Organic small grain production relies on sustainable farming methods that exclude synthetic fertilizers and pesticides. The document discusses organic certification requirements and provides recommendations for several publications on organic farming techniques. These include using crop rotations, cover crops, compost, and biological pest control to maintain soil health and minimize pests without synthetic chemicals. Marketing organic small grains also differs from conventional grains in requiring contracts with buyers and splitting harvests across multiple buyers each month.
Manures are an important organic fertilizer but also present challenges if not properly managed. Applying raw manure can lead to contamination of crops, nutrient imbalances in soil, and increased weeds and pollution risks. These issues are reduced by composting manures, which stabilizes nutrients and reduces pathogens and weed seeds. The document provides guidelines for organic farmers on safely using and timing applications of raw and composted manures to maximize benefits while minimizing problems.
This document provides information on organic asparagus production, including variety selection, site preparation, weed, insect and disease management. Key points:
1) Variety selection is important, with all-male hybrids like 'Jersey Giant' yielding much more than older varieties. Soil pH between 6.5-7.5 and amendments before planting also improve growth.
2) Weed control is a major challenge, requiring elimination of perennials before planting and a combination of cultivation, mulching, cover crops and flaming for annual weeds.
3) Pests like asparagus beetle and rust can reduce yields but can be managed through sanitation, crop rotation and resistant varieties.
This document provides an overview of organic pear production, covering key pests and diseases, and their organic management. Pear trees have fewer pest problems than other tree fruits. Fireblight is the most serious disease, but can be managed through resistant cultivars and preventative sprays of antibiotics like streptomycin. Other important pests include pear psylla, which transmits diseases and weakens trees, and can be controlled with dormant oil sprays or sulfur. True bugs also feed on pears and cause damage, and populations can be reduced with trap crops and biological controls. Overall, pears are relatively easy to produce organically with proper cultivar selection and integrated pest management.
A Brief Overview of Nutrient Cycling in PasturesElisaMendelsohn
Nutrients cycle through pasture systems via soil organisms, pasture plants, and grazing livestock. Soil organisms like bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and earthworms break down organic matter and make nutrients available to plants. Pasture plants uptake nutrients and later cycle them through plant residues and excretions. Grazing livestock consume forages and cycle nutrients through manure and urine, returning them to the pasture. Proper management can enhance these nutrient cycles to increase soil health, productivity, and reduce input costs.
Organic weed management: proven and new approachesjbgruver
This document discusses organic weed management approaches for field crops. It describes using fall cultivation to expose weed roots to winter weather. In spring, harrowing is used to stimulate a flush of weeds that are then controlled with field cultivation. Crop rotation, cover cropping, and cultivation techniques are emphasized to disrupt weed life cycles rather than relying solely on direct control. New approaches being tested include frost seeding cover crops, no-till planting into rolled-down rye, and strip intercropping. Overall, the document stresses the importance of building healthy soil and competitive crops.
This publication provides guidance on organic potato production practices including fertility and nutrient management, pest management, harvesting, storage, and marketing. It discusses using organic matter and crop rotations to build soil fertility as well as controlling insects, diseases, weeds, and nematodes without synthetic chemicals. Storage and economic issues are also covered. The goal is to grow healthy potato plants from certified organic seed using sustainable methods. Successful organic potato farming requires experimenting with different practices and marketing potatoes through various direct or wholesale channels.
This document discusses weed control methods for organic crop production. It begins by outlining general weed management factors like exclusion, elimination, and prevention of establishment. Specific exclusion techniques include field selection, preventing additions of weed seeds, and using organic mulches. Elimination involves preventing weed buildup through timely cultivation and purposeful plantings. Prevention of establishment can be achieved through preemergence "herbicides" like corn gluten meal, timely cultivation, cover crop management, and mulches. Weed removal methods include mechanical, manual, physical (flame/steam), and approved organic herbicides. The document emphasizes giving crops an edge over weeds through rapid growth, dense canopies, and nutrient management. It concludes with an
Grasshoppers are difficult to control but their impact can be minimized through preventative management over the long term using non-chemical strategies. These include cultural controls like fall tillage to destroy eggs, trap cropping to concentrate grasshoppers, and encouraging natural predators. Biological controls such as the protozoan Nosema locustae and fungus Beauveria bassiana can be used against nymphs and adults. Physical barriers and traps can also help reduce grasshopper populations. Maintaining farm biodiversity is key to preventing major outbreaks.
Manures are an important organic fertilizer but also present challenges if not properly managed. Applying raw manure can lead to contamination of crops, nutrient imbalances in soil, and increased weeds and pollution risks. These issues are reduced by composting manures, which stabilizes nutrients and reduces pathogens and weed seeds. The document provides guidelines for organic farmers on safely using and timing applications of raw and composted manures to maximize benefits while minimizing problems.
This document provides information on organic asparagus production, including variety selection, site preparation, weed, insect and disease management. Key points:
1) Variety selection is important, with all-male hybrids like 'Jersey Giant' yielding much more than older varieties. Soil pH between 6.5-7.5 and amendments before planting also improve growth.
2) Weed control is a major challenge, requiring elimination of perennials before planting and a combination of cultivation, mulching, cover crops and flaming for annual weeds.
3) Pests like asparagus beetle and rust can reduce yields but can be managed through sanitation, crop rotation and resistant varieties.
This document provides an overview of organic pear production, covering key pests and diseases, and their organic management. Pear trees have fewer pest problems than other tree fruits. Fireblight is the most serious disease, but can be managed through resistant cultivars and preventative sprays of antibiotics like streptomycin. Other important pests include pear psylla, which transmits diseases and weakens trees, and can be controlled with dormant oil sprays or sulfur. True bugs also feed on pears and cause damage, and populations can be reduced with trap crops and biological controls. Overall, pears are relatively easy to produce organically with proper cultivar selection and integrated pest management.
A Brief Overview of Nutrient Cycling in PasturesElisaMendelsohn
Nutrients cycle through pasture systems via soil organisms, pasture plants, and grazing livestock. Soil organisms like bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and earthworms break down organic matter and make nutrients available to plants. Pasture plants uptake nutrients and later cycle them through plant residues and excretions. Grazing livestock consume forages and cycle nutrients through manure and urine, returning them to the pasture. Proper management can enhance these nutrient cycles to increase soil health, productivity, and reduce input costs.
Organic weed management: proven and new approachesjbgruver
This document discusses organic weed management approaches for field crops. It describes using fall cultivation to expose weed roots to winter weather. In spring, harrowing is used to stimulate a flush of weeds that are then controlled with field cultivation. Crop rotation, cover cropping, and cultivation techniques are emphasized to disrupt weed life cycles rather than relying solely on direct control. New approaches being tested include frost seeding cover crops, no-till planting into rolled-down rye, and strip intercropping. Overall, the document stresses the importance of building healthy soil and competitive crops.
This publication provides guidance on organic potato production practices including fertility and nutrient management, pest management, harvesting, storage, and marketing. It discusses using organic matter and crop rotations to build soil fertility as well as controlling insects, diseases, weeds, and nematodes without synthetic chemicals. Storage and economic issues are also covered. The goal is to grow healthy potato plants from certified organic seed using sustainable methods. Successful organic potato farming requires experimenting with different practices and marketing potatoes through various direct or wholesale channels.
This document discusses weed control methods for organic crop production. It begins by outlining general weed management factors like exclusion, elimination, and prevention of establishment. Specific exclusion techniques include field selection, preventing additions of weed seeds, and using organic mulches. Elimination involves preventing weed buildup through timely cultivation and purposeful plantings. Prevention of establishment can be achieved through preemergence "herbicides" like corn gluten meal, timely cultivation, cover crop management, and mulches. Weed removal methods include mechanical, manual, physical (flame/steam), and approved organic herbicides. The document emphasizes giving crops an edge over weeds through rapid growth, dense canopies, and nutrient management. It concludes with an
Grasshoppers are difficult to control but their impact can be minimized through preventative management over the long term using non-chemical strategies. These include cultural controls like fall tillage to destroy eggs, trap cropping to concentrate grasshoppers, and encouraging natural predators. Biological controls such as the protozoan Nosema locustae and fungus Beauveria bassiana can be used against nymphs and adults. Physical barriers and traps can also help reduce grasshopper populations. Maintaining farm biodiversity is key to preventing major outbreaks.
Weed competition is a major limiting factor for the productivity of crops. Weed control is one of the main concerns in organic farming. Weed depletes nutrient, water and light their by reducing crops yields drastically. The chemical intervention is not permitted for weed control purpose in organic farming system. Apprehension regarding the consequence of managing weeds without the use of herbicides is a major factor limiting the adoption of organic farming by conventional growers. As wide spread application of herbicides has led to concern about contamination of environment, residues problems in soil and water, toxicity to animals and appearance to resistant weeds. The elements to consider in controlling weed problems are only the non chemical methods of weed control. These include physical /mechanical, cultural and biological methods of weed control.
Principles of Sustainable Weed Management for CroplandsElisaMendelsohn
This document discusses principles of sustainable weed management for croplands. It argues that conventional tillage and monoculture crop production create conditions that favor weed growth by interrupting ecological succession. A proactive approach seeks to understand the root causes of weeds rather than reactively trying to control them. The publication presents alternatives to conventional systems, such as allelopathy, intercropping, crop rotations, and weed-free cropping designs, to better align agriculture with natural ecological principles and prevent weed problems.
7. medicinal plants grown organically By Allah Dad khan Mr.Allah Dad Khan
Organic farming involves managing crops and livestock through ecological methods without using synthetic pesticides, fertilizers or GMOs. The key principles of organic farming are to sustain health, work with ecological systems, ensure fairness, and practice precaution. Organic farming relies on crop rotations, compost, biofertilizers, and biological pest control to build soil quality and nutrients while restricting synthetic inputs. Maintaining soil organic matter is important for soil and plant health in organic systems.
Organic Vegetable Gardening 101 - Slippery Rock University of PennsylvaniaFaiga64c
This document provides an overview of organic vegetable gardening and soil health. It discusses the benefits of organic gardening including safer methods, fresh and nutritious food, and better taste. The document emphasizes that healthy soil is key, providing structure, nutrients, and a home for beneficial organisms. Ideal soil composition is discussed, including proper texture, topsoil, and plant nutrients. The document provides instructions for testing soil texture and taking a soil sample to evaluate nutrients, pH, and organic matter content. Maintaining proper soil pH is important for plant growth.
Sustainable Management of Soil-borne Plant DiseasesElisaMendelsohn
1) Soil-borne plant diseases result from a reduction in soil biodiversity that allows pathogens to thrive. Restoring beneficial soil organisms through practices like adding compost can suppress diseases by competing with and antagonizing pathogens.
2) Creating a diverse soil environment with high levels of biological activity makes it difficult for pathogens to survive due to competition for nutrients and direct inhibition from antibiotics. Beneficial fungi and bacteria protect plants and help them acquire nutrients to resist diseases.
3) Strategies like crop rotation and adding organic matter can support disease-suppressive soil conditions by favoring beneficial organisms over pathogens. Maintaining soil health through practices that promote diversity is key to sustainable disease management.
Organic agriculture scope and problems for conservation Saleman Sultani
Organic agriculture aims to optimize quality in all aspects of agriculture and the environment while respecting plants, animals, and landscapes. However, organic farming faces several problems including insufficient organic inputs, lower initial yields, lack of expertise and infrastructure. Transitioning to organic also requires adopting practices like crop rotation and biological pest control that are less common in conventional farming.
This document discusses organic and low-spray peach production. It emphasizes that climate greatly impacts disease and pest pressures, with the arid West more amenable to organic production than the humid East. It profiles a successful organic California grower and introduces a reduced-spray program for Eastern growers. The last section provides additional resources on organic fruit production.
Farmscaping is a whole-farm approach to pest management through biodiversity. It involves establishing hedgerows, insectary plants, cover crops, and water reservoirs to attract beneficial organisms like parasitic insects and birds. This increases biodiversity and biological control of pests, while improving farm productivity and sustainability. The document outlines various farmscaping practices like companion planting, trap cropping, and hedgerows. It discusses selecting plants that provide food and habitat for beneficial insects. Implementing farmscaping can reduce pesticide use, save money, and create a safer farm environment.
Integrated weed management for tomato productionJimae Magnaye
This document proposes an integrated weed management strategy for tomato production in the Philippines. It begins with an introduction on the importance of tomatoes in the Philippines and some of the challenges faced by tomato farmers, particularly weed problems that can reduce yields by 40-60%. The objectives are then stated as identifying common weed management strategies, comparing different programs, and formulating an integrated strategy. A literature review follows, covering tomato production requirements and reported weed management strategies, including land preparation, mulching, hand weeding and chemicals. Costs are provided for one strategy using rice straw mulch.
This document summarizes organic practices for managing plant diseases on farms. It discusses principles of plant disease management including exclusion, elimination, avoidance, protection and resistance. It then outlines organic disease control practices that can be implemented before, during and after planting, including site selection, composting, crop rotation, and use of beneficial organisms. Specific practices for diseases in crops like tomatoes, cardamom and potatoes are provided as examples. The document notes both benefits and limitations to organic disease management approaches.
Cover crops and green manures provide several key benefits to agricultural systems. They can be planted in winter or summer as cover crops or living mulches. Winter cover crops, like hairy vetch and rye, protect soil and fix nitrogen over winter in colder climates. Summer cover crops, such as cowpeas and soybeans, provide similar benefits during the summer. Cover crops improve soil organic matter, nitrogen levels, microbial activity, nutrient levels, and structure. They also enhance weed suppression, water retention, and help reduce erosion. Farmers must manage cover crops effectively to realize their benefits while avoiding limitations. Cover crops can be incorporated into crop rotations and pest management systems.
Organic Crop Production - University of TennesseeFaiga64c
Crop rotation is an important practice in organic farming that maintains soil health, controls pests and weeds, and improves crop yields. The document provides details on why crop rotation is beneficial, examples of crop rotation sequences, considerations for the length of rotations and number of crops included, and how different crop families interact with one another in a rotation. It also announces an upcoming organic crops field tour to learn more about organic production practices like crop rotation.
This document provides an overview of organic crop production, including:
1) It defines organic agriculture as an ecological system that promotes biodiversity and biological cycles without synthetic pesticides or fertilizers.
2) It describes the origins of organic agriculture in the United States, tracing back to the works of Albert Howard and J.I. Rodale in the early 20th century promoting natural soil fertility and composting.
3) It discusses some common misconceptions around organic agriculture, including that it means "doing next to nothing" or allows continued use of some prohibited materials, when proper organic standards require soil building and natural pest management.
Organic farmers use a variety of tools and strategies to control weeds without synthetic chemicals, including mechanical tillage, crop rotations, cover crops, cultivation, and mulching. Successful organic weed management requires continually adapting practices as weed populations change. Producers must understand organic philosophies and legal requirements before planning their weed management strategies. Ecological approaches aim to suppress weeds through enhanced crop competition and allelopathy rather than elimination.
This document summarizes weed management strategies for organic production. It discusses that weeds are plants that thrive in disturbed agricultural sites and outlines their ecological functions. Weeds are adapted to disturbance through prolific seed production, dispersal mechanisms, dormancy, and regenerating from fragments. The critical weed-free period is described as being important for crop competitiveness. Cultural control methods include crop rotations, companion planting, and improving seedbed preparation and crop seeding. Mechanical control options such as false seedbeds, stale seedbeds, cultivation, flaming, and mulching are outlined. The document advocates for an integrated approach using multiple control strategies to effectively manage weeds organically.
This document discusses various tools and practices for managing weeds in organic agriculture. Cultural practices like intercropping, crop rotations, and allelopathic cover crops can improve crop competitiveness and suppress weeds. Mechanical methods like hand weeding, cultivation with various tools, and flaming are effective at controlling emerged weeds. Mulching and solarization prevent weed seeds from germinating. Breeding crops to be more competitive against weeds and developing bioherbicides are also discussed.
This document discusses weed management strategies for various crops in different Indian states. It provides details on the most common weeds associated with rice in Jharkhand, potato in Meghalaya, sugarcane in Uttar Pradesh, and pineapple in Nagaland. For each crop and state combination, the document outlines the key weeds, their impact on yields if uncontrolled, and recommended cultural, biological, and mechanical control practices. Finally, the conclusion emphasizes that an integrated approach using multiple control strategies together is most effective for weed management.
This document discusses methods for controlling troublesome thistles such as Canada and musk thistles. It begins by providing background on the biology and spread of these invasive species. It then outlines both non-chemical and biological control methods. For biological control, it describes several beneficial insect species that have been used to reduce thistle populations through feeding on different plant stages and reducing seed production.
Comparing Energy Use in Conventional and Organic Cropping SystemsElisaMendelsohn
This document summarizes several studies that have attempted to compare the energy inputs and outputs of conventional versus organic cropping systems. It notes that a variety of factors must be considered in such comparisons, as practices vary significantly between farms and locations. The document then briefly outlines findings from studies conducted by the Rodale Institute, University of California Davis, University of Manitoba, Washington State University, and others which generally found that organic systems require less fossil fuel energy input, though total energy use can vary depending on practices like irrigation and machinery use. Comparing energy across agricultural systems poses challenges and more research is still needed.
Tools for Managing Internal Parasites in Small Ruminants: Copper Wire ParticlesElisaMendelsohn
COWP (copper oxide wire particles) have been found to help reduce internal parasite loads in small ruminants. Research has found that administering COWP boluses containing between 0.5-4g of copper can lower fecal egg counts and reduce the number of parasites like Haemonchus contortus found in animals. The effects last approximately 4-6 weeks. While COWP can be an effective tool, it is best used as part of an integrated parasite management strategy along with other techniques like selective deworming, grazing management, and breeding for resistance.
Weed competition is a major limiting factor for the productivity of crops. Weed control is one of the main concerns in organic farming. Weed depletes nutrient, water and light their by reducing crops yields drastically. The chemical intervention is not permitted for weed control purpose in organic farming system. Apprehension regarding the consequence of managing weeds without the use of herbicides is a major factor limiting the adoption of organic farming by conventional growers. As wide spread application of herbicides has led to concern about contamination of environment, residues problems in soil and water, toxicity to animals and appearance to resistant weeds. The elements to consider in controlling weed problems are only the non chemical methods of weed control. These include physical /mechanical, cultural and biological methods of weed control.
Principles of Sustainable Weed Management for CroplandsElisaMendelsohn
This document discusses principles of sustainable weed management for croplands. It argues that conventional tillage and monoculture crop production create conditions that favor weed growth by interrupting ecological succession. A proactive approach seeks to understand the root causes of weeds rather than reactively trying to control them. The publication presents alternatives to conventional systems, such as allelopathy, intercropping, crop rotations, and weed-free cropping designs, to better align agriculture with natural ecological principles and prevent weed problems.
7. medicinal plants grown organically By Allah Dad khan Mr.Allah Dad Khan
Organic farming involves managing crops and livestock through ecological methods without using synthetic pesticides, fertilizers or GMOs. The key principles of organic farming are to sustain health, work with ecological systems, ensure fairness, and practice precaution. Organic farming relies on crop rotations, compost, biofertilizers, and biological pest control to build soil quality and nutrients while restricting synthetic inputs. Maintaining soil organic matter is important for soil and plant health in organic systems.
Organic Vegetable Gardening 101 - Slippery Rock University of PennsylvaniaFaiga64c
This document provides an overview of organic vegetable gardening and soil health. It discusses the benefits of organic gardening including safer methods, fresh and nutritious food, and better taste. The document emphasizes that healthy soil is key, providing structure, nutrients, and a home for beneficial organisms. Ideal soil composition is discussed, including proper texture, topsoil, and plant nutrients. The document provides instructions for testing soil texture and taking a soil sample to evaluate nutrients, pH, and organic matter content. Maintaining proper soil pH is important for plant growth.
Sustainable Management of Soil-borne Plant DiseasesElisaMendelsohn
1) Soil-borne plant diseases result from a reduction in soil biodiversity that allows pathogens to thrive. Restoring beneficial soil organisms through practices like adding compost can suppress diseases by competing with and antagonizing pathogens.
2) Creating a diverse soil environment with high levels of biological activity makes it difficult for pathogens to survive due to competition for nutrients and direct inhibition from antibiotics. Beneficial fungi and bacteria protect plants and help them acquire nutrients to resist diseases.
3) Strategies like crop rotation and adding organic matter can support disease-suppressive soil conditions by favoring beneficial organisms over pathogens. Maintaining soil health through practices that promote diversity is key to sustainable disease management.
Organic agriculture scope and problems for conservation Saleman Sultani
Organic agriculture aims to optimize quality in all aspects of agriculture and the environment while respecting plants, animals, and landscapes. However, organic farming faces several problems including insufficient organic inputs, lower initial yields, lack of expertise and infrastructure. Transitioning to organic also requires adopting practices like crop rotation and biological pest control that are less common in conventional farming.
This document discusses organic and low-spray peach production. It emphasizes that climate greatly impacts disease and pest pressures, with the arid West more amenable to organic production than the humid East. It profiles a successful organic California grower and introduces a reduced-spray program for Eastern growers. The last section provides additional resources on organic fruit production.
Farmscaping is a whole-farm approach to pest management through biodiversity. It involves establishing hedgerows, insectary plants, cover crops, and water reservoirs to attract beneficial organisms like parasitic insects and birds. This increases biodiversity and biological control of pests, while improving farm productivity and sustainability. The document outlines various farmscaping practices like companion planting, trap cropping, and hedgerows. It discusses selecting plants that provide food and habitat for beneficial insects. Implementing farmscaping can reduce pesticide use, save money, and create a safer farm environment.
Integrated weed management for tomato productionJimae Magnaye
This document proposes an integrated weed management strategy for tomato production in the Philippines. It begins with an introduction on the importance of tomatoes in the Philippines and some of the challenges faced by tomato farmers, particularly weed problems that can reduce yields by 40-60%. The objectives are then stated as identifying common weed management strategies, comparing different programs, and formulating an integrated strategy. A literature review follows, covering tomato production requirements and reported weed management strategies, including land preparation, mulching, hand weeding and chemicals. Costs are provided for one strategy using rice straw mulch.
This document summarizes organic practices for managing plant diseases on farms. It discusses principles of plant disease management including exclusion, elimination, avoidance, protection and resistance. It then outlines organic disease control practices that can be implemented before, during and after planting, including site selection, composting, crop rotation, and use of beneficial organisms. Specific practices for diseases in crops like tomatoes, cardamom and potatoes are provided as examples. The document notes both benefits and limitations to organic disease management approaches.
Cover crops and green manures provide several key benefits to agricultural systems. They can be planted in winter or summer as cover crops or living mulches. Winter cover crops, like hairy vetch and rye, protect soil and fix nitrogen over winter in colder climates. Summer cover crops, such as cowpeas and soybeans, provide similar benefits during the summer. Cover crops improve soil organic matter, nitrogen levels, microbial activity, nutrient levels, and structure. They also enhance weed suppression, water retention, and help reduce erosion. Farmers must manage cover crops effectively to realize their benefits while avoiding limitations. Cover crops can be incorporated into crop rotations and pest management systems.
Organic Crop Production - University of TennesseeFaiga64c
Crop rotation is an important practice in organic farming that maintains soil health, controls pests and weeds, and improves crop yields. The document provides details on why crop rotation is beneficial, examples of crop rotation sequences, considerations for the length of rotations and number of crops included, and how different crop families interact with one another in a rotation. It also announces an upcoming organic crops field tour to learn more about organic production practices like crop rotation.
This document provides an overview of organic crop production, including:
1) It defines organic agriculture as an ecological system that promotes biodiversity and biological cycles without synthetic pesticides or fertilizers.
2) It describes the origins of organic agriculture in the United States, tracing back to the works of Albert Howard and J.I. Rodale in the early 20th century promoting natural soil fertility and composting.
3) It discusses some common misconceptions around organic agriculture, including that it means "doing next to nothing" or allows continued use of some prohibited materials, when proper organic standards require soil building and natural pest management.
Organic farmers use a variety of tools and strategies to control weeds without synthetic chemicals, including mechanical tillage, crop rotations, cover crops, cultivation, and mulching. Successful organic weed management requires continually adapting practices as weed populations change. Producers must understand organic philosophies and legal requirements before planning their weed management strategies. Ecological approaches aim to suppress weeds through enhanced crop competition and allelopathy rather than elimination.
This document summarizes weed management strategies for organic production. It discusses that weeds are plants that thrive in disturbed agricultural sites and outlines their ecological functions. Weeds are adapted to disturbance through prolific seed production, dispersal mechanisms, dormancy, and regenerating from fragments. The critical weed-free period is described as being important for crop competitiveness. Cultural control methods include crop rotations, companion planting, and improving seedbed preparation and crop seeding. Mechanical control options such as false seedbeds, stale seedbeds, cultivation, flaming, and mulching are outlined. The document advocates for an integrated approach using multiple control strategies to effectively manage weeds organically.
This document discusses various tools and practices for managing weeds in organic agriculture. Cultural practices like intercropping, crop rotations, and allelopathic cover crops can improve crop competitiveness and suppress weeds. Mechanical methods like hand weeding, cultivation with various tools, and flaming are effective at controlling emerged weeds. Mulching and solarization prevent weed seeds from germinating. Breeding crops to be more competitive against weeds and developing bioherbicides are also discussed.
This document discusses weed management strategies for various crops in different Indian states. It provides details on the most common weeds associated with rice in Jharkhand, potato in Meghalaya, sugarcane in Uttar Pradesh, and pineapple in Nagaland. For each crop and state combination, the document outlines the key weeds, their impact on yields if uncontrolled, and recommended cultural, biological, and mechanical control practices. Finally, the conclusion emphasizes that an integrated approach using multiple control strategies together is most effective for weed management.
This document discusses methods for controlling troublesome thistles such as Canada and musk thistles. It begins by providing background on the biology and spread of these invasive species. It then outlines both non-chemical and biological control methods. For biological control, it describes several beneficial insect species that have been used to reduce thistle populations through feeding on different plant stages and reducing seed production.
Comparing Energy Use in Conventional and Organic Cropping SystemsElisaMendelsohn
This document summarizes several studies that have attempted to compare the energy inputs and outputs of conventional versus organic cropping systems. It notes that a variety of factors must be considered in such comparisons, as practices vary significantly between farms and locations. The document then briefly outlines findings from studies conducted by the Rodale Institute, University of California Davis, University of Manitoba, Washington State University, and others which generally found that organic systems require less fossil fuel energy input, though total energy use can vary depending on practices like irrigation and machinery use. Comparing energy across agricultural systems poses challenges and more research is still needed.
Tools for Managing Internal Parasites in Small Ruminants: Copper Wire ParticlesElisaMendelsohn
COWP (copper oxide wire particles) have been found to help reduce internal parasite loads in small ruminants. Research has found that administering COWP boluses containing between 0.5-4g of copper can lower fecal egg counts and reduce the number of parasites like Haemonchus contortus found in animals. The effects last approximately 4-6 weeks. While COWP can be an effective tool, it is best used as part of an integrated parasite management strategy along with other techniques like selective deworming, grazing management, and breeding for resistance.
This document provides an overview of organic pear production, covering key pests and diseases, and their organic management. Pear trees have fewer pest problems than other tree fruits. Fireblight is the most serious disease, but can be managed through resistant cultivars and preventative sprays of antibiotics like streptomycin. Other important pests include pear psylla, which transmits diseases and weakens trees, and can be controlled with dormant oil sprays or sulfur. True bugs also feed on pears and cause damage, and populations can be reduced with trap crops and biological controls. Overall, pears are relatively easy to produce organically with proper cultivar selection and integrated pest management.
Manures are an important organic fertilizer but also present risks if not properly handled. Applying raw manure too close to harvest can contaminate crops with human pathogens and cause quality issues. It also risks nutrient imbalances in soils if over-applied. Composting manures reduces risks but pathogens can still survive. Proper application timing and washing crops are needed to safely use manures in organic farming.
This document provides information on flame weeding as a non-chemical weed control technique for vegetable crops. It discusses using flame weeding pre-emergence through stale seedbed and peak emergence techniques to control the first flush of weeds. It also covers post-emergence flame weeding methods like cross flaming, parallel flaming, and middle flaming to selectively control weeds between crop rows or in the crop row. The document outlines best practices and considerations for effective flame weeding of different vegetable crops.
This document provides information on organic asparagus production, including variety selection, site preparation, weed, insect and disease management. Key points:
1) Variety selection is important, with all-male hybrids like 'Jersey Giant' yielding much more than older varieties. Soil pH between 6.5-7.5 and amendments before planting also improve growth.
2) Weed control is a major challenge, requiring elimination of perennials before planting and a combination of cultivation, mulching, cover crops and flaming for annual weeds.
3) Pests like asparagus beetle and rust can reduce yields but can be managed through sanitation, crop rotation and resistant varieties.
Organic System Plans: Field and Row Crops and Pasture and Range SystemsElisaMendelsohn
This document provides an example of an organic system plan for a Midwestern crop farm applying for organic certification. It includes maps of the farm and fields, a field history sheet detailing past crops grown, and a main application form covering the farm plan, soil and crop fertility management, crop management practices, and plans for maintaining organic integrity. Supplementary documents are also included to provide additional information required by certifiers. The goal is to help farmers understand the level of detail certifiers expect in an organic system plan and application for certification.
This document discusses considerations for organic hog production. It focuses on understanding hogs' natural behaviors like nesting and farrowing to help assess housing and management practices. Sows have strong instincts to build nests before farrowing and want space to follow behaviors like inspecting piglets and rearranging nests afterwards. Providing sows with adequate straw and space to follow these instincts can help reduce farrowing stress and issues. The document also discusses other behaviors like rooting and explores housing options and husbandry practices that aim to reduce stress in line with organic principles.
Sustainable Management of Soil-borne Plant DiseasesElisaMendelsohn
This document discusses strategies for managing soil-borne plant diseases through sustainable practices rather than chemical interventions. It explains that restoring biodiversity to the soil through compost, cover crops, and other organic amendments can create disease-suppressive soils where beneficial soil organisms outcompete pathogens. Maintaining diverse, healthy soil life through these general suppression methods is presented as a better approach than chemical controls or direct inoculation of specific biocontrol agents, as it provides long-lasting protection against multiple soil-borne diseases.
ATTRA is a national sustainable agriculture information service operated by the National Center for Appropriate Technology through a USDA grant. This document provides information on organic small grain production, which excludes commercial fertilizers and pesticides and relies on crop rotations, cover crops, and biological pest control. It discusses soil fertility management, insect and disease management primarily through integrated pest management, weed control through rotation and cultivation, and organic small grain marketing, which often involves contracting and storage.
ATTRA is a national sustainable agriculture information center operated by the USDA. It provides information to farmers on organic and sustainable farming practices. The document discusses organic field corn production, focusing on fertility management strategies like crop rotation including legumes, cover crops and green manures, and use of livestock manures and compost. These practices help supply nitrogen and other nutrients to crops while building soil health. Supplementary organic fertilizers may also be used, and lime is often needed to adjust soil pH.
This document provides information on organic cotton production. It discusses soil fertility practices for organic systems, including crop rotation, cover cropping, and additions of animal manure and rock powders. Weed management uses a combination of cultivation, flame weeding, and other cultural practices. Insect management employs techniques like trap cropping, strip cropping, and border vegetation to encourage beneficial insects, as well as certain biopesticides. The document also addresses specific pest management strategies, diseases of cotton, defoliation methods, and marketing and economics of organic cotton.
This document summarizes strategies for organic field corn production. It discusses using crop rotation including legumes to supply nitrogen, as well as cover crops and green manures. Livestock manures and composts can also provide nutrients. Additional nutrients may come from approved organic fertilizers or mined rock powders. Key pests of field corn like European corn borer are managed through cultural practices like crop rotation and sanitation rather than synthetic pesticides. Organic systems aim to build soil fertility through nutrient cycling and maintaining biological activity in the soil.
This document summarizes strategies for organic field corn production. It discusses using crop rotation including legumes to supply nitrogen, as well as cover crops and green manures. Livestock manures and composts can also provide nutrients. Additional fertility may come from approved fertilizers or rock powders supplying phosphorus or potassium. Weed control relies on cultural practices. For insects like European corn borer, crop rotation, sanitation, and biological controls like parasitic wasps can help manage populations without synthetic pesticides.
This document provides an overview of organic cotton production practices including soil fertility, weed management, insect management, and diseases. Specific practices discussed for soil fertility include crop rotation, cover cropping, animal manure additions, and rock powders. Weed management is accomplished through cultivation and cultural practices. Insect management uses trap cropping, strip cropping, border vegetation, and biopesticides. The document also discusses strategies for specific insect pests and diseases, as well as defoliation, marketing, and economics of organic cotton.
This document provides an overview of organic cotton production practices, including soil fertility management, weed control, insect and disease management, and marketing. Specific practices discussed for soil fertility include crop rotation, cover cropping, animal manure additions, and use of naturally occurring rock powders. Weed management is accomplished through cultivation, flame weeding, and other cultural practices. Insect and disease management relies on trap cropping, strip cropping, beneficial insect habitat management, and certain biopesticides. Organic cotton production is challenging but can be profitable with the right strategies and commitment to organic practices.
Organic soybean production relies on crop rotation, cover crops, green manures, and livestock manures to build soil fertility and manage pests without synthetic pesticides or fertilizers. Soybeans are well-suited for organic systems but should not be the sole crop, and work best in rotation with forages like alfalfa that supply nitrogen. Additional nutrients may be needed and can come from rock powders like lime, rock phosphate, and sulfate of potash. With proper management, organic soybean yields can match conventional yields while reducing costs. Premium prices provide incentives for organic production.
Organic soybean production relies on crop rotations, cover crops, green manures, and livestock manures to build soil fertility and nutrient levels without synthetic pesticides or fertilizers. Key aspects include rotating soybeans with nitrogen-fixing legumes like alfalfa to replenish soil nitrogen, using winter cover crops to improve soil quality between cash crops, and incorporating livestock manures which provide nutrients and organic matter to soils. Organic farmers may also use rock powders like lime, rock phosphate, and sulfate of potash as supplementary nutrient sources to ensure balanced crop nutrition.
Organic farmers use a variety of tools and strategies to control weeds without synthetic chemicals, including mechanical tillage, crop rotations, cover crops, cultivation, and mulching. Successful organic weed management requires continually adapting practices as weed populations change. Producers must understand organic philosophies and legal requirements before planning their weed management strategies. Ecological approaches aim to suppress weeds through enhanced crop competition and allelopathy rather than elimination.
Organic farmers use a variety of tools and strategies to control weeds without synthetic chemicals, including mechanical tillage, crop rotations, cover crops, cultivation, and mulching. Successful organic weed management requires continually adapting practices as weed populations change. Producers must understand organic philosophies and legal requirements before planning their weed management strategies. Ecological approaches aim to suppress weeds through enhanced crop competition and allelopathy rather than elimination.
organic farming is very helpful for nutrition security in India. now a days all food crops are adulterated which leads to varies new disorders in human health
This document summarizes a publication about using livestock manures for organic crop production. It discusses the advantages and challenges of using both raw and composted manures. For raw manure, it addresses problems like contamination, produce quality concerns, fertility imbalances, weed issues, and pollution risks. It provides solutions like composting manure, restrictions on application timing, and using cover crops. Composted manures reduce many drawbacks of raw manure by stabilizing nutrients and eliminating human pathogens.
This document provides an overview of organic sweet corn production. It discusses key aspects such as varieties, soil fertility, crop rotations, weed control, insect pest management, diseases, harvesting, postharvest handling, marketing and economics. The summary focuses on organic farming practices for sweet corn including relying on crop rotations, cover crops, compost and organic fertilizers for soil fertility and pest management. It also discusses National Organic Program certification requirements and challenges with weed and insect control in organic systems.
This document provides an overview of organic sweet corn production, including key aspects such as varieties, soil fertility, crop rotations, weed control, insect pest management, diseases, harvesting, postharvest handling, marketing and economics. It discusses organic farming practices like using crop rotations, cover crops, compost and organic fertilizers to build soil fertility and manage pests without synthetic pesticides. The document also provides resources for further information on organic sweet corn production.
This document summarizes an ATTRA publication on organic alfalfa production. It discusses the basic cultural requirements for growing organic alfalfa, such as seeding rates and soil preparation. It also covers insect pest management strategies, common alfalfa diseases, weed control options, and economics of organic alfalfa production. The publication provides information on identifying common alfalfa pests and their natural enemies to implement integrated pest management.
90. Nutrient Management Under Organic Farming.pdfFaisal Rasool
Introduction:
Plant root system is always in close association with multitude of microorganisms and other nutrients. The microbes in root zone are maintained due to a variety of secretions from the roots and constitute what is often described as ‘rhizosphere’. These microbes in their turn supply nutrients to the soil system through their heterotrophic activity. Maintenance of these microbes in the rhizosphere, therefore, is also necessary for soil health. Crop productivity and nutrient cycles, however, are integral parts of the exploitation of soil health and have led to soil degradation through nutrient depletion and erosion, so that long term strategies are needed to avoid the use of chemical fertilizers without adversely affecting crop productivity. The use of organic manures, composts, Biofertilizers has received increased attention in our cropping systems. Following are the components in nutrient management system.
This document discusses organic herb production in the United States. It provides an overview of research into organic herb production, including projects funded by USDA SARE grants. It also summarizes regulations for organic certification and highlights some of the challenges for beginning organic herb producers, such as the years of experience needed to successfully grow and market herb crops.
North Carolina Organic Grain Guide 2013 - BOPS CoalitionRAFI-USA
This document provides guidance on organic grain production in North Carolina. It begins with an introduction to organic grain markets and opportunities in NC. It then discusses key components of organic crop production systems including crop rotations, cover crops, and crop management practices. The document provides specific recommendations for organic production of corn, wheat, soybeans, and other grains. It covers topics like hybrid selection, planting, fertility, weed, pest, and disease management. Production guidelines are provided for individual crops like corn, wheat, and soybeans. The goal is to help farmers in NC transition to and succeed with organic grain production.
Organic tomato production differs from conventional production primarily through soil fertility, weed, insect, and disease management which focus on using organic methods like crop rotations, cover crops, compost and manures instead of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides. Fresh market tomatoes require about 75 to 100 pounds of nitrogen per acre which can be supplied through legumes and compost, with additional needs met through animal meals, rock phosphate and kelp meal. Yields of 650 to 850 boxes per acre are common, with efficient harvesting, handling and marketing needed due to tomatoes being highly perishable. Variety selection considers disease resistance, suitability to production systems and regional adaptability.
This document provides a sustainability checklist for beef cattle farms. It includes questions about farm resources, management priorities, herd health, reproductive management, forage programs, grazing management, soil and water quality, energy and economic efficiency, quality of life considerations, and goals for improvement. The checklist is intended to help farmers critically evaluate the sustainability of their operations and identify areas for potential enhancement.
Garden Therapy: Links to Articles, Books, Profession Groups, DVDElisaMendelsohn
GARDENING THERAPY Resource List of Articles, Books, Manuals, DVD's, Training Programs and Professional Associations
TOPICS COVERED:
Horticulture Therapy
Healing Gardens
Sensory Gardens
Garden Therapy
Garden Therapy for the Disabled
Garden Therapy for the Mentally Challenged
Garden Therapy for Alzheimer’s Disease
Garden Therapy for Depression
Garden Therapy for Autistic Children
Garden Therapy for the Blind and the Visually Impaired
Garden Therapy for Hospitals
Garden Therapy for Nursing Homes
Garden Therapy for Seniors
Garden Therapy for the Handicapped
Garden Therapy for Prisons, Jails and Correction Facilities
Garden Therapy for Botanical Garden
Garden Therapy and Community Gardens
Garden Therapy for Single Mothers
Garden Therapy for Stress
Garden Therapy for Veterans
Garden Therapy at Veterans Facilities
Garden Therapy for Soldiers
Garden Therapy for Posttraumatic Stress Disorders
People Plant Connections
Gardening and Physical Fitness
Greenhouse and Garden Therapy for Disabled People
Accessible Gardening
Wheelchair Gardening
Vertical Gardening and Garden Therapy
Container Gardening and Garden Therapy
Adaptive Garden Equipment for Garden Therapy
Tools for Garden Therapy
Urban Trees and Mental Health
Parks and Garden Therapy
Nature and Learning
Greening School Grounds by Design
Garden Therapy for Schools
Plants in the Classroom for Enhanced Learning
Garden Therapy for Pre Schools
Garden Therapy for Daycare
Garden Therapy for Elementary School Bullies
Garden Therapy and Community Development
Garden Therapy and Food Security
Garden Therapy for Low Income People
Garden Therapy for Homeless People
Garden Therapy and Crime Reduction
Garden Therapy and Neighborhood Security
Sistemas Avícolas Alternativos con Acceso a PasturaElisaMendelsohn
Este documento describe y compara sistemas avícolas alternativos y convencionales. Los sistemas alternativos incluyen aves con acceso a pasturas a través de casas fijas, casas portátiles, corrales de pastura u otros diseños que permiten a las aves expresar su comportamiento natural al aire libre. Estos sistemas son comúnmente a pequeña escala e integrados a granjas diversificadas. El acceso al exterior es una parte importante del bienestar de las aves y permite producción extensiva en comparación con los sistem
Producción Orgánica de Lechugas de Especialidad y Verduras Para EnsaladaElisaMendelsohn
Este documento describe las técnicas de producción orgánica de lechugas de especialidad y ensaladas. Explica que el mercado de lechugas de especialidad ha crecido, pero que el aumento de la producción ha hecho bajar los precios. Describe diferentes tipos de lechugas y verduras para ensaladas, así como técnicas de preparación del suelo, propagación, control de plagas y cosecha. Resalta la importancia de planificar cultivos para mantener un suministro constante a lo largo de la temporada.
Este documento cubre el procesamiento de aves a pequeña escala, ya sea en la granja o en plantas pequeñas. Describe las etapas clave del procesamiento, como la inmovilización, matanza, sangrado, desplume, evisceración, enfriamiento y empaque. También compara el procesamiento a pequeña, mediana y gran escala, y explica cómo el acceso a instalaciones de procesamiento es crucial para los pequeños productores avícolas.
Planeando la Plantación de Vegetales para una Cosecha ContinuaElisaMendelsohn
Este documento ofrece consejos para planificar plantaciones sucesivas de vegetales con el fin de lograr una cosecha continua a lo largo de la temporada de crecimiento. Explica que es importante mantener registros de plantaciones y cosechas anteriores para determinar las fechas óptimas de siembra. También destaca que el clima y las condiciones de la tierra afectan el crecimiento de los cultivos, por lo que es útil considerar las temperaturas ideales de germinación de cada vegetal. El documento incluye una tabla con esta información y un
Este documento trata sobre la nutrición de rumiantes en pastoreo. Explica que los rumiantes como vacunos, ovinos y caprinos pueden convertir plantas no comestibles para humanos en alimentos mediante la digestión de la celulosa. También destaca que la mayoría de las tierras son aptas solo para pastoreo, no para cultivo, y que el pastoreo es una forma eficiente de convertir la biomasa vegetal en alimentos como carne y leche. Además, resalta la importancia de entender la nutrición de los rumiantes considerando fact
Este documento trata sobre los requerimientos nutricionales para aves de pastura y cómo cubrirlos a través de diferentes ingredientes alimenticios comunes y poco comunes. Explica el valor nutritivo de ingredientes como el maíz, trigo, avena, harina de pescado y frijol soya, y discute consideraciones como la molienda, la formulación de raciones y la nutrición aplicada para diferentes tasas de crecimiento y estilos de alimentación.
Nuevos Mercados para Su Cosecha (audio version)ElisaMendelsohn
Pedro quiere vender sus productos agrícolas pero no puede vender todo en el mercado local y los comerciantes le ofrecen precios bajos. José le sugiere vender a instituciones como escuelas, hospitales y asilos de ancianos. José introduce a Pedro con el comprador de alimentos del hospital local. El comprador está interesado en comprar productos de la granja de Pedro y pide detalles sobre sus productos, precios y disponibilidad. Pedro comienza a vender lechuga al hospital y el comprador pide un volumen mayor, pero Pedro no puede
Los Escarabajos del Pepino: Manejo Integrado de Plagas — MIP Orgánico y Biora...ElisaMendelsohn
Los escarabajos del pepino son plagas importantes de cultivos de cucurbitáceas en los Estados Unidos. Transmiten enfermedades bacterianas y virales y causan daño directo al alimentarse de raíces, tallos, hojas y frutos. Sus ciclos de vida y las medidas orgánicas de control como plantación tardía, cobertores flotantes, cultivos trampa e insecticidas botánicos deben ser comprendidos para implementar estrategias de manejo integrado efectivas.
Las Crónicas Orgánicas No. 1: No Tenga Pánico Vuélvase OrgánicoElisaMendelsohn
Este documento presenta la historia de Pedro, un agricultor, que aprende sobre los beneficios de la agricultura orgánica a través de una visita a una granja orgánica y conversaciones con agricultores orgánicos. Pedro descubre que la agricultura orgánica fomenta la biodiversidad en el suelo y los cultivos, lo que ayuda a controlar plagas de forma natural. Aprende que el uso de pesticidas químicos puede dañar a los organismos benéficos en el suelo y los cultivos. Finalmente, Pedro decide convertir
La Certificación para Granjas Orgánicas y el Programa Orgánico NacionalElisaMendelsohn
Este documento describe los requisitos para la certificación orgánica de granjas y el Programa Orgánico Nacional de los EE.UU. Los agricultores que quieran vender sus productos como orgánicos deben obtener la certificación de un agente acreditado. La certificación asegura a los consumidores que los productos cumplen con las normas orgánicas. El Programa Orgánico Nacional estableció normas uniformes para la certificación y acredita agentes certificadores. Los agricultores deben cumplir con las normas de producción e
Jardinería Comercial: Consideraciones para Producción de Frutas y VerdurasElisaMendelsohn
Este documento proporciona consideraciones para iniciar un negocio de jardinería comercial. Explica que se debe desarrollar un plan de negocios que incluya un plan de marketing enfocado en los mercados. También discute opciones de mercado como mercados de productores, ventas directas, restaurantes e instituciones. Finalmente, enfatiza la importancia de aprender técnicas de producción a través de talleres, conferencias u observando otros productores.
Guía Ilustrada para la Producción de Ovinos y CaprinosElisaMendelsohn
Este documento es una guía ilustrada para la producción de ovinos y caprinos. Proporciona información sobre la selección de animales, la alimentación y el pastoreo, el cuidado de animales jóvenes y de cría, la sanidad, el equipo y el manejo, y la comercialización de productos de ovinos y caprinos. La guía describe las características deseables para una buena conformación en ovinos y caprinos, y ofrece consejos sobre cómo proveer una dieta y pastoreo saludables para estos animales.
Este documento proporciona una guía sobre métodos orgánicos para producir fresas. Cubre técnicas como el control de malezas mediante acolchado de plástico negro, fertilización orgánica, y control biológico de plagas. También discute sistemas de producción como la plantación en camellones con plástico y la producción en túneles, y provee recursos adicionales sobre certificación orgánica y recomendaciones de variedades por estado. La producción orgánica de fresas puede requerir más esf
Este documento describe el equipamiento básico necesario para una pequeña granja avícola, enfocándose en los sistemas de bebederos y comederos. Explica que los bebederos son cruciales para el bienestar de las aves y deben proveer agua limpia de manera confiable para prevenir enfermedades y la muerte de los pollos. También discute brevemente consideraciones para cercos, perchas y cajas nido.
Este documento describe el proceso de certificación orgánica según las normas del Programa Nacional Orgánico del Departamento de Agricultura de los Estados Unidos. Explica que la certificación permite vender, representar y etiquetar productos como orgánicos, y que involucra inspecciones anuales realizadas por un certificador acreditado para verificar el cumplimiento de las normas. También destaca algunos de los beneficios de la certificación, como mantener mejores registros que ayudan a identificar y resolver problemas de producción con mayor facilidad.
Este documento trata sobre el manejo sostenible de suelos. Explica las propiedades básicas del suelo y los pasos para mejorar y mantener la calidad del suelo de manera sostenible. Cubre temas como la importancia de la materia orgánica y los organismos del suelo, técnicas para mejorar el suelo como el compost y la labranza reducida, y ejemplos de agricultores que han tenido éxito mejorando la calidad de sus suelos.
El Manejo de Gallineros para la Producción AlternativaElisaMendelsohn
Este documento proporciona información sobre el manejo del medio ambiente en la producción avícola alternativa. Explica que tanto el área interior como el exterior son importantes para el bienestar de las aves. Detalla la importancia de la ventilación, temperatura, iluminación y lecho dentro del gallinero. Además, enfatiza que la producción alternativa a menudo ocurre a pequeña escala y puede ser certificada orgánica, requiriendo ciertas prácticas especiales en comparación con la avicultura convencional.
Este documento describe los cuatro pasos que los productores y procesadores orgánicos deben seguir para prepararse adecuadamente para su inspección de certificación orgánica anual. El primer paso es leer las secciones pertinentes de las Normas Orgánicas Nacionales según el tipo de operación. El segundo paso es revisar su Plan de Sistema Orgánico. El tercer paso es revisar la comunicación de la agencia certificadora del año pasado. El cuarto paso es organizar todos los registros requeridos usando las listas proporcionadas. La public
This presentation was provided by Racquel Jemison, Ph.D., Christina MacLaughlin, Ph.D., and Paulomi Majumder. Ph.D., all of the American Chemical Society, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
A Visual Guide to 1 Samuel | A Tale of Two HeartsSteve Thomason
These slides walk through the story of 1 Samuel. Samuel is the last judge of Israel. The people reject God and want a king. Saul is anointed as the first king, but he is not a good king. David, the shepherd boy is anointed and Saul is envious of him. David shows honor while Saul continues to self destruct.
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Andreas Schleicher presents PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Thinking - 18 Jun...EduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher, Director of Education and Skills at the OECD presents at the launch of PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Minds, Creative Schools on 18 June 2024.
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
How Barcodes Can Be Leveraged Within Odoo 17Celine George
In this presentation, we will explore how barcodes can be leveraged within Odoo 17 to streamline our manufacturing processes. We will cover the configuration steps, how to utilize barcodes in different manufacturing scenarios, and the overall benefits of implementing this technology.
🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥
إضغ بين إيديكم من أقوى الملازم التي صممتها
ملزمة تشريح الجهاز الهيكلي (نظري 3)
💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀
تتميز هذهِ الملزمة بعِدة مُميزات :
1- مُترجمة ترجمة تُناسب جميع المستويات
2- تحتوي على 78 رسم توضيحي لكل كلمة موجودة بالملزمة (لكل كلمة !!!!)
#فهم_ماكو_درخ
3- دقة الكتابة والصور عالية جداً جداً جداً
4- هُنالك بعض المعلومات تم توضيحها بشكل تفصيلي جداً (تُعتبر لدى الطالب أو الطالبة بإنها معلومات مُبهمة ومع ذلك تم توضيح هذهِ المعلومات المُبهمة بشكل تفصيلي جداً
5- الملزمة تشرح نفسها ب نفسها بس تكلك تعال اقراني
6- تحتوي الملزمة في اول سلايد على خارطة تتضمن جميع تفرُعات معلومات الجهاز الهيكلي المذكورة في هذهِ الملزمة
واخيراً هذهِ الملزمة حلالٌ عليكم وإتمنى منكم إن تدعولي بالخير والصحة والعافية فقط
كل التوفيق زملائي وزميلاتي ، زميلكم محمد الذهبي 💊💊
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Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
2. There are several publications and organizations that will help prospective organic farmers learn
more about the subject. Two publications of particular value are Fred Kirschenmann’s Switching To A
Sustainable System (2) and a newer publication, Transition Notebook (3), which covers weed control,
composting, and a list of information for making the transition to organic farming. Finally, the book
Organic Farming by Nicholas Lampkin covers all aspects of organic farming, including small grain
production. A British book, it is available from a U.S. publisher in New York (4).
Soil .ertility
Organic management seeks to maximize the contributions of on-farm resources such as animal
manures, composts, and green manures to soil fertility. However, purchased off-farm nutrients—
including mineral fertilizers, fortified composts, and plant and animal meals—may be necessary to
ensure adequate nutrient availability during transition to an organic program. Building soil organic
matter enhances nutrient availability, as well as soil moisture-holding capacity, and can aid in prevent-
ing the buildup of soil-borne plant diseases. A key part of an organic soil-building program is rotation
of crops, coupled with the use of cover crops and green manures. For more information on crop
rotations, see the enclosure entitled “Planning Crop Rotations.”
Animal manures and legumes are two major sources of nitrogen in organic systems. Legume
cover crops, plowed down to provide green-manure nitrogen, also contribute to soil tilth and organic
matter. During decomposition, legumes can provide 50 to 150 lbs. of nitrogen per acre. Small grains
can also receive supplemental nitrogen from crop rotation patterns that include perennial legumes
like alfalfa and clover. For more information about cover crops and green manures, request the
ATTRA publication Overview of Cover Crops and Green Manures.
Native phosphorus and potassium fertility may be enhanced using animal manures and con-
served through good management of cover crops and crop residues. Rock phosphate can serve as an
alternative or supplementary phosphorus source when necessary. Application rates for rock phos-
phate usually range from 250 to 1000 pounds per acre. Different sources of rock phosphate have
different qualities in terms of their ability to release phosphorus to plants. To fully realize the benefit
of rock phosphate, the soil pH should be slightly to moderately acid. Alternative potassium sources
include Sul-Po-Mag and untreated potassium sulfate. For more information on soil fertility, request
ATTRA’s Sustainable Soil Management and Alternative Soil Amendments publications.
Insect and Disease Management
Integrated pest management (IPM) provides a working framework for insect and disease manage-
ment in organic production systems. In conventional or non-organic systems, IPM utilizes cultural
practices and crop scouting to minimize the need for pesticide applications. Pesticides are applied
only when insect populations reach economically damaging levels. An organic grower might use the
cultural practices and the scouting information but forego the recommended pesticide applications.
Information on crop scouting for the major pest problems associated with small grains in a given area
can be obtained from the Cooperative Extension Service or private crop consultants. For an overview
of IPM principles and practices, request the ATTRA publication Biointensive Integrated Pest Manage-
ment.
Some of the techniques used in intensive small-grain production—such as narrow rows, thicker-
than-normal stands, and tram lines (an uplanted strip used to drive on, which allows precision appli-
cation of inputs)—also provide benefits to farmers who do not use synthetic chemicals and fertilizers.
However, these intensive practices may increase disease incidence.
Some disease problems can be minimized with resistant cultivars and variety mixing. Variety
mixing involves planting several different small-grain varieties in a mixture, each with a different type
of disease resistance. Mixed fields may lose individual varieties to specific pests or diseases, but the
chance of total crop failure is greatly reduced. Alternatively, a grower could decide to plant different
PAGE 2 //ORGANIC SMALL GRAIN PRODUCTION
3. fields of separate varieties. Under this system, a specific pest or disease may ruin one field but not
affect the others.
Weed Management
Weed control strategies in organic small grains include crop rotation and a limited amount of
mechanical cultivation. The narrow-row spacing associated with drilled grains affords significant crop
competition with weeds. However, rotation to other crops is still necessary to break weed life cycles.
Continuous small-grain cropping creates a haven for weeds with similar ecological niches (e.g., cool-
season grasses, buttercup, and others). Including a late-spring-planted crop such as sunflower or
proso millet into the winter-wheat fallow system reduced winter-annual grass weeds such as downy
brome and jointed goatgrass in a Kansas dryland study (5). Unlike row crops, in which weed control
can be obtained through cultivation, drilled crops are less conducive to mechanical weed control.
Harrowing or rotary hoeing can help reduce weed problems but it can only be done lightly when the
small grain is a few inches high, and weeds have germinated but not emerged. For more details on
weed management, request the ATTRA publication Principles of Sustainable Weed Management for Crop-
lands.
Marketing
Though organic small grains carry significant price premiums (Table 1), marketing them differs in
many ways from conventional marketing. Unlike conventional grain production, where the grower
can deposit a whole harvest at the elevator, organic production is often done on contract to a specific
buyer. The organic market is typically made
up of many buyers who have small indi-
Table 1. Organic small grain prices vidual supply needs. Even the largest buy-
February 2003 (7). ers usually cannot take a whole year’s sup-
ply of a particular crop all at once, but may
Grain Low High need a lesser amount every month. Conse-
— $/bushel — quently, it is often necessary for the organic
Durum wheat 5.00 8.00 producer to have grain storage capacity.
Hard red spring wheat 5.00 7.65 Like all specialty markets, the organic
Hard red winter wheat 4.75 6.05 market is small and easily oversupplied, and
Soft red wheat 4.35 5.50 premiums are not stable. It’s generally
Soft white wheat 5.25 6.50 worthwhile for organic farmers to invest in
Rye 3.50 4.50 storage facilities. If you can store it, you can
make money by keeping up with the market
and selling when shortages occur and the
price rises (as long as you don’t store until quality deteriorates). Since every day of storage costs
money, it’s to your advantage to set a date by which the buyer has to accept the grain or begin paying
you for storage. An alternative is to contract with a buyer who has storage set aside for specialty
grains.
Contracting with a trader is often the only way to sell organic products or alternative crops that
lack established market channels. Both producer and buyer need to carefully consider all terms of the
contract before signing. Understanding the standards and terms specified is vital. For example,
farmers need to understand that grading standards for grains destined for human consumption are
higher than standards for feed grains, resulting in higher dockage when cleaned (6). The producer, in
particular, should learn about the legal aspects of contract production and know what his or her
options for legal recourse are in case a buyer violates the agreement. For more comprehensive details
on organic grain marketing, request the ATTRA publication Marketing Organic Grains.
//ORGANIC SMALL GRAIN PRODUCTION PAGE 3
4. References
1) Boone, Nathan (ed.). 1999. Organic Wheat Production Handbook. Kernal of Life, Santa Fe,
NM. 60 p.
Available for $10 ppd from:
Kernel of Life, c/o Tom Seibel
HCR 67, Box 81
Anton Chico, NM 87711
505-427-1132
E-mail: seibel@plateautel.net
2) Kirschenmann, F. 1988. Switching to a Sustainable System: Strategies for Converting from
Conventional/Chemical to Sustainable/Organic Farming Systems. The Northern Plains Sus-
tainable Agriculture Society (NPSAS). 18 p.
Available for $7.50 ppd. from:
Northern Plains Sustainable Agriculture Society
9824 79th Street, S.E.
Fullerton, ND 58441-9725
701-883-4304
http://www.npsas.org
E-mail: tpnpsas@drtel.net
3) Kirschenmann, F. 1997. Transition Notebook. The Northern Plains Sustainable Agriculture
Society. Available for $27.95 from reference 1) above.
4) Lampkin, Nicholas. 1990. Organic Farming. Diamond Farm Books. Alexandria Bay, NY.
701 p.
Available for $49.95 + $4.50 shipping and handling from:
Diamond Farm Books
P.O. Box 537
Alexandria Bay, NY 13607
613-475-3848
800-305-5138
http://www.diamondfarm.com
5) Lyon, D.L., and D.D. Baltensperger. 1995. Cropping systems control winter annual grass
weeds in winter wheat. Journal of Production Agriculture. Volume 8, Number 4. p. 535–539.
6) Stearns, Larry, and David L. Watt. 1993. Northern Plains Organic Crops Marketing Analysis:
Wheat, Oats, Sunflower. Agricultural Economics Report No. 293. Department of Agricultural
Economics-Agricultural Experiment Station. North Dakota State University.
7) Organic Food Business News FAX Bulletin
Hotline Printing and Publishing
P.O. Box 161132
Altamonte Springs, FL 32716
PAGE 4 //ORGANIC SMALL GRAIN PRODUCTION
5. Enclosures
Anon. 1990. Kingmans farm—making a success of organic cereals. New Farmer and Grower.
Summer. p. 27–28.
Boone, Nathan. No date. Organic Wheat Production Handbook. Kernal of Life. Santa Fe, NM. 60
p. Title page and table of contents.
Cox, W.J. 1987. Intensive Management of Winter Wheat in New York. Cornell Cooperative Exten-
sion Service Fact Sheet 403.11. Cornell University, Ithaca, NY. 6 p.
Dobbs, Thomas, and Lisa Carr. 1997. Price comparisons for organic crop products. Economics
Commentator (South Dakota State University). No. 374. April 16. p. 1–3.
Duval, Jean. No date. Mechanical weed control in cereals. McGill University EAP Publication - 72.
10 p.
Gerard, Robert. 2001. Making organic wheat work. ACRES USA. March. p. 1, 9–11.
Meyer, D.W., and M. Badaruddin. 1985. Barley grain yields are increased by a previous legume
crop. Crop Production Guide. North Dakota Agricultural Association. p. 177–181.
Reznicek, Ed. 1992. Planning Crop Rotations. Sustainable Farming News. April. 10 p.
Samuel, A.M., and S.J. Guest. 1990. Effect of seed rates and within crop cultivation in organic
winter wheat. p. 49–54. In: BCPC Mono No. 45. Crop Protection in Organic and Low Input
Agriculture: Proceedings of a Symposium of the British Crop Protection Council. Cambridge,
UK.
Sinclair, Ann, and Britt Eustis. 1991. So you want to sell organic grains? The New Farm. Septem-
ber–October. p. 28–30.
Weill, A. 1990. Winter wheat: no-till, no-inputs. Sustainable Farming. Spring. p. 14–15.
Wilheim, H. 1991. Mechanical weed control systems in cereals and row crops. p. 23–24. In: Weed
Management in Sustainable Agriculture. Proceedings of the Fifth Annual REAP Conference.
McDonald College, Quebec.
Willis, H. 1990. Oats. Acres, U.S.A. March. p. 19–20.
By Preston Sullivan, NCAT Agriculture Specialist
Edited by Paul Williams
Formatted by Gail Hardy
Version 022206
CT160/178
The electronic version of Organic Small Grain
Production is located at:
HTML
http://www.attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/smallgrain.html
PDF
http://www.attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/PDF/smallgrain.pdf
//ORGANIC SMALL GRAIN PRODUCTION PAGE 5