ATTRA is a national sustainable agriculture information service operated by the National Center for Appropriate Technology through a USDA grant. This document provides information on organic small grain production, which excludes commercial fertilizers and pesticides and relies on crop rotations, cover crops, and biological pest control. It discusses soil fertility management, insect and disease management primarily through integrated pest management, weed control through rotation and cultivation, and organic small grain marketing, which often involves contracting and storage.
DESIGN OF AQUAPONICS SYSTEM OF IRRIGATIONvivatechijri
Aquaponics as a vertical farming technique has undergone various development to make it an
efficient replacement for conventional farming methods. Hydroponics, a soil-less farming method has been
combined with aquaculture (fish farming) to obtain a system with its own ecological balance. The disadvantages
of these systems overcome by symbiotic relationship between them. As a result aquaponics has better production
and growth rate than other farming methods. The aquaponics systems focused on increasing economically and
sustainability of indoor and outdoor fish farming. Aspect like sustainability, development and economically
efficiency improve of farmer health we must reconsider the agriculture sciences, by this we understand that we
must develops technologies friendly for the environment. Combining aquaculture with hydroponics we obtain a
new innovation named aquaponics which respects principles of sustainable agriculture (wastewater bio
filtration by plants) and gives us the possibility to increase economic efficiency with an additional production
(organic vegetables) to produce the nutrient rich food.The various parameters that are to be considered during the design and implementation of an aquaponic
system have been discussed in this paper
Learn about Kerr Center programs, history and groundbreaking work defining sustainable agriculture and reaching out to farmers, ranchers, policymakers and consumers.
An overview of the certified organic horticulture plots at the Kerr Center for Sustainable Agriculture near Poteau, Oklahoma. Organic practices such as cover crops, biochar, compost and compost teas, as well as variety trials., habitat for pollinators and no-till and biointensive beds.
DESIGN OF AQUAPONICS SYSTEM OF IRRIGATIONvivatechijri
Aquaponics as a vertical farming technique has undergone various development to make it an
efficient replacement for conventional farming methods. Hydroponics, a soil-less farming method has been
combined with aquaculture (fish farming) to obtain a system with its own ecological balance. The disadvantages
of these systems overcome by symbiotic relationship between them. As a result aquaponics has better production
and growth rate than other farming methods. The aquaponics systems focused on increasing economically and
sustainability of indoor and outdoor fish farming. Aspect like sustainability, development and economically
efficiency improve of farmer health we must reconsider the agriculture sciences, by this we understand that we
must develops technologies friendly for the environment. Combining aquaculture with hydroponics we obtain a
new innovation named aquaponics which respects principles of sustainable agriculture (wastewater bio
filtration by plants) and gives us the possibility to increase economic efficiency with an additional production
(organic vegetables) to produce the nutrient rich food.The various parameters that are to be considered during the design and implementation of an aquaponic
system have been discussed in this paper
Learn about Kerr Center programs, history and groundbreaking work defining sustainable agriculture and reaching out to farmers, ranchers, policymakers and consumers.
An overview of the certified organic horticulture plots at the Kerr Center for Sustainable Agriculture near Poteau, Oklahoma. Organic practices such as cover crops, biochar, compost and compost teas, as well as variety trials., habitat for pollinators and no-till and biointensive beds.
Many farmers plant only a single crop in the same place year after year. This is what is known as themonoculture crops. Supporters claim it is a more profitable way to farm than switching crops around each year. When the farmer grows only one type of crop he can specialize in that crop and purchase only the aids and machinery needed to deal with that crop. However, those against monocropping claim that it is very much hard on the environment and actually much less profitable than organic means of farming.
Monocropping or monoculture is a process to culture a single crop in a farm land. Monocropping is a process by which a clear assessment of interaction of crop on soil land can be observedDisadvantages of Monoculture
Farming planting the same crop in the same place each and every year zaps nutrients from the earth and leaves soil weak and unable to support the healthy plant growth. Because soil structure and quality is so poor, farmers are forced to use the chemical fertilizers to encourage plant growth and fruit production. These fertilizers, in turn, specifically disrupt the natural makeup of the soil and contribute further to the nutrient depletion. Monocropping also creates the spread of pests and diseases, which must be treated very well, with yet more chemicals.
Get your quality homework help now and stand out.Our professional writers are committed to excellence. We have trained the best scholars in different fields of study.Contact us now at http://www.premiumessays.net/ and place your order at affordable price done within set deadlines.We always have someone online ready to answer all your queries and take your requests.
Sustainable agriculture development in EthiopiaIFOAM
Hailu Araya, Institute for Sustainable Development (Ethiopia) presents the Ethiopian Sustainable Development Project at the IFOAM side event at UNFCCC SB 32, Bonn, June 3rd 2010
Effect of Spacing and Poultry Manure Rates on Growth, Yield and Quality of Ca...IJEABJ
Field experiment was conducted at the Teaching and Research Farm of the Department of Agriculture, Ndele Campus, Ignatius Ajuru University of Education, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, to study the effects of poultry manure rates and crop spacing on growth, yield and quality of Cayenne pepper. The 3 x 3 factorial experiment with three replicates was arranged in a Completely Randomized Design. The main plots were three poultry manure rates (0, 10, 20tons/ha-1) and sub plots, three spacing (50cm x 50cm, 100cm x 50cm and 100cm x 100cm). Data collected were plant height, number of leaf per plant, leaf area; number of fruits per plot, fruit weight per plot, fruit yield per hectare, fruit lycopene and vitamin C contents. Results showed plant height increased with reducing planting distance and increasing Poultry manure rate; 50cm by 50cm fertilized at 20tons/ha produced the tallest plants with most number of leaves but least leaf area LA. Number of fruits, fruit weight and yield per plot, per hectare increased with increasing planting density and increasing Poultry manure rates lycopene and vitamin c contents increased with Poultry manure levels within the different spacing. Spacing of 50cm by 50cm fertilized with poultry manure at 20 tons per hectare is recommended.
Jaipur Tour, Rajasthan Sightseeing Tour PackagesGo Delhi
Go Delhi Luxury Tour Offer Best Jaipur Tour and Rajasthan Sightseeing tour Packages.Rajasthan experiences hot summer season from April to June. The temperature ranges from 32 degree Celsius to 45 degree Celsius. The desert, becomes drier due to the scorching heat, and the highest temperature is recorded about 45-48 degree Celsius during May and June.
Many farmers plant only a single crop in the same place year after year. This is what is known as themonoculture crops. Supporters claim it is a more profitable way to farm than switching crops around each year. When the farmer grows only one type of crop he can specialize in that crop and purchase only the aids and machinery needed to deal with that crop. However, those against monocropping claim that it is very much hard on the environment and actually much less profitable than organic means of farming.
Monocropping or monoculture is a process to culture a single crop in a farm land. Monocropping is a process by which a clear assessment of interaction of crop on soil land can be observedDisadvantages of Monoculture
Farming planting the same crop in the same place each and every year zaps nutrients from the earth and leaves soil weak and unable to support the healthy plant growth. Because soil structure and quality is so poor, farmers are forced to use the chemical fertilizers to encourage plant growth and fruit production. These fertilizers, in turn, specifically disrupt the natural makeup of the soil and contribute further to the nutrient depletion. Monocropping also creates the spread of pests and diseases, which must be treated very well, with yet more chemicals.
Get your quality homework help now and stand out.Our professional writers are committed to excellence. We have trained the best scholars in different fields of study.Contact us now at http://www.premiumessays.net/ and place your order at affordable price done within set deadlines.We always have someone online ready to answer all your queries and take your requests.
Sustainable agriculture development in EthiopiaIFOAM
Hailu Araya, Institute for Sustainable Development (Ethiopia) presents the Ethiopian Sustainable Development Project at the IFOAM side event at UNFCCC SB 32, Bonn, June 3rd 2010
Effect of Spacing and Poultry Manure Rates on Growth, Yield and Quality of Ca...IJEABJ
Field experiment was conducted at the Teaching and Research Farm of the Department of Agriculture, Ndele Campus, Ignatius Ajuru University of Education, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, to study the effects of poultry manure rates and crop spacing on growth, yield and quality of Cayenne pepper. The 3 x 3 factorial experiment with three replicates was arranged in a Completely Randomized Design. The main plots were three poultry manure rates (0, 10, 20tons/ha-1) and sub plots, three spacing (50cm x 50cm, 100cm x 50cm and 100cm x 100cm). Data collected were plant height, number of leaf per plant, leaf area; number of fruits per plot, fruit weight per plot, fruit yield per hectare, fruit lycopene and vitamin C contents. Results showed plant height increased with reducing planting distance and increasing Poultry manure rate; 50cm by 50cm fertilized at 20tons/ha produced the tallest plants with most number of leaves but least leaf area LA. Number of fruits, fruit weight and yield per plot, per hectare increased with increasing planting density and increasing Poultry manure rates lycopene and vitamin c contents increased with Poultry manure levels within the different spacing. Spacing of 50cm by 50cm fertilized with poultry manure at 20 tons per hectare is recommended.
Jaipur Tour, Rajasthan Sightseeing Tour PackagesGo Delhi
Go Delhi Luxury Tour Offer Best Jaipur Tour and Rajasthan Sightseeing tour Packages.Rajasthan experiences hot summer season from April to June. The temperature ranges from 32 degree Celsius to 45 degree Celsius. The desert, becomes drier due to the scorching heat, and the highest temperature is recorded about 45-48 degree Celsius during May and June.
Learn why you should be blogging no matter what business you have and how it can help you increase your exposure:
* Why blog?
* Blogging platforms
* Getting started with blogging
* Keeping it consistent with blogging
* Promoting your blog
* Social media and blogging
organic farming is very helpful for nutrition security in India. now a days all food crops are adulterated which leads to varies new disorders in human health
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
2. //ORGANIC SMALL GRAIN PRODUCTIONPAGE 2
There are several publications and organizations that will help prospective organic farmers learn
more about the subject. Two publications of particular value are Fred Kirschenmann’s Switching To A
Sustainable System (2) and a newer publication, Transition Notebook (3), which covers weed control,
composting, and a list of information for making the transition to organic farming. Finally, the book
Organic Farming by Nicholas Lampkin covers all aspects of organic farming, including small grain
production. A British book, it is available from a U.S. publisher in New York (4).
Soil Fertility
Organic management seeks to maximize the contributions of on-farm resources such as animal
manures, composts, and green manures to soil fertility. However, purchased off-farm nutrients—
including mineral fertilizers, fortified composts, and plant and animal meals—may be necessary to
ensure adequate nutrient availability during transition to an organic program. Building soil organic
matter enhances nutrient availability, as well as soil moisture-holding capacity, and can aid in prevent-
ing the buildup of soil-borne plant diseases. A key part of an organic soil-building program is rotation
of crops, coupled with the use of cover crops and green manures. For more information on crop
rotations, see the enclosure entitled “Planning Crop Rotations.”
Animal manures and legumes are two major sources of nitrogen in organic systems. Legume
cover crops, plowed down to provide green-manure nitrogen, also contribute to soil tilth and organic
matter. During decomposition, legumes can provide 50 to 150 lbs. of nitrogen per acre. Small grains
can also receive supplemental nitrogen from crop rotation patterns that include perennial legumes
like alfalfa and clover. For more information about cover crops and green manures, request the
ATTRA publication Overview of Cover Crops and Green Manures.
Native phosphorus and potassium fertility may be enhanced using animal manures and con-
served through good management of cover crops and crop residues. Rock phosphate can serve as an
alternative or supplementary phosphorus source when necessary. Application rates for rock phos-
phate usually range from 250 to 1000 pounds per acre. Different sources of rock phosphate have
different qualities in terms of their ability to release phosphorus to plants. To fully realize the benefit
of rock phosphate, the soil pH should be slightly to moderately acid. Alternative potassium sources
include Sul-Po-Mag and untreated potassium sulfate. For more information on soil fertility, request
ATTRA’s Sustainable Soil Management and Alternative Soil Amendments publications.
Insect and Disease Management
Integrated pest management (IPM) provides a working framework for insect and disease manage-
ment in organic production systems. In conventional or non-organic systems, IPM utilizes cultural
practices and crop scouting to minimize the need for pesticide applications. Pesticides are applied
only when insect populations reach economically damaging levels. An organic grower might use the
cultural practices and the scouting information but forego the recommended pesticide applications.
Information on crop scouting for the major pest problems associated with small grains in a given area
can be obtained from the Cooperative Extension Service or private crop consultants. For an overview
of IPM principles and practices, request the ATTRA publication Biointensive Integrated Pest Manage-
ment.
Some of the techniques used in intensive small-grain production—such as narrow rows, thicker-
than-normal stands, and tram lines (an uplanted strip used to drive on, which allows precision appli-
cation of inputs)—also provide benefits to farmers who do not use synthetic chemicals and fertilizers.
However, these intensive practices may increase disease incidence.
Some disease problems can be minimized with resistant cultivars and variety mixing. Variety
mixing involves planting several different small-grain varieties in a mixture, each with a different type
of disease resistance. Mixed fields may lose individual varieties to specific pests or diseases, but the
chance of total crop failure is greatly reduced. Alternatively, a grower could decide to plant different
3. //ORGANIC SMALL GRAIN PRODUCTION PAGE 3
fields of separate varieties. Under this system, a specific pest or disease may ruin one field but not
affect the others.
Weed Management
Weed control strategies in organic small grains include crop rotation and a limited amount of
mechanical cultivation. The narrow-row spacing associated with drilled grains affords significant crop
competition with weeds. However, rotation to other crops is still necessary to break weed life cycles.
Continuous small-grain cropping creates a haven for weeds with similar ecological niches (e.g., cool-
season grasses, buttercup, and others). Including a late-spring-planted crop such as sunflower or
proso millet into the winter-wheat fallow system reduced winter-annual grass weeds such as downy
brome and jointed goatgrass in a Kansas dryland study (5). Unlike row crops, in which weed control
can be obtained through cultivation, drilled crops are less conducive to mechanical weed control.
Harrowing or rotary hoeing can help reduce weed problems but it can only be done lightly when the
small grain is a few inches high, and weeds have germinated but not emerged. For more details on
weed management, request the ATTRA publication Principles of Sustainable Weed Management for Crop-
lands.
Marketing
Though organic small grains carry significant price premiums (Table 1), marketing them differs in
many ways from conventional marketing. Unlike conventional grain production, where the grower
can deposit a whole harvest at the elevator, organic production is often done on contract to a specific
buyer. The organic market is typically made
up of many buyers who have small indi-
vidual supply needs. Even the largest buy-
ers usually cannot take a whole year’s sup-
ply of a particular crop all at once, but may
need a lesser amount every month. Conse-
quently, it is often necessary for the organic
producer to have grain storage capacity.
Like all specialty markets, the organic
market is small and easily oversupplied, and
premiums are not stable. It’s generally
worthwhile for organic farmers to invest in
storage facilities. If you can store it, you can
make money by keeping up with the market
and selling when shortages occur and the
price rises (as long as you don’t store until quality deteriorates). Since every day of storage costs
money, it’s to your advantage to set a date by which the buyer has to accept the grain or begin paying
you for storage. An alternative is to contract with a buyer who has storage set aside for specialty
grains.
Contracting with a trader is often the only way to sell organic products or alternative crops that
lack established market channels. Both producer and buyer need to carefully consider all terms of the
contract before signing. Understanding the standards and terms specified is vital. For example,
farmers need to understand that grading standards for grains destined for human consumption are
higher than standards for feed grains, resulting in higher dockage when cleaned (6). The producer, in
particular, should learn about the legal aspects of contract production and know what his or her
options for legal recourse are in case a buyer violates the agreement. For more comprehensive details
on organic grain marketing, request the ATTRA publication Marketing Organic Grains.
Grain Low High
— $/bushel —
Durum wheat 5.00 8.00
Hard red spring wheat 5.00 7.65
Hard red winter wheat 4.75 6.05
Soft red wheat 4.35 5.50
Soft white wheat 5.25 6.50
Rye 3.50 4.50
Table 1. Organic small grain prices
February 2003 (7).
4. //ORGANIC SMALL GRAIN PRODUCTIONPAGE 4
References
1) Boone, Nathan (ed.). 1999. Organic Wheat Production Handbook. Kernal of Life, Santa Fe,
NM. 60 p.
Available for $10 ppd from:
Kernel of Life, c/o Tom Seibel
HCR 67, Box 81
Anton Chico, NM 87711
505-427-1132
E-mail: seibel@plateautel.net
2) Kirschenmann, F. 1988. Switching to a Sustainable System: Strategies for Converting from
Conventional/Chemical to Sustainable/Organic Farming Systems. The Northern Plains Sus-
tainable Agriculture Society (NPSAS). 18 p.
Available for $7.50 ppd. from:
Northern Plains Sustainable Agriculture Society
9824 79th
Street, S.E.
Fullerton, ND 58441-9725
701-883-4304
http://www.npsas.org
E-mail: tpnpsas@drtel.net
3) Kirschenmann, F. 1997. Transition Notebook. The Northern Plains Sustainable Agriculture
Society. Available for $27.95 from reference 1) above.
4) Lampkin, Nicholas. 1990. Organic Farming. Diamond Farm Books. Alexandria Bay, NY.
701 p.
Available for $49.95 + $4.50 shipping and handling from:
Diamond Farm Books
P.O. Box 537
Alexandria Bay, NY 13607
613-475-3848
800-305-5138
http://www.diamondfarm.com
5) Lyon, D.L., and D.D. Baltensperger. 1995. Cropping systems control winter annual grass
weeds in winter wheat. Journal of Production Agriculture. Volume 8, Number 4. p. 535–539.
6) Stearns, Larry, and David L. Watt. 1993. Northern Plains Organic Crops Marketing Analysis:
Wheat, Oats, Sunflower. Agricultural Economics Report No. 293. Department of Agricultural
Economics-Agricultural Experiment Station. North Dakota State University.
7) Organic Food Business News FAX Bulletin
Hotline Printing and Publishing
P.O. Box 161132
Altamonte Springs, FL 32716
5. //ORGANIC SMALL GRAIN PRODUCTION PAGE 5
Enclosures
Anon. 1990. Kingmans farm—making a success of organic cereals. New Farmer and Grower.
Summer. p. 27–28.
Boone, Nathan. No date. Organic Wheat Production Handbook. Kernal of Life. Santa Fe, NM. 60
p. Title page and table of contents.
Cox, W.J. 1987. Intensive Management of Winter Wheat in New York. Cornell Cooperative Exten-
sion Service Fact Sheet 403.11. Cornell University, Ithaca, NY. 6 p.
Dobbs, Thomas, and Lisa Carr. 1997. Price comparisons for organic crop products. Economics
Commentator (South Dakota State University). No. 374. April 16. p. 1–3.
Duval, Jean. No date. Mechanical weed control in cereals. McGill University EAP Publication - 72.
10 p.
Gerard, Robert. 2001. Making organic wheat work. ACRES USA. March. p. 1, 9–11.
Meyer, D.W., and M. Badaruddin. 1985. Barley grain yields are increased by a previous legume
crop. Crop Production Guide. North Dakota Agricultural Association. p. 177–181.
Reznicek, Ed. 1992. Planning Crop Rotations. Sustainable Farming News. April. 10 p.
Samuel, A.M., and S.J. Guest. 1990. Effect of seed rates and within crop cultivation in organic
winter wheat. p. 49–54. In: BCPC Mono No. 45. Crop Protection in Organic and Low Input
Agriculture: Proceedings of a Symposium of the British Crop Protection Council. Cambridge,
UK.
Sinclair, Ann, and Britt Eustis. 1991. So you want to sell organic grains? The New Farm. Septem-
ber–October. p. 28–30.
Weill, A. 1990. Winter wheat: no-till, no-inputs. Sustainable Farming. Spring. p. 14–15.
Wilheim, H. 1991. Mechanical weed control systems in cereals and row crops. p. 23–24. In: Weed
Management in Sustainable Agriculture. Proceedings of the Fifth Annual REAP Conference.
McDonald College, Quebec.
Willis, H. 1990. Oats. Acres, U.S.A. March. p. 19–20.
By Preston Sullivan, NCAT Agriculture Specialist
Edited by Paul Williams
Formatted by Gail Hardy
Version 022206
The electronic version of Organic Small Grain
Production is located at:
HTML
http://www.attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/smallgrain.html
PDF
http://www.attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/PDF/smallgrain.pdf
CT160/178