration and skills which will be required for types of applications expected to be integrated. The study recommended further study on integration framework especial on designing unstructured framework which will support and guide application’s integrators with consideration on consumer’s surrounding environment.
Insights on Research Techniques towards Cost Estimation in Software Design IJECEIAES
Software cost estimation is of the most challenging task in project management in order to ensuring smoother development operation and target achievement. There has been evolution of various standards tools and techniques for cost estimation practiced in the industry at present times. However, it was never investigated about the overall picturization of effectiveness of such techniques till date. This paper initiates its contribution by presenting taxonomies of conventional cost-estimation techniques and then investigates the research trends towards frequently addressed problems in it. The paper also reviews the existing techniques in well-structured manner in order to highlight the problems addressed, techniques used, advantages associated and limitation explored from literatures. Finally, we also brief the explored open research issues as an added contribution to this manuscript.
AN OVERVIEW OF EXISTING FRAMEWORKS FOR INTEGRATING FRAGMENTED INFORMATION SYS...ijistjournal
Literatures show that there are several structured integration frameworks which emerged with the aim of facilitating pplication integration. But weakness and strength of these frameworks are not known. This
paper aimed at reviewing these frameworks with the focus on identifying their weakness and strength. Toaccomplish this, recommended comparison factors were identified and used to compare these frameworks.Findings shows that most of these structure frameworks are custom based on their motives. They focus onintegrating applications from different sectors within an organization for the purpose of eliminating communication inefficiencies. There is no framework which guides pplication’s integrators on goals of integrations, outcomes of integration, outputs of integration and skills which will be required for
types of applications expected to be integrated. The study recommended further study on integration
framework especial on designing unstructured framework which will support and guide application’s
integrators with consideration on consumer’s surrounding environment.
There are many ways to ruin a performance testing project, there is just a handful of ways to do it right. This publication analyses the most widespread performance testing blunders. It is impossible in one article to expose all the varieties of testing wrongdoings; as such, this publication is definitely an open-ended.
‘Six Sigma Technique’ A Journey Through its Implementationijtsrd
The manufacturing industries all over the world are facing tough challenges for growth, development and sustainability in today’s competitive environment. They have to achieve apex position by adapting with the global competitive environment by delivering goods and services at low cost, prime quality and better price to increase wealth and consumer satisfaction. Cost Management ensures profit, growth and sustainability of the business with implementation of Continuous Improvement Technique like Six Sigma. This leads to optimize Business performance. The method drives for customer satisfaction, low variation, reduction in waste and cycle time resulting into a competitive advantage over other industries which did not implement it. The main objective of this paper ‘Six Sigma Technique A Journey Through Its Implementation’ is to conceptualize the effectiveness of Six Sigma Technique through the journey of its implementation. Aditi Sunilkumar Ghosalkar "‘Six Sigma Technique’: A Journey Through its Implementation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64546.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64546/‘six-sigma-technique’-a-journey-through-its-implementation/aditi-sunilkumar-ghosalkar
Edge Computing in Space Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space...ijtsrd
Edge computing, a paradigm that involves processing data closer to its source, has gained significant attention for its potential to revolutionize data processing and communication in space missions. With the increasing complexity and data volume generated by modern space missions, traditional centralized computing approaches face challenges related to latency, bandwidth, and security. Edge computing in space, involving on board processing and analysis of data, offers promising solutions to these challenges. This paper explores the concept of edge computing in space, its benefits, applications, and future prospects in enhancing space missions. Manish Verma "Edge Computing in Space: Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space Missions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64541.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/64541/edge-computing-in-space-enhancing-data-processing-and-communication-for-space-missions/manish-verma
Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India Challenges and Prospectsijtsrd
Communal politics in India has evolved through centuries, weaving a complex tapestry shaped by historical legacies, colonial influences, and contemporary socio political transformations. This research comprehensively examines the dynamics of communal politics in 21st century India, emphasizing its historical roots, socio political dynamics, economic implications, challenges, and prospects for mitigation. The historical perspective unravels the intricate interplay of religious identities and power dynamics from ancient civilizations to the impact of colonial rule, providing insights into the evolution of communalism. The socio political dynamics section delves into the contemporary manifestations, exploring the roles of identity politics, socio economic disparities, and globalization. The economic implications section highlights how communal politics intersects with economic issues, perpetuating disparities and influencing resource allocation. Challenges posed by communal politics are scrutinized, revealing multifaceted issues ranging from social fragmentation to threats against democratic values. The prospects for mitigation present a multifaceted approach, incorporating policy interventions, community engagement, and educational initiatives. The paper conducts a comparative analysis with international examples, identifying common patterns such as identity politics and economic disparities. It also examines unique challenges, emphasizing Indias diverse religious landscape, historical legacy, and secular framework. Lessons for effective strategies are drawn from international experiences, offering insights into inclusive policies, interfaith dialogue, media regulation, and global cooperation. By scrutinizing historical epochs, contemporary dynamics, economic implications, and international comparisons, this research provides a comprehensive understanding of communal politics in India. The proposed strategies for mitigation underscore the importance of a holistic approach to foster social harmony, inclusivity, and democratic values. Rose Hossain "Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India: Challenges and Prospects" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64528.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/history/64528/dynamics-of-communal-politics-in-21st-century-india-challenges-and-prospects/rose-hossain
Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in...ijtsrd
Background and Objective Telehealth has become a well known tool for the delivery of health care in Saudi Arabia, and the perspective and knowledge of healthcare providers are influential in the implementation, adoption and advancement of the method. This systematic review was conducted to examine the current literature base regarding telehealth and the related healthcare professional perspective and knowledge in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods This systematic review was conducted by searching 7 databases including, MEDLINE, CINHAL, Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, PsycINFO, and ProQuest Central. Studies on healthcare practitioners telehealth knowledge and perspectives published in English in Saudi Arabia from 2000 to 2023 were included. Boland directed this comprehensive review. The researchers examined each connected study using the AXIS tool, which evaluates cross sectional systematic reviews. Narrative synthesis was used to summarise and convey the data. Results Out of 1840 search results, 10 studies were included. Positive outlook and limited knowledge among providers were seen across trials. Healthcare professionals like telehealth for its ability to improve quality, access, and delivery, save time and money, and be successful. Age, gender, occupation, and work experience also affect health workers knowledge. In Saudi Arabia, healthcare professionals face inadequate expert assistance, patient privacy, internet connection concerns, lack of training courses, lack of telehealth understanding, and high costs while performing telemedicine. Conclusions Healthcare practitioners telehealth perceptions and knowledge were examined in this systematic study. Its collection of concerned experts different personal attitudes and expertise would help enhance telehealths implementation in Saudi Arabia, develop its healthcare delivery alternative, and eliminate frequent problems. Badriah Mousa I Mulayhi | Dr. Jomin George | Judy Jenkins "Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in Saudi Arabia: A Systematic Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64535.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/64535/assess-perspective-and-knowledge-of-healthcare-providers-towards-elehealth-in-saudi-arabia-a-systematic-review/badriah-mousa-i-mulayhi
The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion ...ijtsrd
The impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has gained considerable attention in recent years. The adoption of digital technologies and the internet has resulted in declining influence and power for traditional gatekeepers such as publishing houses and news organizations. Simultaneously, digital media has facilitated the emergence of new voices and players in the media industry. Digital medias impact on power decentralization and gatekeeper erosion is visible in several ways. One significant aspect is the democratization of information, which enables anyone with an internet connection to publish and share content globally, leading to citizen journalism and bypassing traditional gatekeepers. Another aspect is the disruption of conventional media industry business models, as traditional organizations struggle to adjust to the decrease in advertising revenue and the rise of digital platforms. Alternative business models, such as subscription models and crowdfunding, have become more prevalent, leading to the emergence of new players. Overall, the impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has brought about significant changes in the media landscape and the way information is shared. Further research is required to fully comprehend the implications of these changes and their impact on society. Dr. Kusum Lata "The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion of Traditional Gatekeepers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64544.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64544/the-impact-of-digital-media-on-the-decentralization-of-power-and-the-erosion-of-traditional-gatekeepers/dr-kusum-lata
Online Voices, Offline Impact Ambedkars Ideals and Socio Political Inclusion ...ijtsrd
This research investigates the nexus between online discussions on Dr. B.R. Ambedkars ideals and their impact on social inclusion among college students in Gurugram, Haryana. Surveying 240 students from 12 government colleges, findings indicate that 65 actively engage in online discussions, with 80 demonstrating moderate to high awareness of Ambedkars ideals. Statistically significant correlations reveal that higher online engagement correlates with increased awareness p 0.05 and perceived social inclusion. Variations across colleges and a notable effect of college type on perceived social inclusion highlight the influence of contextual factors. Furthermore, the intersectional analysis underscores nuanced differences based on gender, caste, and socio economic status. Dr. Kusum Lata "Online Voices, Offline Impact: Ambedkar's Ideals and Socio-Political Inclusion - A Study of Gurugram District" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64543.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64543/online-voices-offline-impact-ambedkars-ideals-and-sociopolitical-inclusion--a-study-of-gurugram-district/dr-kusum-lata
Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship A Studyijtsrd
Noting calls for contextualizing Agro entrepreneurs problems and challenges of the agro entrepreneurs and for greater attention to the Role of entrepreneurs in agro entrepreneurship research, we conduct a systematic literature review of extent research in agriculture entrepreneurship to overcome the study objectives of complications of agro entrepreneurs through various factors, Development of agriculture products is a key factor for the overall economic growth of agro entrepreneurs Agro Entrepreneurs produces firsthand large scale employment, utilizes the labor and natural resources, This research outlines the problems of Weather and Soil Erosions, Market price fluctuation, stimulates labor cost problems, reduces concentration of Price volatility, Dependency on Intermediaries, induces Limited Bargaining Power, and Storage and Transportation Costs. This paper mainly devoted to highlight Problems and challenges faced for the sustainable of Agro Entrepreneurs in India. Vinay Prasad B "Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship - A Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64540.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64540/problems-and-challenges-of-agro-entreprenurship--a-study/vinay-prasad-b
Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies o...ijtsrd
Disclosure is a process through which a business enterprise communicates with external parties. A corporate disclosure is communication of financial and non financial information of the activities of a business enterprise to the interested entities. Corporate disclosure is done through publishing annual reports. So corporate disclosure through annual reports plays a vital role in the life of all the companies and provides valuable information to investors. The basic objectives of corporate disclosure is to give a true and fair view of companies to the parties related either directly or indirectly like owner, government, creditors, shareholders etc. in the companies act, provisions have been made about mandatory and voluntary disclosure. The IT sector in India is rapidly growing, the trend to invest in the IT sector is rising and employment opportunities in IT sectors are also increasing. Therefore the IT sector is expected to have fair, full and adequate disclosure of all information. Unfair and incomplete disclosure may adversely affect the entire economy. A research study on disclosure practices of IT companies could play an important role in this regard. Hence, the present research study has been done to study and review comparative analysis of total corporate disclosure of selected IT companies of India and to put forward overall findings and suggestions with a view to increase disclosure score of these companies. The researcher hopes that the present research study will be helpful to all selected Companies for improving level of corporate disclosure through annual reports as well as the government, creditors, investors, all business organizations and upcoming researcher for comparative analyses of level of corporate disclosure with special reference to selected IT companies. Dr. Vaibhavi D. Thaker "Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies of India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64539.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64539/comparative-analysis-of-total-corporate-disclosure-of-selected-it-companies-of-india/dr-vaibhavi-d-thaker
The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Right...ijtsrd
This study investigated the impact of educational background and professional training on human rights awareness among secondary school teachers in the Marathwada region of Maharashtra, India. The key findings reveal that higher levels of education, particularly a master’s degree, and fields of study related to education, humanities, or social sciences are associated with greater human rights awareness among teachers. Additionally, both pre service teacher training and in service professional development programs focused on human rights education significantly enhance teacher’s knowledge, skills, and competencies in promoting human rights principles in their classrooms. Baig Ameer Bee Mirza Abdul Aziz | Dr. Syed Azaz Ali Amjad Ali "The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Rights Awareness among Secondary School Teachers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64529.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64529/the-impact-of-educational-background-and-professional-training-on-human-rights-awareness-among-secondary-school-teachers/baig-ameer-bee-mirza-abdul-aziz
A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at t...ijtsrd
“One Language sets you in a corridor for life. Two languages open every door along the way” Frank Smith English as a foreign language or as a second language has been ruling in India since the period of Lord Macaulay. But the question is how much we teach or learn English properly in our culture. Is there any scope to use English as a language rather than a subject How much we learn or teach English without any interference of mother language specially in the classroom teaching learning scenario in West Bengal By considering all these issues the researcher has attempted in this article to focus on the effective teaching learning process comparing to other traditional strategies in the field of English curriculum at the secondary level to investigate whether they fulfill the present teaching learning requirements or not by examining the validity of the present curriculum of English. The purpose of this study is to focus on the effectiveness of the systematic, scientific, sequential and logical transaction of the course between the teachers and the learners in the perspective of the 5Es programme that is engage, explore, explain, extend and evaluate. Sanchali Mondal | Santinath Sarkar "A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at the Secondary Level of West Bengal" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd62412.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/62412/a-study-on-the-effective-teaching-learning-process-in-english-curriculum-at-the-secondary-level-of-west-bengal/sanchali-mondal
The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching ...ijtsrd
This paper reports on a study which was conducted to investigate the role of mentoring and its influence on the effectiveness of the teaching of Physics in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. The study adopted the convergent parallel mixed methods design, focusing on respondents in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected, analysed separately, and the results were compared to see if the findings confirm or disconfirm each other. The quantitative analysis found that majority of the respondents 72 of Physics teachers affirmed that they had more experienced colleagues as mentors to help build their confidence, improve their teaching, and help them improve their effectiveness and efficiency in guiding learners’ achievements. Only 28 of the respondents disagreed with these statements. With majority respondents 72 agreeing with the statements, it implies that in most secondary schools, experienced Physics teachers act as mentors to build teachers’ confidence in teaching and improving students’ learning. The interview qualitative data analysis summarized how secondary school Principals use meetings with mentors and mentees to promote mentorship in the school milieu. This has helped strengthen teachers’ classroom practices in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. With the results confirming each other, the study recommends that mentoring should focus on helping teachers employ social interactions and instructional practices feedback and clarity in teaching that have direct measurable impact on students’ learning achievements. Andrew Ngeim Sumba | Frederick Ebot Ashu | Peter Agborbechem Tambi "The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching of Physics in Secondary Schools in the South West Region of Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64524.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/management-development/64524/the-role-of-mentoring-and-its-influence-on-the-effectiveness-of-the-teaching-of-physics-in-secondary-schools-in-the-south-west-region-of-cameroon/andrew-ngeim-sumba
Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino Microcontroller Bas...ijtsrd
This study primarily focuses on the design of a high side buck converter using an Arduino microcontroller. The converter is specifically intended for use in DC DC applications, particularly in standalone solar PV systems where the PV output voltage exceeds the load or battery voltage. To evaluate the performance of the converter, simulation experiments are conducted using Proteus Software. These simulations provide insights into the input and output voltages, currents, powers, and efficiency under different state of charge SoC conditions of a 12V,70Ah rechargeable lead acid battery. Additionally, the hardware design of the converter is implemented, and practical data is collected through operation, monitoring, and recording. By comparing the simulation results with the practical results, the efficiency and performance of the designed converter are assessed. The findings indicate that while the buck converter is suitable for practical use in standalone PV systems, its efficiency is compromised due to a lower output current. Chan Myae Aung | Dr. Ei Mon "Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino-Microcontroller Based DC-DC High-Side Buck Converter for Standalone PV System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64518.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/64518/design-simulation-and-hardware-construction-of-an-arduinomicrocontroller-based-dcdc-highside-buck-converter-for-standalone-pv-system/chan-myae-aung
Sustainable Energy by Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadikuijtsrd
Energy becomes sustainable if it meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Some of the definitions of sustainable energy include the considerations of environmental aspects such as greenhouse gas emissions, social, and economic aspects such as energy poverty. Generally far more sustainable than fossil fuel are renewable energy sources such as wind, hydroelectric power, solar, and geothermal energy sources. Worthy of note is that some renewable energy projects, like the clearing of forests to produce biofuels, can cause severe environmental damage. The sustainability of nuclear power which is a low carbon source is highly debated because of concerns about radioactive waste, nuclear proliferation, and accidents. The switching from coal to natural gas has environmental benefits, including a lower climate impact, but could lead to delay in switching to more sustainable options. “Carbon capture and storage” can be built into power plants to remove the carbon dioxide CO2 emissions, but this technology is expensive and has rarely been implemented. Leading non renewable energy sources around the world is fossil fuels, coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Nuclear energy is usually considered another non renewable energy source, although nuclear energy itself is a renewable energy source, but the material used in nuclear power plants is not. The paper addresses the issue of sustainable energy, its attendant benefits to the future generation, and humanity in general. Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadiku "Sustainable Energy" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64534.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/64534/sustainable-energy/paul-a-adekunte
Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations Executive Regulations and Stand...ijtsrd
This paper aims to outline the executive regulations, survey standards, and specifications required for the implementation of the Sudan Survey Act, and for regulating and organizing all surveying work activities in Sudan. The act has been discussed for more than 5 years. The Land Survey Act was initiated by the Sudan Survey Authority and all official legislations were headed by the Sudan Ministry of Justice till it was issued in 2022. The paper presents conceptual guidelines to be used for the Survey Act implementation and to regulate the survey work practice, standardizing the field surveys, processing, quality control, procedures, and the processes related to survey work carried out by the stakeholders and relevant authorities in Sudan. The conceptual guidelines are meant to improve the quality and harmonization of geospatial data and to aid decision making processes as well as geospatial information systems. The established comprehensive executive regulations will govern and regulate the implementation of the Sudan Survey Geomatics Act in all surveying and mapping practices undertaken by the Sudan Survey Authority SSA and state local survey departments for public or private sector organizations. The targeted standards and specifications include the reference frame, projection, coordinate systems, and the guidelines and specifications that must be followed in the field of survey work, processes, and mapping products. In the last few decades, there has been a growing awareness of the importance of geomatics activities and measurements on the Earths surface in space and time, together with observing and mapping the changes. In such cases, data must be captured promptly, standardized, and obtained with more accuracy and specified in much detail. The paper will also highlight the current situation in Sudan, the degree to which survey standards are used, the problems encountered, and the errors that arise from not using the standards and survey specifications. Kamal A. A. Sami "Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations - Executive Regulations and Standards" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63484.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63484/concepts-for-sudan-survey-act-implementations--executive-regulations-and-standards/kamal-a-a-sami
Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model Khartoum Sta...ijtsrd
The discussions between ellipsoid and geoid have invoked many researchers during the recent decades, especially during the GNSS technology era, which had witnessed a great deal of development but still geoid undulation requires more investigations. To figure out a solution for Sudans local geoid, this research has tried to intake the possibility of determining the geoid model by following two approaches, gravimetric and geometrical geoid model determination, by making use of GNSS leveling benchmarks at Khartoum state. The Benchmarks are well distributed in the study area, in which, the horizontal coordinates and the height above the ellipsoid have been observed by GNSS while orthometric heights were carried out using precise leveling. The Global Geopotential Model GGM represented in EGM2008 has been exploited to figure out the geoid undulation at the benchmarks in the study area. This is followed by a fitting process, that has been done to suit the geoid undulation data which has been computed using GNSS leveling data and geoid undulation inspired by the EGM2008. Two geoid surfaces were created after the fitting process to ensure that they are identical and both of them could be counted for getting the same geoid undulation with an acceptable accuracy. In this respect, statistical operation played an important role in ensuring the consistency and integrity of the model by applying cross validation techniques splitting the data into training and testing datasets for building the geoid model and testing its eligibility. The geometrical solution for geoid undulation computation has been utilized by applying straightforward equations that facilitate the calculation of the geoid undulation directly through applying statistical techniques for the GNSS leveling data of the study area to get the common equation parameters values that could be utilized to calculate geoid undulation of any position in the study area within the claimed accuracy. Both systems were checked and proved eligible to be used within the study area with acceptable accuracy which may contribute to solving the geoid undulation problem in the Khartoum area, and be further generalized to determine the geoid model over the entire country, and this could be considered in the future, for regional and continental geoid model. Ahmed M. A. Mohammed. | Kamal A. A. Sami "Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model (Khartoum State Case Study)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63483.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63483/towards-the-implementation-of-the-sudan-interpolated-geoid-model-khartoum-state-case-study/ahmed-m-a-mohammed
Activating Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment Mapijtsrd
Sudan is witnessing an acceleration in the processes of development and transformation in the performance of government institutions to raise the productivity and investment efficiency of the government sector. The development plans and investment opportunities have focused on achieving national goals in various sectors. This paper aims to illuminate the path to the future and provide geospatial data and information to develop the investment climate and environment for all sized businesses, and to bridge the development gap between the Sudan states. The Sudan Survey Authority SSA is the main advisor to the Sudan Government in conducting surveying, mappings, designing, and developing systems related to geospatial data and information. In recent years, SSA made a strategic partnership with the Ministry of Investment to activate Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment and in particular, for the preparation and implementation of the Sudan investment map, based on the directives and objectives of the Ministry of Investment MI in Sudan. This paper comes within the framework of activating the efforts of the Ministry of Investment to develop technical investment services by applying techniques adopted by the Ministry and its strategic partners for advancing investment processes in the country. Kamal A. A. Sami "Activating Geospatial Information for Sudan's Sustainable Investment Map" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63482.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/information-technology/63482/activating-geospatial-information-for-sudans-sustainable-investment-map/kamal-a-a-sami
Educational Unity Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Societyijtsrd
In a rapidly changing global landscape, the importance of education as a unifying force cannot be overstated. This paper explores the crucial role of educational unity in fostering a stronger and more inclusive society through the embrace of diversity. By examining the benefits of diverse learning environments, the paper aims to highlight the positive impact on societal strength. The discussion encompasses various dimensions, from curriculum design to classroom dynamics, and emphasizes the need for educational institutions to become catalysts for unity in diversity. It highlights the need for a paradigm shift in educational policies, curricula, and pedagogical approaches to ensure that they are reflective of the diverse fabric of society. This paper also addresses the challenges associated with implementing inclusive educational practices and offers practical strategies for overcoming barriers. It advocates for collaborative efforts between educational institutions, policymakers, and communities to create a supportive ecosystem that promotes diversity and unity. Mr. Amit Adhikari | Madhumita Teli | Gopal Adhikari "Educational Unity: Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Society" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64525.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64525/educational-unity-embracing-diversity-for-a-stronger-society/mr-amit-adhikari
Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management Prospects and...ijtsrd
The diversity of indigenous knowledge systems in India is vast and can vary significantly between different communities and regions. Preserving and respecting these knowledge systems is crucial for maintaining cultural heritage, promoting sustainable practices, and fostering cross cultural understanding. In this paper, an overview of the prospects and challenges associated with incorporating Indian indigenous knowledge into management is explored. It is found that IIKS helps in management in many areas like sustainable development, tourism, food security, natural resource management, cultural preservation and innovation, etc. However, IIKS integration with management faces some challenges in the form of a lack of documentation, cultural sensitivity, language barriers legal framework, etc. Savita Lathwal "Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management: Prospects and Challenges" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63500.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/63500/integration-of-indian-indigenous-knowledge-system-in-management-prospects-and-challenges/savita-lathwal
DeepMask Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in...ijtsrd
The COVID 19 pandemic has highlighted the crucial need of preventive measures, with widespread use of face masks being a key method for slowing the viruss spread. This research investigates face mask identification using deep learning as a technological solution to be reducing the risk of coronavirus transmission. The proposed method uses state of the art convolutional neural networks CNNs and transfer learning to automatically recognize persons who are not wearing masks in a variety of circumstances. We discuss how this strategy improves public health and safety by providing an efficient manner of enforcing mask wearing standards. The report also discusses the obstacles, ethical concerns, and prospective applications of face mask detection systems in the ongoing fight against the pandemic. Dilip Kumar Sharma | Aaditya Yadav "DeepMask: Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in the COVID-19 Era" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64522.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/64522/deepmask-transforming-face-mask-identification-for-better-pandemic-control-in-the-covid19-era/dilip-kumar-sharma
Streamlining Data Collection eCRF Design and Machine Learningijtsrd
Efficient and accurate data collection is paramount in clinical trials, and the design of Electronic Case Report Forms eCRFs plays a pivotal role in streamlining this process. This paper explores the integration of machine learning techniques in the design and implementation of eCRFs to enhance data collection efficiency. We delve into the synergies between eCRF design principles and machine learning algorithms, aiming to optimize data quality, reduce errors, and expedite the overall data collection process. The application of machine learning in eCRF design brings forth innovative approaches to data validation, anomaly detection, and real time adaptability. This paper discusses the benefits, challenges, and future prospects of leveraging machine learning in eCRF design for streamlined and advanced data collection in clinical trials. Dhanalakshmi D | Vijaya Lakshmi Kannareddy "Streamlining Data Collection: eCRF Design and Machine Learning" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63515.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/63515/streamlining-data-collection-ecrf-design-and-machine-learning/dhanalakshmi-d
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
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Function-related measures are related to the overall
functionality of the delivered software. Productivity is
expressed in terms of the amount of useful functionality
produced in some given time [1].
3. USE CASE AND SCENARIO
Use cases and scenarios are concerned with the behavior of
the system that is visible externally; they aim to establish
what the system does from the user’s point of view, in terms
that the user can readily understand. Although they have
become associated with object-orientation, both use case
and scenarios are functional and can be used in conjunction
with any approach to system development [2],[3].
The relationship between use cases and scenarios is that of
the generic to the specific, see Figure 1. A scenario
represents one instance of a use case, describingaparticular
sequence of events that may occur in trying to reach the use
case goal. The representationsmaylistwhatusuallyhappens
as follows :
user on second-floor press lift button to descend
lift button lights up
lift button alerts lift to go to the second floor
lift goes to the second floor
lift button light goes out
Figure1. Sequence diagram for a scenario
4. HIGH-LEVEL SPECIFICATION OF USE CASE
The use cases are fundamentally a text form, although they
can be written using flow charts, sequence charts, Petrinets,
or programming language. Under normal circumstances,
they serve to communicate from one person to another,
often to people with no special training. The simple text is,
therefore, usually the best choice [6].
Many people think that the ellipses are the use cases, even
though the ellipses convey very little information. The use
case description, as a form of writing, can be put into service
to stimulate discussion within a team about an upcoming
system. They might later use theuse casefromthedocument
the actual requirements.Anotherteammightlater document
the final design with the same use case form. They might do
this for a system as large as an entire company, or assmall as
a piece of a software application program [6].
The example of the high level specification of use case is;-
Use Case Name: Buy stocks over the web
Primary Actor: Personal Advisors
Level: User goal
Precondition: User already has PAF open.
Stakeholders and interests: Purchaser- wants to buy
stocks, get them added to the PAF portfolio automatically.
Stock agency- wants full purchase information.
Precondition: User already has PAF open.
Minimal guarantee: sufficient logginginformationthatPAF
can detect that something went wrong and can ask the user
to provide details.
Success guarantee: remote web site has acknowledged the
purchase, the logs and the user’s portfolio are updated.
Main success scenario:
The user selects to buy stocks over the web PAF gets the
name of the web site to use from the user.
PAF open web connection to the site, retaining control.
User browses and buys stock from the web site.
PAF intercepts responses from the web site and updates the
user’s portfolio.
PAF shows the user the new portfolio standing.
Extensions: User wants a web site PAF does not support.
The system gets new suggestion from the user, with the
option to cancel use case.
Web failure of any sort during step: 3a1. System reports
failure to the user with advice backs up to the previous step.
The user either backs out of this use case or tries again.
Computer crashes or gets switched off during a purchase
transaction;
When the use cases document an organization’s business
process, the system under discussion is the organization
itself. The stakeholders are the company shareholders,
customers, vendors, and government regulatory agencies.
The primary actors will include the company’s customers
and perhaps their suppliers.
5. THE USE CASE POINT METHOD
An early estimate of effort based on use cases can be made
when there is some understanding of the problem domain,
system size and architecture at the stage at which the
estimate is made. The use case points method is a software
sizing and estimation method based on use case counts
called use case points [4].
5.1. Classifying Actors and Use Case
Use case points can be counted from the use case analysis of
the system. The first step is to classify the actors as simple,
average or complex. A simple actor represents another
system with a defined Application Programming Interface,
API, an average actor is anothersysteminteractingthrough a
protocol such as TCP/IP, and a complex actor may be a
person interacting through a GUI or a Web page.Aweighting
factor is assigned to each actor type [8],[9].
Actor type: Simple, weighting factor 1
Actor type: Average, weighting factor 2
Actor type: Complex, weighting factor 3
The total unadjusted actor weights (UAW) is calculated by
counting how many actors there are of each kind (by the
degree of complexity),multiplyingeachtotalbyitsweighting
factor, and adding up the products.
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@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD26531 | Volume – 3 | Issue – 5 | July - August 2019 Page 935
Each use case is then defined as simple, average or complex,
depending on a number of transactions in the use case
description, including secondaryscenarios.A transaction isa
set of activities, which is either performed entirely or not at
all. Counting numberoftransactionscan bedonebycounting
the use case steps. Use case complexity is then defined and
weighted in the following manner:
Simple: 3 or fewer transactions, weighting factor 5
Average: 4 to7 transactions, weighting factor 10
Complex: More than 7 transactions, weighting factor 15.
Another mechanism for measuring use case complexity is
counting analysis classes, which can be used in place of
transactions once it has been determined which classes
implement a specific use case. A simple use case is
implemented by 5 or fewer classes, an average use case by 5
to 10 classes, and a complex use case by more than ten
classes. The weights areas before. Each type of use case is
then multiplied by the weighting factor, andtheproducts are
added up to get the unadjusted use case weights(UUCW)[5].
The UAW is added to the UUCW to get the unadjusted use
case points (UUPC):
UAW+UUCW=UUCP
5.2. Technical and Environmental Factors
The application of use case modeling for analyzing the
functional requirements of a system. Because it focuses on
how the system delivers or should deliver those functions, a
use case model is developed in the analysis phase of the
object-oriented system development life cycle
The method also employs a technical factors multiplier
corresponding to the Technical Complexity Adjustment
factor of the FPA method, and an environmental factors
multiplier in order to quantify non-functional requirements
such as ease of use and programmer motivation [7],[8].
Various factors influencing productivity are associated with
weights, and values are assigned to each factor, depending
on the degree of influence. 0 means no influence, 3 is
average, and 5 means strong influencethroughout. SeeTable
1 and Table 2.
The adjustment factors are multiplied by the unadjusted use
case points to produce the adjusted use case points, yielding
an estimate of the size of the software.
The Technical Complexity Factor (TCF) is calculated by
multiplying the value of each factor (T1- T13) by its weight
and then adding all these numbers to get the sum called the
TFactor. The following formula is applied:
TCF=0.6 + (0.01 * TFactor)
The Environmental Factor (EF) is calculated by multiplying
the value of each factor (F1-F8) by its weight and adding the
products to get the sum called the EFactor. The following
formula is applied:
EF= 1.4 + (-0.03 * EFactor)
The adjusted use case points (UPC) are calculated as
follows:
UPC= UUCP*TCF*EF
Table1. Technical complexity factor
Factor Description Weight
T1 Distributed system 2
T2 Performance objectives 2
T3 End-user efficiency 1
T4 Complex processing 1
T5 Reusable code 1
T6 Easy to install 0.5
T7 Easy to use 0.5
T8 Portable 2
T9 Easy to change 1
T10 Concurrent use 1
T11 Security 1
T12 Access for third parties 1
T13 Training needs 1
Table2. Environmental factor
Factor Description Weight
E1
Familiar with the development
process
1.5
E2 Application experience 0.5
E3 Object-oriented experience 1
E4 Lead analyst capability 0.5
E5 Motivation 1
E6 Stable requirements 2
E7 Part-time staff -1
E8 Difficult programming language -1
6. STUDY OF PROJECT
Cost and effort estimation is an important aspect of the
management of software development projects. Experience
shows that accurate estimation is difficult. Mostmethods for
estimating effort require an estimate of the size of the
software.
Once a size estimate is available, models can be used that
relate size to effort. Most cost estimation models attempt to
generate an effort estimate, which can then be converted
into the project duration and cost. Although effort and cost
are closely related, they are not necessarily related by a
simple transformation function.
Cost and effort estimation is an important aspect of the
management of software development projects [9].
Experience shows that accurate estimation is difficult.
Accurate software cost estimates are critical to both
developers and customers.
This paper describes the use case point method applied to
the project. Estimation results are computed for ten small
projects with the use case point method and compared to
estimates with actual effort. The main goal of the
investigations is to determine the appropriate level of detail
in use case descriptions written for estimationpurposesand
how different actual and estimate effort result.
As seen from the results present in Table 3, use cases must
be written at a user goal level of detail if they are to be used
effectively for estimation purposes. If descriptions are
lacking in detail, and there is a doubt as to if all the
functionality has been correctly described.
The results show that as opposedtothetechnicalcomplexity
factors, the environmental factors play a significant part in
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@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD26531 | Volume – 3 | Issue – 5 | July - August 2019 Page 936
the estimates. Setting the scores too high leads to
underestimation.
The number of environmental factors in F1 through F6 that
are above 3 are counted and added to the number of factors
in F7 through F8 that is below 3. If the total is 2 or less, they
propose 20 staff hours per UCP; if the total is 3 or 4, the
value is 28 staff hours per UCP.
Table3. The comparison result of projects
Project
No
Estimate
Effort(Hour)
Actual Effort
(Hour)
1 418 420
2 282 298
3 197 212
4 335 341
5 394 420
6 519 500
7 132 143
8 605 595
9 610 598
10 520 499
When the total exceeds 4, it is recommended that changes
should be made to the project so that the value can be
adjusted.
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
Software Size
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Projects
Estimate Effort
Actual Effort
Figure2. Compare the result of estimate effort and
actual effort (staff hour)
7. CONCLUSION
The system is calculatedonapplying amethod for estimating
software development effort based on usecases,theuse case
points method. The results indicate that this method can be
used successfully since the use case estimates were close to
the expert estimates. It is, therefore, our impression that the
method may support expert knowledge. This systemintends
to further study the precision of the use case point method
compared with expert estimates. The system will conduct a
study where the estimators have different levels of
experience.
The trouble with sizing use cases that are lacking in textual
detail became evident. Sizing becomes time-consuming,and
there that the functionalityis notexpressed wellenough,and
that the system will be underestimated.
This paper also would be useful to investigate how the use
case points method, which provides top-down estimates
based on a measure of size, can be combined with other
methods that provide bottom-up estimates. The purpose of
using the estimation method investigated in this paper is to
provide a complete estimate for all the activities in the
project.
REFERENCES
[1] Ian Sommerville, SoftwareEngineering,eighth Editions,
Addison Wesley, 2009
[2] Grady Booch, James Rumbaugh, Ivan Jacobson, the
Unified Modeling Language User Guide, May 2003.
[3] Carol Britton (University of Hertfordshire) Jill Docke
(Angli Polytechnic University), Object-Oriented System
Development, McGraw-HILL INTERNATIONAL
EDITION, 2001.
[4] Kirsten Ribu, Estimating Object-Oriented Software
Projects With Use Case, The University of Oslo, 7th
November 2001.
[5] Schneider and Winters, “Applying useCases”.Addison-
Wesley, 1998
[6] Alistair Cockburn, Writing Effective Use Cases, 21st
February 2000
[7] Bente Anda, “Effort Estimation of Use Case for
Incremental Large-Scale software Development”,
Norwegian University of Science and Technology
(NTNU)
[8] Bente Anda, HegenDreiem, Dag I.K Sjoberg and Magne
Jorgensen, “Estimating Software Development Effort
based on Use Cases Experiences from Industry”,
Department of Informatics, University of Oslo.
NORWAY.
[9] Gautam Banerjee, “Use Case Points An Estimation
Approach”, August 2001.
[10] J. Kammelar,“A SizingApproachforOO-environments”.
In forth International ECOOP Workshop on
Quantitative Approaches in Object-Oriented Software
Engineering, Cannes, 2000.