In the era of Internet, the multimedia data can be used by anyone. There is a chance that unintended users get access to the data so, encryption is needed to hide the multimedia data from the unauthorized users. This paper proposes a modified binary encryption algorithm based on diffuse representation. Here a binary image is XORed with a random matrix and is divided into more number of non-overlapping sub-images. The modified encryption algorithm will produce an encrypted image with ¼th of dimension and increased number of bits. The proposed encryption algorithm is a symmetric encryption algorithm. The number of keys generated is equal to the number of non-overlapping sub-images. The key shall be transmitted by a private key encryption algorithm. The encryption of the key is not of interest in this paper. The proposed algorithm has high performance that it gives BER as 0% and infinite PSNR. Even grayscale images can be encrypted using this algorithm considering each bit-plane as a binary image.
A novel secure combination technique of steganography and cryptographyZac Darcy
A new technique proposed with the combination of cryptography and steganography enhanced with new
secure feature for generating a new security system. Cryptography and Steganography are two popular
ways for secure data transmission in which the former distorts a message so it cannot be understood and
another hides a message so it cannot be seen. In cryptography, this system is used advanced encryption
standard (AES) algorithm to encrypt secret message and then these are separated keys; one of which is
used to hide in cover image. In steganography, a part of encrypted message as a key is used to hide in
discrete cosine transform (DCT) of an image which is highly secured. This kind of system is to be
introduced in applications such as transferring secret data that can be authentication of various fields.
High Security Cryptographic Technique Using Steganography and Chaotic Image E...IOSR Journals
This document summarizes a proposed cryptographic technique that combines steganography and chaotic image encryption to provide high security. Steganography is used to hide a message within a cover image by embedding it in the least significant bits of pixel values without affecting image quality. The resulting stego-image is then encrypted using triple-key chaotic image encryption based on the logistic map, making the encrypted data highly sensitive to changes in the initial encryption keys. The technique provides four layers of security to securely transmit hidden messages within digital images.
Image Steganography Using HBC and RDH TechniqueEditor IJCATR
There are algorithms in existence for hiding data within an image. The proposed scheme treats the image as a whole. Here
Integer Cosine Transform (ICT) and Integer Wavelet Transform (IWT) is combined for converting signal to frequency. Hide Behind
Corner (HBC) algorithm is used to place a key at corners of the image. All the corner keys are encrypted by generating Pseudo
Random Numbers. The Secret keys are used for corner parts. Then the hidden image is transmitted. The receiver should be aware of
the keys that are used at the corners while encrypting the image. Reverse Data Hiding (RDH) is used to get the original image and it
proceeds once when all the corners are unlocked with proper secret keys. With these methods the performance of the stegnographic
technique is improved in terms of PSNR value.
Decrypt and Encrypt the Image in Cryptographic Algorithm HS Based RDH and LSB...IRJET Journal
This document discusses methods for encrypting and decrypting images using reversible data hiding and least significant bit algorithms with asymmetric cryptography. It proposes a method that reserves room in the image before encryption using histogram shift-based reversible data hiding and least significant bit algorithms with a public key cryptosystem. This allows data to be embedded in the encrypted image simply for the user. The embedded data and original image can then be extracted and recovered later without any loss of pixels or data. The method claims to embed more than ten times as much data as other techniques while maintaining image quality and restoration after encryption.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Using image stitching and image steganography security can be provided to any image which has to be sent over the network or transferred using any electronic mode. There is a message and a secret image that has to be sent. The secret image is divided into parts.The first phase is the Encrypting Phase, which deals with the process of converting the actual secret message into ciphertext using the AES algorithm. In the second phase which is the Embedding Phase, the cipher text is embedded into any part of the secret image that is to be sent. Third phase is the Hiding Phase, where steganography is performed on the output image of Embedding Phase and other parts of the image where the parts are camouflaged by another image using least significant bit replacement. These individual parts are sent to the concerned receiver. At the receivers end decryption of Hiding phase and Embedding Phase takes place respectively. The parts obtained are stitched together using k nearest method. Using SIFT features the quality of the image is improved.
A NOVEL DATA ENCRYPTION TECHNIQUE BY GENETIC CROSSOVER OF ROBUST BIOMETRIC KE...IJNSA Journal
In Fingerprint based Biometric authentication image of the fingerprint can be scanned and can be used later on for the purpose of authentication. So this process does not provide very high security. This paper proposes another level of security by using the concept of combined key. The key is obtained by crossing over of the Session key generated from the password given by the legitimate user and the Biometric key generated from the fingerprint of the same user. The proposed approach trained the system by Artificial Neural Network in such a way that a small portion of the fingerprint is enough to generate the Biometric key which minimizes the chance of false rejection. So in this approach there is a significant improvement of the traditional authentication techniques.
The document summarizes a block-based image transformation and encryption algorithm. It divides images into blocks that are rearranged to decrease correlation between pixels. The transformed image is then encrypted with Blowfish. Three cases using different block sizes were tested. Results showed that using smaller blocks decreased correlation and increased entropy, strengthening encryption. The technique enhances security by transforming before encrypting with Blowfish.
A novel secure combination technique of steganography and cryptographyZac Darcy
A new technique proposed with the combination of cryptography and steganography enhanced with new
secure feature for generating a new security system. Cryptography and Steganography are two popular
ways for secure data transmission in which the former distorts a message so it cannot be understood and
another hides a message so it cannot be seen. In cryptography, this system is used advanced encryption
standard (AES) algorithm to encrypt secret message and then these are separated keys; one of which is
used to hide in cover image. In steganography, a part of encrypted message as a key is used to hide in
discrete cosine transform (DCT) of an image which is highly secured. This kind of system is to be
introduced in applications such as transferring secret data that can be authentication of various fields.
High Security Cryptographic Technique Using Steganography and Chaotic Image E...IOSR Journals
This document summarizes a proposed cryptographic technique that combines steganography and chaotic image encryption to provide high security. Steganography is used to hide a message within a cover image by embedding it in the least significant bits of pixel values without affecting image quality. The resulting stego-image is then encrypted using triple-key chaotic image encryption based on the logistic map, making the encrypted data highly sensitive to changes in the initial encryption keys. The technique provides four layers of security to securely transmit hidden messages within digital images.
Image Steganography Using HBC and RDH TechniqueEditor IJCATR
There are algorithms in existence for hiding data within an image. The proposed scheme treats the image as a whole. Here
Integer Cosine Transform (ICT) and Integer Wavelet Transform (IWT) is combined for converting signal to frequency. Hide Behind
Corner (HBC) algorithm is used to place a key at corners of the image. All the corner keys are encrypted by generating Pseudo
Random Numbers. The Secret keys are used for corner parts. Then the hidden image is transmitted. The receiver should be aware of
the keys that are used at the corners while encrypting the image. Reverse Data Hiding (RDH) is used to get the original image and it
proceeds once when all the corners are unlocked with proper secret keys. With these methods the performance of the stegnographic
technique is improved in terms of PSNR value.
Decrypt and Encrypt the Image in Cryptographic Algorithm HS Based RDH and LSB...IRJET Journal
This document discusses methods for encrypting and decrypting images using reversible data hiding and least significant bit algorithms with asymmetric cryptography. It proposes a method that reserves room in the image before encryption using histogram shift-based reversible data hiding and least significant bit algorithms with a public key cryptosystem. This allows data to be embedded in the encrypted image simply for the user. The embedded data and original image can then be extracted and recovered later without any loss of pixels or data. The method claims to embed more than ten times as much data as other techniques while maintaining image quality and restoration after encryption.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Using image stitching and image steganography security can be provided to any image which has to be sent over the network or transferred using any electronic mode. There is a message and a secret image that has to be sent. The secret image is divided into parts.The first phase is the Encrypting Phase, which deals with the process of converting the actual secret message into ciphertext using the AES algorithm. In the second phase which is the Embedding Phase, the cipher text is embedded into any part of the secret image that is to be sent. Third phase is the Hiding Phase, where steganography is performed on the output image of Embedding Phase and other parts of the image where the parts are camouflaged by another image using least significant bit replacement. These individual parts are sent to the concerned receiver. At the receivers end decryption of Hiding phase and Embedding Phase takes place respectively. The parts obtained are stitched together using k nearest method. Using SIFT features the quality of the image is improved.
A NOVEL DATA ENCRYPTION TECHNIQUE BY GENETIC CROSSOVER OF ROBUST BIOMETRIC KE...IJNSA Journal
In Fingerprint based Biometric authentication image of the fingerprint can be scanned and can be used later on for the purpose of authentication. So this process does not provide very high security. This paper proposes another level of security by using the concept of combined key. The key is obtained by crossing over of the Session key generated from the password given by the legitimate user and the Biometric key generated from the fingerprint of the same user. The proposed approach trained the system by Artificial Neural Network in such a way that a small portion of the fingerprint is enough to generate the Biometric key which minimizes the chance of false rejection. So in this approach there is a significant improvement of the traditional authentication techniques.
The document summarizes a block-based image transformation and encryption algorithm. It divides images into blocks that are rearranged to decrease correlation between pixels. The transformed image is then encrypted with Blowfish. Three cases using different block sizes were tested. Results showed that using smaller blocks decreased correlation and increased entropy, strengthening encryption. The technique enhances security by transforming before encrypting with Blowfish.
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF A NOVEL DIGITAL IMAGE ENCRYPTION SCHEMEIJNSA Journal
In this paper, a new image encryption scheme using a secret key of 144-bits is proposed. In the substitution process of the scheme, image is divided into blocks and subsequently into color components. Each color component is modified by performing bitwise operation which depends on secret key as well as a few most significant bits of its previous and next color component. Three rounds are taken to complete substitution process. To make cipher more robust, a feedback mechanism is also applied by modifying used secret key after encrypting each block. Further, resultant image is partitioned into several key based dynamic sub-images. Each sub-image passes through the scrambling process where pixels of sub-image are reshuffled within itself by using a generated magic square matrix. Five rounds are taken for scrambling process. The propose scheme is simple, fast and sensitive to the secret key. Due to high order of substitution and permutation, common attacks like linear and differential cryptanalysis are infeasible. The experimental results show that the proposed encryption technique is efficient and has high security features.
Image encryption and decryption using aes algorithmIAEME Publication
This document summarizes an article that describes using the AES algorithm to encrypt and decrypt images. It begins with background on AES and its advantages over DES such as larger key sizes. It then describes modifications made to the AES key expansion to improve encryption quality and avalanche effect. The implementation takes an input key, generates expanded keys using a modified key expansion, then encrypts images by applying AES operations to blocks of 16 pixels using the expanded keys. Decryption reverses this process to recover the original image. Results show the encrypted image is secure and decrypts correctly when using the proper key.
The document provides an introduction to image encryption using AES key expansion. It discusses how traditional encryption techniques are not well-suited for encrypting large multimedia files like images due to their size and characteristics. The objective of the study is to develop an image encryption system that is computationally secure, fast enough for real-time use, and widely acceptable. It reviews related works in image encryption and discusses limitations of only using a 128-bit AES key. The document is organized into chapters covering cryptography fundamentals, image cryptosystems, AES algorithm details, an example of AES key expansion, and experimental analysis.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Text in Image Hiding using Developed LSB and Random Method IJECEIAES
Information Hiding is a task that face difficult challenges in current time. The reason for these challenges is the rapid development of methods of detection of hidden information. So, researchers have been interested in developing methods of concealment, making it difficult for attackers to access hidden information using new methods of concealment. Such as the introducing a complex algorithms, use a random methods and invent more complicated and difficult steps. This paper presents a new method of hiding information within the image. This method creates a new sequence of mysterious and difficult steps by dividing the secret text on all image and random distributing of bits to each row. Then using a special reverse method to hide the bits in that row. The LSB method has also been developed to make it more difficult to hide the pixel. The results presented illustrate the strength and security of the method and provide greater protection for hidden information. Also, the result illustrate the quality of the stego image compared with the original image using PSNR and SSIM quality measures.
A Cryptographic Key Generation Using 2D Graphics pixel ShufflingIJMTST Journal
Now a day with incredible change in social media network like mobile communication and computer, all
type of a data such as audio, video, images are used for the communication .Privacy for that data is an
important issue .Cryptography is one of the technique used for stopping unauthorized access and increasing
integrity of that data. In research area encryption and decryption scheme is used based on image pixel
shuffling and transposition. For security purpose we can use cipher algorithm for generating key using RGB
values of the pixel instead of using only pixel values. For that purpose in our proposed system we are using
m*n size image on which different operations can be performed. Our proposed system is more secure as
compare to existing system.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a new method for encrypting images with high security when transmitting over a network. The method involves dividing the source image into multiple parts, encrypting each part separately with a different encryption key, and then combining the encrypted parts into a single encrypted image for transmission. This provides stronger security than encrypting the whole image with a single key. The document provides background on existing image encryption techniques and visual cryptography. It then outlines the proposed new methodology, which first divides the source image into multiple smaller images, encrypts each part separately with a different algorithm/key, and has two options for transmission - sending all the encrypted parts individually or combining them into one encrypted image.
This document discusses image encryption using a chaotic artificial neural network. It begins by introducing image encryption and its importance for securely transmitting valuable data over the internet. It then provides background on encryption techniques and discusses how image encryption works. The document outlines chaotic cryptography and why characteristics of chaos make it suitable for cryptography. It also discusses artificial neural networks and how they can be used for image encryption. In particular, it describes using a feedforward neural network with hidden layers to encrypt images.
Fast and Secure Transmission of Image by using Byte Rotation Algorithm in Net...IRJET Journal
This document proposes a new secure image transmission method using byte rotation algorithm that improves encryption speed and security. The key steps are:
1. The input image is divided into four blocks which are shuffled using byte rotation.
2. A cover image is used to embed the shuffled secret image blocks for transmission.
3. At the receiver, byte rotation is applied again to extract the original secret image blocks from the embedded image.
Experimental results show the proposed method recovers images with high PSNR quality scores while increasing encryption speed over other algorithms like AES. This provides a more secure and fast way to transmit encrypted images over networks.
11.biometric data security using recursive visual cryptographyAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a research paper on using recursive visual cryptography and biometric authentication to securely store biometric data. The paper proposes a scheme where secrets can be recursively embedded within image shares created by visual cryptography. Additionally, biometric authentication is used to securely access the shares. The scheme involves creating shares of secrets, embedding those shares as additional secrets within other shares, and authenticating users through iris recognition before revealing embedded secrets. This allows for multiple secrets to be hidden and revealed securely through the visual cryptography and biometric authentication methods combined.
Survey on Different Image Encryption Techniques with Tabular Formijsrd.com
Rapid growth of digital communication and multimedia application increases the need of security and it becomes an important issue of communication and storage of multimedia. Image Encryption is one of the techniques that are used to ensure high security. Various fields such as medical science military in which image encryption can be used. Recent cryptography provides necessary techniques for securing information and protective multimedia data. In last some years, encryption technology has been developed quickly and many image encryption methods have been used to protect confidential image data from illegal way in. Within this paper survey of different image encryption techniques have been discussed from which researchers can get an idea for efficient techniques to be used.
A novel efficient multiple encryption algorithm for real time images IJECEIAES
In this study, we propose an innovative image encryption Techniques based on four different image encryption Algorithm. Our methodology integrates scrambling followed by Symmetric and Asymmetric Encryption Techniques, to make the image meaningless or disordered to enhance the ability to confront attack and in turn improve the security. This paper mainly focused on the multiple encryption Techniques with multiple keys on a single image by dividing it into four blocks. So instead of using one Encryption method a combination of four different Encryption Algorithm can make our image more secure. The Encryption is done first by using DNA as secret key, second by using RSA, third by DES and fourth by Chebyshev. The pros and cons for all the Encryption methods are discussed here. Proposed methodology can strongly encrypt the images for the purpose of storing images and transmitting them over the Internet. There are two major benefits related with this system. The first benefit is the use of Different Algorithm with different keys. The second benefit is that even though we are using four different Algorithm for a single image, the time taken for encryption and decryption is few seconds only. Our method is methodically checked, and it shows an exceptionally high level of security with very good image quality.
A New Approach of Cryptographic Technique Using Simple ECC & ECFIJAEMSJORNAL
Cryptography is the technique in which usually a file is converted into unreadable format by using public key and private key system called as public key cryptosystem. Then as per the user requirement that file is send to another user for secure data transmission. In this paper we purposed an image based cryptography that Elliptic Curve Function (ECF) techniques and pseudo random encoding technique on images to enhance the security of RFID communication. In the ECF approach, the basic idea is to replace the Elliptic Curve Function (ECF) of the cover image with the Bits of the messages to be hidden without destroying the property of the cover image significantly. The ECF based technique is the most challenging one as it is difficult to differentiate between the cover object and Crypto object if few ECF bits of the cover object are replaced. In Pseudo Random technique, a random key is used as seed for the Pseudo Random Number Generator in needed in the embedding process. Both the techniques used a Crypto key while embedding messages inside the cover image. By using the key, the chance of getting attacked by the attacker is reduced.
This document summarizes research on visual cryptography for securing black and white images. It discusses how visual cryptography works by breaking up a secret image into shares such that stacking the shares reveals the secret image to the human visual system without computation. The document also outlines Naor and Shamir's original (2,2) visual cryptography scheme and discusses extensions to the scheme including supporting multiple secrets and improving image quality and size. Finally, it notes that visual cryptography provides robust security for images while eliminating the need for computers during decryption.
Highly secure scalable compression of encrypted imageseSAT Journals
Abstract A highly secure scalable compression method for stream cipher encrypted images is described in this journal. The input image first undergoes encryption and then shuffling. This shuffling in the image pixels enhances the security. For shuffling, Henon map is used. There are two layers for the scalable compression namely base layer and enhancement layer. Base layer bits are produced by coding a series of non-overlapping patches of uniformly down sampled version of encrypted image. In the enhancement layer pixels are selected by random permutation and then coded. From all the available pixel samples an iterative multi scale technique is used to reconstruct the image and finally performs decryption. The proposed method has high security. Key Words: Encryption, Decryption, Shuffling, Scalable compression
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
A novel technique of visual cryptography for maintaining the security of visu...IAEME Publication
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a novel technique for visual cryptography to securely transmit visual information. The technique encrypts images into shares using chaotic pseudo-random number generation, zigzag scan pattern, and pixel index reversal to increase security. It also aims to reduce image degradation by applying the methods to individual RGB color channels rather than just grayscale. The results demonstrate that the proposed approach increases security without increasing file size like previous methods, and improves image quality by enabling color images.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a novel approach for securing data by combining steganography and extended visual cryptography. It involves three main steps: 1) Hidden data is embedded into a cover image using a text embedding algorithm. 2) The cover image is then encrypted into two shares using a visual cryptography technique called VIP synchronization and error diffusion. 3) To extract the hidden data, the shares are combined and the extraction algorithm retrieves the text from the pixel values. The approach generates meaningful shares that look like random noise images. It analyzes the results by calculating the PSNR and MSE values between the original cover images and generated shares.
Reversible Multiple Image Secret Sharing using Discrete Haar Wavelet Transform IJECEIAES
Multiple Secret Image Sharing scheme is a protected approach to transmit more than one secret image over a communication channel. Conventionally, only single secret image is shared over a channel at a time. But as technology grew up, there is a need to share more than one secret image. A fast (r, n) multiple secret image sharing scheme based on discrete haar wavelet transform has been proposed to encrypt m secret images into n noisy images that are stored over different servers. To recover m secret images r noise images are required. Haar Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) is employed as reduction process of each secret image to its quarter size (i.e., LL subband). The LL subbands for all secrets have been combined in one secret that will be split later into r subblocks randomly using proposed high pseudo random generator. Finally, a developed (r, n) threshold multiple image secret sharing based one linear system has been used to generate unrelated shares. The experimental results showed that the generated shares are more secure and unrelated. The size reductions of generated shares were 1:4r of the size of each of original image. Also, the randomness test shows a good degree of randomness and security.
Using image stitching and image steganography security can be provided to any image which has to be
sent over the network or transferred using any electronic mode. There is a message and a secret image that
has to be sent. The secret image is divided into parts.The first phase is the Encrypting Phase, which deals
with the process of converting the actual secret message into ciphertext using the AES algorithm. In the
second phase which is the Embedding Phase, the cipher text is embedded into any part of the secret image
that is to be sent. Third phase is the Hiding Phase, where steganography is performed on the output image
of Embedding Phase and other parts of the image where the parts are camouflaged by another image using
least significant bit replacement. These individual parts are sent to the concerned receiver. At the
receivers end decryption of Hiding phase and Embedding Phase takes place respectively. The parts
obtained are stitched together using k nearest method. Using SIFT features the quality of the image is
improved.
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF A NOVEL DIGITAL IMAGE ENCRYPTION SCHEMEIJNSA Journal
In this paper, a new image encryption scheme using a secret key of 144-bits is proposed. In the substitution process of the scheme, image is divided into blocks and subsequently into color components. Each color component is modified by performing bitwise operation which depends on secret key as well as a few most significant bits of its previous and next color component. Three rounds are taken to complete substitution process. To make cipher more robust, a feedback mechanism is also applied by modifying used secret key after encrypting each block. Further, resultant image is partitioned into several key based dynamic sub-images. Each sub-image passes through the scrambling process where pixels of sub-image are reshuffled within itself by using a generated magic square matrix. Five rounds are taken for scrambling process. The propose scheme is simple, fast and sensitive to the secret key. Due to high order of substitution and permutation, common attacks like linear and differential cryptanalysis are infeasible. The experimental results show that the proposed encryption technique is efficient and has high security features.
Image encryption and decryption using aes algorithmIAEME Publication
This document summarizes an article that describes using the AES algorithm to encrypt and decrypt images. It begins with background on AES and its advantages over DES such as larger key sizes. It then describes modifications made to the AES key expansion to improve encryption quality and avalanche effect. The implementation takes an input key, generates expanded keys using a modified key expansion, then encrypts images by applying AES operations to blocks of 16 pixels using the expanded keys. Decryption reverses this process to recover the original image. Results show the encrypted image is secure and decrypts correctly when using the proper key.
The document provides an introduction to image encryption using AES key expansion. It discusses how traditional encryption techniques are not well-suited for encrypting large multimedia files like images due to their size and characteristics. The objective of the study is to develop an image encryption system that is computationally secure, fast enough for real-time use, and widely acceptable. It reviews related works in image encryption and discusses limitations of only using a 128-bit AES key. The document is organized into chapters covering cryptography fundamentals, image cryptosystems, AES algorithm details, an example of AES key expansion, and experimental analysis.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Text in Image Hiding using Developed LSB and Random Method IJECEIAES
Information Hiding is a task that face difficult challenges in current time. The reason for these challenges is the rapid development of methods of detection of hidden information. So, researchers have been interested in developing methods of concealment, making it difficult for attackers to access hidden information using new methods of concealment. Such as the introducing a complex algorithms, use a random methods and invent more complicated and difficult steps. This paper presents a new method of hiding information within the image. This method creates a new sequence of mysterious and difficult steps by dividing the secret text on all image and random distributing of bits to each row. Then using a special reverse method to hide the bits in that row. The LSB method has also been developed to make it more difficult to hide the pixel. The results presented illustrate the strength and security of the method and provide greater protection for hidden information. Also, the result illustrate the quality of the stego image compared with the original image using PSNR and SSIM quality measures.
A Cryptographic Key Generation Using 2D Graphics pixel ShufflingIJMTST Journal
Now a day with incredible change in social media network like mobile communication and computer, all
type of a data such as audio, video, images are used for the communication .Privacy for that data is an
important issue .Cryptography is one of the technique used for stopping unauthorized access and increasing
integrity of that data. In research area encryption and decryption scheme is used based on image pixel
shuffling and transposition. For security purpose we can use cipher algorithm for generating key using RGB
values of the pixel instead of using only pixel values. For that purpose in our proposed system we are using
m*n size image on which different operations can be performed. Our proposed system is more secure as
compare to existing system.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a new method for encrypting images with high security when transmitting over a network. The method involves dividing the source image into multiple parts, encrypting each part separately with a different encryption key, and then combining the encrypted parts into a single encrypted image for transmission. This provides stronger security than encrypting the whole image with a single key. The document provides background on existing image encryption techniques and visual cryptography. It then outlines the proposed new methodology, which first divides the source image into multiple smaller images, encrypts each part separately with a different algorithm/key, and has two options for transmission - sending all the encrypted parts individually or combining them into one encrypted image.
This document discusses image encryption using a chaotic artificial neural network. It begins by introducing image encryption and its importance for securely transmitting valuable data over the internet. It then provides background on encryption techniques and discusses how image encryption works. The document outlines chaotic cryptography and why characteristics of chaos make it suitable for cryptography. It also discusses artificial neural networks and how they can be used for image encryption. In particular, it describes using a feedforward neural network with hidden layers to encrypt images.
Fast and Secure Transmission of Image by using Byte Rotation Algorithm in Net...IRJET Journal
This document proposes a new secure image transmission method using byte rotation algorithm that improves encryption speed and security. The key steps are:
1. The input image is divided into four blocks which are shuffled using byte rotation.
2. A cover image is used to embed the shuffled secret image blocks for transmission.
3. At the receiver, byte rotation is applied again to extract the original secret image blocks from the embedded image.
Experimental results show the proposed method recovers images with high PSNR quality scores while increasing encryption speed over other algorithms like AES. This provides a more secure and fast way to transmit encrypted images over networks.
11.biometric data security using recursive visual cryptographyAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a research paper on using recursive visual cryptography and biometric authentication to securely store biometric data. The paper proposes a scheme where secrets can be recursively embedded within image shares created by visual cryptography. Additionally, biometric authentication is used to securely access the shares. The scheme involves creating shares of secrets, embedding those shares as additional secrets within other shares, and authenticating users through iris recognition before revealing embedded secrets. This allows for multiple secrets to be hidden and revealed securely through the visual cryptography and biometric authentication methods combined.
Survey on Different Image Encryption Techniques with Tabular Formijsrd.com
Rapid growth of digital communication and multimedia application increases the need of security and it becomes an important issue of communication and storage of multimedia. Image Encryption is one of the techniques that are used to ensure high security. Various fields such as medical science military in which image encryption can be used. Recent cryptography provides necessary techniques for securing information and protective multimedia data. In last some years, encryption technology has been developed quickly and many image encryption methods have been used to protect confidential image data from illegal way in. Within this paper survey of different image encryption techniques have been discussed from which researchers can get an idea for efficient techniques to be used.
A novel efficient multiple encryption algorithm for real time images IJECEIAES
In this study, we propose an innovative image encryption Techniques based on four different image encryption Algorithm. Our methodology integrates scrambling followed by Symmetric and Asymmetric Encryption Techniques, to make the image meaningless or disordered to enhance the ability to confront attack and in turn improve the security. This paper mainly focused on the multiple encryption Techniques with multiple keys on a single image by dividing it into four blocks. So instead of using one Encryption method a combination of four different Encryption Algorithm can make our image more secure. The Encryption is done first by using DNA as secret key, second by using RSA, third by DES and fourth by Chebyshev. The pros and cons for all the Encryption methods are discussed here. Proposed methodology can strongly encrypt the images for the purpose of storing images and transmitting them over the Internet. There are two major benefits related with this system. The first benefit is the use of Different Algorithm with different keys. The second benefit is that even though we are using four different Algorithm for a single image, the time taken for encryption and decryption is few seconds only. Our method is methodically checked, and it shows an exceptionally high level of security with very good image quality.
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Cryptography is the technique in which usually a file is converted into unreadable format by using public key and private key system called as public key cryptosystem. Then as per the user requirement that file is send to another user for secure data transmission. In this paper we purposed an image based cryptography that Elliptic Curve Function (ECF) techniques and pseudo random encoding technique on images to enhance the security of RFID communication. In the ECF approach, the basic idea is to replace the Elliptic Curve Function (ECF) of the cover image with the Bits of the messages to be hidden without destroying the property of the cover image significantly. The ECF based technique is the most challenging one as it is difficult to differentiate between the cover object and Crypto object if few ECF bits of the cover object are replaced. In Pseudo Random technique, a random key is used as seed for the Pseudo Random Number Generator in needed in the embedding process. Both the techniques used a Crypto key while embedding messages inside the cover image. By using the key, the chance of getting attacked by the attacker is reduced.
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International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
A novel technique of visual cryptography for maintaining the security of visu...IAEME Publication
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Reversible Multiple Image Secret Sharing using Discrete Haar Wavelet Transform IJECEIAES
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Using image stitching and image steganography security can be provided to any image which has to be
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has to be sent. The secret image is divided into parts.The first phase is the Encrypting Phase, which deals
with the process of converting the actual secret message into ciphertext using the AES algorithm. In the
second phase which is the Embedding Phase, the cipher text is embedded into any part of the secret image
that is to be sent. Third phase is the Hiding Phase, where steganography is performed on the output image
of Embedding Phase and other parts of the image where the parts are camouflaged by another image using
least significant bit replacement. These individual parts are sent to the concerned receiver. At the
receivers end decryption of Hiding phase and Embedding Phase takes place respectively. The parts
obtained are stitched together using k nearest method. Using SIFT features the quality of the image is
improved.
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Securing Image Steganogarphy Based on Visual Cryptography And Integer Wavelet...IOSR Journals
The document proposes a new method for securing image steganography using visual cryptography and integer wavelet transform. The method embeds a secret image into a cover image in the following steps: 1) Apply (2 out of 2) visual cryptography to the secret image to generate two secret shares. 2) Apply a two-level integer wavelet transform to the blue channel of the cover image, resulting in four sub-bands. 3) Embed each secret share into one of the four sub-bands. 4) Combine the channels to generate the stego-image. Extraction requires applying the same transforms to the stego-image to recover the secret shares and reconstruct the secret image, without needing the original cover image. The method
An Advance Approach of Image Encryption using AES, Genetic Algorithm and RSA ...IJEACS
In current scenario the entire world is moving towards digital communication for fast and better communication. But in this a problem rises with security i.e. when we have to store information (either data or image) at any casual location or transmit information through internet. As internet is an open transmission medium, security of data becomes very important. To defend our information from piracy or from hacking we use a technique and i.e. known as Encryption Technique. In this paper, we use image as information and use an advance approach of well-known encryption techniques like AES, Genetic Algorithm, and RSA algorithm to encrypt it and keep our information safe from hackers or intruders making it highly difficult and time consuming to decipher the image without using the key.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Secure Image Encryption Using Filter Bank and Addition Modulo 28 with Exclusi...CSCJournals
In this article, the security performance and quality for image encryption and decryption based on filter bank and the combination between XOR and addition modulo 28 have been studied and assessed. The most common security parameters for image encryption and decryption have been employed. The parameters have been used to examine the proposed image encryption scheme with one and two rounds. The parameters include histogram, correlation coefficient, global entropy, block entropy, avalanche effect, number of pixel change rate (NPCR), unified average change intensity (UACI), exhaustive key analysis, and key sensitivity test. The simulation results proved that, the image encryption process passes all these tests. Moreover, it reaches or excels the current state of the arts. So the encrypted image becomes random-like from the statistical point of views after encryption.
Cloud computing is a powerful, flexible, cost
efficient platform for providing consumer IT services
over the Internet. However Cloud Computing has
various level of risk because most important
information is maintained and managed by third party
vendors, which means harder to maintain security for
user’s data .Steganography is one of the ways to provide
security for secret data by inserting in an image or
video. In this most of the algorithms are based on the
Least Significant Bit (LSB), but the hackers easily
detects it embeds directly. An Efficient and secure
method of embedding secret message-extracting
message into or from color image using Artificial
Neural Network will be proposed. The proposed
method will be tested, implemented and analyzed for
various color images of different sizes and different
sizes of secret messages. The performance of the
algorithm will be analyzed by calculating various
parameters like PSNR, MSE and the results are good
compared to existing algorithms.
Review On Encrypting and Decrypting Message Via Image SlicingIRJET Journal
This document reviews techniques for encrypting and decrypting messages via image slicing. It begins with an introduction on the importance of securing data transmitted over unsecured channels. It then summarizes several existing studies on steganography and cryptography techniques. The document proposes a hybrid approach using AES cryptography, LSB steganography, and image slicing/stitching for encrypting messages and ensuring their authentic transmission. It presents block diagrams of the sender and receiver sides and compares the proposed approach to existing systems. Limitations and opportunities for future work are also discussed.
An LSB Method Of Image Steganographic TechniquesIJERA Editor
The art of information hiding has received much attention in the recent years as security of information has become a big concern in this internet era. As sharing of sensitive information via a common communication channel has become inevitable. Steganography means hiding a secret message (the embedded message) within a larger one (source cover) in such a way that an observer cannot detect the presence of contents of the hidden message [1]. Many different carrier file formats can be used, but digital images are the most popular because of their frequency on the Internet [2]. This paper intends to give an overview of image Steganography, its uses and techniques. It also attempts to identify the requirements of a good Steganography algorithm and briefly reflects on which Steganography techniques are more suitable for which applications.
IRJET- Low Band Width High Secured Image Transmission in Robust ChannelsIRJET Journal
This document presents a method for low bandwidth, high security image transmission using steganography and cryptography techniques. The secret image is first scrambled using Arnold transform and decomposed using discrete wavelet transform. Referable values from the frequency components are embedded into the least significant bits of frames in a cover video. The secret key used for embedding is then encrypted with a second key using a Twisted Exchange algorithm and hidden in a cover audio file. At the receiver, the encrypted key is extracted from the audio and decrypted to recover the secret key, which is used to extract the secret image values from the video frames. Image compression using Haar wavelet transform is also used to reduce bandwidth. The proposed method aims to provide secure, robust and imper
11.data security using cryptosteganography in web applicationAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a research paper on a web application called Data Security Using Cryptosteganography. The application conceals important information by combining cryptography and steganography techniques. It allows a user to upload data and an image via a web browser. The data is then encrypted with a unique key and embedded into the image using a modified BPCS technique. This generates a stego image that can be safely transmitted through unsecured channels. To retrieve the data, the user uploads the stego image and unique ID. The application decrypts the data from the image using the ID and encryption key. The combination of cryptography and steganography provides double layer security for transmitting confidential information.
IRJET-Survey of Highly Secured Methods for Image Transmission using Image Seg...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a new method for securely transmitting images using image segmentation, permutation, and multi-encryption techniques. It begins with an abstract that outlines encrypting images to protect confidential data from unauthorized access. It then provides background on encryption and discusses how traditional text encryption is not suitable for large image files. The proposed method segments an image, permutes the pixels using random numbers, and repeats the encryption multiple times for security. It claims this approach provides strong encryption with minimal data loss or computational costs compared to other methods.
Analysing secure image secret sharing schemes based on steganographyIAEME Publication
This document discusses secure image secret sharing schemes based on steganography. It provides background on secret sharing, visual cryptography, and steganography techniques like least significant bit insertion, adaptive MELSBR method, and bit plane complexity segmentation. The document analyzes how combining secret sharing and steganography can make secret sharing schemes more secure by embedding shares in cover images, making them less obvious to attackers. It reviews few existing methods that combine secret sharing and information hiding and identifies limitations like low reliability, large shadow size, and constraints on secret image size. The intent of the paper is to explain how secret sharing combined with steganography improves security and to guide selection of a scheme for different needs.
DCT Based Secret Image Hiding In Video SequenceIJERA Editor
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Hybrid Cryptography security in public cloud using TwoFish and ECC algorithmIJECEIAES
Cloud computing is a structure for rendering service to the user for free or paid basis through internet facility where we can access to a bulk of shared resources which results in saving managing cost and time for large companies, The data which are stored in the data center may incur various security, damage and threat issues which may result in data leakage, insecure interface and inside attacks. This paper will demonstrate the implementation of hybrid cryptography security in public cloud by a combination of Elliptical Curve Cryptography and Twofish algorithm, which provides an innovative solution to enhance the security features of the cloud so that we can improve the service thus results in increasing the trust over the technology.
A Comparative Study And Literature Review Of Image Steganography TechniquesRick Vogel
This document reviews and compares various image steganography techniques that have been proposed by researchers. It begins with defining steganography as hiding communication to prevent detection by enemies. Image steganography techniques hide data in digital images by modifying pixel values. The document evaluates techniques based on invisibility, payload capacity, robustness, file format independence, and image quality using PSNR. Several literature examples are reviewed, including techniques using integer wavelet transform, bit plane complexity analysis, data compression prior to embedding, and transformations like DCT and Arnold transform for increased security. Overall the document provides an overview of image steganography concepts and a comparative analysis of different proposed techniques.
Asymmetric image encryption scheme based on Massey Omura scheme IJECEIAES
The document describes a proposed asymmetric image encryption scheme based on the Massey Omura cryptosystem. The scheme works as follows: the sender and receiver agree on public parameters like a prime number p. The sender then represents the plaintext image as a matrix and encrypts it using their public key to get the first ciphertext image. This is sent to the receiver who encrypts it again with their public key to produce the second ciphertext image, which is sent back to the sender. The sender decrypts this using their private key to produce the third ciphertext image, which is sent to and decrypted by the receiver using their private key to recover the original plaintext image. The document provides an example of implementing the scheme and discusses evaluating its security using
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A Modified Binary Encryption Algorithm based on Diffuse Representation
1. International Journal of Advanced Engineering, Management and Science (IJAEMS) [Vol-3, Issue-8, Aug- 2017]
https://dx.doi.org/10.24001/ijaems.3.8.1 ISSN: 2454-1311
www.ijaems.com Page | 825
A Modified Binary Encryption Algorithm based
on Diffuse Representation
Dr. S. Radhakrishnan1
, R. Arthy2
, M. Sivasankari3
, B. Jegajothi4
, Dr. M. Mohamed
Sathik5
1,2,3,4
Department of Information Technology, Kamaraj College of Engineering and Technology, Virudhunagar, India
5
Pricipal, Sathakathulla Appa College, Tirunelveli, India
Abstract— In the era of Internet, the multimedia data can
be used by anyone. There is a chance that unintended
users get access to the data so, encryption is needed to
hide the multimedia data from the unauthorized users.
This paper proposes a modified binary encryption
algorithm based on diffuse representation. Here a binary
image is XORed with a random matrix and is divided into
more number of non-overlapping sub-images. The
modified encryption algorithm will produce an encrypted
image with ¼th of dimension and increased number of
bits. The proposed encryption algorithm is a symmetric
encryption algorithm. The number of keys generated is
equal to the number of non-overlapping sub-images. The
key shall be transmitted by a private key encryption
algorithm. The encryption of the key is not of interest in
this paper. The proposed algorithm has high performance
that it gives BER as 0% and infinite PSNR. Even
grayscale images can be encrypted using this algorithm
considering each bit-plane as a binary image.
Keywords— BER, Encryption, Private Key Encryption,
PSNR, Symmetric Encryption.
I. INTRODUCTION
Internet is accessible by anyone in the world. When a
multimedia data is shared through the internet there is a
danger of unintended users getting access to it. To avoid
this encryption is used. The visual cryptography
technique is to support the encryption process where the
secret information is converted into a unreadable form
[2]. Encryption is a method in which the meaningful data
is transformed into meaningless data and is sent through
the internet. To get access to the data one should do the
reverse process called the decryption to get the data in the
original form.
Encryption is originally done for the text data where the
transformed content is not understandable. Encryption
algorithms are divided into two major categories:
Symmetric and asymmetric encryption. In symmetric
encryption, the key that is used for encryption and
decryption are same. But in the asymmetric encryption,
the key used during encryption differs from that used
during decryption.
The key that is used during the cryptographic process can
be categorized into various types. The symmetric
encryption uses secret key that is shared between sender
and receiver for encryption and decryption. The
asymmetric encryption uses (private key, public key) pair
to perform the cryptographic operations. The key pair is
generated by the user and the public key is made available
to anyone. The sender encrypts the message using private
key of their own and receiver decrypts the encrypted
message using sender’s public key which is available in
public.
The various visual cryptographic schemes are mentioned
in [6], [10] for binary image, gray-colored images. [4]
address the Extended Hamming Code to generate key for
encryption and decryption through which the code is self-
correcting. A new symmetric key cryptographic algorithm
is proposed in [5] where the algorithm withstands the
security. A lossless and reversible encryption algorithm
was introduced in [1] to address the pixel oversaturation
by embedding the secret data into the several least
significant bit planes of cipher text pixels by wet paper
coding.
The algorithm [7] presents the probabilistics model which
adopts the (t, n) visual cryptography scheme. This model
efficiently manages the dynamically changing user group.
The security level is improved using the bit level
permutation technique in [8] for chaos based image
ciphers. This technique proves better performance
because the bits are shuffled between different bit planes.
The error diffusion method [9] is used to provide the
solution for management problem. This method adds a
cover image to each share to make the share visible. The
error diffusion method is also used for shadow images
[11]. This improves the quality of shadow image when
compared to the existing algorithms.
The proposed algorithm in this paper is a symmetric
encryption algorithm for binary images. The key used in
symmetric encryption algorithm should not be disclosed
publicly. The work in the paper is inspired from [3] which
2. International Journal of Advanced Engineering, Management and Science (IJAEMS) [Vol-3, Issue-8, Aug- 2017]
https://dx.doi.org/10.24001/ijaems.3.8.1 ISSN: 2454-1311
www.ijaems.com Page | 826
uses a diffuse representation for encryption. A similar
method is used to encrypt the binary image. However, the
encryption algorithm used to encrypt the random matrix
and the key is not the intent of this paper. Any
asymmetric encryption algorithm may be used.
The rest of the paper is organized in the following
manner. Section II discusses the existing algorithm from
which this paper has been developed. Section III
discusses the proposed algorithm of encryption and
decryption. Section IV discusses some theoretical aspects
by which the security in the algorithm can be increased.
Section V discusses about the experimental results and
Section VI gives the conclusion of the paper.
II. EXISTING ALGORITHM
A novel binary encryption algorithm based on diffuse
representation is been proposed by Houas et al. In this
paper a binary image has been taken and encryption
algorithm is applied. The encryption algorithm can be
described as follows:
2.1 Encryption
(a) A binary image (I) is taken
(b) Divide the image into n non-overlapping sub-
images (I1, I2) each sub-image is taken to the size
of the full image with the remaining partitions of a
sub-image as zeros. Let it be called a share.
(c) The key for encryption β is calculated from all the
shares by using the equation (1)
β(i, j) =
1
2
[(a1(i, j) +
||I1||1
√64
) + (a2(i, j) +
||I2||1
√64
)]
(1)
(d) The encrypted shares are formed from the key and
the share by the equation (2) and (3)
𝑏 = β(i, j) − 𝑎1(𝑖, 𝑗) (2)
𝑏 = β(i, j) − 𝑎1(𝑖, 𝑗) (3)
The encrypted shares are formed by subtracting the share
from the key. Knowing the key β, the random matrix and
the encrypted shares the decryption can be done with the
following decryption algorithm.
2.2 Decryption Algorithm
(a) The encrypted shares are taken
(b) The key β is taken
(c) All the encrypted shares are subtracted from the
key and added together to from the decrypted
binary image
Here a single key is used and the number of encrypted
shares denotes the numbers of subimages. So once the
key is hacked, then the image can be easily decrypted. To
overcome this disadvantage the modified encryption
algorithm based on diffuse representation is proposed.
The proposed algorithm is discussed in section III.
III. PROPOSED ALGORITHM
The possibility of the hacker decrypting the encrypted
image can be reduced by applying the proposed modified
encryption algorithm.
Algorithm 1:
[Ien, Irm, Ikey] = Encryption [Im]
/* Notation: Im – Binary Image, Irm – Random Matrix,
Ixor – Resultant Image after XOR, Idec – Share with
Decimal values, Ikey – Key, Iencrypt – Encrypted Image
Shares, Ien – Encrypted Image
*/
1. Read the Binary image (Im)
2. Generate a random matrix (Irm) of size equal to the Im
3. Ixor = Irm XOR Im
4. Divide the Ixor into 8 shares
// Perform for 8 shares
5. For i = 1 to row(Ixor) incr 2
For j = 1 to column(share) incr 2
Idec[i, j] = decimal_conversion(Ixor)
Endfor
Endfor
6. Calculate Ikey
7. Iencrypt = Ikey – Idec
8. Concatenate all the encrypted shares to obtain Ien
Fig. 1 – Proposed Encryption Algorithm
The Fig. 1 shows the encryption algorithm in detail. The
input image is read as the binary image and a random
matrix is generated to perform XOR operation. This
converts the image matrix into a random matrix. The
matrix is scanned from left to right and top to bottom by
taking a 2 x 2 sized matrix each time and converted into a
decimal numbers. The resultant matrix is of m/2 x n/2
sized matrix of decimal numbers.
The key for each non overlapping matrix (share) is
calculated using the equation (4)
𝐵 𝑘 =
4||𝐼 𝑘||1
√𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒
(4)
The Ikey is used to encrypt the shares and finally all the
shares are concatenated to obtain the encrypted image.
The decryption process is the reverse of the encryption
algorithm. The random matrix and keys are shared with
the end user. The share of keys are not a part of this paper.
The decryption algorithm is stated in the Fig 2.
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Algorithm 2:
[Idecrypt] = Decryption [Ien, Irm, Ikey]
/* Notation: Irm – Random Matrix, Idec' – Share with
Decimal values, Ikey – Key, Ien – Encrypted Image, Ien –
Encrypted Image, Ibin - Share with Binary values, Idbin -
Binary Decrypted Image, Idecrypt - Decrypted Image
*/
1.Read the Encrypted image (Ien)
2. Divide the Ien into 8 shares
// Perform for 8 shares
3. Idec' = Ikey - share
4. For i = 1 to row(Idec')
For j = 1 to column(share)
Ibin = binary_conversion(Idec')
Endfor
Endfor
5. Concatenate all the decrypted Ibin's to obtain Idbin
6. Idecrypt = Idbin XOR Irm
Fig.2 - Proposed Decryption Algorithm
IV. THEORETICAL ASPECTS
4.1 Random matrix
The hacker when hacks the encrypted image can easily
view the original image. To avoid this situation a random
matrix is generated to increase the security level in
encryption. The matrix is a formed with 0’s and 1’s and
then XORed with the original image.
4.2 Number of Keys
The proposed algorithm uses the symmetric encryption
algorithm which takes the secret key for encryption and
decryption. As per the theory of cryptography, the
security increases when the size and number of keys
increases. The proposed algorithm has 8 keys for 8
different shares that makes the hacker feel difficult to
hack the key and identify the respective key for each
share. Since, the secret key has to be shared among the
users it has to be secured using private key cryptosystem.
4.3 Joining all the shares and shares of variable sizes
The encrypted image is a combination of all shares. The
shares can be decrypted with the respective keys. If the
keys are not in the order then it is not feasible to decrypt
the image. The keys can be send to the receiver by
shuffling and encrypting which may be baffle the hacker
to rearrange the key. There are (8! - 1) ways to shuffle the
key.
4.4 Mapping of the 2 x 2 pixel matrix to a decimal
number
The 16! ways of mapping 0000 – 1111 binary to decimal
1 – 16. One such mapping is as follows
0000 - 15 0100 - 11 1000 - 7 1100 - 3
0001 - 14 0101 - 10 1001 - 6 1101 - 2
0010 - 13 0110 - 9 1010 - 5 1110 - 1
0011 - 12 0111 - 8 1011 - 4 1111 - 0
A random mapping can be used so that the mapping may
not be deciphered by the hacker. These are some of the
methods by which security has been added to encryption
algorithm.
V. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
The proposed algorithm is tested with the standard images
like lena, cameraman, Barbara, baboon and Peppers.
These image are converted into binary images and taken
as test images. The binary images (I1) are encrypted and
then decrypted (I2) using the proposed algorithm. The
performance of the algorithm is calculated by using the
metrics like Bit Error Rate (BER) and Peek Signal to
Noise Ration (PSNR).
The PSNR is Peak Signal to Noise Ratio is an error
comparison metrics to ensure that the decrypted image
looks similar to the encrypted image. The PSNR value is
calculated using the formula mentioned in equation (5)
and (6).
(5)
(6)
Where,
L - Maximum fluctuation of input image
H - Height of the object
W - Width of the object
The Bit Error Ratio (BER) is the number of bit errors
divided by the total number of transferred bits during a
studied time interval. The equation (7) shows the
calculation of BER value.
(7)
Table.1: BER and PSNR of Decrypted Image
Image BER PSNR
Lena 0 Inf
Cameraman 0 Inf
Barbara 0 Inf
Baboon 0 Inf
Pepper 0 Inf
The Table 1 tabulates the BER and PSNR values for various
input binary images. The ideal value of BER is 0% and this
has been achieved by the proposed algorithm when
comparing the original binary image I1 and the decrypted
image I2. Since, the ideal value is achieved it need not be
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compared with any algorithm. Similarly, PSNR is infinity for
all images which is also the ideal value. Since, the
dimensions of the original image is altered the performance
measures like Number of Pixels Change Rate (NPCR) and
Unified Average Changing Intensity (UACI) may not be
used.
VI. CONCLUSION
The security is a major factor in the data transmission.
The hacker should not be able to decipher the data even if
it is hacked. A novel algorithm is proposed to increase the
complexity of the encryption. The complexity of the
algorithm has been increased by having 1) Random
matrix XORing 2) Number of Keys Used 3) Joining all
the Shares and Shares of Various Sizes 4) Wide Range of
Mapping Function of the 2 x 2 pixel matrix to a decimal
number. The results show that the algorithm is more
secure. Also, BER and PSNR value proves that the
algorithm decrypts perfectly.
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