Abstract With the advent of civilization, open field/soil-based agriculture is facing some major challenges; most importantly decrease in per capita land availability. In 1960 with 3 billion population over the World, per capita land was 0.5 ha but presently, with 6 billion people it is only 0.25 ha and by 2050, it will reach at 0.16 ha. Due to rapid urbanization and industrialization as well as melting of icebergs (as an obvious impact of global warming), arable land under cultivation is further going to decrease. Again, soil fertility status has attained a saturation level, and productivity is not increasing further with increased level of fertilizer application. Besides, poor soil fertility in some of the cultivable areas, less chance of natural soil fertility build-up by microbes due to continuous cultivation, frequent drought conditions and unpredictability of climate and weather patterns, rise in temperature, river pollution, poor water management and wastage of huge amount of water, decline in ground water level, etc. are threatening food production under conventional soil-based agriculture. Under such circumstances, in near future it will become impossible to feed the entire population using open field system of agricultural production only. Naturally, soil-less culture is becoming more relevant in the present scenario, to cope-up with these challenges. In soil-less culture, plants are raised without soil. Improved space and water conserving methods of food production under soil-less culture have shown some promising results all over the World. Index Terms: Aeroponics, hydroponics, nutriculture, open field agriculture, soil-less culture
A P.P.T containing with a gist of whats hydroponics, it's functioning, different methods of the hydroponic system, real-life implementation of it, along with basic requirements for Hydroponics Culture.
This article talks about Hydroponics, an interesting method of cultivating plants without using soil. The article starts by giving a description of Hydroponics, a brief historical background and past usage, and ends on discussing the advantages and disadvantages of using the Hyroponics way of growing plants.
A P.P.T containing with a gist of whats hydroponics, it's functioning, different methods of the hydroponic system, real-life implementation of it, along with basic requirements for Hydroponics Culture.
This article talks about Hydroponics, an interesting method of cultivating plants without using soil. The article starts by giving a description of Hydroponics, a brief historical background and past usage, and ends on discussing the advantages and disadvantages of using the Hyroponics way of growing plants.
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
LITERATURE REVIEW
BASIC HYDROPONIC SYSTEM
HYDROPONIC GROW MEDIA
LIST OF CROPS
ADVANTAGES OF HYDROPONIC TECHNOLOGY
DISADVANTAGES OF HYDROPONIC TECHNOLOGY
FUTURE SCOPE OF HYDROPONIC TECHNOLOGY
CASE STUDY
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
In the culminating course for Sustainability Studies minors at Muhlenberg College in the Spring of 2014, I worked on a semester long research proposal that was used to help install a hydroponic herb garden in the Wood Dining Commons. The attached proposal includes the research process, discussion about how the system will be disseminated and implemented, marketing and educational components of the garden, and explanation of how a hydroponics system benefits Muhlenberg within the context of sustainability.
A Vertical Growing System
Promoting Plant Based Nutrition
With your FOODY, you can use traditional potting soil to grow your plants or use our full hydroponics system. Want to try Aeroponics? You can do that too! No other system offers the capabilities and variety of growing methods!
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
LITERATURE REVIEW
BASIC HYDROPONIC SYSTEM
HYDROPONIC GROW MEDIA
LIST OF CROPS
ADVANTAGES OF HYDROPONIC TECHNOLOGY
DISADVANTAGES OF HYDROPONIC TECHNOLOGY
FUTURE SCOPE OF HYDROPONIC TECHNOLOGY
CASE STUDY
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
In the culminating course for Sustainability Studies minors at Muhlenberg College in the Spring of 2014, I worked on a semester long research proposal that was used to help install a hydroponic herb garden in the Wood Dining Commons. The attached proposal includes the research process, discussion about how the system will be disseminated and implemented, marketing and educational components of the garden, and explanation of how a hydroponics system benefits Muhlenberg within the context of sustainability.
A Vertical Growing System
Promoting Plant Based Nutrition
With your FOODY, you can use traditional potting soil to grow your plants or use our full hydroponics system. Want to try Aeroponics? You can do that too! No other system offers the capabilities and variety of growing methods!
Health information system for crm implementation in ttdeSAT Journals
Abstract TTD maintains several hospitals and dispensaries at Tirupati, Tirumala and Tiruchanoor for the benefit of its employees, pilgrims and the local population. The first and foremost responsibility of the Health and Sanitation department is to clear the waste which gets accumulated daily on Tirumala hills. It is one of TTD's priorities to ensure hygienic conditions both at Tirumala and Tirupati. The overall objective of the research was to capture devotees’ perception, preferences and satisfaction with various services and facilities provided by TTD. More specifically the research will look into to measure satisfaction with respect to Healthcare facilities provided by the TTD Management and to design information systems capable of providing the healthcare facilities in a more efficient manner for the purpose of planning and managing the information systems (IS) / Information Technology environment. Keywords: Hygienic Conditions, Information Systems Design, Information Technology, Sanitatition facilities.
The user manual and service instructions for the boiler of Saunier Duval Thema Classic C25E - one the best 2-circuits boilers for appartments till 200m.
BLOOD OIL & CORPORATE RECKLESSNESS IN THE NIGER DELTA AREA OF NIGERIA
Niger Delta - Blessed with the world’s best quality oil. But cursed by Corporate organisations in their backyards.
Reinvesting in Niger Delta
Problems in the Niger Delta may be persisting because of the unprecedented level of corruption insanity and the lack of accountability by
Government Agencies
Public Office Holders
Traditional Rulers or community representatives
How to take advantage of investing in distressed real estate without breaking your back or your bank.
Today's real estate market is at or near the bottom in many markets around the country. What was hot, was not for about 2 years. But what was hot appears to be getting hot again Take a look.
Evaluation of topsoil iron oxide from visible spectroscopyeSAT Journals
Abstract Conventional methods of soil iron oxide estimation are laborious and costly. Reflectance spectroscopy provides a good alternative that may be used to replace conventional methods of soil analysis. Most of the studies are concentrated on near infrared region of the spectrum. But in developing countries like India affording for wider range spectroscopy is a costly affair. Hence this study was conducted to establish relationship between topsoil iron oxide and their visible reflectance spectra in lateritic type of soils. Visible reflectance spectra of the soil samples were measured by a spectroradiometer in the range of 325 to 1100nm with a 1nm increment. Multivariate PLSR method was used to predict iron oxide from reflectance which resulted in moderate prediction of R2 0.71 and 0.62 for calibration and validation respectively. It can be inferred that visible spectroscopy can be effectively used for topsoil iron oxide prediction with an acceptable level of accuracy. Keywords: Topsoil, iron oxide, visible spectrum, Partial Least Square Regression.
Fish molasses as indigenous nutrient source in the growth and yield of econom...Open Access Research Paper
Simple Nutrient Addition Production (SNAP) hydroponics production system in this system any container with cover can be used as long as it can contain approximately 2 liters of solution. This study was conducted to evaluate the performance of economically important vegetables grown in SNAP hydroponics and conventional production system. The experimental was laid out in a simple Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. The variable used was method of growing that consists of conventional (Container gardening) and SNAP hydroponics using fish molasses. Among of the four vegetables grown sweet pepper and lettuce performed well under the SNAP hydroponics system. The plants were taller, produced more leaves, matured earlier and had higher yield compared to those grown under the conventional production system. Both the broccoli and tomato did not perform well in SNAP hydroponics and conventional production system. Broccoli was succumbed by the attack of pest (Helecoverpa armegera ) while tomato was lodged due to strong winds.
This article talks about Hydroponics, an interesting method of cultivating plants without using soil. The article starts by giving a description of Hydroponics, a brief historical background and past usage, and ends on discussing the advantages and disadvantages of using the Hydroponics way of growing plants.
MEANING OF AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES
Industry’s Best Practices
Modern Agricultural Equipment’s
Classification of Agriculture
Eight Important Types of world Agriculture
THE EFFECTS OF AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES ON BIODIVERSITY
Agriculture Management
Characteristics Of Sustainable Agriculture
Agricultural Drought
https://www.cda.org.bd/
Soil-based agriculture is now facing major challenges due to urbanization, industrialization and environmental degradation etc. Among different problems, the most important one is the decline in per capita land availability. With 6 billion people on earth, the per capita land availability is currently 0.25 hectares and by 2050 it will be 0.16 hectares. Climate change along with urbanization and industrialization magnifies this negative Impact. To counteract these threats, hydroponics has emerged as a viable option which is currently gaining popularity around the world due to its efficient resource management. Hydroponic farms offer a viable solution towards a more sustainable food production while avoiding hazardous chemicals due to controlled environments and strict certification laws. Far from being a dream, hydroponic farming is already integrated into sustainable agriculture in order to meet rising global food demand.
Consultation on Peace, Freedom from Hunger, and Sustainable Development: The Ethical Dimensions M. S. Swaminathan Research Foundation, MSRRF,Chennai, India
Conservation Agriculture
introduction
Principles of conservation Agriculture
Advantages of C.A .
Tools And Technologies Involved In Conservation Agriculture
Similar to A review on plant without soil hydroponics (20)
Mechanical properties of hybrid fiber reinforced concrete for pavementseSAT Journals
Abstract
The effect of addition of mono fibers and hybrid fibers on the mechanical properties of concrete mixture is studied in the present
investigation. Steel fibers of 1% and polypropylene fibers 0.036% were added individually to the concrete mixture as mono fibers and
then they were added together to form a hybrid fiber reinforced concrete. Mechanical properties such as compressive, split tensile and
flexural strength were determined. The results show that hybrid fibers improve the compressive strength marginally as compared to
mono fibers. Whereas, hybridization improves split tensile strength and flexural strength noticeably.
Keywords:-Hybridization, mono fibers, steel fiber, polypropylene fiber, Improvement in mechanical properties.
Material management in construction – a case studyeSAT Journals
Abstract
The objective of the present study is to understand about all the problems occurring in the company because of improper application
of material management. In construction project operation, often there is a project cost variance in terms of the material, equipments,
manpower, subcontractor, overhead cost, and general condition. Material is the main component in construction projects. Therefore,
if the material management is not properly managed it will create a project cost variance. Project cost can be controlled by taking
corrective actions towards the cost variance. Therefore a methodology is used to diagnose and evaluate the procurement process
involved in material management and launch a continuous improvement was developed and applied. A thorough study was carried
out along with study of cases, surveys and interviews to professionals involved in this area. As a result, a methodology for diagnosis
and improvement was proposed and tested in selected projects. The results obtained show that the main problem of procurement is
related to schedule delays and lack of specified quality for the project. To prevent this situation it is often necessary to dedicate
important resources like money, personnel, time, etc. To monitor and control the process. A great potential for improvement was
detected if state of the art technologies such as, electronic mail, electronic data interchange (EDI), and analysis were applied to the
procurement process. These helped to eliminate the root causes for many types of problems that were detected.
Managing drought short term strategies in semi arid regions a case studyeSAT Journals
Abstract
Drought management needs multidisciplinary action. Interdisciplinary efforts among the experts in various fields of the droughts
prone areas are helpful to achieve tangible and permanent solution for this recurring problem. The Gulbarga district having the total
area around 16, 240 sq.km, and accounts 8.45 per cent of the Karnataka state area. The district has been situated with latitude 17º 19'
60" North and longitude of 76 º 49' 60" east. The district is situated entirely on the Deccan plateau positioned at a height of 300 to
750 m above MSL. Sub-tropical, semi-arid type is one among the drought prone districts of Karnataka State. The drought
management is very important for a district like Gulbarga. In this paper various short term strategies are discussed to mitigate the
drought condition in the district.
Keywords: Drought, South-West monsoon, Semi-Arid, Rainfall, Strategies etc.
Life cycle cost analysis of overlay for an urban road in bangaloreeSAT Journals
Abstract
Pavements are subjected to severe condition of stresses and weathering effects from the day they are constructed and opened to traffic
mainly due to its fatigue behavior and environmental effects. Therefore, pavement rehabilitation is one of the most important
components of entire road systems. This paper highlights the design of concrete pavement with added mono fibers like polypropylene,
steel and hybrid fibres for a widened portion of existing concrete pavement and various overlay alternatives for an existing
bituminous pavement in an urban road in Bangalore. Along with this, Life cycle cost analyses at these sections are done by Net
Present Value (NPV) method to identify the most feasible option. The results show that though the initial cost of construction of
concrete overlay is high, over a period of time it prove to be better than the bituminous overlay considering the whole life cycle cost.
The economic analysis also indicates that, out of the three fibre options, hybrid reinforced concrete would be economical without
compromising the performance of the pavement.
Keywords: - Fatigue, Life cycle cost analysis, Net Present Value method, Overlay, Rehabilitation
Laboratory studies of dense bituminous mixes ii with reclaimed asphalt materialseSAT Journals
Abstract
The issue of growing demand on our nation’s roadways over that past couple of decades, decreasing budgetary funds, and the need to
provide a safe, efficient, and cost effective roadway system has led to a dramatic increase in the need to rehabilitate our existing
pavements and the issue of building sustainable road infrastructure in India. With these emergency of the mentioned needs and this
are today’s burning issue and has become the purpose of the study.
In the present study, the samples of existing bituminous layer materials were collected from NH-48(Devahalli to Hassan) site.The
mixtures were designed by Marshall Method as per Asphalt institute (MS-II) at 20% and 30% Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP).
RAP material was blended with virgin aggregate such that all specimens tested for the, Dense Bituminous Macadam-II (DBM-II)
gradation as per Ministry of Roads, Transport, and Highways (MoRT&H) and cost analysis were carried out to know the economics.
Laboratory results and analysis showed the use of recycled materials showed significant variability in Marshall Stability, and the
variability increased with the increase in RAP content. The saving can be realized from utilization of recycled materials as per the
methodology, the reduction in the total cost is 19%, 30%, comparing with the virgin mixes.
Keywords: Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement, Marshall Stability, MS-II, Dense Bituminous Macadam-II
Laboratory investigation of expansive soil stabilized with natural inorganic ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Soil stabilization has proven to be one of the oldest techniques to improve the soil properties. Literature review conducted revealed
that uses of natural inorganic stabilizers are found to be one of the best options for soil stabilization. In this regard an attempt has
been made to evaluate the influence of RBI-81 stabilizer on properties of black cotton soil through laboratory investigations. Black
cotton soil with varying percentages of RBI-81 viz., 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, and 2.5 percent were studied for moisture density relationships
and strength behaviour of soils. Also the effect of curing period was evaluated as literature review clearly emphasized the strength
gain of soils stabilized with RBI-81 over a period of time. The results obtained shows that the unconfined compressive strength of
specimens treated with RBI-81 increased approximately by 250% for a curing period of 28 days as compared to virgin soil. Further
the CBR value improved approximately by 400%. The studies indicated an increasing trend for soil strength behaviour with
increasing percentage of RBI-81 suggesting its potential applications in soil stabilization.
Influence of reinforcement on the behavior of hollow concrete block masonry p...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Reinforced masonry was developed to exploit the strength potential of masonry and to solve its lack of tensile strength. Experimental
and analytical studies have been carried out to investigate the effect of reinforcement on the behavior of hollow concrete block
masonry prisms under compression and to predict ultimate failure compressive strength. In the numerical program, three dimensional
non-linear finite elements (FE) model based on the micro-modeling approach is developed for both unreinforced and reinforced
masonry prisms using ANSYS (14.5). The proposed FE model uses multi-linear stress-strain relationships to model the non-linear
behavior of hollow concrete block, mortar, and grout. Willam-Warnke’s five parameter failure theory has been adopted to model the
failure of masonry materials. The comparison of the numerical and experimental results indicates that the FE models can successfully
capture the highly nonlinear behavior of the physical specimens and accurately predict their strength and failure mechanisms.
Keywords: Structural masonry, Hollow concrete block prism, grout, Compression failure, Finite element method,
Numerical modeling.
Influence of compaction energy on soil stabilized with chemical stabilizereSAT Journals
Abstract
Increase in traffic along with heavier magnitude of wheel loads cause rapid deterioration in pavements. There is a need to improve
density, strength of soil subgrade and other pavement layers. In this study an attempt is made to improve the properties of locally
available loamy soil using twin approaches viz., i) increasing the compaction of soil and ii) treating the soil with chemical stabilizer.
Laboratory studies are carried out on both untreated and treated soil samples compacted by different compaction efforts. Studies
show that increase in compaction effort results in increase in density of soil. However in soil treated with chemical stabilizer, rate of
increase in density is not significant. The soil treated with chemical stabilizer exhibits improvement in both strength and performance
properties.
Keywords: compaction, density, subgradestabilization, resilient modulus
Geographical information system (gis) for water resources managementeSAT Journals
Abstract
Water resources projects are inherited with overlapping and at times conflicting objectives. These projects are often of varied sizes
ranging from major projects with command areas of millions of hectares to very small projects implemented at the local level. Thus,
in all these projects there is seldom proper coordination which is essential for ensuring collective sustainability.
Integrated watershed development and management is the accepted answer but in turn requires a comprehensive framework that can
enable planning process involving all the stakeholders at different levels and scales is compulsory. Such a unified hydrological
framework is essential to evaluate the cause and effect of all the proposed actions within the drainage basins.
The present paper describes a hydrological framework developed in the form of a Hydrologic Information System (HIS) which is
intended to meet the specific information needs of the various line departments of a typical State connected with water related aspects.
The HIS consist of a hydrologic information database coupled with tools for collating primary and secondary data and tools for
analyzing and visualizing the data and information. The HIS also incorporates hydrological model base for indirect assessment of
various entities of water balance in space and time. The framework would be maintained and updated to reflect fully the most
accurate ground truth data and the infrastructure requirements for planning and management.
Keywords: Hydrological Information System (HIS); WebGIS; Data Model; Web Mapping Services
Forest type mapping of bidar forest division, karnataka using geoinformatics ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The study demonstrate the potentiality of satellite remote sensing technique for the generation of baseline information on forest types
including tree plantation details in Bidar forest division, Karnataka covering an area of 5814.60Sq.Kms. The Total Area of Bidar
forest division is 5814Sq.Kms analysis of the satellite data in the study area reveals that about 84% of the total area is Covered by
crop land, 1.778% of the area is covered by dry deciduous forest, 1.38 % of mixed plantation, which is very threatening to the
environmental stability of the forest, future plantation site has been mapped. With the use of latest Geo-informatics technology proper
and exact condition of the trees can be observed and necessary precautions can be taken for future plantation works in an appropriate
manner
Keywords:-RS, GIS, GPS, Forest Type, Tree Plantation
Factors influencing compressive strength of geopolymer concreteeSAT Journals
Abstract
To study effects of several factors on the properties of fly ash based geopolymer concrete on the compressive strength and also the
cost comparison with the normal concrete. The test variables were molarities of sodium hydroxide(NaOH) 8M,14M and 16M, ratio of
NaOH to sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) 1, 1.5, 2 and 2.5, alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio 0.35 and 0.40 and replacement of water in
Na2SiO3 solution by 10%, 20% and 30% were used in the present study. The test results indicated that the highest compressive
strength 54 MPa was observed for 16M of NaOH, ratio of NaOH to Na2SiO3 2.5 and alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of 0.35. Lowest
compressive strength of 27 MPa was observed for 8M of NaOH, ratio of NaOH to Na2SiO3 is 1 and alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of
0.40. Alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of 0.35, water replacement of 10% and 30% for 8 and 16 molarity of NaOH and has resulted in
compressive strength of 36 MPa and 20 MPa respectively. Superplasticiser dosage of 2 % by weight of fly ash has given higher
strength in all cases.
Keywords: compressive strength, alkaline liquid, fly ash
Experimental investigation on circular hollow steel columns in filled with li...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Composite Circular hollow Steel tubes with and without GFRP infill for three different grades of Light weight concrete are tested for
ultimate load capacity and axial shortening , under Cyclic loading. Steel tubes are compared for different lengths, cross sections and
thickness. Specimens were tested separately after adopting Taguchi’s L9 (Latin Squares) Orthogonal array in order to save the initial
experimental cost on number of specimens and experimental duration. Analysis was carried out using ANN (Artificial Neural
Network) technique with the assistance of Mini Tab- a statistical soft tool. Comparison for predicted, experimental & ANN output is
obtained from linear regression plots. From this research study, it can be concluded that *Cross sectional area of steel tube has most
significant effect on ultimate load carrying capacity, *as length of steel tube increased- load carrying capacity decreased & *ANN
modeling predicted acceptable results. Thus ANN tool can be utilized for predicting ultimate load carrying capacity for composite
columns.
Keywords: Light weight concrete, GFRP, Artificial Neural Network, Linear Regression, Back propagation, orthogonal
Array, Latin Squares
Experimental behavior of circular hsscfrc filled steel tubular columns under ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
This paper presents an outlook on experimental behavior and a comparison with predicted formula on the behaviour of circular
concentrically loaded self-consolidating fibre reinforced concrete filled steel tube columns (HSSCFRC). Forty-five specimens were
tested. The main parameters varied in the tests are: (1) percentage of fiber (2) tube diameter or width to wall thickness ratio (D/t
from 15 to 25) (3) L/d ratio from 2.97 to 7.04 the results from these predictions were compared with the experimental data. The
experimental results) were also validated in this study.
Keywords: Self-compacting concrete; Concrete-filled steel tube; axial load behavior; Ultimate capacity.
Evaluation of punching shear in flat slabseSAT Journals
Abstract
Flat-slab construction has been widely used in construction today because of many advantages that it offers. The basic philosophy in
the design of flat slab is to consider only gravity forces; this method ignores the effect of punching shear due to unbalanced moments
at the slab column junction which is critical. An attempt has been made to generate generalized design sheets which accounts both
punching shear due to gravity loads and unbalanced moments for cases (a) interior column; (b) edge column (bending perpendicular
to shorter edge); (c) edge column (bending parallel to shorter edge); (d) corner column. These design sheets are prepared as per
codal provisions of IS 456-2000. These design sheets will be helpful in calculating the shear reinforcement to be provided at the
critical section which is ignored in many design offices. Apart from its usefulness in evaluating punching shear and the necessary
shear reinforcement, the design sheets developed will enable the designer to fix the depth of flat slab during the initial phase of the
design.
Keywords: Flat slabs, punching shear, unbalanced moment.
Evaluation of performance of intake tower dam for recent earthquake in indiaeSAT Journals
Abstract
Intake towers are typically tall, hollow, reinforced concrete structures and form entrance to reservoir outlet works. A parametric
study on dynamic behavior of circular cylindrical towers can be carried out to study the effect of depth of submergence, wall thickness
and slenderness ratio, and also effect on tower considering dynamic analysis for time history function of different soil condition and
by Goyal and Chopra accounting interaction effects of added hydrodynamic mass of surrounding and inside water in intake tower of
dam
Key words: Hydrodynamic mass, Depth of submergence, Reservoir, Time history analysis,
Evaluation of operational efficiency of urban road network using travel time ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Efficiency of the road network system is analyzed by travel time reliability measures. The study overlooks on an important measure of
travel time reliability and prioritizing Tiruchirappalli road network. Traffic volume and travel time were collected using license plate
matching method. Travel time measures were estimated from average travel time and 95th travel time. Effect of non-motorized vehicle
on efficiency of road system was evaluated. Relation between buffer time index and traffic volume was created. Travel time model has
been developed and travel time measure was validated. Then service quality of road sections in network were graded based on
travel time reliability measures.
Keywords: Buffer Time Index (BTI); Average Travel Time (ATT); Travel Time Reliability (TTR); Buffer Time (BT).
Estimation of surface runoff in nallur amanikere watershed using scs cn methodeSAT Journals
Abstract
The development of watershed aims at productive utilization of all the available natural resources in the entire area extending from
ridge line to stream outlet. The per capita availability of land for cultivation has been decreasing over the years. Therefore, water and
the related land resources must be developed, utilized and managed in an integrated and comprehensive manner. Remote sensing and
GIS techniques are being increasingly used for planning, management and development of natural resources. The study area, Nallur
Amanikere watershed geographically lies between 110 38’ and 110 52’ N latitude and 760 30’ and 760 50’ E longitude with an area of
415.68 Sq. km. The thematic layers such as land use/land cover and soil maps were derived from remotely sensed data and overlayed
through ArcGIS software to assign the curve number on polygon wise. The daily rainfall data of six rain gauge stations in and around
the watershed (2001-2011) was used to estimate the daily runoff from the watershed using Soil Conservation Service - Curve Number
(SCS-CN) method. The runoff estimated from the SCS-CN model was then used to know the variation of runoff potential with different
land use/land cover and with different soil conditions.
Keywords: Watershed, Nallur watershed, Surface runoff, Rainfall-Runoff, SCS-CN, Remote Sensing, GIS.
Estimation of morphometric parameters and runoff using rs & gis techniqueseSAT Journals
Abstract
Land and water are the two vital natural resources, the optimal management of these resources with minimum adverse environmental
impact are essential not only for sustainable development but also for human survival. Satellite remote sensing with geographic
information system has a pragmatic approach to map and generate spatial input layers of predicting response behavior and yield of
watershed. Hence, in the present study an attempt has been made to understand the hydrological process of the catchment at the
watershed level by drawing the inferences from moprhometric analysis and runoff. The study area chosen for the present study is
Yagachi catchment situated in Chickamaglur and Hassan district lies geographically at a longitude 75⁰52’08.77”E and
13⁰10’50.77”N latitude. It covers an area of 559.493 Sq.km. Morphometric analysis is carried out to estimate morphometric
parameters at Micro-watershed to understand the hydrological response of the catchment at the Micro-watershed level. Daily runoff
is estimated using USDA SCS curve number model for a period of 10 years from 2001 to 2010. The rainfall runoff relationship of the
study shows there is a positive correlation.
Keywords: morphometric analysis, runoff, remote sensing and GIS, SCS - method
-
Effect of variation of plastic hinge length on the results of non linear anal...eSAT Journals
Abstract The nonlinear Static procedure also well known as pushover analysis is method where in monotonically increasing loads are applied to the structure till the structure is unable to resist any further load. It is a popular tool for seismic performance evaluation of existing and new structures. In literature lot of research has been carried out on conventional pushover analysis and after knowing deficiency efforts have been made to improve it. But actual test results to verify the analytically obtained pushover results are rarely available. It has been found that some amount of variation is always expected to exist in seismic demand prediction of pushover analysis. Initial study is carried out by considering user defined hinge properties and default hinge length. Attempt is being made to assess the variation of pushover analysis results by considering user defined hinge properties and various hinge length formulations available in literature and results compared with experimentally obtained results based on test carried out on a G+2 storied RCC framed structure. For the present study two geometric models viz bare frame and rigid frame model is considered and it is found that the results of pushover analysis are very sensitive to geometric model and hinge length adopted. Keywords: Pushover analysis, Base shear, Displacement, hinge length, moment curvature analysis
Effect of use of recycled materials on indirect tensile strength of asphalt c...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Depletion of natural resources and aggregate quarries for the road construction is a serious problem to procure materials. Hence
recycling or reuse of material is beneficial. On emphasizing development in sustainable construction in the present era, recycling of
asphalt pavements is one of the effective and proven rehabilitation processes. For the laboratory investigations reclaimed asphalt
pavement (RAP) from NH-4 and crumb rubber modified binder (CRMB-55) was used. Foundry waste was used as a replacement to
conventional filler. Laboratory tests were conducted on asphalt concrete mixes with 30, 40, 50, and 60 percent replacement with RAP.
These test results were compared with conventional mixes and asphalt concrete mixes with complete binder extracted RAP
aggregates. Mix design was carried out by Marshall Method. The Marshall Tests indicated highest stability values for asphalt
concrete (AC) mixes with 60% RAP. The optimum binder content (OBC) decreased with increased in RAP in AC mixes. The Indirect
Tensile Strength (ITS) for AC mixes with RAP also was found to be higher when compared to conventional AC mixes at 300C.
Keywords: Reclaimed asphalt pavement, Foundry waste, Recycling, Marshall Stability, Indirect tensile strength.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)ClaraZara1
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Applications.
HEAP SORT ILLUSTRATED WITH HEAPIFY, BUILD HEAP FOR DYNAMIC ARRAYS.
Heap sort is a comparison-based sorting technique based on Binary Heap data structure. It is similar to the selection sort where we first find the minimum element and place the minimum element at the beginning. Repeat the same process for the remaining elements.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
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A REVIEW ON PLANT WITHOUT SOIL - HYDROPONICS
Mamta D. Sardare1
, Shraddha V. Admane2
1, 2
Assistant Professor, MIT Academy of Engineering Alandi Pune, Maharashtra, India
mamtasardare@gmail.com, shraddhaadmane@gmail.com
Abstract
With the advent of civilization, open field/soil-based agriculture is facing some major challenges; most importantly decrease in per
capita land availability. In 1960 with 3 billion population over the World, per capita land was 0.5 ha but presently, with 6 billion
people it is only 0.25 ha and by 2050, it will reach at 0.16 ha. Due to rapid urbanization and industrialization as well as melting of
icebergs (as an obvious impact of global warming), arable land under cultivation is further going to decrease. Again, soil fertility
status has attained a saturation level, and productivity is not increasing further with increased level of fertilizer application. Besides,
poor soil fertility in some of the cultivable areas, less chance of natural soil fertility build-up by microbes due to continuous
cultivation, frequent drought conditions and unpredictability of climate and weather patterns, rise in temperature, river pollution,
poor water management and wastage of huge amount of water, decline in ground water level, etc. are threatening food production
under conventional soil-based agriculture. Under such circumstances, in near future it will become impossible to feed the entire
population using open field system of agricultural production only. Naturally, soil-less culture is becoming more relevant in the
present scenario, to cope-up with these challenges. In soil-less culture, plants are raised without soil. Improved space and water
conserving methods of food production under soil-less culture have shown some promising results all over the World.
Index Terms: Aeroponics, hydroponics, nutriculture, open field agriculture, soil-less culture
-----------------------------------------------------------------------***-----------------------------------------------------------------------
1. INTRODUCTION
Soil is usually the most available growing medium for plants.
It provides anchorage, nutrients, air, water, etc. for successful
plant growth[1]
. However, soils do pose serious limitations for
plant growth too, at times. Presence of disease causing
organisms and nematodes, unsuitable soil reaction,
unfavorable soil compaction, poor drainage, degradation due
to erosion etc. are some of them.[2]
In addition, conventional
crop growing in soil (Open Field Agriculture) is somewhat
difficult as it involves large space, lot of labour and large
volume of water[2]
. Moreover, some places like metropolitan
areas, soil is not available for crop growing at all, or in some
areas, we find scarcity of fertile cultivable arable lands due to
their unfavorable geographical or topographical conditions [2]
.
Of late, another serious problem experienced since is the
difficulty to hire labour for conventional open field agriculture
[3]
. Under such circumstances, soil-less culture can be
introduced successfully [3]
.
Soil-less culture mainly refers to the techniques of
Hydroponics‗ and Aeroponics‗. The term Hydroponics‗ was
derived from the Greek words hydro’ means water and ponos’
means labour[2]
. It is a method of growing plants using mineral
nutrient solutions, without soil[2]
. Terrestrial plants may be
grown with their roots in the mineral nutrient solution only or
in an inert medium, such as perlite, gravel, or mineral wool.
Hydroponics is the technique of growing plants in soil-less
condition with their roots immersed in nutrient solution.[4]
This system helps to face the challenges of climate change and
also helps in production system management for efficient
utilization of natural resources and mitigating malnutrition[3]
.
Aeroponics‗ is another technique, more or less similar to
hydroponics with only difference that under aeroponics plants
are grown with fine drops (a mist or aerosol) of nutrient
solution[1]
. In India, Hydroponics was introduced in year 1946
by an English scientist, W. J. Shalto Duglas and he established
a laboratory in Kalimpong area, West Bengal. He has also
written a book on Hydroponics, named as Hydroponics The
Bengal System‗. Later on during 1960s and 70s, commercial
hydroponics farms were developed in Abu Dhabi, Arizona,
Belgium, California, Denmark, German, Holland, Iran, Italy,
Japan, Russian Federation and other countries. During 1980s,
many automated and computerized hydroponics farms were
established around the world. Home hydroponics kits became
popular during 1990s.
2. DIFFERENT AVAILABLE TECHNIQUES FOR
SOIL-LESS CULTURE
Large numbers of hydroponic/soil-less culture techniques are
available. However, following factors are considered in
selecting a technique:
1. Space and other available resources
2. Expected productivity
3. Availability of suitable growing medium
4. Expected quality of the produce – colour, appearance, free
from pesticides, etc.
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We can classify the techniques as follows:
2.1 Techniques of hydroponics
It is also known as Liquid Hydroponics‗ method. Plants grown
in solution culture have their roots suspended directly in a
nutrient solution. It can further be classified into-
i) Circulating methods (closed system)/ Continuous flow
solution culture
a) Nutrient film technique (NFT)
b) Deep flow technique (DFT)
a) b)
Fig 1. Different circulating methods (a) Nutrient film
technique, (b) Deep flow technique [ 4]
Flowing solution culture systems can provide a consistent
nutrient environment for roots. They are highly amenable to
automatic control but are subject to rapid plant desiccation if
the flow of solution stops for any reason. Thus frequent
attention is required.
ii) Non-circulating method (open systems)/ Static solution
culture
a) Root dipping technique
b) Floating technique
c) Capillary action technique
Fig 2. Different non-circulating methods (a) Root dipping
technique, (b) Floating technique, (c) Capillary action
technique [4]
Suitable vessels for static systems include polythene beakers,
pots, glass jar and containers lined with black polythene film.
B. Media culture
The media culture method has a solid medium for the roots
and is named for the type of inert medium, e.g. sand culture,
gravel culture or rock wool culture. There are two main
variations for each medium, sub-irrigation and top-irrigation.
However, it is classified as follows:
1. Hanging bag technique
2. Grow bag technique
3. Trench or trough technique
4. Pot technique
(a)
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(b)
(c)
(d)
Fig 3. Different media culture method (a) Hanging bag
technique, (b) Grow bag technique, (c) Trench or trough
technique, (d) Pot technique [4]
2.2 Techniques of Aeroponics
Aeroponics is a method of growing plants where they are
anchored in holes in Styrofoam panels and their roots are
suspended in air beneath the panel. The aeroponics culture is
usually practiced in protected structures and is suitable for low
leafy vegetables like lettuce, spinach, etc. There are two
techniques under this group:
1. Root mist technique
2. Fog feed technique
2.3 List Of Crops That Can Be Grown In Soil-Less
Condition
Everything starting from flower to fruit crops to medicinal
plants can be grown using soil-less culture. List of crops are
listed in Table 1, Table 2, Table 3.
Table1. List of crops that can be grown on commercial level
using soil-less culture[5]
Type of crops Name of the crops
Cereals Oryza sativa (Rice), Zea mays
(Maize)
Fruits Fragaria ananassa (Strawberry)
Vegetables Lycopersicon esculentum (Tomato),
Capsicum frutescens (Chilli),
Solanum melongena (Brinjal),
Phaseolus vulgaris (Green bean),
Beta vulgaris (Beet), Psophocarpus
tetragonolobus (Winged bean),
Capsicum annum (Bell pepper),
Brassica oleracea var. capitata
(Cabbage), Brassica oleracea var.
botrytis (Cauliflower), Cucumis
sativus (Cucumbers), Cucumis melo
(Melons), Raphanus sativus
(Radish), Allium cepa (Onion)
Leafy vegetables Lactuca sativa (Lettuce), Ipomoea
aquatica (Kang Kong)
Condiments Petroselinum crispum (Parsley),
Mentha spicata (Mint), Ocimum
basilicum (Sweet basil), Origanum
vulgare (Oregano)
Flower / Ornamental
crops
Tagetes patula (Marigold), Rosa
berberifolia (Roses), Dianthus
caryophyllus (Carnations),
Chrysanthemum indicum
(Chrysanthemum)
Medicinal crops Aloe vera (Indian Aloe),
Solenostemon scutellarioides
(Coleus)
Fodder crops Sorghum bicolor (Sorghum),
Medicago sativa (Alphalfa),
Hordeum vulgare (Barley),
Cynodon dactylon (Bermuda grass),
Axonopus compressus (Carpet
grass)
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Table -2: Hydroponic averages compared with ordinary soil
yields [5]
Name of
crop
Hydroponic
equivalent per acre
Agricultural
average per acre
Wheat 5,000 lb. 600 lb.
Oats 3,000 lb. 850 lb.
Rice 12,000 lb. 750-900 lb.
Maize 8,000 lb. 1,500 lb.
Soybean 1,500 lb. 600 lb.
Potato 70 tons 8 tons lb.
Beet root 20,000 lb. 9,000 lb.
Cabbage 18,000 lb. 13,000 lb.
Peas 14,000 lb. 2,000 lb.
Tomato 180 tonnes 5-10 tonnes
Cauliflower 30,000 lb. 10-15,000 lb.
French bean 42,000 lb. of pods
for eating
-
Lettuce 21,000 lb. 9,000 lb.
Lady‗s finger 19,000 lb. 5-8,000 lb.
Cucumber 28,000 lb. 7,000 lb.
Table- 3: Vegetable production under soil-less culture in India
[5]
Application of pesticides is generally avoided under
hydroponics system. With reduced pest problems and constant
feeding of nutrients to the roots, productivity in hydroponics is
high, despite limited plant growth by the low levels of carbon-
di-oxide in the atmosphere, or limited light[5]. To increase
yield further, some sealed greenhouses inject carbon-di-oxide
into their environment to help growth (CO2 enrichment), or
add lights to lengthen the day, control vegetative growth etc.
3. SUPPLY OF NUTRIENTS TO THE PLANTS
In hydroponics, because of limited nutrient-buffering capacity
of the system and the ability to make rapid changes, careful
monitoring of the system in necessary[5]. Two aspects of
nutrition need to be considered: the supply of nutrients from
the nutrient delivery system and the plant nutrient response.
For most common crop plants critical levels for most nutrients
have been determined. Sources of nutrient elements with their
characteristics are given in table 4.
Sources of nutrient elements
Table -4: Sources of nutrient elements with their
characteristics [5]
The frequency and volume of the nutrient solution applied
depends on the type of substrate used (volume and physical-
chemical characteristics), the crop (species and stage of
development), the size of the container, the crop and irrigation
systems used and the prevailing climatic conditions. Plants
should be fed daily[5]. The best time to administer the nutrient
solution is between 6.00 and 8.00 am, though water
requirements will vary considerably throughout the day, and
from one day to another. The solution should be applied to the
roots, trying to avoid wetting the leaves to prevent damage and
the appearance of diseases. Under no circumstances should
plants be allowed to suffer from water stress, as this will affect
their final yield[6]. It is generally recommended that you
apply only water to the plants once a week, in order to flush
away any excess salts that have remained. Use double the
amount of water normally applied, but without adding
nutrients. Between 20 and 50% of the solution should be
drained-off to prevent the accumulation of toxic ions and an
excessive increase of electrical conductivity in the root
area[5]. The excess nutrient solution that is drained away from
containers during daily watering can be reused in the next
watering. At the end of the week, this liquid can be discarded.
Flow chart of supply of nutrients to the plants under soil-less
culture has been depicted below:
Vegetables Production (g/m2
/day)
Carrot 56.5
Cucumber 226
Garlic 57
Ginger 57
Leek 57
Green Bean 113
Lettuce 226
Onion 56.5
Peapod 113
Potato 56.5
Salad greens 226
Tomato 113
Greens 113
Source Element Characteristics
Potassium nitrate
KNO3
N, K Very soluble salt
Potassium phosphate
monobasic KH2PO4
P, K Corrects
phosphorus
deficiency
Magnesium sulfate
MgSO4
S, Mg Cheap, highly
soluble, pure salt
Iron chelate Fe Cit Best sources of
iron
Boric acid H3BO3 B Best source of
boron
Calcium nitrate
Ca(NO3)2
N, Ca Very soluble salt
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Fig- 4: Flow chart of supply of nutrients to the plants
(http://cpamoneyshop.com/make-money-online-
2/hydroponics)
4. DESIRABLE pH RANGE OF NUTRIENT
SOLUTIONS
In hydroponic systems, pH is constantly changing as the plant
grows. Changes in pH of less than 0.1 unit are not
significant[6]. Thus pH control is a necessity in hydroponic
solutions. The pH range of 5.5 to 6.5 is optimal for the
availability of nutrients from most nutrient solutions for most
species, but species differ significantly and several can grow
well outside of this range[6].
5. CONTROL OF CONTAMINANTS
Maintenance of sterile root-zone environment is essential to
have good plant vigour under soil-less culture. It is extremely
difficult to achieve and critical to minimize population of plant
pathogens in the root zone[7]. Commonly encountered disease
in hydroponic solution is wilt, caused by Fusarium and
Verticillum. Species of Pythium and Phytophthora destroys all
but the main roots. No effective fungicides are there which can
be safely used in hydroponics[8]. Only Metalaxyl has been
found highly effective for control of Pythium on vegetable
crops, but it is not registered for the use. Heat treatment of
nutrient solution has also been found effective in keeping the
root-zone free of pathogens[7]. Root death of tomatoes by
Pythium was overcome by heating nutrient solutions at 20-
22oC . In aeroponic system with heated nutrient solution, the
roots of ginger plants matured faster and produced slightly
higher fresh rhizome yields than plants in the same medium
without bottom heat[5].
6. ADVANTAGES OF SOIL-LESS CULTURE
There are many advantages of growing plants under soil-less
culture over soil-based culture[8]. These gardens produce the
healthiest crops with high yields and are consistently reliable;
gardening is clean and extremely easy, requiring very little
effort[9]. Here nutrients are fed directly to the roots, as a result
plants grow faster with smaller roots, plants may be grown
closer, and only 1/5th of overall space and 1/20th of total
water is needed to grow plants under soil-less culture in
comparison to soil-based culture[9]. There is no chance of
soil-borne insect pest, disease attack or weed infestation too.
Overall soil-less culture provides efficient nutrient regulation,
higher density planting, and leading to increased yield per acre
along with better quality of the produce. It is also effective for
the regions of the World having scarcity of arable or fertile
land for agriculture[10].
7. LIMITATIONS OF SOIL-LESS CULTURE
Despite of many advantages, soil–less culture has some
limitations[10]. Application on commercial scale requires
technical knowledge and high initial investment, though
returns are high[10]. Considering the high cost, the soil-less
culture is limited to high value crops. Great care is required
with respect to plant health control. Finally energy inputs are
necessary to run the system[11].
8. FUTURE SCOPE OF THIS TECHNOLOGY
Hydroponics is the fastest growing sector of agriculture, and it
could very well dominate food production in the future[3]. As
population increases and arable land declines due to poor land
management, people will turn to new technologies like
hydroponics and aeroponics to create additional channels of
crop production[4]. To get a glimpse of the future of
hydroponics, we need only to examine some of the early
adopters of this science[5]. In Tokyo, land is extremely
valuable due to the surging population. To feed the citizens
while preserving valuable land mass, the country has turned to
hydroponic rice production[6]. The rice is harvested in
underground vaults without the use of soil. Because the
environment is perfectly controlled, four cycles of harvest can
be performed annually, instead of the traditional single
harvest[12].
Hydroponics also has been used successfully in Israel which
has a dry and arid climate[11]. A company called Organitech
has been growing crops in 40-foot (12.19-meter) long shipping
containers, using hydroponic systems. They grow large
quantities of berries, citrus fruits and bananas, all of which
couldn't normally be grown in Israel's climate[11]. The
hydroponics techniques produce a yield 1,000 times greater
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than the same sized area of land could produce annually[12].
Best of all, the process is completely automated, controlled by
robots using an assembly line-type system, such as those used
in manufacturing plants. The shipping containers are then
transported throughout the country[5].
There has already been a great deal of buzz throughout the
scientific community for the potential to use hydroponics in
third world countries, where water supplies are limited[3-6].
Though the upfront capital costs of setting up hydroponics
systems is currently a barrier but in the long-run, as with all
technology, costs will decline, making this option much more
feasible[5-7]. Hydroponics has the ability to feed millions in
areas of Africa and Asia, where both water and crops are
scarce.
Hydroponics also will be important to the future of the space
program[12]. NASA has extensive hydroponics research plans
in place, which will benefit current space exploration, as well
as future, long-term colonization of Mars or the Moon[11]. As
we haven't yet found soil that can support life in space, and the
logistics of transporting soil via the space shuttles seems
impractical, hydroponics could be key to the future of space
exploration[11]. The benefits of hydroponics in space are two-
fold: It offers the potential for a larger variety of food, and it
provides a biological aspect, called a bio-regenerative life
support system[12]. This simply means that as the plants
grow, they will absorb carbon-di-oxide and stale air and
provide renewed oxygen through the plant's natural growing
process. This is important for long-range habitation of both the
space stations and other planets[5].
CONCLUSIONS
The industry is expected to grow exponentially also in future,
as conditions of soil growing is becoming difficult. Specially,
in a country like India , where urban concrete conglomerate is
growing each day , there is no option but adopting soil-less
culture to help improve the yield and quality of the produce so
that we can ensure food security of our country. However,
Government intervention and Research Institute interest can
propel the use of this technology.
REFERENCES
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―Nutriculture Systems—Growing Plants Without Soil‖.
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[2]. Beibel, J.P. , ―Hydroponics -The Science of Growing
Crops Without Soil‖. Florida Department of Agric. Bull. p.
180,( 1960.)
[3]. Butler, J.D. and Oebker, N.F. ,―Hydroponics as a
Hobby— Growing Plants Without Soil‖. Circular 844.
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[4]. Maharana, L. and Koul, D.N.. The emergence of
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[5]. Singh, S. and Singh, B. S.. ―Hydroponics – A technique
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Proceedings of 4th Global conference on ―Horticulture for
Food, Nutrition and Livelih,ood Options‖ Bhubaneshwar,
Odisha, India. p.220. (2012)
[6]. De Kreij C; Voogt W; Baas R (1999). Nutrient solutions
and water quality for soilless cultures. Research Station for
Floriculture and Glasshouse Vegetables (PBG), Naaldwijk,
The Netherlands, Brochure 196
[7]. Raviv M; Krasnovsky A; Medina S; Reuveni R (1998).
Assessment of various control strategies for recirculation
of greenhouse effluents under semi-arid conditions. Journal
of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology, 73(4), 485–491
[8]. Savvas D (2002). Nutrient solution recycling in
hydroponics. In: HydroponicProduc tion of Vegetables and
Ornamentals (Savvas D; Passam H C, eds), pp 299–343.
Embryo Publications, Athens, Greece
[9]. Silberbush M; Ben-Asher J (2001). Simulation study of
nutrient uptake by plants from soilless cultures as affected by
salinity buildup and transpiration. Plant and Soil, 233, 59–69
[10]. Sonneveld C (2000). Effects of salinity on substrate
grown vegetables and ornamentals in greenhouse horticulture.
PhDThesis, University of Wageningen, The Netherlands
[11]. Van Os E A; Gieling Th H; Ruijs M N A (2002).
Equipment for hydroponicinstallations. In: HydroponicProduc
tion of Vegetables and Ornamentals (Savvas D; Passam H C,
eds),pp 103–141. Embryo Publications, Athens, Greece
BIOGRAPHIES:
Mamta D. Sardare
Assistant Professor,
MIT Academy of Engineering Alandi
Pune, Maharashtra, India,
mamtasardare@gmail.com
Shraddha V. Admane
Technical Assistant,
MIT Academy of Engineering Alandi
Pune, Maharashtra, India,
shraddhaadmane@gmail.com