A mistake occurs during lambda phage excision from the E. coli genom.pdf
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A mistake occurs during lambda phage excision from the E. coli genome: a portion of the E. colichromosome is excised with the phage genome, leaving behind a portion of the lambda genome that includes the int gene. This defective genome is packaged and infects an E. coli strain that is recA- (it lacks RecA). What do you think happens to this genetic material? 1) injected DNA is degraded 2) integrates into new host genome 3) The transferred portion of E. coli chromosome recombines with the new host genome 4) All of these are possible Solution The answer is Option no 1 that is injected DNA is degraded. The defective genome does not carry int gene. So, the lambda phge cannot insert its genetic material into host genome. Homologus recombination and DNA reapir does not possible because the host genome is recA- Strain.(rec A protein plays a major role in homologus recombination)..
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gene under a bacterial promoter is already introduced inside the bacterial cell.
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2 ANSWERS
[Sanket Naik]
Sanket Naik, been there, done that...!
1.7k Views
module up_dn_cnt (
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input up, //Active high up count enable
input dn, //Active down up count enable
output [3:0] count
);
always @(posedge clk, posedge clr) begin
if(clr == 1) begin
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if(up == 1) begin
count <= count + 1;
end else if(dn == 1) begin
count <= count - 1;
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end
end
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trypsin, which cleaves at R and K, there were 3 fragments: two dipeptides and M What is the
sequence of the peptide? Use the one-letter abbreviations for the amino acids, and do not use
dashes.
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In the first section the last statement you have selected is incorrect i.e. there is no fit for the
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gene under a bacterial promoter is already introduced inside the bacterial cell.
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i.e. alternative triplet codon is used to mean for amino acids. When the triplet code for no amino
acid (stop codon) or tRNA for that code is not available the transcription terminates. If the tRNA
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another plasmid like RIL/RIPL plus to supplement those tRNA those are frequently and
exclusively used in eukaryotic sequence. In RIPL plus cess there is no limited tRNA for R, I, P
and L so the code reads without attenuation.
So the Answer to the second question is \"The gene will induce attenuation in the bacterial cell,
which will cause a delay in the transcription and translation of the factor VII gene.
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COMPLETE THE TABLE. LABEL YOUR 5’ AND 3’ ENDS.
YOU MUST GET THE ENTIRE TABLE CORRECT FOR CREDIT. NO PARTIAL CREDIT.
DNA template (-) 5’ GTACTATTAATT TACTGGGTGCAT CCGCATGGTACG 3’
DNA coding (+) strand
mRNA (+) codons
Only write the tRNA
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amino acids
amino acid sequence
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3. In sickle-cell disease, the replacement of A by T at the 17th nucleotide of the gene for the beta
chain of hemoglobin changes the mRNA codon as shown below (in red).
Wild-type mRNA 5’… A C U C C U G A G G A G…
Sickle-cell mRNA 5’… A C U C C U G U G G A G….
a. What amino acids are encoded by the two mRNAs?
Wild-type amino acids:
Sickle-cell amino acids:
b. What kind of mutation does this cause in the protein?
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Print First and Last Name _______________________________________
I. Multiple Choice: Read each question carefully and select the one best answer for each
question. Write your answer using CAPITAL LETTERS on the line in front of each question.
Questions will be counted wrong if the answer is not written on the line. (1 point each)
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B. DNA polymerase – makes a molecule of DNA from a DNA template
C. DNA ligase – joins segments of DNA
D. DNA gyrase (topoisomerase) – releases overwinding strain and untwists DNA
E. All of the above are correct.
_____2. A nucleotide is
A. a five-carbon sugar, a phosphate group and a nitrogen-containing base
B. a sugar with an attached base containing nitrogen
C. a six-carbon sugar, a phosphate group and a nitrogen-containing base
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Visit nursingassignmenthelp.com or email info@nursingassignmenthelp.com. You can also call on +1 678 648 4277 for any assistance with Microbiology Assignments.
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defines the circuit behavior: ENABLE UP/DOWN\' Function 0 X Stop counting 0 Count down:
15,14,...,1,0,15,14, Count up: 0,1,...,14,15,0,1
Solution
What is the verilog code for 4-bit updown counter with synchronous clear?
2 ANSWERS
[Sanket Naik]
Sanket Naik, been there, done that...!
1.7k Views
module up_dn_cnt (
input clk,
input clr, //Active high clear
input up, //Active high up count enable
input dn, //Active down up count enable
output [3:0] count
);
always @(posedge clk, posedge clr) begin
if(clr == 1) begin
count <= \'b0;
end else begin
if(up == 1) begin
count <= count + 1;
end else if(dn == 1) begin
count <= count - 1;
end
end
end
endmodule.
DNA and RNA are both stands of nucleotides but RNA can carry out for .pdf
DNA and RNA are both stands of nucleotides but RNA can carry out for more functions than
DNA. How docs the structure of RNA differ from DNA? What additional activities/function can
RNA do that DNA cannot?
Solution
The structure of ribonucleic acid is single stranded in which thymine replaces uracil as
complimentary base and other adenine, guanine, cytosine are the nucleotides but
deoxyribonucleic acid is double stranded & duplex.
The additive activities can RNA performing are to undergo \"translation\" to code for proteins
the following are the other functions where as DNA cannot undergo translation directly to code
for proteins
Small nuclear ribonucleic acid (snRNA): It is also known as U-RNA as it contains many uridine
contents in its complex structure. This is composed of 150 nucleotides nearly to produce
spliceosomes and to act along with snRNP. This snRNA has a predominant role in splicing.
mRNA: It is produced by the transcription of DNA in the presence of RNA polymerase enzyme
and it has amino acid coding exons to code for specific proteins as per genetic code.
rRNA (ribosomal RNA): It has 50S and 30S ribosomal subunits which have aminoacyl site and
peptidyl site to carry out translation process during protein synthesis with mRNA.
tRNA (transfer RNA): It has clover leaf structure & common to all tRNA structure. It has
anticodon site to bind to the mRNA and to displace mRNA transcript from nuclear region onto
the rRNA for protein synthesis. It is considered as an adaptor molecule mainly consist of 76 to
90 ribonucleotides in length
piRNA:
Piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNA) are the small non-coding RNA molecules with 26 to 31
nucleotides that are expressed in many of the germ lines of eukaryotic animals. piRNAs interact
with piwi proteins to form RNA-protein complexes..
Distinguish between the concepts of stereotyping, prejudice, and dis.pdf
Distinguish between the concepts of stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination.
***PSYCHOLOGY
Solution
Stereotyping: generalised belief about a group of people in which identical characters are
assigned to virtually all members of the group, regardless actual variation among the members.
Prejudice: it is attitude or feeling, favourable or unfavorable towards a person or group of people,
prior to, or not based on, actual experience. Discrimination: negative or harmful beheaviour
towards the member or members of a group simply because of their membership in that group..
38 Cats eat only animals. Something fuzzy exists. Everything thats .pdf
38 Cats eat only animals. Something fuzzy exists. Everything that\'s fuzzy is a cat. And
everything eats some- thing. So animals exist. C(a), E(r, y), A(x),Fx)
Solution
Cats eat only animals.C(x)
Somthing fuzzy exists E(x,y)
Everything that is a fuzzy is a cat. A(x)
Everything eats something F(x)
E(x,y) implies A(x)
If F(x) is true then A(x) is also true.
Since A(x) is true, C(x) implies there exist animals..
An octapeptide was hydrolyzed and the amino acids separated. It was .pdf
An octapeptide was hydrolyzed and the amino acids separated. It was found to have the
following amino acid composition: Gly (1); Ala (2); Val (1); Lys (2); Met (1); Asp (1). After
incubation with FDNB and hydrolysis, 2,4-dinitrophenylalanine was detected. Treatment with
cyanogen bromide, which cleaves at M, resulted in two fragments: a pentapeptide containing two
K residues and a tripeptide containing V, G, and A. (The residues are not listed in any particular
order.) After treatment with trypsin, which cleaves at R and K, there were 3 fragments: two
dipeptides and MGAV. What is the sequence of the peptide? Use the one-letter abbreviations for
the amino acids, and do not use dashes. An octapeptide was hydrolyzed and the amino acids
separated. It was found to have the following amino acid composition: Gly (1), Ala (2); Val (1),
Lys (2), Met (1), Asp (1). After incubation with FDNB and hydrolysis, 2,4-dinitrophenylalanine
was detected. NO2 NO2 NH H3C-CH OO Treatment with cyanogen bromide, which cleaves at
M, resulted in two fragments: a pentapeptide containing two K residues and a tripeptide
containing V, G, and A. (The residues are not listed in any particular order.) After treatment with
trypsin, which cleaves at R and K, there were 3 fragments: two dipeptides and M What is the
sequence of the peptide? Use the one-letter abbreviations for the amino acids, and do not use
dashes.
Solution
An octapeptide was hydrolyzed and the amino acids separated. It was found to have the
following amino acid composition: Gly (1); Ala (2); Val (1); Lys (2); Met (1); Asp (1).
After incubation with FDNB and hydrolysis, 2,4-dinitrophenylalanine was detected.
1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (FDNB) is an reagent that always react with N-terminal aminoacid
of a peptide chain and after acid hydrolysis it produces 2.4-dinitrophenyl derivative of
aminoacid. As there is production of 2,4-dinitrophenylalanine, that means alanine is present at
the N-terminal end of the octapeptide.
Treatment with cyanogen bromide, which cleaves at M, resulted in two fragments: a
pentapeptide containing two K residues and a tripeptide containing V, G, and A. (The residues
are not listed in any particular order.)
Cyanogen bromide always cleaves the peptide at the carboxylic end of methionine and after
cleavage it gives two fragments of pentapeptide and tripeptide. So it indicates that methionine is
present at 5th position of the octapeptide.
After treatment with trypsin, which cleaves at R and K, there were 3 fragments: two dipeptides
and MGAV.
Trypsin always cleaves at the carboxy-terminal of arginine and lysine. After cleavage, two
dipeptide and one tetrapeptide (MGAV) is produced. So it is cleared that, the two dipeptide
would be AK and DK.
Therefore the final aminoacid sequence of the octapeptide would be H2N-AKDKMGAV-COOH
Answer: AKDKMGAV.
c. hydrophillic heads; sticking out toward the interior and exterior.pdf
c. hydrophillic heads; sticking out toward the interior and exterior of the cell
d. hydrophobic and hydrophylic sides, facing in toward another Properties of Phospholipids The
plasma membrane is made up of a phospholipid bilayer, with the of the phospholipids Multiple
Choice hydrophobic tails: sticking out toward the interior and exterior of the cell hydrophilic
heads facing in toward one another
Solution
(C).hydrophilic heads;sticking out toward the interior and exterior of the cell.
According to the fluid-mosaic model,the hydrophobic tails are present in between the
phospholipid bilayer and the hydrophilic heads facing outward top and bottom of the layer.These
heads are made up of phosphate and glycerol whereas the tail is made up of unsatuarated and
saturated fatty acids..
Biology Lab questions1. Units of amino acid are carried to the ri.pdf
Biology Lab questions:
1. Units of amino acid are carried to the ribosomes by (A) transfer RNA (B) radioactive uracil
(C) template RNA (D) messenger RNA
Solution
The units of amino acids are carried to the ribosomes by t-rna which is charged.. According to
the codon present in the ribosomes that charged t-rna of that particular amino acid are carried to
the ribosomes..!!.
Why is it important to use several sources of power and influence, r.pdf
Why is it important to use several sources of power and influence, rather than relying on one or
two?
Solution
There are 5 various sources of influence that are as follows
1. Reward power
2. Coercive power
3. Legitimate power
4. Expert power
5. Recent power
Reward power is that in which we can provide reqare for obtaining power
Coercive power is that we can take a disciplinary action to obtain power or to influence for work.
Legitimate power is that which can be granted by your position or rights that as a MD of a
company have a power towards the employees who report him
Expert power is that which is received by your knowledge and experience of any work .
Referent power is that which is related to your reference when you know someone and feel that
you know him means you connect with him
All the five sources of power and influence are important because with the help of all the five
sources we can do the best of himself nothing has been left. And we know every person has
different different thoughts and views. Not all the person preferred same thing . And we don\'t
know the person clearly so if we use all the five sources it helps us to increase or obtaining good
and satisfactory results .
If we use only one or two and rely on it . May be it happens that person don\'t like these two
means these two sources are not good as per that person for obtaining good response. May be it
happens that we wants more position as compared to monetary benefits so if we can use all the
five sources then It makes more chance of better influencing..
What is special about the colugos teethLower incisors are comb-li.pdf
What is special about the colugos teeth?
Lower incisors are comb-like
Only two upper incisors
Upper canines are reduced
Only one lower molar
Solution
Lower incisor are comb like.
Upper incisors are 2 in each quadrant since dental formula for colugos is 2.1.2.3 for upper jaw.
Colugos has special feature that their incisor are comb shape,which has almost 20 tines on it.
These comb in incisors are used for grooming. As is seen in stepsirrihines they hav similar
function and appearance..
write simple program in c++ in which source reads a file of integers.pdf
write simple program in c++ in which source reads a file of integers and outputs the average
Solution
Average.cpp
#include
#include
using namespace std;
int main()
{
ifstream inputFile;
inputFile.open(\"numbers.txt\");
int n;
int sum =0;
int count = 0;
double average = 0;
if (inputFile.is_open()) {
while (!inputFile.eof()) {
inputFile >> n;
sum = sum + n;
count++;
}
}
average = sum/(double)count;
cout<<\"The average is \"<.
Write an example of a unit test for a Class methods using JUnitfr.pdf
Write an example of a unit test for a Class methods using JUnitframework
Write an example of a unit test for a Class methods using JUnitframework
Solution
Example of test case java using JUnitframework:
import org.junit.Test;
import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
public class TestJunit {
String message = \"Hello World\";
MessageUtil messageUtil = new MessageUtil(message);
@Test
public void testPrintMessage() {
assertEquals(message,messageUtil.printMessage());
}
}
Test suit Examples:
import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
import org.junit.runners.Suite;
//JUnit Suite Test
@RunWith(Suite.class)
@Suite.SuiteClasses({
TestJunit1.class ,TestJunit2.class
})
public class JunitTestSuite {
}
import org.junit.Test;
import org.junit.Ignore;
import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
public class TestJunit1 {
String message = \"Robert\";
MessageUtil messageUtil = new MessageUtil(message);
@Test
public void testPrintMessage() {
System.out.println(\"Inside testPrintMessage()\");
assertEquals(message, messageUtil.printMessage());
}
}
import org.junit.Test;
import org.junit.Ignore;
import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
public class TestJunit2 {
String message = \"Robert\";
MessageUtil messageUtil = new MessageUtil(message);
@Test
public void testSalutationMessage() {
System.out.println(\"Inside testSalutationMessage()\");
message = \"Hi!\" + \"Robert\";
assertEquals(message,messageUtil.salutationMessage());
}
}.
whats in plasmaSolutionAnswerBlood is the fluid connecti.pdf
what\'s in plasma?
Solution
Answer:
Blood is the fluid connective tissue possesses plasma (45%) and remaining blood cells such as
monocytes, macrophages, clotting factors, platelets, and nutrients. This plasma is composed of
protein compartment in which various serum albumins, globulins along with clotting factors are
existing. Plasma protein components such as “beta globulin” and “glycoproteins” have extensive
saturable binding affinity.
What is a reason we want to write in a concise manner 1. To elimina.pdf
What is a reason we want to write in a concise manner? 1. To eliminate redundant and repetitive
words 2. To allow better use of bullets 3. To avoid jargon or industry language 4. To indicate the
main point of the message
Solution
4. To indicate main point of message
We write in a concise manner to brief eth content clearly using few words.
What are the advantages of Credit Suisse’s new supplier managemente.pdf
What are the advantages of Credit Suisse’s new supplier management/evaluation system?
Please write in your own words, and atlest 2 paragraphs
Solution
Historically, the IT industry has been mostly a reactive unit. Enterprise IT departments were
essentially order-takers that were quick to adopt the latest programs. Stephen Hilton, managing
director and CIO of technology infrastructure for Credit Suisse, will have none of that. Known
for his stick-to-itiveness and indifference to flavor-of-the-week technology, Hilton has shown
leadership in building a unified culture and developed a reputation for his steady pace of
improvement.
As most Industry leaders know, since 2007 capital markets revenues have decreased rapidly,
resulting in budget cuts across the board. At the same time, most financial institutions had built
up significant fixed costs during the prior decade when revenues were high and budgets were
bloated. \"People were surprised that IT was not as variable as they thought it would be,\" says
Hilton, whose firm has a market capitalization of $42 billion and $1.3 trillion in assets under
management.
At Credit Suisse, only 30% to 40% of IT cost was allocated to staffing, reports Hilton. \"A lot of
the budget covers other IT assets, obligations, liabilities and licensing costs we built up over the
years that just are not variable in a short period of time.\" The only way you can really drive the
cost base down is through business process reengineering, he says, and that\'s exactly what his
team has been working toward.
\"It was quite a learning process for people to understand that. And if I\'m honest, that
realization, a very good realization, has actually changed the business attitude,\" Hilton says.
\"They\'re having different conversations with us now.\" Business leaders are aware that asking
for \"please do it quickly and just get it in\"-style requests aren\'t acceptable anymore. \"They
have to be more patient and more strategic in their decisions.\"
Challenge Silliness
While the old way of approaching technology may have been fitting given the short lifespan of
IT and massive innovation cycles, things began to change in the mid-2000s. For Credit Suisse
the focus shifted to optimizing the company\'s massive, complex infrastructure and improving
end user productivity. As CIO of technology infrastructure, Hilton prepared to make tough
decisions to meet company goals.
\"My view is that at the scale we now run at, process efficiency is key. I am a technologist, but
my master\'s degree is in mechanical engineering and making manufacturing decisions. So I
learned back in the late \'80s about industrialized processes and how to optimize factories. Those
skill sets are what I\'ve applied in the last five years.\" He adds, \"I very much encourage my
teams to be challenging partners. I\'ve spent five years really empowering them, saying, \'Look,
you\'re the experts. Challenge inefficiencies whenever you see them.\'\".
The PRIMARY structure of a protein isformed by alpha helices and .pdf
The PRIMARY structure of a protein is:
formed by alpha helices and beta sheets
formed by multiple polypeptide chains binding to one another
formed by dehydration reactions that join amino acids together
all of the above are true
The PRIMARY structure of a protein is:
Solution
option C.
The primrary structure of a protein is formed by dehydration reactions that join amino acids
together.
dehydration reaction removes H2O between two amino acids to form peptide bond. this is the
native primary structure that consists of a linear chain of amino acids.
alpha and beta structures are secondary structures.
tertiary structure involves the interaction between different polypeptide chains..
The figure below shows the chromosomes in a cell for some species (.pdf
The figure below shows the chromosomes in a cell for some species (\"pretend\" that
chromosomes are always visible for this exercise & ignore any nuclear membrane). 1. How
many chromosomes do you see? ___________ Is this haploid or diploid? What do the letters
represent? ___________ Why does the letter \"g\" appear only as lower case but the letter \"F\"
appears as both upper- AND lowercase (F & f)
Solution
1.The number of chromosomes is equal to the number of centromeres.Here in this case ,it is 6
chromosomes.
2.This is haploid as only single chromosomes are seen.
3.The letters represent the alleles of gene.
4.The letter \'g \'appears in the lower case because it is present only in recessive form while \' F\'
appears as both upper and lower case as it is present in both dominant and recessive forms..
The addButton_Click procedure should perform the following three tas.pdf
The addButton_Click procedure should perform the following three tasks:
1.add the integer entered in the numTextBox to an accumulator
2. display the integer on a separate line in the ListTextBox
3. display the accumulator\'s value in the sumLabel.
How can I accomplish this using a TextBox instead of an InputBox(with prompts)?
Solution
import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.*;
import java.applet.*;
/*
*/
public class Cal extends Applet
implements ActionListener
{
String msg=\" \";
int v1,v2,result;
TextField t1;
Button b[]=new Button[10];
Button add,sub,mul,div,clear,mod,EQ;
char OP;
public void init()
{
Color k=new Color(120,89,90);
setBackground(k);
t1=new TextField(10);
GridLayout gl=new GridLayout(4,5);
setLayout(gl);
for(int i=0;i<10;i++)
{
b[i]=new Button(\"\"+i);
}
add=new Button(\"add\");
sub=new Button(\"sub\");
mul=new Button(\"mul\");
div=new Button(\"div\");
mod=new Button(\"mod\");
clear=new Button(\"clear\");
EQ=new Button(\"EQ\");
t1.addActionListener(this);
add(t1);
for(int i=0;i<10;i++)
{
add(b[i]);
}
add(add);
add(sub);
add(mul);
add(div);
add(mod);
add(clear);
add(EQ);
for(int i=0;i<10;i++)
{
b[i].addActionListener(this);
}
add.addActionListener(this);
sub.addActionListener(this);
mul.addActionListener(this);
div.addActionListener(this);
mod.addActionListener(this);
clear.addActionListener(this);
EQ.addActionListener(this);
}
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent ae)
{
String str=ae.getActionCommand();
char ch=str.charAt(0);
if ( Character.isDigit(ch))
t1.setText(t1.getText()+str);
else
if(str.equals(\"add\"))
{
v1=Integer.parseInt(t1.getText());
OP=\'+\';
t1.setText(\"\");
}
else if(str.equals(\"sub\"))
{
v1=Integer.parseInt(t1.getText());
OP=\'-\';
t1.setText(\"\");
}
else if(str.equals(\"mul\"))
{
v1=Integer.parseInt(t1.getText());
OP=\'*\';
t1.setText(\"\");
}
else if(str.equals(\"div\"))
{
v1=Integer.parseInt(t1.getText());
OP=\'/\';
t1.setText(\"\");
}
else if(str.equals(\"mod\"))
{
v1=Integer.parseInt(t1.getText());
OP=\'%\';
t1.setText(\"\");
}
if(str.equals(\"EQ\"))
{
v2=Integer.parseInt(t1.getText());
if(OP==\'+\')
result=v1+v2;
else if(OP==\'-\')
result=v1-v2;
else if(OP==\'*\')
result=v1*v2;
else if(OP==\'/\')
result=v1/v2;
else if(OP==\'%\')
result=v1%v2;
t1.setText(\"\"+result);
}
if(str.equals(\"clear\"))
{
t1.setText(\"\");
}
}
}.
Assume a System Engineering class has 27 students, of which one thir.pdf
Assume a System Engineering class has 27 students, of which one third are female and two
thirds are male. There were a total of 17 students (4 female and 13 male) that got the correct
answer to the first problem in their 8th homework assignment. What is the probability that a
male student got the correct answer?
Solution
total correct 17 srudents
4 female and 13 male
probability that male student correct answer = 13/27 = 0.481.
1.) Explain what type of mechanism and application use a marine ste.pdf
1.) Explain what type of mechanism and application use a marine steam engine and why?
2.) Explain the history behind a marine steam engine? and compare how it is used in today
society?
Solution
1 a)
Basic operation of a simple reciprocating steam engine
Components of steam engines
There are two fundamental components of a steam engine: the boiler or steam generator, and the
motor unit, itself often referred to as a \"steam engine.\" The two components can either be
integrated into a single unit or can be placed at a distance from each other, in a variety of
configurations.
Other components are often present; pumps (such as an injector) to supply water to the boiler
during operation, condensers to recirculate the water and recover the latent heat of vaporization,
and superheaters to raise the temperature of the steam above its saturated vapor point, and
various mechanisms to increase the draft for fireboxes. When coal is used, a chain or screw
stoking mechanism and its drive engine or motor may be included to move the fuel from a
supply bin (bunker) to the firebox.
Heat source
The heat required for boiling the water and supplying the steam can be derived from various
sources, most commonly from burning combustible materials with an appropriate supply of air in
a closed space (called variously combustion chamber, firebox). In some cases the heat source is a
nuclear reactor or geothermal energy.
Cold sink
As with all heat engines, a considerable quantity of waste heat is produced at relatively low
temperature. This must be disposed of.
The simplest cold sink is simply to vent the steam to the environment. This is often used on
Steam locomotives, but is quite inefficient. Steam locomotive condensing apparatus can be
employed to improve efficiency.
Steam turbines in power stations often use cooling towers which are essentially one form of
condenser.
Sometimes the \"waste heat\" is useful in and of itself, and in those cases very high overall
efficiency can be obtained; for example combined heat and power uses the waste heat for district
heating.
Boilers
Boilers are pressure vessels that contain water to be boiled, and some kind of mechanism for
transferring the heat to the water so as to boil it.
The two most common methods of transferring heat to the water according are:
Once turned to steam, some boilers use superheating to raise the temperature of the steam
further. This allows for greater efficiency.
Motor units
A motor unit takes a supply of steam at high pressure and temperature and gives out a supply of
steam at lower pressure and temperature, using as much of the difference in steam energy as
possible to do mechanical work.
A motor unit is often called \"steam engine\" in its own right. They will also operate on
compressed air or other gas.
Simple expansion
This means that a charge of steam works only once in the cylinder. It is then exhausted directly
into the atmosphere or into a condenser, but remaining heat can be recuperated if needed.
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The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
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June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
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