Jemimah Njuki, Sarah Eissler, Hazel Malapit, Ruth Meinzen-Dick, Elizabeth Bryan, and Agnes Quisumbing
SPECIAL EVENT
UNFSS Science Days Side Event: Gender Equality, Women’s Empowerment, and Food Systems
Co-Organized by IFPRI and Self Employed Women’s Association (SEWA)
JUL 6, 2021 - 07:00 AM TO 08:00 AM EDT
This document provides an overview of topics related to gender inequality and citizenship. It discusses persistent patterns of inequality such as unequal economic opportunities and differences in political voice between men and women. It also examines definitions of gender equality, criticisms of universal citizenship, and the role of international organizations like the UN and World Bank in advancing gender issues. Case studies are provided on women's representation in politics in different countries and regions. The document argues that while progress has been made, gender discrimination remains a problem worldwide and achieving full equality will require continued efforts from governments and political institutions.
A Gender Transformative Approach: Why what and how?CGIAR
This presentation was given by Cynthia McDougall (WorldFish Center), as part of the Annual Scientific Conference hosted by the University of Canberra and co-sponsored by the University of Canberra, the Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR) and CGIAR Collaborative Platform for Gender Research. The event took place on April 2-4, 2019 in Canberra, Australia.
Read more: https://www.canberra.edu.au/research/faculty-research-centres/aisc/seeds-of-change and https://gender.cgiar.org/annual-conference-2019/
Gender mainstreaming aims to promote gender equality by making women's and men's concerns an integral part of policymaking. It involves assessing how gender norms can affect development programs and identifying opportunities to address inequalities. Key aspects of gender mainstreaming include political commitment, building technical capacity, and establishing accountability measures to ensure the process transforms unequal power structures over time. The ultimate goal is to achieve equitable and sustainable development outcomes where both women and men can equally participate in and benefit from development.
India has one of the lowest sex ratios in the world at 933 females per 1000 males. This is due to strong son preference and practices like female infanticide and foeticide. Over 1 in 3 Indian girls do not live to see their 15th birthday. Haryana state has the worst ratio of 879 females per 1000 males. The document discusses key concepts in gender and development like patriarchy, gender discrimination, and women's empowerment. It contrasts the Women in Development and Gender and Development approaches, noting that GAD focuses on challenging gender roles and relations to achieve social and gender equality.
Indian Women in the Labour Force
Dr. Vibhuti Patel
Reader, Centre for Women’s Studies
Department of Economics,
University of Mumbai, Kalina,
Santacruz (East), Mumbai-400098
E mail-vibhuti@vsnl.net Ph®-6770227
Ph(W)-6527956,57Ext.553,Fax-6528198
Statistical Profile of Women
• Women constitute ½ of the world’s population, 2/3 of the world’s labour force but get 1/10th of the world’s income and 1% of the world’s Wealth.
• As per 2001 Census, 23% of women are in the work force. 94% of all working women are in the informal sector.
Work participation rate
Major Findings of Time use Survey
– “Women carry a disproportionately greater burden of work than men and since women are responsible for a greater share of non-SNA
( system of National Accounts) work in the care economy , they enter labour market already overburdened with work.” Report of Gender Diagnosis and Budgeting in India of National Institute of Public Finance and Policy, NIPFP. December, 2001.
WORK PARTICIPATION RATES 1991
The Female Economic Activity Rate (FEAR)
Census of India, 2001, Series 1
Distribution of Women Employees Across Industries
Women in the organized Sector
Women constitute only 14% of the total employment in the organized sector. It is concentrated in Maharashtra, Delhi, West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh and Tamilnadu.
In the urban areas, FEAR in tertiary sector has increased, from 37.6 % in 1983 to 52.9 % in 1999. (Economic Survey, 2002, GOI).
Here, women workers and employees get relatively better wages, standard working hours, and the protection of labour laws.
Women in the Informal Sector
Factors Affecting Women’s Labour Force Participation
• Changes in age-structure, urbanisation, level & nature of economic development, infrastructure, government policies, labour laws, nature of work, structure of family, culture & tradition affecting autonomy and control, fertility levels and childbearing practices, nature of housework,women’s property rights, education, age at marriage, migration, access to technology.
Segmentation in the labour market
• Nature of wage differentials (WD)-for identical tasks women are paid less. And women are confined to relatively inferior tasks, casual work.
• Causes of WD-patriarchal attitude, myths
• Effects of WD- subordination of women, son preference, man is treated as a “bread winner”- Head of the Household (HoH)
Affirmative Action to remove
Wage Differential
*Legislative measures
*Equal Remuneration Act
*Formation of women’s union
*Constitutional guarantees
*Job reservation for women
*Self Help Groups(SHGs)
Demands of the Women’s Groups
Labour Legislations
Special Facilities for Women
Women and Trade Unions(T.U.)
Women’s Action Plan for T.U.s
Role of Human Rights Organisations
Women and Development Debate
Development Alternatives With Women
Human Development With Distributive Justice
Implications of Development Process on Women
Use of conservative ideology to retrench and lay off women
Women’s Challenges to the T.U.s
Role of the UN System-ILO, UNICEF
Gender inequality has historically disadvantaged women through discrimination and lack of legal rights. Women faced obstacles in professional life, education, healthcare, and political participation. They also experienced high rates of violence. Feminist theories analyze how gender differences, inequality, and oppression impact women's status in society. While progress has been made through movements and legislation, gender inequality persists in many areas around the world today.
Gender mainstreaming aims to promote gender equality by integrating gender perspectives into all policies, programs, and activities. It seeks to address inequalities that discriminate against both women and men. Gender mainstreaming is not just about improving access or balancing statistics - it targets major economic and social policies to ensure both women and men participate fully and benefit equally from development. It recognizes that gender affects lives from birth and aims to establish a balanced distribution of responsibilities between women and men through determined political action and support.
This document provides an overview of topics related to gender inequality and citizenship. It discusses persistent patterns of inequality such as unequal economic opportunities and differences in political voice between men and women. It also examines definitions of gender equality, criticisms of universal citizenship, and the role of international organizations like the UN and World Bank in advancing gender issues. Case studies are provided on women's representation in politics in different countries and regions. The document argues that while progress has been made, gender discrimination remains a problem worldwide and achieving full equality will require continued efforts from governments and political institutions.
A Gender Transformative Approach: Why what and how?CGIAR
This presentation was given by Cynthia McDougall (WorldFish Center), as part of the Annual Scientific Conference hosted by the University of Canberra and co-sponsored by the University of Canberra, the Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR) and CGIAR Collaborative Platform for Gender Research. The event took place on April 2-4, 2019 in Canberra, Australia.
Read more: https://www.canberra.edu.au/research/faculty-research-centres/aisc/seeds-of-change and https://gender.cgiar.org/annual-conference-2019/
Gender mainstreaming aims to promote gender equality by making women's and men's concerns an integral part of policymaking. It involves assessing how gender norms can affect development programs and identifying opportunities to address inequalities. Key aspects of gender mainstreaming include political commitment, building technical capacity, and establishing accountability measures to ensure the process transforms unequal power structures over time. The ultimate goal is to achieve equitable and sustainable development outcomes where both women and men can equally participate in and benefit from development.
India has one of the lowest sex ratios in the world at 933 females per 1000 males. This is due to strong son preference and practices like female infanticide and foeticide. Over 1 in 3 Indian girls do not live to see their 15th birthday. Haryana state has the worst ratio of 879 females per 1000 males. The document discusses key concepts in gender and development like patriarchy, gender discrimination, and women's empowerment. It contrasts the Women in Development and Gender and Development approaches, noting that GAD focuses on challenging gender roles and relations to achieve social and gender equality.
Indian Women in the Labour Force
Dr. Vibhuti Patel
Reader, Centre for Women’s Studies
Department of Economics,
University of Mumbai, Kalina,
Santacruz (East), Mumbai-400098
E mail-vibhuti@vsnl.net Ph®-6770227
Ph(W)-6527956,57Ext.553,Fax-6528198
Statistical Profile of Women
• Women constitute ½ of the world’s population, 2/3 of the world’s labour force but get 1/10th of the world’s income and 1% of the world’s Wealth.
• As per 2001 Census, 23% of women are in the work force. 94% of all working women are in the informal sector.
Work participation rate
Major Findings of Time use Survey
– “Women carry a disproportionately greater burden of work than men and since women are responsible for a greater share of non-SNA
( system of National Accounts) work in the care economy , they enter labour market already overburdened with work.” Report of Gender Diagnosis and Budgeting in India of National Institute of Public Finance and Policy, NIPFP. December, 2001.
WORK PARTICIPATION RATES 1991
The Female Economic Activity Rate (FEAR)
Census of India, 2001, Series 1
Distribution of Women Employees Across Industries
Women in the organized Sector
Women constitute only 14% of the total employment in the organized sector. It is concentrated in Maharashtra, Delhi, West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh and Tamilnadu.
In the urban areas, FEAR in tertiary sector has increased, from 37.6 % in 1983 to 52.9 % in 1999. (Economic Survey, 2002, GOI).
Here, women workers and employees get relatively better wages, standard working hours, and the protection of labour laws.
Women in the Informal Sector
Factors Affecting Women’s Labour Force Participation
• Changes in age-structure, urbanisation, level & nature of economic development, infrastructure, government policies, labour laws, nature of work, structure of family, culture & tradition affecting autonomy and control, fertility levels and childbearing practices, nature of housework,women’s property rights, education, age at marriage, migration, access to technology.
Segmentation in the labour market
• Nature of wage differentials (WD)-for identical tasks women are paid less. And women are confined to relatively inferior tasks, casual work.
• Causes of WD-patriarchal attitude, myths
• Effects of WD- subordination of women, son preference, man is treated as a “bread winner”- Head of the Household (HoH)
Affirmative Action to remove
Wage Differential
*Legislative measures
*Equal Remuneration Act
*Formation of women’s union
*Constitutional guarantees
*Job reservation for women
*Self Help Groups(SHGs)
Demands of the Women’s Groups
Labour Legislations
Special Facilities for Women
Women and Trade Unions(T.U.)
Women’s Action Plan for T.U.s
Role of Human Rights Organisations
Women and Development Debate
Development Alternatives With Women
Human Development With Distributive Justice
Implications of Development Process on Women
Use of conservative ideology to retrench and lay off women
Women’s Challenges to the T.U.s
Role of the UN System-ILO, UNICEF
Gender inequality has historically disadvantaged women through discrimination and lack of legal rights. Women faced obstacles in professional life, education, healthcare, and political participation. They also experienced high rates of violence. Feminist theories analyze how gender differences, inequality, and oppression impact women's status in society. While progress has been made through movements and legislation, gender inequality persists in many areas around the world today.
Gender mainstreaming aims to promote gender equality by integrating gender perspectives into all policies, programs, and activities. It seeks to address inequalities that discriminate against both women and men. Gender mainstreaming is not just about improving access or balancing statistics - it targets major economic and social policies to ensure both women and men participate fully and benefit equally from development. It recognizes that gender affects lives from birth and aims to establish a balanced distribution of responsibilities between women and men through determined political action and support.
1) Most societies are patriarchal, where men are primarily responsible for the family and hold positions of power.
2) In patriarchal societies, women are economically dependent on men and have reduced status and decision-making power. They also face discrimination like lower pay and barriers to career advancement.
3) Gender sensitivity involves recognizing that gender is a social construct and treating people equally regardless of gender. It is important for individuals and organizations to adopt non-discriminatory attitudes and policies.
ReadySetPresent (Gender Differences PowerPoint Presentation Content): 100+ PowerPoint presentation content slides. Misinterpreting gender differences can be potentially disastrous. However, understanding them, can lead to a harmonious environment both at work and at home. Gender Differences PowerPoint Presentation Content slides include topics such as: highlighting Gender and Communication Differences, how to avoid pitfalls, 6 common areas of miscommunication between genders, 6 slides on negotiation and gender, 10 slides on biological brain and health differences, 25+ slides on strengths of genders with facts and trivia, 15+ slides on managing and accommodating different genders and moving past stereotypes, 4 slides on the Parson’s model, 9 slides on women working with men, 8 slides on men working with women, and 6 slides on females in business, 10 slides on common misunderstandings and communication between spouses, interesting gender statistics and more!
The session presents gender analysis tools that can be used during project design, implementation and evaluation. The gender analysis tools will help to make the development intervention gender sensitive, so that the benefits of project reach both women and men.
The document discusses gender equality and inequality. It defines gender equality as equal access to rights and opportunities regardless of gender. It then lists some of the main causes of inequality as patriarchy, discriminatory parenting, illiteracy, and sociocultural/religious influences. Some alarming statistics are presented showing disparities in areas like pay, education access, violence, and child marriage. Potential solutions proposed include equal treatment of children, eradicating patriarchy, and educating children about gender equality from a young age.
The document discusses gender differences in leadership effectiveness and the barriers that women face in achieving leadership positions. While men and women are equally effective leaders overall, women tend to be more effective in leadership roles that align with stereotypical feminine traits, like education and social services. However, women are underrepresented in top leadership positions due to factors like human capital differences related to domestic responsibilities, gender differences in self-promotion, and prejudice stemming from perceptions that leadership requires stereotypically masculine traits. The "glass ceiling" refers to the invisible barrier preventing women's advancement, and its persistence is related to a lack of recognition of women's business, strategic, and financial acumen.
While roles and relationships among couples have become more equal in some ways, inequality still persists in many relationships. While men are increasingly helping with household chores, the patriarchal view holds that women will always be primarily responsible for domestic labor. Research also shows that women still take on the "second shift" of domestic duties even when working full-time. Decision-making power is also still unequal in many couples, though pooling finances rather than an allowance system has become more common. Lesbian couples have been found to divide labor more equally due to less emphasis on traditional gender roles. Overall, progress has been made but power imbalances and traditional gender scripts continue to influence roles and relationships among many couples.
Gender inequality exists in education, employment, and income. Women earn only 70 cents for every dollar men earn, and it would take women 14 extra years to earn the same as men by age 65. While women now earn 60% of bachelor's degrees, they are more likely to work in lower-paying fields like health and education. 10-15% of the wage gap is due to gender discrimination. Traditional gender roles also contribute to inequality by expecting women to work unpaid domestic jobs and care for children. However, policies aim to reduce discrimination and encourage equal opportunities.
This document discusses gender inequality and development approaches over time. It covers topics such as:
1) The human development approach focuses on improving quality of life through health, education, and standard of living. Economic growth alone does not guarantee development.
2) Early approaches included trickle-down theory and growth with social justice. Recent approaches include human development, gender and development, and women's empowerment.
3) Gender inequalities exist due to discrimination and social norms. Reducing inequalities requires conventions, economic and legal reforms, and women's empowerment and agency.
The document discusses gender disparity in technological, social, and economic development in third world countries. It notes that while overall living standards have improved, gains have not been equal between genders. Women tend to be disproportionately represented among the poor and have less access to resources like education, land, credit, and technical training. As a result, women often work in subsistence agriculture or low-paying manufacturing jobs. While efforts have sought to promote gender equality, continued work is needed to address barriers preventing women from entering male-dominated fields like technology education and ensure their full participation and decision-making in development.
Gender inequality persists in the workplace. While women now make up around half the workforce, they remain underrepresented in leadership positions and continue to earn less than men for similar work. This pay gap can be partially explained by women more often taking on lower-paying jobs and prioritizing family responsibilities over career advancement. However, gender biases and stereotypes also contribute significantly to inequality. Studies show women are judged more harshly than men and face barriers when breaking from traditional gender norms. Overcoming inequality will require addressing its deep-seated structural and societal causes, not just individual factors.
Gender responsive budgeting (GRB) aims to analyze government budgets through a gender lens. GRB seeks to highlight gaps between gender policies and resource allocation, and to promote more effective and equitable use of public funds. Key aspects of GRB include understanding the country's budget process, analyzing data on impacts of spending on men and women, and engaging stakeholders across government and civil society. Case studies demonstrate that sustainable GRB initiatives require institutionalization within government and ongoing support from civil society.
this presentation give you a general view of gender specially what need to as a organization in gender aspect. pls give me feedback and quarry send me email: ai_shahin@yahoo.com
The document discusses gender equality in the world of work. It outlines that gender gaps exist in multiple dimensions including labor force participation, type of employment, and pay. Constraints emerge throughout a woman's lifecycle and are amplified for those facing overlapping disadvantages. Action is needed at three levels - through sound government policies, private sector engagement, and addressing data gaps. Initiatives should consider a woman's lifecycle and focus on issues like access to education, financial services, flexible work arrangements, and social protection.
This document discusses key concepts related to gender and development. It defines gender as socially constructed differences between men and women, whereas sex refers to biological characteristics. Two approaches to development are described: Women in Development, which focuses on integrating women, and Gender and Development, which challenges existing gender roles. Gender socialization and stereotyping are explained as processes that influence the roles and expectations assigned to each sex. Selected concepts central to gender and development thinking include culture, gender relations, discrimination, and empowerment.
This document discusses tools and methodologies for conducting gender planning and analysis in development projects and policies. It outlines frameworks for identifying gender roles and needs, assessing resource allocation and decision making between genders. It also provides checklists for ensuring a gender lens is applied across all stages of project planning, design, implementation and evaluation. The goal is to promote gender equity, empowerment, and address both practical and strategic gender needs and interests.
The document summarizes the development and piloting of the Women's Empowerment in Agriculture Index (WEAI) in three countries. The WEAI measures women's empowerment and inclusion in the agricultural sector across five domains. It was piloted in Bangladesh, Guatemala, and Uganda. Results showed varying levels of women's empowerment between 31.9-37.3% across sites. Disempowered women lacked adequate achievement in some domains. The WEAI identifies how to target policies to increase women's empowerment and gender parity in different contexts.
The document discusses gender discrimination and inequality in various contexts. It begins with quotes emphasizing the need to raise both sons and daughters with egalitarian values. It then discusses discrimination against women in India through unequal wages, sexual harassment, familial status discrimination, domestic violence, human trafficking, and state-sanctioned discriminatory laws. Politicians' statements reflecting patriarchal mindsets are also criticized. Theories on gender socialization and identity construction are outlined. International laws like CEDAW and EU principles that promote gender equality are mentioned. In summary, the document analyzes pervasive gender discrimination and inequality in India through different social, legal, economic, and political lenses.
The document discusses gender biases and the status of women prior to and after Islam. It notes that before Islam, women were treated poorly and had no rights. The Prophet Muhammad elevated women's status and granted them rights over marriage, divorce, property and inheritance. However, gender biases still exist worldwide in areas like education, healthcare, political participation, and mobility. Causes include religion, laws, and physical factors. Solutions involve anti-discrimination laws and policies promoting diversity and inclusion. The document ends by highlighting some pioneering Pakistani women who have broken gender barriers.
1) Most societies are patriarchal, where men are primarily responsible for the family and hold positions of power.
2) In patriarchal societies, women are economically dependent on men and have reduced status and decision-making power. They also face discrimination like lower pay and barriers to career advancement.
3) Gender sensitivity involves recognizing that gender is a social construct and treating people equally regardless of gender. It is important for individuals and organizations to adopt non-discriminatory attitudes and policies.
ReadySetPresent (Gender Differences PowerPoint Presentation Content): 100+ PowerPoint presentation content slides. Misinterpreting gender differences can be potentially disastrous. However, understanding them, can lead to a harmonious environment both at work and at home. Gender Differences PowerPoint Presentation Content slides include topics such as: highlighting Gender and Communication Differences, how to avoid pitfalls, 6 common areas of miscommunication between genders, 6 slides on negotiation and gender, 10 slides on biological brain and health differences, 25+ slides on strengths of genders with facts and trivia, 15+ slides on managing and accommodating different genders and moving past stereotypes, 4 slides on the Parson’s model, 9 slides on women working with men, 8 slides on men working with women, and 6 slides on females in business, 10 slides on common misunderstandings and communication between spouses, interesting gender statistics and more!
The session presents gender analysis tools that can be used during project design, implementation and evaluation. The gender analysis tools will help to make the development intervention gender sensitive, so that the benefits of project reach both women and men.
The document discusses gender equality and inequality. It defines gender equality as equal access to rights and opportunities regardless of gender. It then lists some of the main causes of inequality as patriarchy, discriminatory parenting, illiteracy, and sociocultural/religious influences. Some alarming statistics are presented showing disparities in areas like pay, education access, violence, and child marriage. Potential solutions proposed include equal treatment of children, eradicating patriarchy, and educating children about gender equality from a young age.
The document discusses gender differences in leadership effectiveness and the barriers that women face in achieving leadership positions. While men and women are equally effective leaders overall, women tend to be more effective in leadership roles that align with stereotypical feminine traits, like education and social services. However, women are underrepresented in top leadership positions due to factors like human capital differences related to domestic responsibilities, gender differences in self-promotion, and prejudice stemming from perceptions that leadership requires stereotypically masculine traits. The "glass ceiling" refers to the invisible barrier preventing women's advancement, and its persistence is related to a lack of recognition of women's business, strategic, and financial acumen.
While roles and relationships among couples have become more equal in some ways, inequality still persists in many relationships. While men are increasingly helping with household chores, the patriarchal view holds that women will always be primarily responsible for domestic labor. Research also shows that women still take on the "second shift" of domestic duties even when working full-time. Decision-making power is also still unequal in many couples, though pooling finances rather than an allowance system has become more common. Lesbian couples have been found to divide labor more equally due to less emphasis on traditional gender roles. Overall, progress has been made but power imbalances and traditional gender scripts continue to influence roles and relationships among many couples.
Gender inequality exists in education, employment, and income. Women earn only 70 cents for every dollar men earn, and it would take women 14 extra years to earn the same as men by age 65. While women now earn 60% of bachelor's degrees, they are more likely to work in lower-paying fields like health and education. 10-15% of the wage gap is due to gender discrimination. Traditional gender roles also contribute to inequality by expecting women to work unpaid domestic jobs and care for children. However, policies aim to reduce discrimination and encourage equal opportunities.
This document discusses gender inequality and development approaches over time. It covers topics such as:
1) The human development approach focuses on improving quality of life through health, education, and standard of living. Economic growth alone does not guarantee development.
2) Early approaches included trickle-down theory and growth with social justice. Recent approaches include human development, gender and development, and women's empowerment.
3) Gender inequalities exist due to discrimination and social norms. Reducing inequalities requires conventions, economic and legal reforms, and women's empowerment and agency.
The document discusses gender disparity in technological, social, and economic development in third world countries. It notes that while overall living standards have improved, gains have not been equal between genders. Women tend to be disproportionately represented among the poor and have less access to resources like education, land, credit, and technical training. As a result, women often work in subsistence agriculture or low-paying manufacturing jobs. While efforts have sought to promote gender equality, continued work is needed to address barriers preventing women from entering male-dominated fields like technology education and ensure their full participation and decision-making in development.
Gender inequality persists in the workplace. While women now make up around half the workforce, they remain underrepresented in leadership positions and continue to earn less than men for similar work. This pay gap can be partially explained by women more often taking on lower-paying jobs and prioritizing family responsibilities over career advancement. However, gender biases and stereotypes also contribute significantly to inequality. Studies show women are judged more harshly than men and face barriers when breaking from traditional gender norms. Overcoming inequality will require addressing its deep-seated structural and societal causes, not just individual factors.
Gender responsive budgeting (GRB) aims to analyze government budgets through a gender lens. GRB seeks to highlight gaps between gender policies and resource allocation, and to promote more effective and equitable use of public funds. Key aspects of GRB include understanding the country's budget process, analyzing data on impacts of spending on men and women, and engaging stakeholders across government and civil society. Case studies demonstrate that sustainable GRB initiatives require institutionalization within government and ongoing support from civil society.
this presentation give you a general view of gender specially what need to as a organization in gender aspect. pls give me feedback and quarry send me email: ai_shahin@yahoo.com
The document discusses gender equality in the world of work. It outlines that gender gaps exist in multiple dimensions including labor force participation, type of employment, and pay. Constraints emerge throughout a woman's lifecycle and are amplified for those facing overlapping disadvantages. Action is needed at three levels - through sound government policies, private sector engagement, and addressing data gaps. Initiatives should consider a woman's lifecycle and focus on issues like access to education, financial services, flexible work arrangements, and social protection.
This document discusses key concepts related to gender and development. It defines gender as socially constructed differences between men and women, whereas sex refers to biological characteristics. Two approaches to development are described: Women in Development, which focuses on integrating women, and Gender and Development, which challenges existing gender roles. Gender socialization and stereotyping are explained as processes that influence the roles and expectations assigned to each sex. Selected concepts central to gender and development thinking include culture, gender relations, discrimination, and empowerment.
This document discusses tools and methodologies for conducting gender planning and analysis in development projects and policies. It outlines frameworks for identifying gender roles and needs, assessing resource allocation and decision making between genders. It also provides checklists for ensuring a gender lens is applied across all stages of project planning, design, implementation and evaluation. The goal is to promote gender equity, empowerment, and address both practical and strategic gender needs and interests.
The document summarizes the development and piloting of the Women's Empowerment in Agriculture Index (WEAI) in three countries. The WEAI measures women's empowerment and inclusion in the agricultural sector across five domains. It was piloted in Bangladesh, Guatemala, and Uganda. Results showed varying levels of women's empowerment between 31.9-37.3% across sites. Disempowered women lacked adequate achievement in some domains. The WEAI identifies how to target policies to increase women's empowerment and gender parity in different contexts.
The document discusses gender discrimination and inequality in various contexts. It begins with quotes emphasizing the need to raise both sons and daughters with egalitarian values. It then discusses discrimination against women in India through unequal wages, sexual harassment, familial status discrimination, domestic violence, human trafficking, and state-sanctioned discriminatory laws. Politicians' statements reflecting patriarchal mindsets are also criticized. Theories on gender socialization and identity construction are outlined. International laws like CEDAW and EU principles that promote gender equality are mentioned. In summary, the document analyzes pervasive gender discrimination and inequality in India through different social, legal, economic, and political lenses.
The document discusses gender biases and the status of women prior to and after Islam. It notes that before Islam, women were treated poorly and had no rights. The Prophet Muhammad elevated women's status and granted them rights over marriage, divorce, property and inheritance. However, gender biases still exist worldwide in areas like education, healthcare, political participation, and mobility. Causes include religion, laws, and physical factors. Solutions involve anti-discrimination laws and policies promoting diversity and inclusion. The document ends by highlighting some pioneering Pakistani women who have broken gender barriers.
Unpacking the “Gender Box”: Identifying the Gender Dimensions of Your ResearchIFPRI Gender
This document provides an overview of key concepts and tools for conducting gender analysis in agricultural research and development projects. It defines common gender terminology and explains why gender differences are important to consider. The document outlines different levels of gender analysis from the individual to household to plot levels. It also discusses objectives for gender-sensitive programs, strategies to measure women's empowerment, and resources for further gender analysis.
This document proposes a new CGIAR strategy to develop gender-transformative seed systems. It recommends flipping the focus from gender-responsive seed systems to using seed systems to promote gender equality by transforming norms. The strategy includes studying the gendered impacts of current systems, and developing and testing seed system models that support new gender roles and women's access to and control over resources. The goal is to produce evidence on how seed systems can empower women and enhance gender equity through changes to formal policies and informal social norms.
This document presents a framework for understanding how gender influences resilience to climate change impacts. It discusses how men and women have different exposures, capacities, decision-making power, and outcomes due to factors like livelihoods, resource access, and social norms. Programs aim to strengthen women's resilience by improving access to climate information, boosting participation in natural resource governance, and facilitating more equitable household decision-making. Evaluating impacts on production, income, assets, labor, and well-being can reveal how resilience strategies differentially affect men and women. Integrating gender considerations into project design and implementation helps promote more transformative change toward gender equality.
This document summarizes the results of a baseline assessment conducted in 2015 on the relationship between household food security, gender, and nutrition among women from tribal communities in rural Rajasthan, India. The assessment found high levels of food insecurity, malnutrition, and anemia among women and children. It also found that women had low levels of autonomy and decision-making power regarding issues like food, finances, healthcare, and mobility. The results showed associations between women's autonomy, household food security, access to government nutrition programs, and practices like exclusive breastfeeding. The conclusions were that improving food security requires addressing women's empowerment and autonomy, in addition to increasing food supply, and that programs need a multidimensional approach that engages
This document discusses gender justice and women's agricultural work and nutrition security in South Asia. It notes some progress made on women's rights but that challenges remain, such as poor health, devaluation of women's work, and violence against women. It presents data showing a double burden of undernutrition and overnutrition among women in South Asian countries. Women perform a large percentage of agricultural work but also domestic and care work, resulting in time deficits that can negatively impact child nutrition outcomes. More research is needed to better understand how contextual factors shape women's work and agency. Policies are needed to address social inequities, recognize women as farmers, redistribute unpaid care work, and improve representation, social protections, and basic services and infrastructure to
Gender in the CGIAR Research Program on Agriculture for Nutrition and Health ...CGIAR
This poster was presented by Hazel Malapit (PIM), as part of the Gender Research Coordinators' meeting (4 December 2017), related to Annual Scientific Conference hosted by the CGIAR Collaborative Platform for Gender Research. The event took place on 5-6 December 2017 in Amsterdam, the Netherlands, where the Platform is hosted (by KIT Royal Tropical Institute).
Read more: http://gender.cgiar.org/gender_events/annual-scientific-conference-capacity-development-workshop-cgiar-collaborative-platform-gender-research/
Gender in Agriculture for Nutrition and HealthIFPRI-PIM
This poster was presented by Hazel Malapit (A4NH / IFPRI) for the pre-Annual Scientific Conference meeting organized for the CGIAR research program gender research coordinators on 4 December.
The annual scientific conference of the CGIAR collaborative platform for gender research took place on 5-6 December 2017 in Amsterdam, the Netherlands, where the Platform is hosted (by KIT Royal Tropical Institute).
Read more: http://gender.cgiar.org/gender_events/annual-scientific-conference-capacity-development-workshop-cgiar-collaborative-platform-gender-research/
Neha Kumar, IFPRI - Evidence review on women's group platforms and pathways t...POSHAN
Presentation made at an IFPRI event on "What Lies Beneath:
Women’s and Girls’ Wellbeing as a Critical Underpinning of India’s Nutritional Challenge" on December 10, 2018, in New Delhi
Bringing Agriculture, Nutrition and Extension Together Using a Gender LensINGENAES
Andrea Bohn
University of Illinois
March 23, 2016
INGENAES recognizes that women are disproportionally affected by hunger and malnutrition, and addresses gender equity to achieve better agricultural and nutrition outcomes. There are the four pillars of food security based on the role of extension including availability, access, utilization, and stability.
This document examines the relationship between women's empowerment in agriculture and household food security in rural Bangladesh. It finds that women experience the greatest gaps in empowerment in leadership roles in the community and control over resources. Higher levels of women's overall empowerment, group participation, control over assets and credit decisions are positively associated with greater per capita calorie availability and household dietary diversity. Reducing gender disparities between men and women in households also contributes to improved food security. Increasing agricultural production diversity and expanding targeted assistance programs for vulnerable groups can further support women's empowerment and household food security.
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A Review of Evidence on Gender Equality, Women’s Empowerment, and Food Systems
1. A Review of Evidence on Gender
Equality, Women’s Empowerment, and
Food Systems
Jemimah Njuki, Sarah Eissler, Hazel Malapit, Ruth Meinzen-
Dick, Elizabeth Bryan, and Agnes Quisumbing
Presented at the UNFSS Science Days Side Event on Gender
and Food Systems, July 6, 2021
2. Introduction
• Achieving gender equality and women’s empowerment in food
systems can result in greater food security and better nutrition,
and in more just, resilient, and sustainable food systems for all
• Stark gender inequalities are both a cause and outcome of
unsustainable food systems and unjust food access,
consumption, and production.
• Evidence shows unequal access and rights to important
resources in food systems, undermining their
empowerment and productivity
• Women are more vulnerable to chronic food and nutrition
insecurity as well as shock-induced food insecurity
• These constraints and limitations are shaped and reinforced by
social and structural inequalities in food systems
• Interventions to address gender inequality in food systems
require changes which must go beyond just reaching women but
facilitates the empowerment process
3. Why a scoping
review?
• Transforming food systems in equitable ways requires
changes in gender equality at the individual and
systemic levels and at the formal and informal levels.
• The literature is largely in agreement as to how to
advance gender equality and women’s
empowerment in food systems but offers little
evidence on causal pathways or mechanisms
• Key questions remain
• What are the critical pathways for achieving
gender equality in food systems
• What works? What is the strength of the
evidence for different pathways?
4. Methods
• Use a scoping review to assess the current evidence on gender
issues in food systems.
• key topics related to gender in food systems, topically relevant
and published systematic reviews were sampled to provide a
baseline state of the evidence.
• Three databases (Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, and IFPRI’s
Ebrary) were used to gather and collect additional articles using
key word searches aligned with 42 unique terms cross-
referenced with the terms “gender” and “women.”
• A total of 198 articles were selected from these databases for
review
• Purposively sampled and identified 16 systematic and scoping
reviews
6. Drivers of Food Systems
• Food system drivers are anchored in a gendered system with structural gender inequalities and
are shaped by shocks and vulnerabilities that affect men and women in different ways.
• Men and women are differently exposed and vulnerable to shock and stress events. Gendered
impacts of shocks are nuanced, context specific, and often unexpected (Quisumbing et al. 2018;
Rakib and Matz 2014; Nielsen and Reenberg 2010)
• Gendered perceptions of climate change and ensuing effects are based on livelihood activities
and household and community roles and responsibilities.
• Many studies indicate that gender-differentiated access to or ownership of important resources—
such as women having fewer assets and lacking access to information services or credit—is linked
to different capacities to mitigate, adapt to, and recover from shock and stress events (Bryan et al.
2013; de Pinto et al. 2020; Fisher and Carr 2015).
• Women have fewer adaptation options than men, as social norms restrict women’s mobility,
freedom of movement, and access to transportation, as do time burdens associated with
domestic and care responsibilities (Jost et al. 2016; Naab and Koranteng 2012; de Pinto et al.
2020).
7. Food and Value Chains
• Women are actively engaged across various roles in agricultural value chains(production, storage
preparation, postharvest processing, processing, barn cleaning, care for new-born livestock,
cooking, grinding, fetching, and collecting fuelwood etc.), although women’s positions are
typically undervalued and overlooked in food systems research (Doss, 2013).
• Reviewed evidence indicates that women producers are less able to adopt such sustainable and
resilient production practices or methods given their limited access to necessary resources,
including land, time, labor, information, and technologies (Theriault et al. 2017; Ndiritu et al.
2014; Grabowski et al. 2020; Farnworth et al. 2016; etc.).
• Studies from Benin and Tanzania found that, regardless of the producer, men manage higher-
value sales and marketing, while women only manage marketing and negotiation of small-value
sales (Eissler et al. 2021a; Mwaseba and Kaarhus 2015).
• Gupta et al. (2017) provided evidence that improving women’s market access and equipping
women with sustainable resilient production practises is strongly correlated with increased levels
of women’s empowerment in food value chains.
8. Food Environment
Several themes emerge from the evidence linking gender equality and women’s empowerment with
improving availability and access to safe and nutritious food.
• Women are less likely than men to be able to afford a nutritious diet, as women often occupy
lower-paying wage positions than men, earn and control smaller incomes than men, have less
autonomy over household financial decisions, or have no income at all.
• Raghunathan et al. (2021) estimated that while nutritious diets have become substantially
more affordable for women and men wage workers in rural India, unskilled wage workers still
cannot afford a nutritious diet; unskilled workers account for approximately 80 to 90 percent
of female
• Several articles linked women’s mobility and freedom of movement to market access, and thus
to positive nutrition and food security outcomes.
• For example, Aryal et al. (2018) found that physical distance to markets impacted
household food security outcomes for female-headed households more than for male-
headed households in Bhutan.
• Shroff et al. (2011) found women’s low autonomy in mobility was positively associated
with wasting in children in India.
9. Consumer Behaviour
• Studies reviewed link gender norms, roles, and responsibilities to women as food
preparers and managers of household diet quality (Eissler et al. 2020a; Sraboni
and Quisumbing 2018).
• In terms of what works;
• There is evidence showing positive effects of nutrition counselling, nutrition education, and
maternal education for nutrition, dietary diversity, and health outcomes for women and
children (Choudhury et al. 2019; Atker et al. 2012; Kimambo et al. 2018; etc.).
• Interventions for sustainable and nutritious diets are found to be more effective when they
include components on nutrition and health behavior change communication, women’s
empowerment, water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH), and micronutrient-fortified products
(Ruel et al. 2019).
10. Food systems outcomes
• Evidence links access to resources and empowerment to nutritional outcomes and children’s
educational outcomes.
• For example, evidence indicates that women’s livestock ownership or production diversity,
combined with market access and women’s empowerment, are important drivers of diverse
household consumption and nutritional status (Sibhatu et al. 2015; Mulmi et al. 2016;
Hodinott et al. 2015)
• Malapit et al. (2018) found in Bangladesh that while gaps in parental empowerment had only
weak associations with children’s nutrition status, mother’s empowerment is positively
associated with girls’ education and keeping older children in school in general.
• Diiro et al. (2018) found evidence that increases in women’s empowerment, including women’s
participation in community leadership, is associated with higher agricultural productivity; and
women from more food-secure households are more likely to participate in community
leadership roles.
• Specific to equitable livelihood outcomes, evidence indicates that women face disproportionate
barriers in accessing finance and credit options compared with men (Adegbite et al. 2020; Ghosh
and Vinod 2017; Dawood et al. 2019; Kabir et al. 2019).
11. Food systems Outcomes
• Pathways through which women’s empowerment is linked with
household nutrition outcomes and access to nutritious foods are
contextual and vary across countries and regions (Na et al. 2015;
Ruel et al. 2019; Quisumbing et al. 2020).
12. Social norms
Social and cultural norms shape and reinforce the ways in which women and men
can participate in, access, and benefit from opportunities and resources with
important implications for food systems and their nutrition
• For example, norms can hinder women’s ability to access or adopt new
agricultural practices (Kiptot and Franzel 2012; Njuki et al. 2014).
• Kruijssen et al. (2016) noted that different normative expectations of women
in Hindu and Muslim communities influenced the ways in which these women
were constrained or enabled in participating in aquaculture value chains in
Bangladesh.
• Norms have also been found to influence household food allocation and what
different members of households can or cannot eat
13. Gendered Access to and Control over
Resources, Services, and Technology
• Gender-sensitive program designs that aim to increase access to technologies have positive
impacts on women’s nutrition and health outcomes (Kassie et al. 2020; Alaofè et al. 2016, 2019).
• Access to irrigation technologies in Benin was found to increase women’s dietary diversity,
increased intake of vegetables, decreased rates of anemia, higher body mass indexes (BMI), and
improved household nutritional status through direct consumption as a result of women’s
increased crop diversification and women’s increased income allowing them to make economic
decisions (Alaofè et al. 2016, 2019).
• Existing literature shows that women face social, cultural, and institutional barriers to accessing
and adopting agricultural technologies, information, and services (Peterman et al. 2014;
Peterman et al. 2011; Perez et al. 2015; Mudege et al. 2015, 2017; Ragasa et al. 2013; de Pinto et
al. 2020; Raghunathan et al. 2019; Duffy et al. 2020).
• Interventions to benefit or empower women may overlook the time trade-offs required for
women’s participation or for intended outcomes (Picchioni et al. 2020; Komatsu et al. 2018; van
den Bold et al. 2020).
14. Women’s Agency: Decision-Making and
Leadership
• Evidence suggests positive nutrition, livelihood, wellbeing, and resilience outcomes when women
are more involved and have greater influence in household decision-making.
• Several studies find that when women own or have joint title to land, they are significantly more
involved or have greater influence in household decision-making, particularly regarding
agricultural or productive decisions (Wiig 2013; Mishra and Sam 2016).
• Diiro et al. (2018) found evidence that increases in women’s empowerment, including women’s
participation in community leadership, is associated with higher agricultural productivity; and
women from more food-secure households are more likely to participate in community
leadership roles.
• Increasing women’s voices and integrating their preferences into agricultural solutions, including
technology design and implementation, is an under-researched pathway to empowerment and
gender equality in food systems. For example, there is evidence that women may have different
preferences than men with regard to crop varietals (Gilligan et al. 2020; Teeken et al. 2018),
15. Institutional Barriers, Policy, and Governance
• Institutions and policies that support gender equality and women’s empowerment in food
systems are generally lacking in low-income countries
• Bryan et al. (2017) observed that a lack of policies and institutional capacity hinders research and
gender integration into climate change adaptation programs across a range of contexts
• Some evidence suggests a tension between formal legislation and practiced law. Pradhan et al.
(2019) found that in practice, women’s joint and personal property rights differ from legal
definitions.
• Eissler et al. (2021a) observed that while Benin has formal gender equality and antidiscrimination
laws, these are poorly enforced and do not align with social norms toward GBV or harassment.
• For example, women working in agricultural value chains often may not report incidents of
sexual harassment in the workplacefor fear of upsetting their husbands
16. Conclusion
Where is the evidence strong?
• Evidence that women have differing access to resources compared with men,
such as essential services, knowledge and information, technology dissemination,
land, credit options, time, and markets
• Existing evidence shows that context-specific pathways link women’s
empowerment to important outcomes, such as household nutrition and dietary
diversity, noting that these pathways may vary between and within contexts.
• Cross-contextual evidence exists of positive associations between maternal
education (and specifically, access to nutrition education) and positive
outcomes for child and household nutrition and diet quality
17. Conclusion
Where is the evidence weak?
• There have been few studies to understand best practices and effective pathways
for engaging men in the process of women’s empowerment in food systems, or
addressing issues of migration, crises, or indigenous food systems.
• While there are gender-informed evaluation studies that examine effectiveness
of gender- and nutrition-sensitive agricultural programs, there is limited evidence
to indicate the long-term sustainability of such impacts.
• Existing evidence is extremely localized and context-specific, limiting its
application beyond the focus area of the study.
• Relatively few studies included a gender-informed design and conceptual
framework to best understand mechanisms to promote equality and
empowerment.
18. Recommendations on Priority areas for
Investment
1. Invest in maternal education, nutrition-focused education for all and
counselling.
2. Invest in programs/interventions that aim to improve women’s influence
and role in decision-making and leadership at all levels of the food system
(household, community, and systems).
3. Invest in interventions that promote positive and equal gender norms at the
household, community, and systems level.
4. Invest in interventions and efforts that improve women’s access to important
and necessary resources.
5. Target research to yield more cross-contextual evidence for advancing
gender equality and women’s empowerment in food systems at scale.