This document provides an overview of the petroleum system of the Bengal Basin, which covers Bangladesh and parts of India. It discusses the basin's geological setting, stratigraphy, tectonic evolution, and three petroleum provinces - the Eastern Fold Belt, Central Foredeep, and Northwestern Stable Shelf/Platform. The key points are:
- The Bengal Basin was formed during the breakup of Gondwanaland in the Cretaceous period.
- It has over 20km of sedimentary deposits and multiple petroleum systems in Miocene sands.
- The Eastern Fold Belt contains the majority of Bangladesh's gas fields in structures like anticlines.
- The Central Foredeep is also
This document summarizes the major geology and stratigraphy of Pakistan. It outlines the four major basins: Upper Indus Basin, Middle Indus Basin, Lower Indus Basin, and Baluchistan Basin. For each basin, it lists the geological groups in order of age, providing the name, type locality, lithology, and age. It describes over 50 geological groups spanning from Precambrian to Pleistocene ages. The groups consist of formations of shale, limestone, sandstone, conglomerate, and other sedimentary and volcanic rocks.
Its all about the summary of what geological episodes happened in the past that results in existence of Pakistan. And then discussion about main segments and main features of Pakistan.
This document summarizes the source and reservoir rocks found in the major sedimentary basins of Pakistan. It discusses that the primary source rocks in the Upper Indus Basin include the Paleocene Patala Formation. Potential reservoirs in this basin include sandstones and carbonates from the Cambrian to Eocene. In the Lower Indus Basin, the Cretaceous Sember and Paleocene Ranikot formations are the main source rocks, with reservoirs found in the Lower Goru Sands and Habib Rahi limestone. The document briefly outlines source and reservoir rocks in the Balochistan Basin, noting it is the least explored.
The Deccan Traps formed during the late Cretaceous period through volcanic eruptions in western, central, and southern India. The eruptions resulted in enormous lava flows that covered over 1.5 million square kilometers. The lava cooled to form thick basalt deposits in some places over 3000 meters thick. The Deccan Traps are classified into upper, middle, and lower sections. They overlie various older rock formations and contain intertrappean beds. The volcanic rocks mainly consist of basalt and have economic uses as building material and as a source of minerals.
This document provides an overview of the Central Indus Basin, a gas-prone geological province in Pakistan. It is divided into three units: the Punjab platform in the east, the longitudinally subsiding Sulaiman depression in the center, and the folded Sulaiman fold belt in the west near the collision zone. The region contains source rocks from the Cretaceous, Jurassic and Eocene periods. Important reservoir rocks include limestones from the Eocene, Paleocene and Cretaceous, with a total thickness of 1,500m. Seal rocks include marine and shallow marine mudstones. Traps formed from stratigraphic changes and faulting. Tectonics involved basement uplift and compression
The document summarizes the tectonics of Pakistan. It discusses that Pakistan lies at the intersection of three tectonic plates and is seismically active. It describes the major tectonic segments of Pakistan as the:
1) Chaman Transform Zone
2) Northern Collision Belt
3) Platform Areas
4) Subduction Complex Association of Balochistan
5) Ophiolites and Ophiolite Mélanges
It provides details on the structures, features, and rock sequences that characterize each of these tectonic segments.
To understand the General Tectonic setting of Pakistan which includes all tectonic segments and the currently active convergent boundaries present in Pakistan
This document summarizes fluvial depositional landforms. It begins with an introduction to stream deposition and fluvial landforms. It then discusses reasons for sediment deposition including changes in slope, flow obstructions, and sediment supply. Major landforms are classified and explained, including alluvial fans/cones, braided streams, meandering belts, point bars, backswamps, floodplains, natural levees, and river deltas. Specific features of each landform like bar formation and channel abandonment are described. The document concludes by noting the geological significance of these landforms and their use for cultivation.
This document summarizes the major geology and stratigraphy of Pakistan. It outlines the four major basins: Upper Indus Basin, Middle Indus Basin, Lower Indus Basin, and Baluchistan Basin. For each basin, it lists the geological groups in order of age, providing the name, type locality, lithology, and age. It describes over 50 geological groups spanning from Precambrian to Pleistocene ages. The groups consist of formations of shale, limestone, sandstone, conglomerate, and other sedimentary and volcanic rocks.
Its all about the summary of what geological episodes happened in the past that results in existence of Pakistan. And then discussion about main segments and main features of Pakistan.
This document summarizes the source and reservoir rocks found in the major sedimentary basins of Pakistan. It discusses that the primary source rocks in the Upper Indus Basin include the Paleocene Patala Formation. Potential reservoirs in this basin include sandstones and carbonates from the Cambrian to Eocene. In the Lower Indus Basin, the Cretaceous Sember and Paleocene Ranikot formations are the main source rocks, with reservoirs found in the Lower Goru Sands and Habib Rahi limestone. The document briefly outlines source and reservoir rocks in the Balochistan Basin, noting it is the least explored.
The Deccan Traps formed during the late Cretaceous period through volcanic eruptions in western, central, and southern India. The eruptions resulted in enormous lava flows that covered over 1.5 million square kilometers. The lava cooled to form thick basalt deposits in some places over 3000 meters thick. The Deccan Traps are classified into upper, middle, and lower sections. They overlie various older rock formations and contain intertrappean beds. The volcanic rocks mainly consist of basalt and have economic uses as building material and as a source of minerals.
This document provides an overview of the Central Indus Basin, a gas-prone geological province in Pakistan. It is divided into three units: the Punjab platform in the east, the longitudinally subsiding Sulaiman depression in the center, and the folded Sulaiman fold belt in the west near the collision zone. The region contains source rocks from the Cretaceous, Jurassic and Eocene periods. Important reservoir rocks include limestones from the Eocene, Paleocene and Cretaceous, with a total thickness of 1,500m. Seal rocks include marine and shallow marine mudstones. Traps formed from stratigraphic changes and faulting. Tectonics involved basement uplift and compression
The document summarizes the tectonics of Pakistan. It discusses that Pakistan lies at the intersection of three tectonic plates and is seismically active. It describes the major tectonic segments of Pakistan as the:
1) Chaman Transform Zone
2) Northern Collision Belt
3) Platform Areas
4) Subduction Complex Association of Balochistan
5) Ophiolites and Ophiolite Mélanges
It provides details on the structures, features, and rock sequences that characterize each of these tectonic segments.
To understand the General Tectonic setting of Pakistan which includes all tectonic segments and the currently active convergent boundaries present in Pakistan
This document summarizes fluvial depositional landforms. It begins with an introduction to stream deposition and fluvial landforms. It then discusses reasons for sediment deposition including changes in slope, flow obstructions, and sediment supply. Major landforms are classified and explained, including alluvial fans/cones, braided streams, meandering belts, point bars, backswamps, floodplains, natural levees, and river deltas. Specific features of each landform like bar formation and channel abandonment are described. The document concludes by noting the geological significance of these landforms and their use for cultivation.
This document summarizes sedimentary ore deposits, specifically banded iron formations (BIF). It discusses the processes that form different types of BIF, including Algoma and Superior types, as well as their geologic time distribution. The document also explains the role of microbial communities in the deposition of iron minerals and formation of BIF layers through anoxic iron redox cycling, including phototrophic Fe(II) oxidation and nitrate-dependent Fe(II) oxidation mediated by bacteria. Overall, the document provides an overview of the genesis and microbial influences on the formation of important economic BIF deposits in sedimentary environments.
Mechanical concentration forms placer deposits by separating heavy minerals from light ones using gravity and moving fluids like water or air. Placer deposits can form in various environments including along hill slopes (eluvial placers), in streams (alluvial placers), on beaches, and from wind (eolian placers). Key factors that influence concentration include differences in mineral density, size, shape, and the velocity of the moving fluid. Common minerals found in placer deposits include gold, platinum, tin, magnetite, and chromite due to their high density and resistance to weathering.
The document describes the Baluchistan basin located in Pakistan. It discusses the three main mountain ranges in the region, as well as the geological history and stratigraphy of the basin. The basin covers an area of about 300,000 sq km and presents a different geological history compared to the Indus basin, characterized by an arc-trench system from north to south where the Arabian oceanic plate is subducting beneath the Eurasian plate. The stratigraphy ranges from Cretaceous to recent periods, with older rocks exposed in the north and younger in the south.
The document summarizes ophiolites found in various locations in Pakistan. It describes the Dargai/Malakand ophiolites complex located near Peshawar, which consists of ultramafic tectonics, ultramafic cumulates, and mafic cumulates. It also discusses the Chilas Complex, a large mafic-ultramafic body associated with the Kohistan Arc, and the Jijal Complex, a Neo-Tethyan ophiolite. Finally, it briefly mentions the Indus Suture ophiolites that mark the boundary between the Indian and Eurasian plates in the central Himalayas.
The document summarizes key information about three sedimentary basins in western India:
1) The Kutch Basin formed in the Late Triassic due to rifting along the Delhi trend. It contains up to 3,000m of sediments from the Late Triassic to Early Cretaceous deposited in marine to deltaic environments.
2) The Saurashtra Basin lies north of proven Mumbai Offshore Basin and south of prospective Kutch Basin. It contains Mesozoic rocks and is covered by Deccan Traps, hindering exploration. Potential reservoirs include Cretaceous sandstones and Eocene-Miocene carbonates.
3) The Narmada Basin formed in the Early
This document summarizes information about the Eastern Dharwar Craton (EDC) region of India. The EDC covers around 450,000 square kilometers and contains several greenstone belts formed from volcanic and sedimentary rocks. It is bounded by mobile belts and separated from the Western Dharwar Craton by the Chitradurga Shear Zone. The EDC contains older gneissic basement rocks overlain by the Warangal Group and greenstone belts of the Dharwar Supergroup, along with the large Closepet Granite intrusion and regions metamorphosed to amphibolite and granulite facies.
Minerals are formed by changes in chemical energy in systems which contain one fluid or vapor phase. In nature, minerals are formed by crystallisation or precipitation from concentrated solutions. These solutions are called as ore-bearing fluids. Ore-bearing fluids are characterised by high concentration of certain metallic or other elements.
Fluids are the most effective agents for the transport of material in the mantle and the Earth's crust.
This technical paper provides an overview of the major sedimentary basins in India that contain hydrocarbon reserves. It divides the basins into four categories based on the status of hydrocarbon exploration and production. The key basins discussed in detail include the Assam Shelf Basin, Cambay Basin, Bombay Offshore Basin, and Krishna-Godavari Basin. For each basin, it summarizes the geological setting, stratigraphy, hydrocarbon source rocks and reservoir rocks. The paper provides a high-level technical summary of India's major sedimentary basins with proven oil and gas reserves.
The document summarizes the Krishna Godavari Basin located offshore of India. It describes the basin's tectonic evolution from the late Paleozoic to present day, including multiple rifting and drifting stages as India separated from Antarctica and collided with Eurasia. It also analyzes the basin's four petroleum systems and discusses evidence of natural gas hydrates found in the basin, including bottom-simulating reflectors indicating gas hydrate occurrence.
Sampling is used to estimate grades and contents of materials in a deposit. The objective is to do this in an unbiased, precise manner. There are different sampling methods depending on the type of deposit, including core drilling, channel sampling, and trench sampling. Samples are analyzed to determine their physical and chemical characteristics, which provides information about the deposit for resource evaluation and process design.
Presentation On Geology & stratigraphy of Barapukuria Coal MineMD HABIBULLAH
Barapukuria coal mine is run by the Barapukuria Coal Mining Company Limited. Barapukuria Coal Mining Company Limited is a subsidiary of the state owned Petrobangla. The mine is located in Dinajpur, this is the only active mine in Bangladesh.
Supergene enrichment occurs when oxidizing acids dissolve metal ions from near-surface parts of ore deposits and re-deposit them at depth, resulting in higher metal concentrations. This process forms distinct zones - an oxidized cap, a leached zone, and an enriched zone below the water table where metals precipitate under reducing conditions. Common effects include rendering shallow parts of deposits barren while concentrating metals into narrow, rich zones at depth through mineral alterations and redeposition. Examples of deposits formed or enriched by this process include many copper, lead, zinc, silver, and iron deposits globally.
The self-potential (SP) method is a passive geophysical technique that measures natural voltage potentials in the ground generated by electrochemical processes. It does not require injecting electric currents like resistivity and IP methods. SP has been used for mineral and groundwater exploration. Measurements are made at the surface using non-polarizing electrodes to detect subtle potential differences ranging from less than 1 mV to over 1 V. Anomalies are caused by electrokinetic, thermoelectric, electrochemical and mineralization potentials. SP is useful for mapping ore bodies, faults, water seepage and geothermal features. Interpretation of SP data considers polarity, amplitude and shape of anomalies to infer subsurface structures.
Coal bed methane with reference to indiaKiran Padman
Coal bed methane (CBM) refers to natural gas trapped in coal beds. CBM was previously considered a mining hazard but is now seen as a potential energy source. Global CBM production has increased in recent decades in countries like the US, Australia, and China. India has significant estimated CBM reserves of around 70 trillion cubic feet. While CBM development has faced challenges in India, it could help meet the country's growing energy demand and reduce reliance on imports. Enhanced recovery techniques using carbon dioxide injection may further increase CBM production potential in the future.
The Bastar Craton in central India covers an area of 130,000 square km and contains several important lithotectonic units from over 3 billion years ago. It is bounded by graben structures and mobile belts. The oldest unit is the Sukma Group dating to 3000 million years ago consisting of gneisses and iron formations. Younger granulite belts and sedimentary sequences include the Amgaon Group, Bengpal Group, and Sakoli Group indicating deposition between 2500-2600 million years ago. The Kotri-Dongargarh orogen contains the Bailadila iron formations and associated volcanic sequences like the Nandgaon Group dating to 2300 million years ago.
The document discusses lead and zinc deposits found in India. It describes the chief ores of lead (galena, cerussite, anglesite) and zinc (sphalerite, smithsonite). It then discusses several major lead-zinc deposits in India, including Rampura-Agucha and Zawar belts, characterized by stratabound sedimentary hosted deposits. Other deposits mentioned include Sargipalli and Mamandur, which also feature sedimentary hosted lead-zinc mineralization. The document provides details on the geology, mineralization, and genesis of these important deposits.
Kohat-Potwar Basin or Upper Indus Basinzeeshan Ahmad
The document summarizes the lithostratigraphy and hydrocarbon production of the Upper Indus Basin located in northern Pakistan between latitudes 32° and 34° N and longitudes 70° and 74° E. Sedimentation in the basin began in the Precambrian and included formations from the Cambrian through Miocene periods. The basin has produced oil and gas from various formations, with the major producing fields located in Karak, Kohat, Attock, and Chakwal districts. Several dry wells were also drilled in the basin.
This document discusses concepts related to well logging. It covers topics like borehole environment, fluid distribution around wells, invasion ratios for different porosity rocks, flushed and uninvaded zones, depth of investigation, formation resistivity, invasion and resistivity profiles, and provides examples of dual laterolog and induction logs through water-bearing and hydrocarbon-bearing zones. The document contains definitions of important parameters and concepts used in well logging and provides explanations for calculating invasion diameters and interpreting well log curves.
This document provides information on carbonate systems, including their formation processes, modern and ancient settings, controlling factors, and sedimentary facies. Carbonate sediment is formed through biological processes controlled by factors like temperature, salinity, and clastic sediment influx. Modern carbonates are found in warm-water, cool-water, and pelagic settings. Ancient carbonates developed on flooded continental shelves during high sea levels. Carbonate platforms, ramps, reefs, and other depositional environments are described.
The document summarizes the major tectonic units and geological history of Bangladesh. It describes how Bangladesh is divided into a stable Precambrian platform in the northwest and a geosynclinal basin in the southeast, separated by a hinge zone. It details how the Bengal Basin was formed by the collision of the Indian and Asian tectonic plates, resulting in the deposition of thick sedimentary layers over time from the folding of the Himalayas. The document also discusses ongoing neotectonic activity in the region like subsidence and uplift.
Tectonic Framework Tectonic Framework of Bengal Basin.pptxAlMamun560346
The document summarizes the major tectonic units and structural features of the Bengal Basin. It describes three main units: 1) the stable platform in the west-northwest, 2) the geosynclinal basin in the east-northeast, and 3) the hinge zone that separates the two. Within these units it outlines several structural provinces including the Rangpur saddle, stable shelf, hinge zone, Bengal Foredeep, and Chittagong-Tripura Fold Belt. It provides details on the structural characteristics and geological history of these various zones that make up the complex tectonic framework of the Bengal Basin.
This document summarizes sedimentary ore deposits, specifically banded iron formations (BIF). It discusses the processes that form different types of BIF, including Algoma and Superior types, as well as their geologic time distribution. The document also explains the role of microbial communities in the deposition of iron minerals and formation of BIF layers through anoxic iron redox cycling, including phototrophic Fe(II) oxidation and nitrate-dependent Fe(II) oxidation mediated by bacteria. Overall, the document provides an overview of the genesis and microbial influences on the formation of important economic BIF deposits in sedimentary environments.
Mechanical concentration forms placer deposits by separating heavy minerals from light ones using gravity and moving fluids like water or air. Placer deposits can form in various environments including along hill slopes (eluvial placers), in streams (alluvial placers), on beaches, and from wind (eolian placers). Key factors that influence concentration include differences in mineral density, size, shape, and the velocity of the moving fluid. Common minerals found in placer deposits include gold, platinum, tin, magnetite, and chromite due to their high density and resistance to weathering.
The document describes the Baluchistan basin located in Pakistan. It discusses the three main mountain ranges in the region, as well as the geological history and stratigraphy of the basin. The basin covers an area of about 300,000 sq km and presents a different geological history compared to the Indus basin, characterized by an arc-trench system from north to south where the Arabian oceanic plate is subducting beneath the Eurasian plate. The stratigraphy ranges from Cretaceous to recent periods, with older rocks exposed in the north and younger in the south.
The document summarizes ophiolites found in various locations in Pakistan. It describes the Dargai/Malakand ophiolites complex located near Peshawar, which consists of ultramafic tectonics, ultramafic cumulates, and mafic cumulates. It also discusses the Chilas Complex, a large mafic-ultramafic body associated with the Kohistan Arc, and the Jijal Complex, a Neo-Tethyan ophiolite. Finally, it briefly mentions the Indus Suture ophiolites that mark the boundary between the Indian and Eurasian plates in the central Himalayas.
The document summarizes key information about three sedimentary basins in western India:
1) The Kutch Basin formed in the Late Triassic due to rifting along the Delhi trend. It contains up to 3,000m of sediments from the Late Triassic to Early Cretaceous deposited in marine to deltaic environments.
2) The Saurashtra Basin lies north of proven Mumbai Offshore Basin and south of prospective Kutch Basin. It contains Mesozoic rocks and is covered by Deccan Traps, hindering exploration. Potential reservoirs include Cretaceous sandstones and Eocene-Miocene carbonates.
3) The Narmada Basin formed in the Early
This document summarizes information about the Eastern Dharwar Craton (EDC) region of India. The EDC covers around 450,000 square kilometers and contains several greenstone belts formed from volcanic and sedimentary rocks. It is bounded by mobile belts and separated from the Western Dharwar Craton by the Chitradurga Shear Zone. The EDC contains older gneissic basement rocks overlain by the Warangal Group and greenstone belts of the Dharwar Supergroup, along with the large Closepet Granite intrusion and regions metamorphosed to amphibolite and granulite facies.
Minerals are formed by changes in chemical energy in systems which contain one fluid or vapor phase. In nature, minerals are formed by crystallisation or precipitation from concentrated solutions. These solutions are called as ore-bearing fluids. Ore-bearing fluids are characterised by high concentration of certain metallic or other elements.
Fluids are the most effective agents for the transport of material in the mantle and the Earth's crust.
This technical paper provides an overview of the major sedimentary basins in India that contain hydrocarbon reserves. It divides the basins into four categories based on the status of hydrocarbon exploration and production. The key basins discussed in detail include the Assam Shelf Basin, Cambay Basin, Bombay Offshore Basin, and Krishna-Godavari Basin. For each basin, it summarizes the geological setting, stratigraphy, hydrocarbon source rocks and reservoir rocks. The paper provides a high-level technical summary of India's major sedimentary basins with proven oil and gas reserves.
The document summarizes the Krishna Godavari Basin located offshore of India. It describes the basin's tectonic evolution from the late Paleozoic to present day, including multiple rifting and drifting stages as India separated from Antarctica and collided with Eurasia. It also analyzes the basin's four petroleum systems and discusses evidence of natural gas hydrates found in the basin, including bottom-simulating reflectors indicating gas hydrate occurrence.
Sampling is used to estimate grades and contents of materials in a deposit. The objective is to do this in an unbiased, precise manner. There are different sampling methods depending on the type of deposit, including core drilling, channel sampling, and trench sampling. Samples are analyzed to determine their physical and chemical characteristics, which provides information about the deposit for resource evaluation and process design.
Presentation On Geology & stratigraphy of Barapukuria Coal MineMD HABIBULLAH
Barapukuria coal mine is run by the Barapukuria Coal Mining Company Limited. Barapukuria Coal Mining Company Limited is a subsidiary of the state owned Petrobangla. The mine is located in Dinajpur, this is the only active mine in Bangladesh.
Supergene enrichment occurs when oxidizing acids dissolve metal ions from near-surface parts of ore deposits and re-deposit them at depth, resulting in higher metal concentrations. This process forms distinct zones - an oxidized cap, a leached zone, and an enriched zone below the water table where metals precipitate under reducing conditions. Common effects include rendering shallow parts of deposits barren while concentrating metals into narrow, rich zones at depth through mineral alterations and redeposition. Examples of deposits formed or enriched by this process include many copper, lead, zinc, silver, and iron deposits globally.
The self-potential (SP) method is a passive geophysical technique that measures natural voltage potentials in the ground generated by electrochemical processes. It does not require injecting electric currents like resistivity and IP methods. SP has been used for mineral and groundwater exploration. Measurements are made at the surface using non-polarizing electrodes to detect subtle potential differences ranging from less than 1 mV to over 1 V. Anomalies are caused by electrokinetic, thermoelectric, electrochemical and mineralization potentials. SP is useful for mapping ore bodies, faults, water seepage and geothermal features. Interpretation of SP data considers polarity, amplitude and shape of anomalies to infer subsurface structures.
Coal bed methane with reference to indiaKiran Padman
Coal bed methane (CBM) refers to natural gas trapped in coal beds. CBM was previously considered a mining hazard but is now seen as a potential energy source. Global CBM production has increased in recent decades in countries like the US, Australia, and China. India has significant estimated CBM reserves of around 70 trillion cubic feet. While CBM development has faced challenges in India, it could help meet the country's growing energy demand and reduce reliance on imports. Enhanced recovery techniques using carbon dioxide injection may further increase CBM production potential in the future.
The Bastar Craton in central India covers an area of 130,000 square km and contains several important lithotectonic units from over 3 billion years ago. It is bounded by graben structures and mobile belts. The oldest unit is the Sukma Group dating to 3000 million years ago consisting of gneisses and iron formations. Younger granulite belts and sedimentary sequences include the Amgaon Group, Bengpal Group, and Sakoli Group indicating deposition between 2500-2600 million years ago. The Kotri-Dongargarh orogen contains the Bailadila iron formations and associated volcanic sequences like the Nandgaon Group dating to 2300 million years ago.
The document discusses lead and zinc deposits found in India. It describes the chief ores of lead (galena, cerussite, anglesite) and zinc (sphalerite, smithsonite). It then discusses several major lead-zinc deposits in India, including Rampura-Agucha and Zawar belts, characterized by stratabound sedimentary hosted deposits. Other deposits mentioned include Sargipalli and Mamandur, which also feature sedimentary hosted lead-zinc mineralization. The document provides details on the geology, mineralization, and genesis of these important deposits.
Kohat-Potwar Basin or Upper Indus Basinzeeshan Ahmad
The document summarizes the lithostratigraphy and hydrocarbon production of the Upper Indus Basin located in northern Pakistan between latitudes 32° and 34° N and longitudes 70° and 74° E. Sedimentation in the basin began in the Precambrian and included formations from the Cambrian through Miocene periods. The basin has produced oil and gas from various formations, with the major producing fields located in Karak, Kohat, Attock, and Chakwal districts. Several dry wells were also drilled in the basin.
This document discusses concepts related to well logging. It covers topics like borehole environment, fluid distribution around wells, invasion ratios for different porosity rocks, flushed and uninvaded zones, depth of investigation, formation resistivity, invasion and resistivity profiles, and provides examples of dual laterolog and induction logs through water-bearing and hydrocarbon-bearing zones. The document contains definitions of important parameters and concepts used in well logging and provides explanations for calculating invasion diameters and interpreting well log curves.
This document provides information on carbonate systems, including their formation processes, modern and ancient settings, controlling factors, and sedimentary facies. Carbonate sediment is formed through biological processes controlled by factors like temperature, salinity, and clastic sediment influx. Modern carbonates are found in warm-water, cool-water, and pelagic settings. Ancient carbonates developed on flooded continental shelves during high sea levels. Carbonate platforms, ramps, reefs, and other depositional environments are described.
The document summarizes the major tectonic units and geological history of Bangladesh. It describes how Bangladesh is divided into a stable Precambrian platform in the northwest and a geosynclinal basin in the southeast, separated by a hinge zone. It details how the Bengal Basin was formed by the collision of the Indian and Asian tectonic plates, resulting in the deposition of thick sedimentary layers over time from the folding of the Himalayas. The document also discusses ongoing neotectonic activity in the region like subsidence and uplift.
Tectonic Framework Tectonic Framework of Bengal Basin.pptxAlMamun560346
The document summarizes the major tectonic units and structural features of the Bengal Basin. It describes three main units: 1) the stable platform in the west-northwest, 2) the geosynclinal basin in the east-northeast, and 3) the hinge zone that separates the two. Within these units it outlines several structural provinces including the Rangpur saddle, stable shelf, hinge zone, Bengal Foredeep, and Chittagong-Tripura Fold Belt. It provides details on the structural characteristics and geological history of these various zones that make up the complex tectonic framework of the Bengal Basin.
Regional Tectonic Features, Processes and elements.Rukaia Aktar
The presentation mainly focus on the Bengal basin. It's features, tectonic processes and the elements of provinces of the basins. And also have the information of today's active tectonic and neotectonics.
The document describes the major sedimentary basins of Pakistan, including their geological histories and structural configurations. It discusses two main basins: the Indus Basin, which is divided into upper and lower sub-basins, and the Balochistan Basin. The Indus Basin evolved over time due to the interaction of the Indian and Eurasian tectonic plates and contains a variety of depositional environments ranging from shallow marine to fluvial. Key structural features such as the Sargodha High influenced sedimentation patterns within the basin.
Topography and sediments of the floor of the Bay of BengalMd Hasan Tareq
The Bay of Bengal exhibits a diverse and complex topography on its seafloor, characterized by deep trenches, abyssal plains, submarine canyons, seamounts, and volcanic ridges.
The topography is influenced by tectonic processes, sediment accumulation from the Himalayas, and river transport.
The sediment distribution patterns in the Bay of Bengal are influenced by various factors, including river inputs, ocean currents, and seafloor topography.
Developing Conceptual Aquifer Geometry, Structural Geological Control and Pos...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Applied Geology and Geophysics (IOSR-JAGG) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Applied Geology and Geophysics. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Applied Geology and Geophysics. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
The document provides an overview of the geology and tectonic history of the Western Offshore Basin in India. Some key points:
1) The basin developed through Mesozoic rifting as the Indian plate drifted northward away from other Southern Hemisphere plates between the Permian and Late Cretaceous periods.
2) Significant structural features include uplifted regions, grabens formed from failed rifts, and the Narmada lineament.
3) From the Eocene through Miocene, carbonate platforms intermittently developed on shelves around India, but were later smothered by an influx of sediments from the rising Himalayas as the Indian plate collided with Eurasia.
Structural Tectonics and Petroleum System of Krishna Godaveri BasinFUCKAGAIN
The document provides information on the structural tectonics and petroleum system of the Krishna Godavari Basin located in India. It discusses the formation of sedimentary basins through tectonic processes. The Krishna Godavari Basin is described as a proven oil-producing basin located along India's eastern coast. It has a thick sedimentary fill up to 5 km deposited over multiple cycles from the Late Carboniferous to the Pleistocene. The basin experienced rifting and subsidence resulting in a horst-graben system filled with sediments. It contains four petroleum systems ranging from Pre-Trappean to Post-Trappean, with source rocks including the Kommugudem Formation and reservoirs
This document provides information about geology and the geological timescale of Bangladesh. It begins with definitions of geology and describes Bangladesh's geology as being characterized by rapid subsidence and the deposition of thick deltaic sediments. It then discusses the geological timescale and maps the major eras, periods, and epochs represented in Bangladesh. The major geological formations in Bangladesh are also outlined, including alluvium, Pleistocene terraces, and Miocene and Paleogene formations. Finally, the importance of geology and geological timescales to geography is discussed, in terms of understanding resource distribution, land usage, and environmental and planetary history.
The document summarizes the major cratons found in India, including the Dharwar, Bastar, Singhbhum, Bundelkhand, and Aravalli cratons. It describes the geographic distribution, rock types, ages, and tectonic evolution of each craton. Key events in the evolution of the Indian cratons included continental crust formation over 3 billion years ago, greenstone belt formation and granite intrusion between 2.8-2.5 billion years ago, and collision and deformation between 3-2 billion years ago.
The document provides information on the major geological divisions or cratons of India. It discusses five main cratons - Dharwar, Bastar, Singhbhum, Bundelkhand, and Aravalli. For each craton, it provides details on their location, key rock units, structural features, and tectonic evolution. It also briefly summarizes the economic deposits found within the Aravalli craton, including lead-zinc, gypsum, marble, and others.
The document provides an overview of the Bundelkhand Craton located in central India. It discusses the main components that make up the craton, including enclave suites of supracrustal rocks within orthogneisses, Bundelkhand granite associated with quartz reefs and rare felsic volcanics, and mafic dyke swarms. It also describes the tectonic evolution of the craton and presence of shear zones. Significant features of the Bundelkhand Craton are that it is composed predominantly of felsic igneous rocks indicating collision-related magmatism around 2700 to 2500 million years ago and contains various economically important minerals.
The document summarizes the tectonic framework of India in 3 broad divisions - Peninsular India, Extra-Peninsular India, and the Indo-Gangetic Plain. Peninsular India comprises the Indian shield and its sedimentary basins, and is further divided into the shield areas, mobile belts, and Proterozoic sedimentary basins. Extra-Peninsular India includes the Himalayan mountain ranges, divided into the Lesser Himalayan zone, Central Crystalline zone, and Tethyan zone. The Indo-Gangetic Plain is a deep crustal trough in northern India filled with Quaternary sediments.
The document discusses the Phanerozoic stratigraphy of sedimentary basins in India. It describes several types of basins that developed through the Phanerozoic due to tectonic evolution, including intra-cratonic rift basins, rift-passive margin basins, foreland and foredeep basins, subduction-related/accretionary basins, and collisional basins. Specific examples of each type are provided, such as the Gondwana basins, Kutch-Saurashtra basins, and Cambay basin for intra-cratonic rift basins. The development of sedimentary basins along India's east coast opening due to sea floor
The document provides an overview of the Kutch Basin in India, including its geological history, stratigraphy, exploration status, and hydrocarbon potential. The basin formed during the breakup of eastern and western Gondwanaland and covers an area of 71,000 sq km. Exploration has found good source rocks and reservoirs capable of trapping hydrocarbons. Three discoveries have been made, indicating the basin is petroliferous. Future potential lies in fault-associated structures on land and deep-sea fan deposits offshore.
This document summarizes a study on the Neogene siliciclastic sequences in the Arakan Coastal Ranges of western Myanmar. Through detailed outcrop mapping, facies analysis, and provenance studies, the authors aimed to better understand basin evolution and provide insights into the tectonic evolution of the Himalaya-Bengal system. Key findings include identification of submarine slope deposits and evidence for episodic uplift of the Himalayas recorded in the sedimentary sequences. Provenance data found indications of increasing erosion of the Himalayas over time. The basin evolution appears to have been controlled by subsidence over the continent-ocean boundary and oblique convergence, with sediment influx influenced by Himalayan
The Cambay Basin is an intracratonic rift graben located in northwest India that began forming following the Deccan Traps volcanic event in the late Cretaceous. The basin is filled with up to 8km of Tertiary sedimentary rocks. Major source rocks include the thick Cambay Shale deposited in the early Eocene during a transgression. Hydrocarbon reservoirs are found in the Olpad Formation, Hazad delta sands, and Miocene formations. Multiple petroleum plays exist, including those in the Paleocene-early Eocene, middle Eocene, and late Eocene-Oligocene sequences. The Cambay Shale is a prolific source of oil and gas in the
Similar to A description on the petroleum system of Bangladesh (20)
A report on wireline log interpretation with emphasis on hydrocarbon of Salda...Shahadat Saimon
The report focuses on wireline log interpretation of the Saldanadi structure, Bangladesh. Available data includes Gamma ray log, SP log, Density log, Neutron log and Resistivity log based on which lithology and hydrocarbon potentiality of the gas field is evaluated.
This document provides an overview of the Bangladesh Petroleum Exploration and Production Company Limited (BAPEX). It describes BAPEX's role in petroleum exploration and production in Bangladesh. It outlines BAPEX's key divisions and departments related to geology, geophysics, drilling, and laboratories. It also briefly discusses BAPEX's current gas field operations and production, seismic and drilling facilities, processing units, and laboratory capabilities. The purpose of the internship discussed in the document is to provide students experience in the practical functions and workflows of an exploration and production company like BAPEX.
Underground mining methods + swot analysis of maddhapara graniteShahadat Saimon
This document will provide information on two important topics of Mining.
One is the different methods used in underground mining along with underground mine anatomy and other is the SWOT (Strength, Weakness, Opportunity and Threat) analysis of Maddhapara Granite, Parbatipur, Dinajpur, Bangladesh.
Sedimentary basins are the depressions in the earth's crust where loose particles accumulate and finally lithified to form sedimentary rocks. Basins are particularly attractive to geoscientists from time immemorial due to the wealth hidden here in the form of oil, gas, coal etc. In this document you will find the types of basins, basin-fill types, methods of basin analysis and so on.
Unconventional petroleum resource potentiality in the bengal basinShahadat Saimon
Unconventional petroleum resource is rather a new term in the world of hydrocarbon where petroleum is extracted from the source rock itself without expecting any trap, reservoir and migration pathways. As of Bangladesh’s perspective, we have only been successful in exploiting structural traps (saying anticlinal traps would be more perfect). In this growing industrialization, exploring unconventional resources or new petroleum plays is a must to meet with the current demand, as Bangladesh is likely to run out of indigenous fuel by 2030s.
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths ForwardLeonel Morgado
We will metaverse into the essence of immersive learning, into its three dimensions and conceptual models. This approach encompasses elements from teaching methodologies to social involvement, through organizational concerns and technologies. Challenging the perception of learning as knowledge transfer, we introduce a 'Uses, Practices & Strategies' model operationalized by the 'Immersive Learning Brain' and ‘Immersion Cube’ frameworks. This approach offers a comprehensive guide through the intricacies of immersive educational experiences and spotlighting research frontiers, along the immersion dimensions of system, narrative, and agency. Our discourse extends to stakeholders beyond the academic sphere, addressing the interests of technologists, instructional designers, and policymakers. We span various contexts, from formal education to organizational transformation to the new horizon of an AI-pervasive society. This keynote aims to unite the iLRN community in a collaborative journey towards a future where immersive learning research and practice coalesce, paving the way for innovative educational research and practice landscapes.
ESPP presentation to EU Waste Water Network, 4th June 2024 “EU policies driving nutrient removal and recycling
and the revised UWWTD (Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive)”
hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skills
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...University of Maribor
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intelligent Systems.
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...Leonel Morgado
Thematic analysis in qualitative research is a time-consuming and systematic task, typically done using teams. Team members must ground their activities on common understandings of the major concepts underlying the thematic analysis, and define criteria for its development. However, conceptual misunderstandings, equivocations, and lack of adherence to criteria are challenges to the quality and speed of this process. Given the distributed and uncertain nature of this process, we wondered if the tasks in thematic analysis could be supported by readily available artificial intelligence chatbots. Our early efforts point to potential benefits: not just saving time in the coding process but better adherence to criteria and grounding, by increasing triangulation between humans and artificial intelligence. This tutorial will provide a description and demonstration of the process we followed, as two academic researchers, to develop a custom ChatGPT to assist with qualitative coding in the thematic data analysis process of immersive learning accounts in a survey of the academic literature: QUAL-E Immersive Learning Thematic Analysis Helper. In the hands-on time, participants will try out QUAL-E and develop their ideas for their own qualitative coding ChatGPT. Participants that have the paid ChatGPT Plus subscription can create a draft of their assistants. The organizers will provide course materials and slide deck that participants will be able to utilize to continue development of their custom GPT. The paid subscription to ChatGPT Plus is not required to participate in this workshop, just for trying out personal GPTs during it.
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...Sérgio Sacani
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptxMAGOTI ERNEST
Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
2. 1. Introduction
The Bengal basin is the largest fluvio-deltaic sedimentary system on Earth which is
located in the Himalayan foreland at the junction of the Indian, Eurasian and
Burmese plates. It is broadly divided into a stable shelf and a foredeep separated by
a deep seismic hinge zone. The narrow elongated hinge zone separates the thick
post Eocene sediments in the east from the shelf zone of the west. The Bengal
Basin covers whole of Bangladesh and part of India and it is bordered with three
sides by India and one small side (southeast) by Myanmar.
Bangladesh is located at the confluence of the Ganges, Meghna and Jamuna
(Brahmaputra) rivers. These great river systems have deposited more than 20 km
of sediments in the northern Bengal basin which comprises the greater part of
Bangladesh. This sedimentary stack hosts multiple petroleum systems whose
hydrocarbons are presently reserved mostly in Miocene sands. Bangladesh is
bordered to the west and northwest by Jurassic-early Cretaceous volcanic trap
rocks of the Rajmahal Hills which is underlain by Precambrian shield and
Gondwana sediments. On the northeast the basin is bordered by the Shillong
plateau where the shield reappears. The eastern border is formed by the Tertiary
Sylhet and Chittagong Hills, up to 2,000 ft high, which constitute part of the Indo-
Burman ranges. The tectonic and sedimentary history of Bangladesh is favorable
for hydrocarbon accumulation. The basin is an underexplored region of 207,000 sq
km where only 52 exploratory wells have been drilled with a success rate of more
than 30%. In addition to the folded belt in the east, where gas and some oil have
been found, the Garo-Rajmahal gap to the north and the deep sea fan to the south
merit detailed exploration using state of the art technology.
To determine the petroleum system of Bengal Basin we must evaluate the source
rock type, reservoir rock type, migration time and route, seal rock and trap. On the
other hand we should also be aware of the tectonic evolution and depositional
history of the basin.
3. Figure 1: Geographic location of the Bengal Basin.
Bengal Basin
INDIA
MYANMAR
BANGLADESH
4. 2.Geological Settings
Bangladesh as part of the Bengal basin was formed as a result of the late
Mesozoic fragmentation of eastern Gondwana on an Atlantic type margin along
the northeastern boundary of the Indian plate. The continental crust of the
Bengal basin is separated from the oceanic crust along a northeast-southwest
striking hinge zone marked by the Calcutta-Mymensingh gravity high.
The Geological setting of Bangladesh is described under the following
headings:
2.1 Tectonic Settings:
2.1.1 Formation of the Bengal Basin
The Bengal Basin in the northeastern part of the Indian subcontinent covers
Bangladesh, parts of West Bengal and Tripura States of India and the Bay of
Bengal. Collision of India with Eurasian plate caused uplift of the Himalaya.
Figure 2: Formation of the Himalaya and the Bengal Basin.
BB
5. During the Early Carboniferous time the supercontinent Pangaea formed.
During Late Carboniferous the Gondwanaland was fully covered by Ice and
deposition of Talchir boulder bed as glacier deposits. During Permian the great
extinction occurred and in Triassic period, Pangaea began to rift apart. During
the Late Cretaceous Pangaea finally started to break up and new Ocean (Tethys
Sea) began to open.
During Early Cretaceous Indian plate was being separated from the
Gondwanaland and thus formation of deeper part (new ocean) within the Indian
plate. During the periods of Late Jurassic to Late Cretaceous the Bengal Basin
was formed.
Figure 3: Breakup of Pangaea through Gondwanaland.
2.1.2 Tectonic Evolution of the Bengal Basin
The Bengal Basin has experienced a series of evolutionary phases throughout
its history of a very short geological time since the Permian. The basin didn’t
exist prior to the Cretaceous period. Instead its position was occupied by the
continental blocks of the Gondwanaland. The breakup of Gondwanaland began
6. by rifting along the edges of the continental India. Due to the counter clockwise
rotation of the Indian Plate, at some time after the initial collision with Tibet the
ocean basin in the east gradually began to close in a northeast to southwest
(oblique subduction) direction. As a result, the remnant basin was left in the
early Neogene as a remnant ocean basin and continued with this status till the
end of the Miocene period.
Figure 4: Evolutionary phases of Bengal Basin from Permian to Recent.
Plate tectonic evolution of the Bengal Basin is directly related to the
development of the northern Indian Ocean starting with the intercontinental
break up of eastern Gondwanaland (India, Australia and Antarctica) and
ultimate collision of the Indian plate with the Tibetan and Burma plates. It is
believed that India rifted from the combined Antarctica-Australia part of
Gondwanaland and began its spectacular journey initially north-westward and
then northward, sometimes in Early Cretaceous.
The tectonic evolution of the Bengal Basin can be divided into four major
stages such as:-
a) Syndrift stage: During Permo-Carboniferous time the north western part of
Bangladesh was a part of the eastern Gondwana which included India, Australia
and Antarctica. The south-eastern part of Bangladesh did not exist in that time
(Fig 5A).
7. b) Drifting stage: In Early Cretaceous time the Gondwana started to break up
by rifting along the edges of the continental India, Africa, Australia; then India
started to separate from combined Australia and Antarctica. The Bengal Basin
was initiated during this time (Cretaceous) with the rifting of the Indian plate
from Antarctica (Fig 5B).
c) Soft collision stage: India made its spectacular rapid northward drift during
the period of time from Late Cretaceous to the end of Paleocene. In Mid-
Paleocene about 59Ma soft collision occurs between the northwest corner of the
Indian Shield and South Tibet (Fig 5C).
d) Hard collision stage: By Mid Eocene about 44 Ma hard continent-continent
collision related to the Himalayan orogeny commenced. The Bengal Basin
became a remnant ocean basin at the beginning of Miocene because of the
continuing oblique subduction of India beneath the southeast extrusion of
Burma. The deep basinal part and the present Chittagong-Tripura Fold Belt of
the Bengal Basin started to act as active sediment depocenter (Fig 5D).
Figure 5: Stages of the development of Bengal Basin.
A
DC
B
8. 2.1.3 Tectonic Elements in and around Bengal Basin
The Bengal basin is divided generally into three major tectonic units:
Stable platform in the west-northwest.
Geosynclinal basin in the east-northeast.
The third unit, a narrow northeast – southwest trending zone which is
known as Hinge zone that separates the two units.
The Bengal Basin has three distinct geo-tectonic provinces:
A) Passive to extensional cratonic margin in the west, the Stable Shelf Province
B) The Central Deep Basin Province or the remnant basin and
C) The subduction-related orogen in the east, the Chittagong-Tripura Fold Belt
(CTFB) Province.
Figure 6: Tectonic elements in and around Bangladesh.
A
B
C
Stable shelf
Central foredeep Eastern fold belt
9. 2.2 Stratigraphy:
The sedimentary history of Bangladesh commenced in the late Paleozoic and
includes four lithostratigraphic units deposited during the major stages of basin
development. A maximum sediment thickness of more than 20 km accumulated
from source areas that include all of the basinal margins. The eastern margin
evolved through plate convergence, overthrusting and wrench fault tectonics. The
tectonic development of the northern margin of Bangladesh is complicated by its
proximity to several major faults such as the Dauki fault which divides the passive
southern side with successive prograding Tertiary delta systems that push the
shoreline to the south and west. The offshore is tectonically stable and may be
underlain by oceanic crust. Stratigraphic sections for eastern and western
Bangladesh showing tectonic history is given below:
10. The depositional and stratigraphic history of Bengal Basin is distictively different
from west to east. So different parts of the basin show different stratigraphic
succesions. In the northwestern platformal shelf area a succesion ranging in time
from Permian to Holocene is encountered but other part of the basin sediments
deposited mainly in Cenozoic time.
Figure 7: Generalized stratigraphy of three tectonic zones of the Bengal Basin
(modified after Imam and Hussain, 2002).
11. Bangladesh has proven and probable gas reserves of approximately 21.5 Trillion
Cubic Feet (TCF) and recoverable gas reserves of 12.5 TCF mostly concentrated in
the Sylhet and Chittagong district in the eastern fold belt. Hydrocarbons discovered
in Bangladesh are trapped in Mio-Pliocene delta sediments associated with
elongated, north-south faulted anticlines, in front of the Indo-Burman ranges, in
Sylhet and Chittagong Hill districts and the eastern bordering belt of the Bengal
basin.
3.Petroleum systems on different tectonic
elements of the Bengal Basin
Based on differences in tectonic style, basin evolution and sedimentation
history, the Bangladesh part of the Bengal Basin can be divided into three
petroleum provinces: (Fig 6).
The Eastern Fold Belt
The Central Foredeep and
The NW Stable Shelf/Platform
The total hydrocarbon systems of these provinces are summarized and are
discussed briefly in turn below.
3.1 The Eastern Fold Belt:
The Fold Belt is the richest hydrocarbon province in the country. Of the 22
gasfields so far discovered 18 are located in this zone. The Fold Belt represents
the westernmost part of the Indo-Burman Orogen and was formed as a result of
subduction of the Indian Plate beneath the Burmese plate. The Bangladesh
portion of the Fold Belt trends north-south for some 450km and is up to 150km
wide.
Source Rock and Migration
Almost all the wells so far drilled in the Fold Belt have been confined to the
Surma Group which is represented by thick and monotonous repetitive
sequences of sandstone and shale. Only a handful of deep wells have penetrated
the upper part of the underlying Oligocene Barail Group. However, the shale-
dominated Jenum Formation in the middle of the Barail Group is considered to
12. be a major source rock in adjacent Assam. The formation has also been
recognized as a source rock in Bangladesh (Khan et al., 1988).
The suggestion by Leitz and Kabir (1982) that Eocene Kopili Shales are a
potential source of hydrocarbons in the Surma Group may be disputed for a
number of reasons including the fact that potential Eocene source beds are
buried deeply and may be overmature and also that traps were formed during
the Pliocene, long after the maturation of the Eocene source beds (Shamsuddin
et al., 2001).
The monotonous and repetitive alternations of sandstones and shales in the
Miocene– Pliocene Surma Group comprise excellent reservoir-seal pairs in the
Fold Belt. In general, the sandstones of the Surma Group show fairly good
porosities and permeabilities.
Trapping Mechanisms
The Fold Belt comprises a series of north-south trending folds with topographic
expression represented by anticlinal ridges and intervening synclinal valleys.
The anticlines provide excellent traps for hydrocarbons. Based on the intensity
of deformation the Fold Belt has been divided into two zones:
A western, gently-folded zone with relatively simple structures and
An eastern zone with more tightly-folded structures.
The western zone is characterized by narrow simple anticlines separated by
wide synclines. These structures are little affected by major faults. The intensity
of deformation and folding gradually decreases to the west; in fact the western-
most anticlines bordering the Foredeep lack any surface expression. Large
gasfields such as Titas, Bakhrabad, Habiganj, Kailashtila, Rashidpur and the
recently discovered Bibyana are located in this zone. In addition to the simple
anticlines in the shallow subsurface, a second set of anticlines have are also
been reported beneath the synclinal valleys in this zone (Murphy, 1988), raising
the prospect of hydrocarbon accumulations in synclinal areas as well.
By contrast large, high-relief, tighter folds with thrust faults characterize the
eastern zone. The length of individual structures ranges from less than 28km
(for example, the Barkal anticline) to over 150km (the Bandarban anticline)
with the majority of the structures ranging from 45 to 55km. The intensity of
the faulting generally increases to the east. Because of thrusting and massive
faulting associated with intense tectonic deformation the hydrocarbon prospect
of these anticlines is relatively poor.
13. The majority of the wells so far drilled in Bangladesh encountered overpressure
zones in the Bhuban Formation (Surma Group) at depths ranging from less than
1,000m (Patharia-5) to 4,500m (Muladi-1). Although overpressure zones are
known to host prolific hydrocarbon reserves in many parts of the World their
status in Bangladesh is not adequately known since they have been tested by
only a few wells.
3.2 The Central Foredeep:
The Central Foredeep (Bengal Foredeep) is bounded by the Hinge Zone to the
west and the Fold Belt to the east (Fig. 6). The Foredeep covers approximately
110,000 sq. km. of which half is offshore (Reimann, 1993) and contains a
sedimentary pile over 20km thick. The width of the Foredeep ranges from
200km in the north to more than 500km in the south in the Bay of Bengal
(down to about 200m water depth). At the southern margin of the basin is the
present-day Ganges-Brahmaputra delta. The Foredeep contains four gasfields.
Although not as intensely explored as the Fold Belt the region has recently
become the focus of increased exploration activities.
Source Rock and Migration
As in the fold belt Neogene sediments in the Foredeep are poor in organic
content and are immature to mildly mature. The Muladi-1 well south of Dhaka
penetrated a total depth of 4,732m through the Upper Miocene Surma Group.
The TOC content of the shales in this well ranges from 0.24% to 0.48%. Except
for a few sapropelic intervals the organic matter is predominantly humic Type
III kerogen. Vitrinite reflectance values range from 0.38% at a depth of 1,516m
to 0.65% at 4,532m indicating that the bulk of the source rock is immature (this
data is from an unpublished Petrobangla well Report, 1978). Ismail and
Shamsuddin (1991) proposed that mature source beds for hydrocarbons in the
Foredeep lie in generative depressions such as Hatia Trough at depths ranging
from 5,400m to 10,000m. The source potential of Oligocene sediments in the
Foredeep area is not known because no wells have penetrated the sequence. The
migration of hydrocarbons in the Foredeep is generally vertical along fractures.
Neogene sediments in the Foredeep are characterized by excellent reservoir
quality sandstones. The sandstones are texturally mature, fine- to medium
grained lithic arenites with little clay matrix. In the deeper subsurface (>2,500
m) the reservoir sands are cemented with quartz, calcite and kaolinite (Imam
and Shaw, 1985). However the cementation is not pervasive and there is
evidence of solution and secondary porosity development in the deeper
reservoirs (Imam and Shaw, 1985; Imam, 1987).
15. Trapping Mechanisms
Compared to the Fold Belt area the Foredeep is tectonically much less
disturbed. Except for deep-lying basement-controlled faults and very gentle,
low relief folds with narrow closures recognized from seismic data (Salt et al.,
1986; Murphy, 1988), no other structures have been reported in this zone. The
anticlines are usually larger in the SW part of the delta and also offshore
(Petrobangla, 2000).
Mud or sand-filled channels and incised valleys are common in the Bhuban and
Bokabil Formations (Lee et al., 2001). Eliet et al. (1999) suggested that these
channels are formed either by head-ward erosion of submarine canyons or
lowstand subaerial incision of valleys by channel networks. When filled with
sand they form excellent stratigraphic traps (i.e. at Bibiyana); on the other hand,
when filled with shale they can form seals (i.e. Jalalabad: Lee et al., 2001).
3.3 The NW stable shelf/ platform:
The western flank of the Bengal Basin is occupied by two tectonic elements.
The Foreland Shelf also known as the Bogra Stable Shelf and
The Hinge Zone.
The Bogra Stable Shelf is a gently SE-dipping epeirogenic platform, about
60km to 130km wide. The Shelf is bounded in the NW by the Dinajpur Shield
and extends SW into the Indian State of West Bengal. It has undergone little or
no tectonic deformation. Only four exploratory wells (Kuchma, Bogra-1,
Bogra-2 and Singra) have so far been drilled in this region. Although some oil
and gas shows were noted but no commercial discoveries have been reported.
Rocks ranging in age from Permian to Recent are present on the Bogra Shelf.
The Shelf is also characterized by the presence of a number of block-faulted
basins (Gondwana Basins) filled with Upper Carboniferous (?) - Permian
Gondwanan strata overlain by Cretaceous to Neogene clastics and minor
carbonates (Eocene Sylhet Limestone), interpreted as fluvial, deltaic and
shallow-marine facies (Salt et al., 1986).
The Hinge Zone (also known as the Eocene Hinge Zone) marks the Eocene
shelf edge and continental slope (Reimann, 1993). This NE-SW oriented zone is
up to 25km wide and marks the structural and depositional transition from the
Stable Shelf to the Foredeep to the SE. The Hinge Zone is covered by a recent
alluvial plain and is not exposed by surface structures. The hydrocarbon
16. prospects of the Hinge Zone are not adequately known, since the only well so
far drilled, Hazipur-1 proved to be dry.
Based on seismic data, Salt et al. (1986) suggested that the western part of the
Bengal Basin (including the Hinge Zone) has the potential for future
hydrocarbon discoveries especially in stratigraphic traps. The identification of
future prospects may depend on high-resolution seismic data and a
multidisciplinary approach.
The studies on the petroleum source rock of Bangladesh (e.g.,Alam and
Pearson, 1990, Shamsuddin and Abdullah, 1997; Shamsuddin et al., 2001 etc)
are confined to the northeastern portion of the Bengal basin mainly at Surma
basin. These works reveals few indications of effective petroleum source rocks
of the Bengal basin. According to Khan et al. (1988), Shamsuddin and
Abdullah, (1997) and Curiale et al. (2002); most of the gas was generated in the
Jenum Formation of the Barail Group. The Miocene Surma Group shale does
not contain enough organic matter to generate sufficient gas to form a gas pool
(Imam, 2005). But at southern part of the Bengal basin, the Bhuban Formation
has some organic rich shales from which some gas may have been generated
and migrated upward into present gas reservoirs (Ismail and Shamsuddin, 1991
and Curiale et al., 2002).
17. 4.Conclusion
The Bengal basin that initiated with the breakup of Gondwanaland in the late
Mesozoic is located in Bangladesh and three eastern states of India. Sediment
accumulates in the basin from the Ganges, Brahmaputra, and Meghna river
systems and is dispersed into the Bay of Bengal. The basin is laden with much
petroleum capability where rigorous works are going on. Three major tectonic
divisions of Bangladesh thereby constitute different source rock and reservoir rock
quality, trap formation and migration type and route.
The stable shelf region in the NW Bangladesh can be said to be unexplored
comparing with the other two parts. This region is also tectonically undisturbed
which has the potential for future hydrocarbon discoveries especially in
stratigraphic traps. The Central Foredeep region is also not explored as the Eastern
Folded Belt. Neogene (Surma groups) shales are potential source rock of the region
which is poorly matured. Neogene sandstone may be the potential reservoir rock
which is of excellent quality. Deep lying basement controlled faults and gentle
anticlines plays role as the trapping mechanism. On the other hand The Eastern
Fold Belt is the richest hydrocarbon province in the country. The shale dominated
Jenum Formation in the middle of the Barail Group and the Eocene Kopili Shales
are considered to be the major source rock in this region. The Fold belt comprises
NS trending anticlinal ridges and synclinal valleys. The anticlines play a vital role
in trapping the petroleum.
Bangladesh remains an underexplored sedimentary basin. Future exploration
targets should include the Garo-Rajmahal gap along with the Dauki-strike slip fault
to the north where a pull-apart or early failed-rift basin may exist. Additional
potential lies in the post rift delta complex and the deep sea fan to the south.
18. References
Abdullah, R., Yeasmin, R., Ameen, S.M., Khanam, F., Bari, Z., June 2015, 2D
Structural Modelling and Hydrocarbon Potentiality of the Sitakund Structure,
Chittagong Tripura Fold Belt, Bengal Basin, Bangladesh; Journal of the
Geological Society of India, vol. 85, p. 697-705.
Alam, I., December 12, 2011, Petrofacies and Paleotectonic Evolution of
Permo-Carboniferous Gondwanan Sequences of the Bengal Basin, Bangladesh,
A thesis submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Auburn University, Auburn,
Alabama.
Alam, N., Nakayama, K., Toshifumi, M., Yohroh, T., 2006, Petroleum System
of Bengal Basin in Bangladesh, 6th
International Conference & Exposition on
Petroleum Geophysics, Kolkata.
Chowdhury, Abu N., 1995, Tectonics & Petroleum Prospects in Bangladesh,
Oil & Gas Journal.
Curiale, J. A., Covington, G. H., Shamsuddin, A. H. M., Morelos, J. A., &
Shamsuddin, A. K. M., 2002, Origin of petroleum in Bangladesh, AAPG
bulletin, 86(4), p. 625-652.
Curray, J.R. & Moore, D.G., 1974, Sedimentary & Tectonic Processes in the
Bengal Deep Sea Fan and Geosyncline; Burke, C.A. & Drake, C.L. (eds.) , The
Geology of the Continental Margins, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, New York.
Detsch, J., November 14, 2014, Bangladesh: Asia's New Energy Superpower?,
The Diplomat. https://thediplomat.com/2014/11/bangladesh-asias-new-energy-
superpower/, (Accessed 26 June, 2018).
Evans, P., 1932, Tertiary Succession in Assam; Trans. Min. Geol. Inst., India,
vol. 27, p. 155-260.
Evans, P., 1934, The Tectonic Framework of Assam, Geol. Society of India
Journal, vol. 5, pp. 80-96.
Farhaduzzaman, Md., Abdullah, W.H., Islam, A., Petroleum Generation
Potential of Miocene Bhuban Shales, Bengal Basin, Bangladesh; ICERIE 2013,
11-13 January, SUST, Sylhet, Bangladesh.
19. Gazi, Y., Bijoy, S. A., Nahian, A. A., April 2017, A review of Shale Gas
Potentiality in Bangladesh, , vol. 5, issue. 2, International Journal of Geology,
Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, ISSN: 2348-0254.
Gustavson Associates, June, 2011, Final Updated Report On Bangladesh
Petroleum Potential and Resource Assessment 2010, Hydrocarbon unit, Energy
& Mineral Resources Division, People’s Republic of Bangladesh.
Imam, B., 1996; Mineral Resources of Bangladesh, Bangla Academy Press,
Dhaka.
Imam, B., Hussain, M., January 2002, A Review of Hydrocarbon Habitats in
Bangladesh, Journal of Petroleum Geology, vol. 25 (1), p. 31-52.
Khan, F.H., 1991, Geology of Bangladesh; The University Press Ltd., Dhaka.
Krishnan, M.S., 1982, Geology of India and Burma: CBS Publishers &
Distributors, Delhi.
Kumar, R., 1986, Fundamentals of Historical Geology & Stratigraphy of India:
Wiley Eastern Ltd., New Delhi.
Mcloughlin, S., 2001, The Breakup History of Gondwana and its Impact on
Pre-Cenozoic Floristic Provincialism, Aust. J. Bot, vol. 49, p. 271-300.
Mukherjee, A., Fryar, A., Thomas, W., March 31, 2009, Geologic, Geomorphic
and Hydrologic Framework and Evolution of the Bengal Basin, India and
Bangladesh, Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, vol. 34, issue. 3, p. 227-244.
Reimann, K.U., 1993, Geology of Bangladesh; Gebruder Borntraeger, Berlin.
Shamsuddin, A.H.M., Brown, T.A., Lee, S., and Cuiale, J., 2001. Petroleum
Systems of Bangladesh, Proceedings of the 13th SEAPEX Exploration
Conference, April, 2001, Singapore.
Shamsudin, A. H. M., Brown, T. A., Rickard, M., April 22, 2002, Oil & Gas
Journal, PennWell Corporation; Oklahoma, US.
Sinha, A., Prabhakar, V., Sharma, B. L., Ram, J., Rajkhowa, M. M., Srivastava,
D. K., Prasad, I.V.S.V., Singh, H., Singh, R. R., March 12, 2012, Source Rock
Evaluation and Petroleum System Modeling in a Part of Bengal Basin, India,
extended abstract presented at GEO-India, Greater Noida, New Delhi, India.