Organic farmers use a variety of tools and strategies to control weeds without synthetic chemicals, including mechanical tillage, crop rotations, cover crops, cultivation, and mulching. Successful organic weed management requires continually adapting practices as weed populations change. Producers must understand organic philosophies and legal requirements before planning their weed management strategies. Ecological approaches aim to suppress weeds through enhanced crop competition and allelopathy rather than elimination.
20th century agriculture relied heavily on chemical inputs which are now showing diminishing returns and negative environmental impacts. 21st century agriculture needs a new "post-modern" paradigm that is more productive of land, labor, water and capital while being environmentally benign and socially beneficial. Examples like the System of Rice Intensification demonstrate producing more with less by understanding soil biology and plant-microbe interactions.
This document compares the effects of biological/organic and conventional/chemical farming methods on carbon sequestration and soil health. Biological methods such as no-till, cover crops, and composting can sequester over 2000 kg of carbon per hectare per year. Soils managed organically have higher carbon content, water infiltration, water holding capacity, and microbial activity. Organic systems also extend plant roots, produce erosion-resistant soil, provide mechanisms for carbon fixation, slow organic matter decay, and support mycorrhizal fungi, making organic farms more drought-resistant than conventional farms.
Organic vegetable production in India faces several challenges. While it can increase soil fertility and reduce environmental pollution, yields may initially decrease as chemical inputs are removed. Total conversion to organic is not feasible nationally due to issues like lack of organic inputs, perishable nature of crops, labor requirements, and nutrient deficiencies. However, integrating organic resources with chemicals can sustain soil quality while maintaining productivity. Research, training, standardizing practices, and disseminating knowledge can help promote organic farming.
This document provides an overview of organic versus conventional agriculture, covering their histories, definitions, and methods. Key points include:
- Organic farming excludes synthetic fertilizers and pesticides and relies on techniques like crop rotation and composting. Yields are generally lower than conventional farms.
- Conventional agriculture commonly uses artificial fertilizers and pesticides to control weeds and pests.
- There is debate around whether organic farming is healthier and better for the environment due to lower yields requiring more land and questions around the health risks of chemicals.
This document provides information on organic small grain production. It discusses that organic farming excludes commercial fertilizers, synthetic pesticides, and growth regulators, relying instead on crop rotations, cover crops, and biological pest control. It also notes that organic producers must be certified and discusses various publications that cover organic certification requirements and production methods. Specific considerations for organic small grain production include managing soil fertility through animal manures and cover crops, using integrated pest management and resistant varieties to handle insects and diseases, employing crop rotations for weed control, and marketing through contracts since the organic market has many small buyers.
The document discusses organic agriculture and farming. It provides information on the global organic market including sales of $59.1 billion in 2010 and growth rates. The US is the biggest market at $26.7 billion in 2010. Organic agriculture aims to sustain soil health, ecosystems, and people by using minimal off-farm inputs and promoting biodiversity. Methods of organic farming include soil management, weed control, and controlling pests through integrated pest management. Benefits are discussed for consumers and growers. Standards and definitions for organic products are also outlined for the US and Philippines.
Agribusiness plantations in Mindanao have expanded rapidly in recent decades due to growing international demand. These plantations, which are dominated by a single crop, use intensive pesticide application including aerial spraying. However, aerial spraying poses many issues and risks. Studies have shown that pesticides can drift over long distances and contaminate water sources and residential areas. The pesticides used, such as fungicides, have been linked to health impacts including cancer and birth defects. Local studies on plantation workers and communities have found correlations between pesticide exposure and health problems atypical for the region. While agribusiness aims to generate jobs and economic growth, the environmental and human costs of intensive pesticide use and aerial spraying are not fully accounted
The document discusses organic agriculture and farming. It notes that the global organic market was worth $59.1 billion in 2010, with the US being the largest at $26.7 billion. Organic farming avoids chemical fertilizers and pesticides and relies on techniques like crop rotation and composting to maintain soil health and productivity. The definition and standards for organic products vary by country but generally focus on minimizing artificial inputs and using sustainable practices.
20th century agriculture relied heavily on chemical inputs which are now showing diminishing returns and negative environmental impacts. 21st century agriculture needs a new "post-modern" paradigm that is more productive of land, labor, water and capital while being environmentally benign and socially beneficial. Examples like the System of Rice Intensification demonstrate producing more with less by understanding soil biology and plant-microbe interactions.
This document compares the effects of biological/organic and conventional/chemical farming methods on carbon sequestration and soil health. Biological methods such as no-till, cover crops, and composting can sequester over 2000 kg of carbon per hectare per year. Soils managed organically have higher carbon content, water infiltration, water holding capacity, and microbial activity. Organic systems also extend plant roots, produce erosion-resistant soil, provide mechanisms for carbon fixation, slow organic matter decay, and support mycorrhizal fungi, making organic farms more drought-resistant than conventional farms.
Organic vegetable production in India faces several challenges. While it can increase soil fertility and reduce environmental pollution, yields may initially decrease as chemical inputs are removed. Total conversion to organic is not feasible nationally due to issues like lack of organic inputs, perishable nature of crops, labor requirements, and nutrient deficiencies. However, integrating organic resources with chemicals can sustain soil quality while maintaining productivity. Research, training, standardizing practices, and disseminating knowledge can help promote organic farming.
This document provides an overview of organic versus conventional agriculture, covering their histories, definitions, and methods. Key points include:
- Organic farming excludes synthetic fertilizers and pesticides and relies on techniques like crop rotation and composting. Yields are generally lower than conventional farms.
- Conventional agriculture commonly uses artificial fertilizers and pesticides to control weeds and pests.
- There is debate around whether organic farming is healthier and better for the environment due to lower yields requiring more land and questions around the health risks of chemicals.
This document provides information on organic small grain production. It discusses that organic farming excludes commercial fertilizers, synthetic pesticides, and growth regulators, relying instead on crop rotations, cover crops, and biological pest control. It also notes that organic producers must be certified and discusses various publications that cover organic certification requirements and production methods. Specific considerations for organic small grain production include managing soil fertility through animal manures and cover crops, using integrated pest management and resistant varieties to handle insects and diseases, employing crop rotations for weed control, and marketing through contracts since the organic market has many small buyers.
The document discusses organic agriculture and farming. It provides information on the global organic market including sales of $59.1 billion in 2010 and growth rates. The US is the biggest market at $26.7 billion in 2010. Organic agriculture aims to sustain soil health, ecosystems, and people by using minimal off-farm inputs and promoting biodiversity. Methods of organic farming include soil management, weed control, and controlling pests through integrated pest management. Benefits are discussed for consumers and growers. Standards and definitions for organic products are also outlined for the US and Philippines.
Agribusiness plantations in Mindanao have expanded rapidly in recent decades due to growing international demand. These plantations, which are dominated by a single crop, use intensive pesticide application including aerial spraying. However, aerial spraying poses many issues and risks. Studies have shown that pesticides can drift over long distances and contaminate water sources and residential areas. The pesticides used, such as fungicides, have been linked to health impacts including cancer and birth defects. Local studies on plantation workers and communities have found correlations between pesticide exposure and health problems atypical for the region. While agribusiness aims to generate jobs and economic growth, the environmental and human costs of intensive pesticide use and aerial spraying are not fully accounted
The document discusses organic agriculture and farming. It notes that the global organic market was worth $59.1 billion in 2010, with the US being the largest at $26.7 billion. Organic farming avoids chemical fertilizers and pesticides and relies on techniques like crop rotation and composting to maintain soil health and productivity. The definition and standards for organic products vary by country but generally focus on minimizing artificial inputs and using sustainable practices.
DESIGN OF AQUAPONICS SYSTEM OF IRRIGATIONvivatechijri
Aquaponics as a vertical farming technique has undergone various development to make it an
efficient replacement for conventional farming methods. Hydroponics, a soil-less farming method has been
combined with aquaculture (fish farming) to obtain a system with its own ecological balance. The disadvantages
of these systems overcome by symbiotic relationship between them. As a result aquaponics has better production
and growth rate than other farming methods. The aquaponics systems focused on increasing economically and
sustainability of indoor and outdoor fish farming. Aspect like sustainability, development and economically
efficiency improve of farmer health we must reconsider the agriculture sciences, by this we understand that we
must develops technologies friendly for the environment. Combining aquaculture with hydroponics we obtain a
new innovation named aquaponics which respects principles of sustainable agriculture (wastewater bio
filtration by plants) and gives us the possibility to increase economic efficiency with an additional production
(organic vegetables) to produce the nutrient rich food.The various parameters that are to be considered during the design and implementation of an aquaponic
system have been discussed in this paper
This document provides an overview of organic greenhouse vegetable production. It discusses how small growers can compete in an industry dominated by large operations through niche markets like organic and locally-grown produce. The document also examines soil-based and soilless culture methods and provides resources on greenhouse design, construction, and management. Overall, the document aims to provide new and experienced growers with information on setting up organic greenhouse systems and alternative production methods.
This document provides an overview of an organic agriculture publication that outlines the origins and concepts of organic farming. It highlights that organic agriculture involves more than just excluding synthetic pesticides and fertilizers. It also provides contact information for obtaining print copies of the publication.
Organic agriculture scope and problems for conservation Saleman Sultani
Organic agriculture aims to optimize quality in all aspects of agriculture and the environment while respecting plants, animals, and landscapes. However, organic farming faces several problems including insufficient organic inputs, lower initial yields, lack of expertise and infrastructure. Transitioning to organic also requires adopting practices like crop rotation and biological pest control that are less common in conventional farming.
Organic tomato production differs from conventional production primarily through soil fertility, weed, insect, and disease management which focus on using organic methods like crop rotations, cover crops, compost and manures instead of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides. Fresh market tomatoes require about 75 to 100 pounds of nitrogen per acre which can be supplied through legumes and compost, with additional needs met through animal meals, rock phosphate, and kelp meal. Yields of 650 to 850 boxes per acre are common, with efficient harvesting, handling and marketing needed due to tomatoes being highly perishable. Variety selection considers disease resistance, suitability to production systems, and regional adaptability.
This newsletter from Clif Bar provides information on the company's sustainability efforts and the benefits of organic agriculture. It discusses Clif Bar's increasing use of organic ingredients over the past decade, now at 71% of ingredients. Studies discussed found that organic farming creates more US jobs than conventional farming and that Clif Bar's organic purchases alone created 16% more jobs in 2010. The newsletter also summarizes research finding organic foods contain more antioxidants and phytonutrients that are beneficial to health. Overall, it promotes the multiple environmental, economic and health benefits of organic farming practices.
Sustainable agriculture development in EthiopiaIFOAM
Ecological agriculture practices have been successfully implemented in Tigray, Ethiopia to address challenges of overgrazing, soil degradation, and poverty. The Tigray Project promoted (1) local bylaws to empower community control of resources, (2) biological and physical soil/water conservation, and (3) composting with low external inputs to improve soil fertility. Results include increased incomes, crop yields equal or exceeding chemical fertilizers, reforestation, and spring water returns. The project reconnects youth to sustainable traditions and empowers innovator farmers to spread solutions. It provides a model for climate-resilient smallholder agriculture adaptation across Sub-Saharan Africa.
Our farm is in the western part of the state of Iowa in the mid-west of the United States of America. It was first farmed in 1880 when my husband’s great grandfather bought the land and started farming it.
This document provides information about Advancing Eco-Agriculture, an agricultural consulting and manufacturing company. Their mission is to help farmers produce healthy, disease-resistant crops through education and natural soil and plant management products. They offer consulting services, a product catalog including microbial inoculants, enzymes, and mineral nutrient formulations to analyze soil, monitor crop health, and enhance the soil-plant system for optimal agricultural production.
The document discusses organic farming. It defines organic farming as a method of farming that aims to cultivate land and raise crops in a way that keeps the soil healthy by using organic wastes and beneficial microbes, rather than synthetic inputs. Key characteristics of organic farming include protecting soil fertility, providing nutrients indirectly using insoluble sources, nitrogen self-sufficiency through legumes and recycling, and controlling weeds and pests through rotations, diversity and limited intervention. The document also notes the need for organic farming to sustainably increase agricultural production while maintaining a natural balance.
1) The seminar discussed organic farming methods for spices and plantation crops like black pepper, cardamom, chilli, turmeric and ginger.
2) Key organic farming practices included using compost and organic manures for nutrition, mulching for weed and moisture control, and crop rotation.
3) For pest and disease management, techniques focused on using neem, garlic, and Trichoderma products, as well as maintaining good soil health through organic matter additions.
Sustainable agriculture techniques allow farmers to achieve high crop yields while preserving natural resources and the environment. These techniques include crop rotation, cover crops, enhancing soil quality, and using natural pest predators. Farmers can minimize the use of pesticides and fertilizers by employing integrated pest management and taking advantage of biological pest control methods. Sustainable agriculture is economically viable, socially supportive of farm communities, and ecologically sound.
Foodborne illness from fresh produce is increasing as Americans consume more fresh fruits and vegetables. Produce is often eaten raw without a "kill step" to eliminate pathogens that may be present. Several recent outbreaks of E. coli and Salmonella linked to produce have increased focus on prevention. On small farms, potential sources of contamination include manure, irrigation water, employees, animals, and improper post-harvest handling. Good practices like appropriate application of composted manure, clean irrigation water, employee hygiene, exclusion of animals from fields and packing areas, and sanitation of surfaces and equipment can help reduce risks. Proper cooling, transport, and traceback systems also aid in food safety.
Non-conventional farming uses modified methods of growing crops and animals that differ from traditional practices, including organic farming without synthetic fertilizers, grow boxes that enclose plant growth in limited spaces, and urban agriculture within cities which provides greenery and opportunities for individuals to experience plant growth while removing carbon dioxide from polluted areas.
Indian agriculture contributes significantly to the wealth and livelihoods of rural and urban communities. Agriculture in India faces sustainability challenges due to increasing population pressure on limited natural resources. Ecologically sound agricultural practices that apply principles like optimizing nutrient recycling, enhancing biodiversity, and minimizing losses can help increase production while maintaining ecosystem services. Key indicators to measure sustainability include soil nutrient balance, erosion rates, productivity, and energy efficiency.
This document summarizes strategies for organic field corn production. It discusses using crop rotation including legumes to supply nitrogen, as well as cover crops and green manures. Livestock manures and composts can also provide nutrients. Additional nutrients may come from approved organic fertilizers or mined rock powders. Key pests of field corn like European corn borer are managed through cultural practices like crop rotation and sanitation rather than synthetic pesticides. Organic systems aim to build soil fertility through nutrient cycling and maintaining biological activity in the soil.
Organic rice production faces challenges with weed control and soil fertility but uses crop rotations, cover crops, and water management. Case studies show producers suppressing weeds through precision leveling, rotations of 3+ years, and flooding. Green manure crops like clover supply nitrogen and reseed naturally. While organic rice yields are lower, it commands a higher price in niche markets. Certification and following organic standards are required to label products as organic.
Treatment of municipal and industrial wastewater by reed bed technology: A lo...IJERA Editor
Reed bed system for wastewater treatment has been proven to be effective and sustainable alternative for conventional wastewater treatment technologies. Use of macrophytes to treat wastewater is also categorized in this method. This new approach is based on natural processes for the removal of different aquatic macrophytes such as floating, submerged and emergent. Macrophytes are assumed to be the main biological components of wetlands. These techniques are reported to be cost effective compared to other methods. Various contaminants like total suspended solids, dissolved solids, electrical conductivity, hardness, biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, dissolved oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorous, heavy metals, and other contaminants have been minimized using aquatic microphytes. In this paper, role of these plant species, origin and their occurrence, ecological factors and their efficiency in reduction of different water contaminants have been presented.
The document lists capacities of various reed bed systems treating wastewater from schools, factories, townships, bungalows, and universities across India. The reed beds range in size from 7,000 liters per day to 300,000 liters per day and treat both composite sewage and bath wastewater. Water melon is also shown being grown using treated sewage from one of the reed beds.
DESIGN OF AQUAPONICS SYSTEM OF IRRIGATIONvivatechijri
Aquaponics as a vertical farming technique has undergone various development to make it an
efficient replacement for conventional farming methods. Hydroponics, a soil-less farming method has been
combined with aquaculture (fish farming) to obtain a system with its own ecological balance. The disadvantages
of these systems overcome by symbiotic relationship between them. As a result aquaponics has better production
and growth rate than other farming methods. The aquaponics systems focused on increasing economically and
sustainability of indoor and outdoor fish farming. Aspect like sustainability, development and economically
efficiency improve of farmer health we must reconsider the agriculture sciences, by this we understand that we
must develops technologies friendly for the environment. Combining aquaculture with hydroponics we obtain a
new innovation named aquaponics which respects principles of sustainable agriculture (wastewater bio
filtration by plants) and gives us the possibility to increase economic efficiency with an additional production
(organic vegetables) to produce the nutrient rich food.The various parameters that are to be considered during the design and implementation of an aquaponic
system have been discussed in this paper
This document provides an overview of organic greenhouse vegetable production. It discusses how small growers can compete in an industry dominated by large operations through niche markets like organic and locally-grown produce. The document also examines soil-based and soilless culture methods and provides resources on greenhouse design, construction, and management. Overall, the document aims to provide new and experienced growers with information on setting up organic greenhouse systems and alternative production methods.
This document provides an overview of an organic agriculture publication that outlines the origins and concepts of organic farming. It highlights that organic agriculture involves more than just excluding synthetic pesticides and fertilizers. It also provides contact information for obtaining print copies of the publication.
Organic agriculture scope and problems for conservation Saleman Sultani
Organic agriculture aims to optimize quality in all aspects of agriculture and the environment while respecting plants, animals, and landscapes. However, organic farming faces several problems including insufficient organic inputs, lower initial yields, lack of expertise and infrastructure. Transitioning to organic also requires adopting practices like crop rotation and biological pest control that are less common in conventional farming.
Organic tomato production differs from conventional production primarily through soil fertility, weed, insect, and disease management which focus on using organic methods like crop rotations, cover crops, compost and manures instead of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides. Fresh market tomatoes require about 75 to 100 pounds of nitrogen per acre which can be supplied through legumes and compost, with additional needs met through animal meals, rock phosphate, and kelp meal. Yields of 650 to 850 boxes per acre are common, with efficient harvesting, handling and marketing needed due to tomatoes being highly perishable. Variety selection considers disease resistance, suitability to production systems, and regional adaptability.
This newsletter from Clif Bar provides information on the company's sustainability efforts and the benefits of organic agriculture. It discusses Clif Bar's increasing use of organic ingredients over the past decade, now at 71% of ingredients. Studies discussed found that organic farming creates more US jobs than conventional farming and that Clif Bar's organic purchases alone created 16% more jobs in 2010. The newsletter also summarizes research finding organic foods contain more antioxidants and phytonutrients that are beneficial to health. Overall, it promotes the multiple environmental, economic and health benefits of organic farming practices.
Sustainable agriculture development in EthiopiaIFOAM
Ecological agriculture practices have been successfully implemented in Tigray, Ethiopia to address challenges of overgrazing, soil degradation, and poverty. The Tigray Project promoted (1) local bylaws to empower community control of resources, (2) biological and physical soil/water conservation, and (3) composting with low external inputs to improve soil fertility. Results include increased incomes, crop yields equal or exceeding chemical fertilizers, reforestation, and spring water returns. The project reconnects youth to sustainable traditions and empowers innovator farmers to spread solutions. It provides a model for climate-resilient smallholder agriculture adaptation across Sub-Saharan Africa.
Our farm is in the western part of the state of Iowa in the mid-west of the United States of America. It was first farmed in 1880 when my husband’s great grandfather bought the land and started farming it.
This document provides information about Advancing Eco-Agriculture, an agricultural consulting and manufacturing company. Their mission is to help farmers produce healthy, disease-resistant crops through education and natural soil and plant management products. They offer consulting services, a product catalog including microbial inoculants, enzymes, and mineral nutrient formulations to analyze soil, monitor crop health, and enhance the soil-plant system for optimal agricultural production.
The document discusses organic farming. It defines organic farming as a method of farming that aims to cultivate land and raise crops in a way that keeps the soil healthy by using organic wastes and beneficial microbes, rather than synthetic inputs. Key characteristics of organic farming include protecting soil fertility, providing nutrients indirectly using insoluble sources, nitrogen self-sufficiency through legumes and recycling, and controlling weeds and pests through rotations, diversity and limited intervention. The document also notes the need for organic farming to sustainably increase agricultural production while maintaining a natural balance.
1) The seminar discussed organic farming methods for spices and plantation crops like black pepper, cardamom, chilli, turmeric and ginger.
2) Key organic farming practices included using compost and organic manures for nutrition, mulching for weed and moisture control, and crop rotation.
3) For pest and disease management, techniques focused on using neem, garlic, and Trichoderma products, as well as maintaining good soil health through organic matter additions.
Sustainable agriculture techniques allow farmers to achieve high crop yields while preserving natural resources and the environment. These techniques include crop rotation, cover crops, enhancing soil quality, and using natural pest predators. Farmers can minimize the use of pesticides and fertilizers by employing integrated pest management and taking advantage of biological pest control methods. Sustainable agriculture is economically viable, socially supportive of farm communities, and ecologically sound.
Foodborne illness from fresh produce is increasing as Americans consume more fresh fruits and vegetables. Produce is often eaten raw without a "kill step" to eliminate pathogens that may be present. Several recent outbreaks of E. coli and Salmonella linked to produce have increased focus on prevention. On small farms, potential sources of contamination include manure, irrigation water, employees, animals, and improper post-harvest handling. Good practices like appropriate application of composted manure, clean irrigation water, employee hygiene, exclusion of animals from fields and packing areas, and sanitation of surfaces and equipment can help reduce risks. Proper cooling, transport, and traceback systems also aid in food safety.
Non-conventional farming uses modified methods of growing crops and animals that differ from traditional practices, including organic farming without synthetic fertilizers, grow boxes that enclose plant growth in limited spaces, and urban agriculture within cities which provides greenery and opportunities for individuals to experience plant growth while removing carbon dioxide from polluted areas.
Indian agriculture contributes significantly to the wealth and livelihoods of rural and urban communities. Agriculture in India faces sustainability challenges due to increasing population pressure on limited natural resources. Ecologically sound agricultural practices that apply principles like optimizing nutrient recycling, enhancing biodiversity, and minimizing losses can help increase production while maintaining ecosystem services. Key indicators to measure sustainability include soil nutrient balance, erosion rates, productivity, and energy efficiency.
This document summarizes strategies for organic field corn production. It discusses using crop rotation including legumes to supply nitrogen, as well as cover crops and green manures. Livestock manures and composts can also provide nutrients. Additional nutrients may come from approved organic fertilizers or mined rock powders. Key pests of field corn like European corn borer are managed through cultural practices like crop rotation and sanitation rather than synthetic pesticides. Organic systems aim to build soil fertility through nutrient cycling and maintaining biological activity in the soil.
Organic rice production faces challenges with weed control and soil fertility but uses crop rotations, cover crops, and water management. Case studies show producers suppressing weeds through precision leveling, rotations of 3+ years, and flooding. Green manure crops like clover supply nitrogen and reseed naturally. While organic rice yields are lower, it commands a higher price in niche markets. Certification and following organic standards are required to label products as organic.
Treatment of municipal and industrial wastewater by reed bed technology: A lo...IJERA Editor
Reed bed system for wastewater treatment has been proven to be effective and sustainable alternative for conventional wastewater treatment technologies. Use of macrophytes to treat wastewater is also categorized in this method. This new approach is based on natural processes for the removal of different aquatic macrophytes such as floating, submerged and emergent. Macrophytes are assumed to be the main biological components of wetlands. These techniques are reported to be cost effective compared to other methods. Various contaminants like total suspended solids, dissolved solids, electrical conductivity, hardness, biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, dissolved oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorous, heavy metals, and other contaminants have been minimized using aquatic microphytes. In this paper, role of these plant species, origin and their occurrence, ecological factors and their efficiency in reduction of different water contaminants have been presented.
The document lists capacities of various reed bed systems treating wastewater from schools, factories, townships, bungalows, and universities across India. The reed beds range in size from 7,000 liters per day to 300,000 liters per day and treat both composite sewage and bath wastewater. Water melon is also shown being grown using treated sewage from one of the reed beds.
This document discusses wastewater treatment using reed bed systems. Reed bed systems are a type of constructed wetland that uses natural processes to treat wastewater. They employ anaerobic, facultative, and aerobic bacteria that work together in a natural environment to break down waste. Reed bed systems are simple to operate, require little energy, and have low maintenance costs compared to conventional wastewater treatment technologies. They can be customized for different sites and wastewater types. The document provides examples of how reed bed systems work and are applied.
This document provides information on vermicomposting and phosphocomposting. It begins by defining vermicompost as compost produced through the metabolic activities of earthworms. It then discusses various earthworm species suitable for vermicomposting, including Eisenia fetida and Perionyx excavatus. The document outlines the vermicomposting process and describes the characteristics of good quality vermicompost. It also notes the benefits of vermicompost for soil and plant health. The document concludes by defining phosphocompost as compost prepared by adding rock phosphate and phosphate solubilizing microorganisms to organic wastes to solubilize phosphorus from the rock phosphate during decomposition.
This document provides information about worm composting and caring for earthworms. It discusses the benefits of worm composting, including creating nutrient-rich compost and reducing organic waste. Instructions are given for setting up a worm farm, including obtaining worms, adding bedding and food scraps, and harvesting the finished compost. Tips are provided, such as chopping food, maintaining moisture levels, and avoiding fatty foods that can cause odors. The document encourages people to start worm composting to easily recycle kitchen scraps into a valuable natural fertilizer.
This document summarizes research on organic farming for crop improvement and sustainable agriculture. It discusses the principles and components of organic farming, including crop rotation, green manuring, composting, and recycling of organic wastes and byproducts. The four main pillars of organic farming are identified as health, ecology, fairness, and care. Organic farming techniques like intercropping and mulching are described as alternatives to chemical fertilizers and pesticides. Overall the document presents organic farming as a method to attain sustainable agriculture goals like maintaining soil quality and natural resources while meeting food demands.
The document provides links to free manuals, books, and resources about organic gardening and farming techniques, including companion planting, rainwater harvesting, green roofs, solar energy, volunteering on organic farms in Europe, and development projects related to eco-friendly topics like coffee, solar energy, and helping address hunger. It encourages using these free resources to boost garden yields, learn organic composting and recycling, understand issues around pesticides, and explore volunteering and training opportunities in sustainable agriculture and energy.
The document summarizes various stages of wastewater treatment processes. It discusses preliminary treatment which removes solids, grit, and grease. Primary treatment uses sedimentation to remove 60% of suspended solids. Secondary treatment uses biological processes like activated sludge and oxidation ditches to remove organic matter. Tertiary treatment further removes nutrients and particles through processes like filtration and disinfection. The document provides details on the treatment units and processes involved at each stage of wastewater treatment.
This document discusses wastewater treatment. It defines wastewater as used water that contains food scraps, oils, soaps, and human and industrial wastes. Wastewater is treated at a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) through primary, secondary, and tertiary treatment stages to remove pollutants. Primary treatment removes large solid objects, secondary treatment uses biological processes like activated sludge to remove dissolved and suspended organic matter, and tertiary treatment uses disinfection like chlorination to kill pathogens. The goal of wastewater treatment is to recycle water for reuse and protect public health and aquatic environments.
ATTRA is a national sustainable agriculture information service operated by the National Center for Appropriate Technology through a USDA grant. This document provides information on organic small grain production, which excludes commercial fertilizers and pesticides and relies on crop rotations, cover crops, and biological pest control. It discusses soil fertility management, insect and disease management primarily through integrated pest management, weed control through rotation and cultivation, and organic small grain marketing, which often involves contracting and storage.
Weed management in conservation agricultural systemspujithasudhakar
This document discusses weed management strategies in conservation agriculture systems. It outlines the principles of conservation agriculture including minimal soil disturbance, crop rotation, and maintaining crop residues on the soil surface. Preventive weed management focuses on reducing new weed populations and propagation through quality seed and clean equipment. Tillage can stimulate weed germination. Cover crops and crop residues suppress weeds physically and chemically. Crop rotation alters weed selection pressures. Adjusting crop planting dates can give crops competitive advantages over weeds. Higher seeding rates and narrow row spacing increase crop competitiveness. Herbicides, herbicide-resistant crops, and integrated weed management are also discussed.
Organic small grain production relies on sustainable farming methods that exclude synthetic fertilizers and pesticides. The document discusses organic certification requirements and provides recommendations for several publications on organic farming techniques. These include using crop rotations, cover crops, compost, and biological pest control to maintain soil health and minimize pests without synthetic chemicals. Marketing organic small grains also differs from conventional grains in requiring contracts with buyers and splitting harvests across multiple buyers each month.
ATTRA is a national sustainable agriculture information center operated by the USDA. It provides information to farmers on organic and sustainable farming practices. The document discusses organic field corn production, focusing on fertility management strategies like crop rotation including legumes, cover crops and green manures, and use of livestock manures and compost. These practices help supply nitrogen and other nutrients to crops while building soil health. Supplementary organic fertilizers may also be used, and lime is often needed to adjust soil pH.
This document provides information on organic cotton production. It discusses soil fertility practices for organic systems, including crop rotation, cover cropping, and additions of animal manure and rock powders. Weed management uses a combination of cultivation, flame weeding, and other cultural practices. Insect management employs techniques like trap cropping, strip cropping, and border vegetation to encourage beneficial insects, as well as certain biopesticides. The document also addresses specific pest management strategies, diseases of cotton, defoliation methods, and marketing and economics of organic cotton.
This document provides an overview of organic farming concepts and applications. It discusses the history and definitions of organic farming. Organic farming aims to feed the soil with organic matter so it can feed crops, relies on natural nutrient cycles, and avoids synthetic fertilizers and pesticides. It also discusses the economy and growth of organic farming globally and in India. The document outlines the key components and practices of organic farming systems, including green manuring, composting of agricultural and industrial wastes, biological pest control, and weed management.
This document provides an overview of various topics related to agriculture, including the roles and responsibilities of agronomists, different types of farming and branches of agriculture, organic versus conventional farming, common agricultural machinery, agricultural pests and diseases, important agricultural products like coffee, characteristics of soil, tractor and equipment safety guidelines, and more. It aims to help students understand terminology used in the agricultural field.
The Complete Book on Organic Farming and Production of Organic Compost (2nd R...Ajjay Kumar Gupta
The Complete Book on Organic Farming and Production of Organic Compost (2nd Revised Edition)
Organic farming is a technique that entails growing plants and raising animals in a natural environment. To preserve soil fertility and ecological balance while minimising contamination and waste, this method employs biological materials while avoiding synthetic substances. To put it another way, organic farming is a form of farming that involves growing and caring for crops without the use of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides.
https://www.entrepreneurindia.co/book-details/188/the-complete-book-on-organic-farming-and-production-of-organic-compost-2nd-revised-edition-
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This document provides an overview of organic cotton production practices including soil fertility, weed management, insect management, and diseases. Specific practices discussed for soil fertility include crop rotation, cover cropping, animal manure additions, and rock powders. Weed management is accomplished through cultivation and cultural practices. Insect management uses trap cropping, strip cropping, border vegetation, and biopesticides. The document also discusses strategies for specific insect pests and diseases, as well as defoliation, marketing, and economics of organic cotton.
This document provides an overview of organic cotton production practices, including soil fertility management, weed control, insect and disease management, and marketing. Specific practices discussed for soil fertility include crop rotation, cover cropping, animal manure additions, and use of naturally occurring rock powders. Weed management is accomplished through cultivation, flame weeding, and other cultural practices. Insect and disease management relies on trap cropping, strip cropping, beneficial insect habitat management, and certain biopesticides. Organic cotton production is challenging but can be profitable with the right strategies and commitment to organic practices.
Organic farming aims to produce food while conserving soil fertility. It prevents pest problems by avoiding synthetic pesticides and fertilizers, which can pollute groundwater. Organic farming enhances soil structure and water retention while reducing non-renewable energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. Organic products are often more expensive due to higher labor costs, organic certification requirements, and slower growth without chemicals. Organic farmers use natural techniques like compost and crop rotation to fertilize and manage pests without synthetic inputs.
Organic farming definition, methods of organic farming, advantages of organic farming, pest control techniques, necessity in Medicinal and aromatic plants,
This document summarizes strategies for organic field corn production. It discusses using crop rotation including legumes to supply nitrogen, as well as cover crops and green manures. Livestock manures and composts can also provide nutrients. Additional fertility may come from approved fertilizers or rock powders supplying phosphorus or potassium. Weed control relies on cultural practices. For insects like European corn borer, crop rotation, sanitation, and biological controls like parasitic wasps can help manage populations without synthetic pesticides.
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organic farming is very helpful for nutrition security in India. now a days all food crops are adulterated which leads to varies new disorders in human health
The document discusses the negative environmental impacts of commercial agriculture, including chemical buildup from pesticides and fertilizers, loss of biodiversity, and unsustainable practices that have led to problems like farmer suicides. It then introduces organic farming as an alternative that can address these issues by reducing chemical inputs, increasing self-sufficiency, and protecting the environment, food quality, and farmer livelihoods. The document also discusses types of pest management techniques used in organic farming, including cultural, physical, biological and use of pest-resistant plant varieties.
Organic rice A Presentation By Mr Allah Dad Khan Visiting Professor Agricult...Mr.Allah Dad Khan
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cropping systems and farming systems,Ppt lodha introGovardhan Lodha
Concept of sustainability in cropping systems and farming systems, scope
and objectives; production potential under monoculture, double cropping,
multiple cropping, alley cropping, sequential cropping and intercropping,
mechanism of yield advantage in intercropping systems.
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Weed Management for Organic Farmers
1. F O R O R G A N I C F A R M E R S
Weed Management
PM 1883 August 2003
O
Mechanical tillage
is an important
component of organic
weed management.
Organic Farming Requires Weed Management
Organic farmers use a wide variety of tools and strategies to control weeds without
synthetic chemicals. Successful organic farmers continually adapt their weed
management practices as weed populations shift. Producers should have a good
understanding of the philosophies and legalities of organic farming before they plan
their weed management strategies. A brief overview of organic agriculture follows;
for further details, see Iowa State University Extension publication Organic
Agriculture (PM 1880). (See page 8 for ordering instructions.)
Organic farmers
use a wide variety
of tools and
strategies to control
weeds without
synthetic chemicals.
K.DELATE
2. F O R O R G A N I C F A R M E R S
Weed Management
A
2
P A G E
E
Natural mulches can regulate
the soil temperatures and moisture,
improve soil quality, and suppress
weeds in organic crops.
Weed Productivity and Ecology
A weed is simply a plant that takes advantage of
unused resources made available by cropping
practices. Nutrient availability is usually high at the
beginning of the season and decreases during the
season. Water availability depends on the weather
pattern of the particular year, but it is typically
higher in the beginning and lower at the end of the
season. Light under the crop canopy that is
available for weeds is high at beginning, low in the
middle, and generally high again at the end of the
season when crop leaves are senescing. Knowing
the ecology (germination and growth period) of
the weeds on your farm is key to organic weed
management.
Why Organic?
Environmental, economic,
and food safety concerns
are among the many rea-
sons why some farmers
choose organic production.
For example, certified
organic soybeans in Iowa
averaged a 200–300 per-
cent premium price over
conventional soybeans. On
the environmental front,
organic farmers hope to
reduce the 240 million
pounds of herbicides
applied each year in the
Midwest. Organic farmers
also express concerns
about weed resistance to herbicides and the
transfer of herbicide-resistant genes to wild plants
that may occur with increasing reliance on
herbicide-resistant crops.
According to the federal Organic Farming
Production Act (OFPA) of 1990, and the USDA
National Organic Program (NOP), anyone selling
products as “organic” must follow a set of pre-
scribed practices that includes avoiding synthetic
chemicals in crop and livestock production and in
the manufacturing of processed products. Organic
certification agencies, serving as the required third
party certification, include private agencies, such as
the Organic Crop Improvement Association (OCIA),
and public programs, such as the State of Iowa
Department of Agriculture and Land Stewardship
(IDALS) organic certification program. For more
information, see Organic Agriculture (PM 1880).
Environmental,
economic, and
food safety concerns
are among the many
reasons why
some farmers choose
organic production.
K.DELATE
3. 3
P A G E
Organic crops are required to be grown in rotations, as
demonstrated by the corn-soybean-oat-alfalfa rotation,
shown at the ISU Neely-Kinyon Farm.
under any remaining rye plant residues to avoid
competition with the germinating crop.
There is a strong correlation between biomass,
tillering (multiple stems), and weed competitive-
ness. Barley, for example, has a more extensive
tillering system and is more competitive with
weeds than wheat. Because small grains also are
planted in narrower rows, these crops are more
competitive with weeds than corn or soybeans.
Many organic farmers opt to fallow a field to a rye
for an entire season if weeds have presented a
persistent problem in the past.
Maintaining soil fertility through crop rotations,
cover crops, intercrops, and biologically-based
fertilizers will enhance the competitiveness of the
crop plant and inhibit weed growth. Reports
indicate that humic and fulvic acids in compost may
mitigate weed seed germination. Small-seeded
weeds also may be more susceptible to pathogens
associated with high organic matter in compost.
Compost placed close to the crop plant reduces the
amount of nutrients available to weeds between
crop rows. Mulch also is effective in suppressing
weed establishment.
K.DELATE
M
Ecological Weed Managemnet
Most organic farmers rely
on multiple tactics for their
weed management. Eco-
logical weed management
promotes weed suppres-
sion, rather than weed
elimination, by enhancing
crop competition and phy-
totoxic effects on weeds.
Specific methods include
the following:
Crop Rotations
Crop rotations are the
foundation of organic
farming. Organic certifica-
tion requires that a small
grain and/or legume be
planted after row crops to
maintain soil health and
biologically based pest management. As an
example, if the legume is plowed under as a cover
crop in the fifth year, four years of row crops could
be grown prior to the green manure crop year. The
same crop cannot be grown in sequential years;
thus, soybeans cannot be grown in the same field
year after year. The ideal crop preceding soybeans
is winter rye. Soybean fields are rotated to a small
grain (oats, barley, wheat, or rye) or corn.
A typical crop rotation in Iowa is corn followed
by a winter cover of rye, soybeans, and oats with an
underseeding of alfalfa or red clover in the third
year. Rye, with its allelopathic properties, will help
prevent weed establishment. In the spring, rye that
is less than 8" in height can be killed with a field
cultivator. Taller rye plants should be mowed or cut
with a stalk chopper before cultivating. A second
cultivation or disking may be necessary to turn
Ecological weed
management
promotes
weed suppression,
rather than
weed elimination,
by enhancing
crop competition and
phytotoxic effects
on weeds.
4. 4
P A G E
Row cultivators are used two to three times to control
weeds between rows.
K.DELATE
Production Practices
• Cultivar or variety selection. Organic farmers
select crop varieties that compete well with
weeds. Quick canopy-forming varieties assist
the crop competitiveness over weeds within
and between rows.
• Crop density. Planting at the maximum adapted
population will provide the crop an increased
competitive edge over weeds.
• Row spacing. Closer row spacing generally
leads to greater crop competition with weeds in
row middles. Some organic farmers have drilled
soybeans with rye and obtained excellent weed
control but lower yields.
• Seed grade. High germination rates are critical
for a rapid canopy.
• Sowing date. To provide a competitive advan-
tage, warm season crops (e.g., corn, soybeans,
and dry beans) are planted when the soil is
adequately warmed (usually later than May 10)
to facilitate rapid germination. Warmer soils
allow quicker emergence and a more competi-
tive crop without major losses in yield.
Physical Tactics for
Organic Weed Management
Physical controls are a key factor for weed manage-
ment on all organic farms. Physical methods of
control include cultivation, propane flame burning,
and mulching.
Mechanical Cultivation
Depending on the crop, cultivation offers the least
labor-intensive weed control method. Although
more than 95 percent of Iowa’s row crop acres are
treated with herbicides, cultivation remains a viable
weed management strategy, in conjunction with
other controls. Timely cultivation is critical in
organic weed management. While no prescription is
available for managing weeds in an organic system,
certain practices have been used successfully by
the majority of Iowa’s organic farmers. Each farmer
F O R O R G A N I C F A R M E R S
Weed Management
must develop his/her own
management plan based
on specific farm/field con-
ditions. A harrow or field
cultivator with a drag- or
spring-tooth harrow attach-
ment can be used in the
spring to kill weeds before
planting. Cultivation then
is timed with the pulses of
weed seed germination
and growth. The initial
cultivation occurs when the weeds are at the most
vulnerable stage. Fields are rotary hoed at a slow
speed (5 mph) three to five days after planting to kill
weeds in their initial development or white-thread
stage. A harrow also can be used at this stage. One
week later, after plants have emerged, fields are
hoed again but at a slightly faster speed (7–9 mph).
To avoid killing soybean seedlings, it is critical that
soybeans are not hoed in the crook stage when the
soybean hypocotyl is just at the soil surface.
Soybeans also should not be hoed when plants are
greater than 8" in height. For vegetable cropping
systems, various in-row weeding tool sets, includ-
ing finger weeders, basket weeders, Bezzerides®
torsion weeders, Spyders®
, Weed Badgers®
, and
brush weeders, can be used alone or in combination
on a multiple component weeding frame (See Steel
in the Field (EDC 125), produced by the USDA
Organic farmers
select crop varieties
that compete well
with weeds.
5. 5
P A G E
Table 1
Costs and Effectiveness of Weed Control Measures in Organic vs. Conventional Systems
System Weed Populations Management Costs Yields Returns
Organic soybeans: Statistically the same Less than Statistically the same 368% greater
Southwest Iowa as conventional conventional as conventional than conventional
($103/acre) (48 bu/acre)
Organic corn: Statistically equal Similar to Statistically similar 228% greater
Southwest Iowa to conventional conventional in 2 out of 3 years than conventional
in 2 out of 3 years ($172/acre) (average: 130 bu/acre)
Table 2
Effect of Tillage on Weed Management and Yields
System Weed Populations Yields
Organic soybeans: Statistically greater grasses in Rotavator®
in Year 1; No statistical differences in Year 1;
Southeast Iowa no statistical differences in Year 2 spring-plowed greater in Year 2
(59 bu/acre)
Organic corn: Statistically greater broadleaves in spring-plowed; Spring-plowed greater (227 bu/acre),
Southeast Iowa statistically greater grasses in Rotavator®
but no statistical differences between
spring and fall moldboard plowed
Sustainable Agriculture and Research
Education [SARE] Sustainable Agricul-
ture Network [SAN]. (See page 8 for
ordering information.)
Two to three row cultivations are
typical for Midwestern organic farmers.
The first cultivation occurs at a slow
speed as soon as rotary hoeing ends. The
second cultivation usually is completed
at mid-season at a faster speed to throw
about 1" of soil around the base of plants.
The third cultivation is again performed
at a slow speed (5 mph). Various attachments, such
as guidance systems, and plant protection devices,
such as shields, can be added to cultivators (see
Steel in the Field).
The number of acres covered when cultivating
will depend on the size of the cultivator and the
speed of cultivation. A 6-row cultivator, at speeds of
6–7 mph, can cover 100 acres in 11 hours.
Cultivators with open-top shields and low-profile
single sweeps throw less than 1" of soil into the row
at this speed. Higher speeds may throw excess soil
onto the plant row and damage small crops. Disk
hillers can be used to pull soil away from the plant
when plants are small and turned
outward on later passes to throw soil
around the base of the plant when they
are taller.
The Long-Term Agroecological
Research (LTAR) projects funded by Iowa
State University’s Leopold Center for
Sustainable Agriculture have compared
weed populations and management
costs in organic and conventional grain
crops (Delate et al., 1999). In general,
soybeans with a quicker closing canopy
had less weed pressure than organic corn. Soybean
yields were the same as conventional soybeans.
Once the fields were in their third year of rotation,
corn weed pressure was diminished. Despite lower
corn yields in one year, organic corn provided a
greater return overall than conventional corn
due to organic premium prices. The results are
summarized in Table 1.
Another study in Chariton, Iowa, compared
weed populations and yields in organic systems
under different primary tillage methods (Table 2).
Treatments included fall moldboard plowing, fall
Kverneland®
plowing, spring moldboard plowing,
Two to three row
cultivations are
typical for Midwestern
organic farmers.
6. are usually run at 38–40 psi with a tractor speed of
4 mph, but specific rates will be based on the
crop stage, weed species present, and the manu-
facturer’s recommendations.
Mulching
Many organic horticultural operations rely on man-
ual labor and a combination of mulching/cultivation
for adequate weed control. Natural mulches and
synthetic mulches, including polyethylene film and
polypropylene landscape fabric, are used in organic
operations. Synthetic mulches have proven their
durability in numerous vegetable production
systems. According to certified organic regulations
in Iowa, however (IDALS, 2000), synthetic mulches
must remain intact during the growing season and
must be removed from the field at the end of the
season. Despite the labor-saving aspect of synthetic
mulches, most organic growers in Iowa prefer
natural mulches for weed control. Natural mulches
are used to regulate surface soil temperatures
and moisture, improve soil quality, and suppress
weed activity. Organic mulches add organic matter
to the soil during decomposition, thus increasing
nutrients, soil porosity, water holding capacity,
microbial populations, and cation exchange capacity.
Straw mulch is commonly used in organic horticul-
tural operations, such as garlic, strawberry, and
herb farms, to control weeds and protect against
harsh environments.
6
P A G E
F O R O R G A N I C F A R M E R S
Weed Management
Propane flame burners can be used on organic farms to
control weeds between and within rows.
K.DELATE
and fall and spring Rotavator®
plowing. Kverneland®
plows are reported to disturb less of the soil profile
and are very effective on CRP land. Rotavators®
are
equally effective on CRP land and provide a more
friable seed bed. Results of this two-year study
(soybeans—two years and corn—one year only)
showed greater yields in spring-plowed fields over-
all. Weed populations were greater in the
Rotavator®
treatment over two seasons and three
weed-scouting periods.
Propane Flame Burning
Many organic farmers
have included propane
(LP) flame-burners as an
additional tool in their
weed management tool-
box. Flaming is used
particularly during times
of high field moisture
when tillage with large
machinery is not feasible.
In drier weather, flaming is
used in conjunction with
cultivation. Flame weeding
of corn can be accom-
plished when corn is less
than 2" in height and
when corn is 8" to 1.5' in height. Other growth
stages are considered potentially damaging to the
corn meristem (growing point).
According to several Iowa farmers, soybeans
can be flamed prior to emergence and at the 1' to
1.5' height stage. Caution must be used in flaming
soybeans, however. Mixed results have been
reported, including damaged soybeans and
decreased yields. Because the growing terminal of
corn is more protected within the whorl, corn can
withstand greater damage from flaming, compared
to soybeans with their exposed growing points.
Several flame burners are commercially available,
including complete units and individual burner kits
that can be attached to tractor tool bars. Flamers
Many organic farmers
have included
propane (LP)
flame-burners as
an additional tool
in their weed
management toolbox.
7. 7
P A G E
Mulch can be made from small grain, soybean
straw, or baled corn stalks. A Bale Chopper®
, pulled
by a tractor along a raised vegetable bed, can be
used to shred small square straw bales for rapid
mulch application. Other methods of straw mulch
application include hand-rolling round hay bales
across vegetable beds before planting. Wood chips,
shredded newspaper, and other plant-based resi-
dues can be used as mulches, typically in tree crops.
Caution must be taken to select materials free
of synthetic substances, such as preservatives in
wood or synthetic dyes in paper products. Your
organic certification could be jeopardized if
synthetic chemicals are introduced through mulch
materials. Mulch made from materials grown on
organic farms prevents any possibility of pesticide
residues from conventionally grown materials.
Wood chips should not be applied to a rapidly
growing crop, such as an annual plant, to avoid
competition with the crop’s nitrogen source as the
wood chips degrade.
Other mulches include living and mowed
residues of cover crops (SAN, 1998). Under cover
crop residue mulches, weed emergence is decreased
by reductions in both light transmittance and daily
soil temperatures. Hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth)
and rye (Secale cereale L.) residue mulches are
used in many organic operations. Mulches should
be maintained at a depth of 6 inches to prevent
stimulation of weed growth. Results with living
mulches have ranged from unwanted competition
with the crop and delaying fruit set, to having no
effect on yields. Much of the effectiveness of living
mulches depends on the availability of field
moisture for both crop and mulch.
Many horticultural crops, such as medicinal and
culinary herbs, produce greater yields when
mulched, rather than cultivated for weed manage-
ment. Two natural fiber mulches that are currently
in the research stage for organic horticultural crop
production are a flax straw mat and a wool mat.
These mulches may prove effective for organic
operations, provided the mats are approved for the
certified organic label.
O
I
Effects on Soil Quality
Organic farmers are concerned about the effect of
multiple tillage passes on soil quality, including
erosion. In our studies to date, no differences in soil
quality (physical and chemical properties) were
observed among the different tillage treatments. In
research at the Neely-Kinyon Farm in Southwest
Iowa, after one growing season under organic man-
agement, microbial biomass carbon was 228 percent
greater in the organic system, maggroaggregate
stability was 15 percent greater, organic carbon was
6 percent greater, particulate organic matter carbon
was 8 percent greater, and N mineralization poten-
tial was 7 percent greater. Nitrate-N was 44 percent
greater in the conventional system, as reflected in
the excess corn stalk nitrate detected in the first
year. Potential effects on soil quality will continue to
be monitored, but practices employed by organic
farmers, such as adding organic matter through crop
rotations, cover crops, green manures, manure and
compost applications, and other biological fertiliz-
ers, will help mitigate the erosive effects of tillage.
Conclusion
Integrated weed manage-
ment on organic farms re-
quires extensive planning
and management. Crop
rotations are the basis for
successful organic farming
and are necessary for
breaking weed, insect, and
disease cycles. Cultivation
must be completed with
properly set equipment under soil conditions that
are not conducive to compaction. Monitoring weed
growth stages also is critical in determining ideal
cultivation times. Trial and error will govern many
decisions in the first years of organic farming. Learn-
ing from other organic farmers and following advice
from Iowa State University may help in the transition.
Trial and error will
govern many decisions
in the first years of
organic farming.
8. 8
P A G E
Publications mentioned in this booklet can be ordered by
contacting any ISU Extension county office or the ISU
Extension Distribution Center at (515) 294-5247. There is a
charge, plus shipping and handling, for some publications.
File: Agriculture 2 [A]
. . . and justice for all
The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its pro-
grams and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, gender, religion,
age, disability, political beliefs, sexual orientation, and marital or family status.
(Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Many materials can be made
available in alternative formats for ADA clients. To file a complaint of discrimina-
tion, write USDA, Office of Civil Rights, Room 326-W, Whitten Building, 14th and
Independence Avenue SW, Washington, DC 20250-9410 or call 202-720-5964.
Issued in furtherance of Cooperative Extension work, Acts of May 8 and June 30,
1914, in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Stanley R. Johnson,
director, Cooperative Extension Service, Iowa State University of Science and
Technology, Ames, Iowa.
This research project was partially funded by
the Leopold Center for Sustainable Agriculture
at Iowa State University and the USDA-SARE
(Sustainable Agriculture Research & Education)
Program.
Prepared by Kathleen Delate and Robert Hartzler,
Iowa State University.
Edited by Jean McGuire, ISU Extension
Continuing Education & Communication Services.
Illustrated by Jane Lenahan.
Designed by Mary Sailer, Spring Valley Studio.
Some photos on the cover were provided courtesy of Iowa
State University College of Agriculture and the USDA-NRCS.
For the latest on organic agriculture from Iowa State University
go to http://extension.agron.iastate.edu/organicag/.
L E O P O L D C E N T E R
F O R O R G A N I C F A R M E R S
Weed Management
References
Bowman, G. (ed.). 1997. Steel in the Field—A farmer’s
guide to weed management tools. Sustainable
Agriculture Network, USDA, National Agriculture
Library, Beltsville, MD.
Delate, K., and C. Cambardella, 2000. Integrating organic
soybeans following CRP land. USDA-SARE Annual
Report, N.C. SARE, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE.
Delate, K., C. Cambardella, K. Taylor, and B. Burcham.
1999. Comparison of organic and conventional rota-
tions at the Neely-Kinyon Long-Term Agroecological
Research (LTAR) site: First year results. Leopold
Center for Sustainable Agriculture Annual Report,
Iowa State University, Ames, IA.
IDALS (Iowa Department of Agriculture and Land
Stewardship). 2000. Iowa Organic Certification and
Organic Standards. Des Moines, IA.
Rynk, R. 1992. On-Farm Composting Handbook. NRAES-
54. Northeast Regional Agricultural Engineering
Service. Ithaca, NY.
Sustainable Agriculture Network (SAN). 1998. Managing
cover crops profitably. 2nd Edition. Sustainable
Agriculture Network, USDA National Agriculture
Library, Beltsville, MD.