To study the variations of autonomic nervous system in hypertensive patients using a set of autonomic function tests
and to correlate cardiac autonomic function with Heart rate variability in hypertensives. Background: The pathophysiological mechanism for the development of hypertension is the lack of balance between sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system. Both Heart rate variability (HRV) and Autonomic function tests provide a tool to know the concept of autonomic modulation of heart. They also forms an index of cardiac autonomic regulation. Methods: The study included 50 hypertensive patients and 50 normotensive
subjects. All the subjects underwent for the analysis of heart rate variability in time domain (TD) and frequency domain and a set of autonomic function tests were done to assess the autonomic functions. These results were compared with age and sex matched controls (normotensives). The subjects were selected based on exclusion-inclusion criteria. Results: Results showed that S: L ratio, Valsalva ratio & Heart rate response to deep breathing test values were decreased in Hypertensives as compared to Normotensives (p<0.05).><0.05). Both the time domain and frequency domain values of HRV reduced significantly in hypertensives indicated that there is increased sympathetic activity and decreased parasympathetic activity. Conclusion: From this study, it is evident that Hypertension can alter the normal autonomic functions of the body and predisposes to autonomic neuropathy. Early and regular screening of these individuals is necessary to prevent any future complications.
To study the variations of autonomic nervous system in hypertensive patients using a set of autonomic
function tests. The study included 50 hypertensive patients and set of autonomic function tests were done to assess
the autonomic functions. These results were compared with age and sex matched controls (normotensives). The
subjects were selected based on exclusion-inclusion criteria. Hypertensives show abnormal values on autonomic
function testing, when compared with normotensives. The statistically significant differences were found between
hypertensives and normotensives in some autonomic function tests. The results were obtained using ANOVA and
student‘t’ –test, to study the significance of autonomic parameters. Results showed that there was significant
increase in the Heart rate response to standing. Valsalva ratio & Heart rate response to deep breathing test values
were decreased in Hypertensives as compared to Normotensives (p<0.05).><0.05).><0.05). From this study, it is evident that Hypertension can alter the normal
autonomic functions of the body and predisposes to autonomic neuropathy. Early and regular screening of these
individuals is necessary to prevent any future complications.
During this webinar sponsored by Finapres Medical Systems, Dr. Artur Fedorowski explains the physiology of syncope and orthostatic intolerance. He discusses the background behind the current guidelines, and advises on the practical skills required to perform a successful cardiovascular and autonomic workup from his extensive experience.
For more information, and to watch the webinar, please visit: https://insidescientific.com/webinar/cardiovascular-autonomic-testing-revisited-finapres
Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome – Overview and Focus on Non-Pharmac...InsideScientific
During this webinar, sponsored by Finapres Medical Systems, Satish Raj, MD MSCI and Kate Bourne, BSc from the University of Calgary will briefly overview POTS, including diagnostic criteria, common symptoms and highlights from a large patient community survey. Following, they will then outline some of the non-pharmacological approaches to the management of the patient with POTS. Throughout this webinar there will be particular emphasis on recent data on the hemodynamic and symptomatic benefits of compression garments in the patients with POTS.
For more information, please visit: https://insidescientific.com/webinar/postural-orthostatic-tachycardia-syndrome-overview-and-focus-on-non-pharmacological-approaches/
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
To study the variations of autonomic nervous system in hypertensive patients using a set of autonomic
function tests. The study included 50 hypertensive patients and set of autonomic function tests were done to assess
the autonomic functions. These results were compared with age and sex matched controls (normotensives). The
subjects were selected based on exclusion-inclusion criteria. Hypertensives show abnormal values on autonomic
function testing, when compared with normotensives. The statistically significant differences were found between
hypertensives and normotensives in some autonomic function tests. The results were obtained using ANOVA and
student‘t’ –test, to study the significance of autonomic parameters. Results showed that there was significant
increase in the Heart rate response to standing. Valsalva ratio & Heart rate response to deep breathing test values
were decreased in Hypertensives as compared to Normotensives (p<0.05).><0.05).><0.05). From this study, it is evident that Hypertension can alter the normal
autonomic functions of the body and predisposes to autonomic neuropathy. Early and regular screening of these
individuals is necessary to prevent any future complications.
During this webinar sponsored by Finapres Medical Systems, Dr. Artur Fedorowski explains the physiology of syncope and orthostatic intolerance. He discusses the background behind the current guidelines, and advises on the practical skills required to perform a successful cardiovascular and autonomic workup from his extensive experience.
For more information, and to watch the webinar, please visit: https://insidescientific.com/webinar/cardiovascular-autonomic-testing-revisited-finapres
Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome – Overview and Focus on Non-Pharmac...InsideScientific
During this webinar, sponsored by Finapres Medical Systems, Satish Raj, MD MSCI and Kate Bourne, BSc from the University of Calgary will briefly overview POTS, including diagnostic criteria, common symptoms and highlights from a large patient community survey. Following, they will then outline some of the non-pharmacological approaches to the management of the patient with POTS. Throughout this webinar there will be particular emphasis on recent data on the hemodynamic and symptomatic benefits of compression garments in the patients with POTS.
For more information, please visit: https://insidescientific.com/webinar/postural-orthostatic-tachycardia-syndrome-overview-and-focus-on-non-pharmacological-approaches/
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Quantifying Cardiovascular and Behavioral Correlates of Fear in Mice: Implica...InsideScientific
To learn more and watch the webinar, go to:
https://insidescientific.com/webinar/quantifying-cardiovascular-and-behavioral-correlates-of-fear-in-mice-implications-for-ptsd-and-cardiovascular-disease-risk/
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a prevalent neuropsychological disorder that is in part characterized by exaggerated cardiovascular and autonomic arousal to trauma reminders, which over time may contribute to greater risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) development (ie., stroke, hypertension). In both humans and rodents, cardiovascular and autonomic responses are strong measures of fear or threat assessment and therefore understanding how these systems go awry in anxiety disorders such as PTSD is critical for improving current PTSD therapies as well as reducing CVD risk in this population.
In this webinar, Dr. Paul Marvar and Benjamin Turley discuss research related to innovative methodology developed in rodent models for pairing real-time multi-modal assessment of behavioral (ie., freezing, startle) and cardiovascular (ie., blood pressure, heart rate) responses to cued fear learning and how these approaches may better inform underlying cardiovascular and autonomic impairments in fear-based disorders, such as PTSD.
Key Topics Include:
- To understand the physiological impact of PTSD on cardiovascular and autonomic homeostasis, CVD risk
- To understand how rodent models of conditioned fear learning can be used to assess real-time cardiovascular and autonomic fear or defensive emotional states in both home-cage and novel environments
- To further understand the benefits for using integrated behavioral and cardiovascular multi-modal methodologies and its translational implications for improved treatments for PTSD and CVD comorbidity
OPEN ACCESS: Prognostic implications of conversion from non-shockable to shoc...Emergency Live
The prognostic significance of conversion from non-shockable to shockable rhythms in patients with initial non-shockable rhythms who experience out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) remains unclear. We hypothesized that the neurological outcomes in those patients would improve with subsequent shock delivery following conversion to shockable rhythms, and that the time from initiation of cardiopulmonary resuscitation by emergency medical services personnel to the first defibrillation (shock delivery time) would influence those outcomes. READ MORE HERE: http://ccforum.com/content/18/5/528/abstract#
The autonomic nervous system (ANS) controls all body functions. Dysregulation of this system may be responsible of bradycardia. The main objective of our study is to describe the autonomic profile of patients with bradycardia and to determine, through testing cardiovascular autonomic reflexes its involvement in the pathogenesis of idiopathic symptomatic bradycardia.
In this American Physiological Society (APS) webinar produced in partnership with ADInstruments, DeWayne Townsend, DVM, PhD and Adam Goodwill, PhD discuss how to collect and analyze quality pressure-volume loop data.
Specifically, they discuss why PV loops are considered the gold standard for measuring cardiac function in vivo, what equipment is required to collect PV loop data, and how to minimize variability in your data. The focus of the webinar is on data analysis – DeWayne and Adam demonstrate how to analyze load-independent measures of function and discuss what the data mean.
Key Learning Objectives Include:
– Why PV loops? What are the alternatives (e.g. echo, MRI, etc.) and how do PV loops compare?
– Why is the Starling effect important?
– Load independent measures: what are they and how are they measured? How are data analyzed and what do they mean?
– Equipment basics: what do you need to record PV loop data?
– What causes variability and how do you mitigate it?
ACLS 2015 Updates - The Malaysian PerspectiveChew Keng Sheng
This set of slide was presented during the Kelantan Resuscitation Update 22 Nov 2015 in accordance to the latest ACLS/ILCOR 2015 Guidelines. However, I have emphasized on certain important aspects relevant within the Malaysian context. Nonetheless, in general, there are no major changes for this year 2015
An Integrated Understanding of Pressure and Flow – An Essential PartnershipInsideScientific
A tightly controlled relationship between blood pressure and organ blood flow is vital for matching an organ’s metabolic needs to the delivery of oxygen and nutrients. However, the nature of the pressure-flow relationship is complex and governed by multiple control systems, including local autoregulatory mechanisms at the level of the individual organ, as well as neural and hormonal modulation. To fully understand how pressure-flow relationships operate in health, and may be altered in pathological settings, it is essential to make direct, long-term assessments of blood pressure and blood flow under normal physiological conditions (ie in the conscious state).
In this presentation, Dr. McBryde shares insights from her studies of how the relationship between blood pressure and blood flow is altered in hypertension, to “consumer” organs such as the brain, and to “supply” circulations such as the mesenteric venous pool. She also discusses the variables that go into gathering accurate measurements of these two parameters in a lab setting.
Centrum Ortodoncji i Implantologii ODENT znajduje się w Warszawie w dwóch dogodnych lokalizacjach. W prezentacji multimedialnej zostały zawarte dokładne informacje teleadresowe oraz oferta gabinetów. Zachęcamy do obejrzenia oraz zapraszamy na stronę internetową http://odent.pl/
Quantifying Cardiovascular and Behavioral Correlates of Fear in Mice: Implica...InsideScientific
To learn more and watch the webinar, go to:
https://insidescientific.com/webinar/quantifying-cardiovascular-and-behavioral-correlates-of-fear-in-mice-implications-for-ptsd-and-cardiovascular-disease-risk/
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a prevalent neuropsychological disorder that is in part characterized by exaggerated cardiovascular and autonomic arousal to trauma reminders, which over time may contribute to greater risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) development (ie., stroke, hypertension). In both humans and rodents, cardiovascular and autonomic responses are strong measures of fear or threat assessment and therefore understanding how these systems go awry in anxiety disorders such as PTSD is critical for improving current PTSD therapies as well as reducing CVD risk in this population.
In this webinar, Dr. Paul Marvar and Benjamin Turley discuss research related to innovative methodology developed in rodent models for pairing real-time multi-modal assessment of behavioral (ie., freezing, startle) and cardiovascular (ie., blood pressure, heart rate) responses to cued fear learning and how these approaches may better inform underlying cardiovascular and autonomic impairments in fear-based disorders, such as PTSD.
Key Topics Include:
- To understand the physiological impact of PTSD on cardiovascular and autonomic homeostasis, CVD risk
- To understand how rodent models of conditioned fear learning can be used to assess real-time cardiovascular and autonomic fear or defensive emotional states in both home-cage and novel environments
- To further understand the benefits for using integrated behavioral and cardiovascular multi-modal methodologies and its translational implications for improved treatments for PTSD and CVD comorbidity
OPEN ACCESS: Prognostic implications of conversion from non-shockable to shoc...Emergency Live
The prognostic significance of conversion from non-shockable to shockable rhythms in patients with initial non-shockable rhythms who experience out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) remains unclear. We hypothesized that the neurological outcomes in those patients would improve with subsequent shock delivery following conversion to shockable rhythms, and that the time from initiation of cardiopulmonary resuscitation by emergency medical services personnel to the first defibrillation (shock delivery time) would influence those outcomes. READ MORE HERE: http://ccforum.com/content/18/5/528/abstract#
The autonomic nervous system (ANS) controls all body functions. Dysregulation of this system may be responsible of bradycardia. The main objective of our study is to describe the autonomic profile of patients with bradycardia and to determine, through testing cardiovascular autonomic reflexes its involvement in the pathogenesis of idiopathic symptomatic bradycardia.
In this American Physiological Society (APS) webinar produced in partnership with ADInstruments, DeWayne Townsend, DVM, PhD and Adam Goodwill, PhD discuss how to collect and analyze quality pressure-volume loop data.
Specifically, they discuss why PV loops are considered the gold standard for measuring cardiac function in vivo, what equipment is required to collect PV loop data, and how to minimize variability in your data. The focus of the webinar is on data analysis – DeWayne and Adam demonstrate how to analyze load-independent measures of function and discuss what the data mean.
Key Learning Objectives Include:
– Why PV loops? What are the alternatives (e.g. echo, MRI, etc.) and how do PV loops compare?
– Why is the Starling effect important?
– Load independent measures: what are they and how are they measured? How are data analyzed and what do they mean?
– Equipment basics: what do you need to record PV loop data?
– What causes variability and how do you mitigate it?
ACLS 2015 Updates - The Malaysian PerspectiveChew Keng Sheng
This set of slide was presented during the Kelantan Resuscitation Update 22 Nov 2015 in accordance to the latest ACLS/ILCOR 2015 Guidelines. However, I have emphasized on certain important aspects relevant within the Malaysian context. Nonetheless, in general, there are no major changes for this year 2015
An Integrated Understanding of Pressure and Flow – An Essential PartnershipInsideScientific
A tightly controlled relationship between blood pressure and organ blood flow is vital for matching an organ’s metabolic needs to the delivery of oxygen and nutrients. However, the nature of the pressure-flow relationship is complex and governed by multiple control systems, including local autoregulatory mechanisms at the level of the individual organ, as well as neural and hormonal modulation. To fully understand how pressure-flow relationships operate in health, and may be altered in pathological settings, it is essential to make direct, long-term assessments of blood pressure and blood flow under normal physiological conditions (ie in the conscious state).
In this presentation, Dr. McBryde shares insights from her studies of how the relationship between blood pressure and blood flow is altered in hypertension, to “consumer” organs such as the brain, and to “supply” circulations such as the mesenteric venous pool. She also discusses the variables that go into gathering accurate measurements of these two parameters in a lab setting.
Centrum Ortodoncji i Implantologii ODENT znajduje się w Warszawie w dwóch dogodnych lokalizacjach. W prezentacji multimedialnej zostały zawarte dokładne informacje teleadresowe oraz oferta gabinetów. Zachęcamy do obejrzenia oraz zapraszamy na stronę internetową http://odent.pl/
Finite Element analysis of a hybrid RCS beam-column connectionQuang Huy Nguyen
A new type of exterior RCS connection, in which a steel prole totally embedded inside RC
column is directly welded to the steel beam, is recently proposed within European RCFS
project SMARTCOCO. This kind of joint detail is not covered by the existing design
guidelines. Indeed, Eurocodes 2, 3 and 4 give some provisions that can partly be used for
the design of such a joint. There remains however a real lack of knowledge relatively to the
issue of the force transmission from the embedded steel prole to the surrounding concrete
of the column. Questions that can rise when designing such a connection are about the
optimal anchorage length to embed the steel prole or about the design of reinforcements
in the connection zone of the RC column and in the transition zone at each end of the
embedded steel prole. Based on Eurocodes and existing research works in the literature,
a design method is proposed within European RCFS project SMARTCOCO. However,
experimental tests and numerical simulations need to be conducted to valid this method.
This paper deals with nonlinear nite element model for this type of exterior RCS beamcolumn
connection. The material nonlinearities of concrete, steel beam, stud and rebar
are included in the nite element model. Four RCS joints with dierent anchorage lengths
and concrete classes are modeled. The failure modes and loads are analyzed and compared
to the predicted ones of the design model.
Autonomic neuropathy is the most common complication of diabetes. Various studies showed that cardiac autonomic
neuropathy (CAN) in diabetes is strongly associated with microvascular complications. Cardiac autonomic neuropathy in Type 2 diabetics is detected by various autonomic function tests. The scope of the present study is to compare the sensitivity of sympathetic and parasympathetic function tests in the early detection of autonomic dysfunction in Type 2 diabetics. The Autonomic function tests which
are used to test the parasympathetic activity are deep breathing i.e., E: I ratio, valsalva ratio and Heart rate response to standing. The Sympathetic activity can be tested by using simple tests like blood pressure responses to standing, isometric handgrip test and cold pressure test. All the tests are capable for early detection of cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction. Results in our study showed that both Parasympathetic and sympathetic neuropathy was found in diabetics but parasympathetic cardiac autonomic function tests are more sensitive for the detection of cardiac autonomic neuropathy in type 2 diabetics than sympathetic cardiac autonomic function tests. Ultimately this study indicates that autonomic dysfunction occurs in diabetes Mellitus and Parasympathetic functional tests are highly sensitive in the early detection of Autonomic neuropathy.
Aim: The aim of the present study was to perform the set of standard autonomic function
tests in children with a family history of hypertension and compare the results with
children of normotensive parents.
Background: Hypertension is considered one of the highest causes of morbidity
worldwide and it becomes one of the leading causes of death due to cardiovascular and
renal failure. Hypertension can be especially hard to manage when combined with other
disorders, such as diabetes or obesity. Most of the children with a family history of
hypertension forms the risk factor for being hypertensive in future life.
Results: The study included 60 young and healthy children. Out of them, 30 children were
selected based on their family history of hypertension while the remaining were the
children of normotensive parents. Thesubjects were selected based on exclusion-inclusion
criteria. All the children underwent for a set of autonomic function tests which are noninvasive, simple and comfortable. Results showed that children with a family history of
hypertension have abnormal values on autonomicfunction testing, when compared with
children of normotensive parents. The results were obtained using ANOVA and student‘t’
–test, to study the significance of autonomic parameters.
Conclusion: This study stated that the children with family history of hypertension
experienced mild to moderate autonomic fluctuations in early age which may make them
more susceptible to hypertension in their future life
Perspective of Cardiac Troponin and Membrane Potential in People Living with ...asclepiuspdfs
Background: Hypertension is an event in which the force of the blood against the artery walls is too high leading to severe health complications and increases the risk of heart disease, stroke, and sometimes death. Aim: This study was carried out to determine the levels of cardiac troponin 1 and membrane potential in hypertensive subjects in Owerri, Imo state. Materials and Methods: A total of 120 subjects within the age 30–70 years were recruited for this study. The study consists of 60 subjects who were diagnosed of hypertension and 60 were apparently healthy individuals who served as controls subjects of the same age bracket. The levels of cardiac troponin 1 and membrane potential were analyzed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay technique. Data were assessed using SPSS version 20, the mean value with P ˂ 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The result revealed that the levels of cardiac troponin 1 in hypertension were significantly increased when compared with control subjects while the levels of membrane potential were significantly decreased when compared to control at P < 0.05. Conclusion: The increased serum level of cardiac troponin 1 and decreased membrane potential in hypertensive subjects may contribute some risk factors in patients with hypertension.
Randomized controlled trial of 12-week yoga therapy as lifestyle intervention...Yogacharya AB Bhavanani
Background: In the Indian subcontinent, 118 million people are with hypertension, and this figure is anticipated to double by 2025. Yoga has been widely claimed to play a role in the prevention and management of psychosomatic, stress-induced, and lifestyle disorders such as hypertension. Aims and Objective: To study the effect of 12 weeks of yoga therapy as a lifestyle intervention on cardiac autonomic functions in patients of essential hypertension. Materials and Methods: Subjects with hypertension from the Medicine Outpatient Department of the Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research were randomized into control and yoga groups. The control group was treated only with the allopathic medicines. The yoga group was given 12 weeks of yoga therapy module designed by JIPMER Institute Advanced Center for Yoga Therapy Education and Research along with the routine medical treatment. The participants’ blood pressure and cardiac autonomic function were recorded before and after the 12 weeks of the study period. Result: No significant change was observed in the body weight (BW), body mass index (BMI), abdominal circumference, and waist–hip ratio (WHR) in both the control and yoga groups at the end of the 12 week-study period. There was a significant decrease in the resting systolic pressure (SP), diastolic pressure (DP), rate pressure product (RPP), and mean arterial pressure (MAP) in the yoga group. In contrast, there was no significant change in the SP, DP, RPP, and MAP of the control group. High frequency (HF) power, total spectral power, and HF normalized units (nu) showed a significant increase in the yoga group. Low frequency (LF) power, HF power, and LF (nu) showed a significant (p o 0.05) decrease in the yoga group at the end of the 12-week yoga therapy. Conclusion: Twelve weeks of yoga therapy reduced both the SP and DP in the yoga group. Furthermore, yoga therapy increased the heart rate variability and vagal tone and decreased the sympathetic tone in the subjects with hypertension. At the same time, it increased both the parasympathetic and sympathetic reactivity
Utility value of tilt table testing in evaluationUday Prashant
I had presented in CARE Highlights session and book is being published on this topic by LAMBERT publications, Germany
http://www.google.co.in/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&ved=0CCoQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.in%2FEvaluation-Unexplained-Syncope-Young-Adults%2Fdp%2F3843373175&ei=lzVtUvbtCIfSrQemkYDwCg&usg=AFQjCNEK_NmIVC5j5LcLSr2hKbYFwMmRuw&sig2=okLwwgOdFiPgw4GPk7mugQ&bvm=bv.55123115,d.bmk
A Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Hibiscus Sabdariffa on Hypertensive Pa...ijtsrd
The present study aim was the assess the effectiveness of hibiscus sabdariffa on hypertensive patients in rural area. A Quantitaive research approach and Quasi experimental pre test and post test control group design have adopted for the present study. 60 participants were selected who are satisfied with inclusion criteria whereas 30 samples in experimental group other 30 sample were in control group, they were selected by convenient sampling technique. A structured questionnaire method to collect the demographic variables and clinical variables, blood pressure is assessed by the sphygmomanometer. Among 60 patient, 30 hypertensive patient participated in the reveals the pretest mean score was 1.83±0.36 and the post test mean score was 1.23±0.66 in systolic blood pressure and the pretest mean score was 1.4±0.48 and post test mean score was 0.5±0.40 in diastolic blood pressure. Paired t test to compare the pre and posttest level of blood pressure among experimental group. The present study regard to the pre and post test level of systolic blood pressure among experimental group it was found that the t value was5.86, With regard to the pre and post test level of diastolic blood pressure among experimental group it was found that the t value was 12.3, indicating that the rewash a highly significant reduction in post test level of blood pressure among the experimental group at p 0.05level. The present study reveals the pretest mean score was 1.83±0.53 and the post test mean score was 1.96 ±1.6 in systolic blood pressure and the pretest mean score was 1.26 ±0.49 and post test mean score was 0.22 ±0.71 in diastolic blood pressure. paired t test to compare the pre and post test level of blood pressure among control group. With regard to the pre and post test level of systolic blood pressure among control group it was found that the t value was 2.35, With regard to the pre and post test level of diastolic blood pressure among control group it was found that the t value was 2.48, indicating that there was no significant reduction in post test level of blood pressure among the control group at p 0.05 level. Sathiyabama. G | Narmadha K | Nivetha. S "A Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Hibiscus Sabdariffa on Hypertensive Patients in Rural Area" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-6 , October 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd52202.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/nursing/52202/a-study-to-assess-the-effectiveness-of-hibiscus-sabdariffa-on-hypertensive-patients-in-rural-area/sathiyabama-g
Randomized controlled trial of 12-week yoga therapy as lifestyle intervention...Yogacharya AB Bhavanani
Randomized controlled trial of 12-week yoga therapy as lifestyle intervention in patients of essential hypertension and cardiac autonomic function tests
A Comparative Study of Pre Prandial and Post Prandial Heart Rate Variability ...ijsrd.com
Background: In obesity, as excessive adipose tissue accumulates, an altered metabolic profile occurs along with a variety of adaptations/alterations in the cardiac structure and function even in the absence of co-morbidities. Objective: To compare pre prandial and post prandial heart rate variability between young healthy non obese and obese females aged 18-25 years. Methods: 50 obese and 50 non obese young healthy females aged 18-25 years were selected based on body mass index (BMI). Heart rate variability was recorded in both pre prandial and post prandial state using ECG V: 52 (HRV) power spectral analysis to identify separate frequency components, i.e., total power (TP), low-frequency power (LF), high frequency power (HF) and low frequency to high frequency ratio. Results: All the statistical methods were carried out using the SPSS software for Windows (version 16.0) and Minitab (version 11.0). The Paired-Samples T Test procedure was done to compare the means of two variables for a single group. The Independent-Samples T Test procedure was done to compare the means for two groups of cases. P value less than or equal to 0.001 was considered statistically significant. HRV analysis found significantly lower (p≤0.001) values of TP, LF(ms2), HF(ms2) and HF (n.u.) and significantly higher values (p≤0.001) of LF (n.u.) and LF/HF ratio among the obese group in both pre prandial and post prandial state respectively compared to non obese group. Conclusion : Our data indicate that obese subjects have decreased parasympathetic activity as evidenced by decrease in TP, LF(ms2), HF(ms2) and HF (n.u.) and increase in sympathetic activity as evidenced by increase in LF (n.u.) and LF/HF in both pre prandial and post prandial state.
Similar to A comprehensive study of autonomic dysfunction (20)
Objective and Study Design: This was a cross-sectional study purposed to observe the effects of led bulbs and artificial lights on human health and its physiological considerations on sleep.
Our study addressed two goals. Our first goal was to determine the extent to which light pollution was perceived as a problem by the people. Our second goal was to recommend
applicable lighting ordinances for reducing light pollution. Material and Methods: This study was conducted at All India Institute of Medical Sciences hospital, Bhopal and Narayana medical college, Nellore during the period between May 2014 and August 2015. Three hundred human volunteers, 123 female and 177 male, ages of 18 and 55 were studied in a two-part experiment, which included one Sleep questionnaire regarding light pollution to study each individual's
normal body conditions, and an Assay of melatonin in saliva. Results: The results showed that many participants have a long history of sleeping problems. They usually take at least an hour to fall asleep and tend to wake up frequently throughout the night and feel poorly rested in the morning. The salivary melatonin levels also declined at night due to progressive exposure to artificial light. Conclusion: Through our research, we have obtained data that strongly suggest that light pollution is adversely affecting public health, causing them to experience sleep loss, visual fatigue, weariness, anxiety, and depression.
Objective and Study Design: Stress is considered as physiological response to the mental, emotional, or physical challenges. Most of the times mental stress provokes body’s “fght or flight” response called as acute stress
response. But prolonged or chronic stress can affect numerous physiological functions, such as growth, immune system, metabolism, reproduction and circulation. The Autonomic regulation of the cardiovascular system is most commonly affected by stress and is assessed
by means of heart rate variability (HRV)
Material and Methods: The aim of this study is to establish mental stress and cardiovascular autonomic Nervous System response to mental stress assessed by combining different physiological parameters using HRV and Stroop test as tool. We compared the mean RR interval, Blood pressure and indices of HRV during the Stroop Color Word Test (SCWT).A total of 50 normal healthy subjects were participated in this study. Results: Statistically signifcant change in heart rate, RR interval and BP was observed during the stress as compared to resting condition. All the components of HRV (SDNN, RMSSD, NN50, PNN50, LF, HF, LF/HF) were sensitive to stress in all the healthy individuals. Males were more prone to stress when compared to females.
Conclusion: The results suggest that there was increased sympathetic activity and reduced parasympathetic activity in HRV performed
during the Stroop test and showed statistically signifcant difference among the genders. Both physical and mental stress influence risk factors that may increase risk for cardiovascular diseases and autonomic imbalance
Aim: This study investigated the eff ect of video games on Critical fl ickering fusion frequency rate
(CFFFR).
Background: CFFFR is the rate of successive light fl ashes from a stationary light source at which the
sensation of fl icker disappears and the light becomes steady. CFFFR with higher values suggested that
greater perceptual accuracy. The eye and brain act together to perceive fl ickering light. The activities
in the retina and brain are synchronized as a part of the visual process. If the modulation i.e. fl icker
frequency is high enough, the visual system will perceive fl ickering light as a continuous steady light.
This CFFFR has been used in the studies on physiology of vision, Stress, drug research.
Results: In the present study CFFFR was measured in two age-matched groups of healthy volunteers
whose ages ranged from 18 – 45 years with 75 subjects in each group. Test group consists of Media
players who were played video games since their childhood. Control group consists of Non-Media
players who did not know how to play the video games. The scope of the present study is to know
the eff ect of video games on CFFFR. The results in our study showed that CFFFR threshold increases
signif cantly in media players when compared to non – media players (p<0.001).This study also
showed that CFFFR signif cantly decreases as the age increases and high CFFFR threshold were
recorded in media players who played puzzle and brain games than the action adventure and sports
games. The gender eff ect on CFFFR was not signif cant but higher CFFR values were recorded for men
than women.
Conclusion: This study proved that playing video games can develop cognitive skills, high level
thinking skills, problem solving complex, concentration, logical thinking, imagination and creativity
but on the other side teenagers who spend an ample amount of time playing games experience eff ects
which are not so benef cial at all.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
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Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
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Hemodialysis: Chapter 3, Dialysis Water Unit - Dr.Gawad
A comprehensive study of autonomic dysfunction
1. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)
ISSN (Online): 2319-7064
Index Copernicus Value (2013): 6.14 | Impact Factor (2013): 4.438
Volume 4 Issue 5, May 2015
www.ijsr.net
Licensed Under Creative Commons Attribution CC BY
A Comprehensive Study of Autonomic Dysfunction
in Hypertension by Assessing Autonomic Function
Tests and HRV
Chiranjeevi Kumar Endukuru1
, Sharan B. Singh 2
1
Tutor/Demonstrator, Department of Physiology, Narayana Medical College, Nellore, AP, India
2
Professor, Department of Physiology, Narayana Medical College, Nellore, AP, India
Abstract: Aims: To study the variations of autonomic nervous system in hypertensive patients using a set of autonomic function tests
and to correlate cardiac autonomic function with Heart rate variability in hypertensives. Background: The pathophysiological
mechanism for the development of hypertension is the lack of balance between sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system. Both
Heart rate variability (HRV) and Autonomic function tests provide a tool to know the concept of autonomic modulation of heart. They
also forms an index of cardiac autonomic regulation. Methods: The study included 50 hypertensive patients and 50 normotensive
subjects. All the subjects underwent for the analysis of heart rate variability in time domain (TD) and frequency domain and a set of
autonomic function tests were done to assess the autonomic functions. These results were compared with age and sex matched controls
(normotensives). The subjects were selected based on exclusion-inclusion criteria. Results: Results showed that S: L ratio, Valsalva
ratio & Heart rate response to deep breathing test values were decreased in Hypertensives as compared to Normotensives (p<0.05).
Isometric handgrip exercise, BP response to standing and cold pressor tests shows that there was significant rise in the systolic and
diastolic blood pressure in Hypertensives as compared to Normotensives which was statistically significant (p<0.05). Both the time
domain and frequency domain values of HRV reduced significantly in hypertensives indicated that there is increased sympathetic
activity and decreased parasympathetic activity. Conclusion: From this study, it is evident that Hypertension can alter the normal
autonomic functions of the body and predisposes to autonomic neuropathy. Early and regular screening of these individuals is
necessary to prevent any future complications.
Keywords: Autonomic nervous system, Hypertension, Blood Pressure, Heart rate variability.
1.Introduction
Overall, approximately 20% of the world‟s adults are
estimated to have hypertension and contributing to more than
7.1 million deaths per year22
. Hypertension is defined as a
sustained elevation of systemic arterial blood pressure. It is
commonly due to increased peripheral resistance or increased
cardiac output, but most commonly due to increased
peripheral resistance. It can be produced secondary to many
diseases or more commonly without any cause. Hypertension
is the term used to describe high blood pressure. The major
complications of hypertension are: Excess work load on the
heart leads to heart failure and coronary heart disease, often
leads to death due to heart attack, High pressure damages a
major blood vessels in brain, it is a cerebral infarct clinically
it is called stroke. A stroke can cause Paralysis, dementia and
blindness; High pressure almost causes injury in kidneys
leads to renal failure, uremia and death
The autonomic nervous system plays a crucial role in blood
pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) control and may thus be an
important pathophysiological factor in the development of
hypertension. Hypertension is one of the common non-
communicable disease which is usually asymptomatic but
readily detectable and treatable condition and often leads to
lethal complications like coronary heart disease, stroke etc. if
left untreated. It is probably the most important public health
problem in all developed countries as they have achieved a
successful control of much infectious and communicable
disease.
The Autonomic Nervous System regulates the 'automatic'
functions of the body such as blood pressure, heart rate,
breathing, stomach and intestinal function, and bladder
function. If it becomes unbalanced, a person may experience
a variety of symptoms. Disorders of the autonomic nervous
system can be identified through autonomic function testing
and Heart rate variability. For these tests a person will be
attached to a blood pressure machine which monitors the
blood pressure continuously and an electrocardiograph which
monitors the heart rhythm continuously. The present study
was conducted to identify the changes in autonomic functions
in hypertensive patients by evaluating the autonomic function
tests and heart rate variability.
The integrity of autonomic modulation of heart rate is
evaluated by analyzing heart rate variability (HRV) and
autonomic function testing. Both Autonomic function testing
and heart rate variability are useful noninvasive, an accurate,
reliable, reproducible tools to assess cardiac autonomic
function.
2.Methods
This study was undertaken by me on behalf of Department of
Physiology, Narayana Medical College. The approval of
Department of Cardiology and Medical ethics committee of
Narayana Medical College, Nellore was taken for this “A
Comprehensive Study of Autonomic Dysfunction in
Hypertension by Assessing Autonomic Function Tests and
HRV”. Subjects were selected from Narayana General
Paper ID: SUB154936 2851
2. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)
ISSN (Online): 2319-7064
Index Copernicus Value (2013): 6.14 | Impact Factor (2013): 4.438
Volume 4 Issue 5, May 2015
www.ijsr.net
Licensed Under Creative Commons Attribution CC BY
Hospital attending Cardiology outpatient department for
master health checkup, aged between 30 to 65 years, who
volunteered to take part in the study. The procedure was
explained and written consent was obtained from the
subjects. All the subjects underwent a detailed clinical
examination regarding anthrological measurement &
physiological measurement before being included in the
study as per the study protocol. The subject selection was
based on the predetermined exclusion-inclusion criteria.
Inclusion criteria:
Study group:
Controlled Hypertension for more than 2 years
Males and females aged 30-65 years
Normal Cardiovascular and Respiratory system on clinical
examination
No history of Diabetes mellitus
No history of any acute infectious diseases
No history of any chronic diseases
Control group:
Normotensive population
Males and females aged 25-65 years
Normal body mass index (BMI: 19-25 Kg/m2
)
Normal Cardiovascular and Respiratory system on clinical
examination
No history of Diabetes mellitus
No history of any acute infectious diseases
No history of any chronic diseases
Exclusion Criteria:
< 25 years and > 75 years of age
History of Diabetes mellitus
History of Connective tissue disorders
History of Congenital heart diseases
History of Coronary artery disease
History of pericardial disease
History of valvular heart disease
History of cardiac arrhythmias
Patients where it was technically difficult to perform
echocardiography
Abnormal Cardiovascular and Respiratory system on clinical
examination
Cardiovascular Autonomic function tests were carried out in
the morning in the department between 10 AM to 12 Pm after
2 hours of light breakfast, after intimate testing procedures
with the subjects.
The Autonomic function tests which were performed to
assess the cardiovascular sympathetic functional status:
1)Cold Pressor test (cold pressure test): Subject was
instructed regarding the test. Blood pressure was recorded
under basal conditions. Cold water was taken in a
container. Subject was asked to submerge one of his upper
limbs in cold water for 60 seconds. Blood pressure was
recorded at the end of 60 seconds of submersion of the
limb. Submersion of the limb in ice cold water increases
systolic blood pressure by about 10-20 mm of Hg and
diastolic blood pressure by about 10 mm of Hg.
2)Hand Grip Test: In the hand grip test, there is a rise in
heart rate and blood pressure. The blood pressure rise is
due to increased sympathetic activity and heart rate rise is
due to decreased parasympathetic activity. Subject was
made to lie down in semi recumbent position. ECG
electrodes were connected for lead II recording of ECG
and sphygmomanometer for blood pressure measurement.
Basal heart rate and blood pressure were recorded. Subject
was asked to maintain a pressure of 30% of the maximum
activity in the hand grip dynamometer for about 5 minutes.
Heart rate and change in SBP, DBP were recorded.
3)Blood pressure response to standing: Patient is again
allowed to assume a supine position, and a recording of
blood pressure is done in the supine position. Patient is
then asked to stand up and blood pressure is recorded at 0
and 1 minute intervals.
The Autonomic function tests which were performed to
assess the cardiovascular parasympathetic functional status:
1)Deep breathing test - This test is used to assess the
parasympathetic activity. Subject was instructed to
maintain deep breathing at a rate of six breaths per minute
and was made to lie down comfortably in supine position
with head elevated to 300
. ECG electrodes were connected
for recording Lead II ECG. While subject was breathing
deeply at a rate of 6 breaths per minute (allowing 5
seconds each for inspiration and expiration) maximum and
minimum heart rates were recorded with each respiratory
cycle. Expiration to inspiration ratio was determined by
using the formula.
2)Valsalva Manoeuver - The valsalva ratio is a measure of
parasympathetic and sympathetic functions. Subject was
made to lie down in a semi recumbent or sitting position.
Nostrils were closed manually. Mouth piece was put into
the mouth of the subject and the Mercury manometer was
connected to the mouth piece. ECG machine was switched
on for continuous recording. Subject was asked to exhale
forcefully into the mercury manometer and asked to
maintain the expiratory pressure at 40 mm of Hg for 10 –
15 seconds. ECG changes were recorded throughout the
procedure, 30 seconds before and after the procedure.
Valsalva ratio were calculated by using the formula.
3)Heart rate response to standing: On changing the
posture from supine to standing heart rate increases
immediately by 10-20 beats per minute. This response is
detected by recording ECG in supine and standing
postures. Subject was made to lie down in supine posture.
ECG electrodes were connected from the subject to the
cardiowin system. Subject was asked to relax completely
for a minimum period of 10 minutes. Basal heart rate was
recorded by using cardiowin system. Subject was asked to
stand up immediately and change in heart rate is noted
from the monitoring screen of cardiowin. Heart rate
response to standing was determined by using the formula
heart rate in standing position – heart rate in supine
position.
Heart rate variability test: HRV was done between 9 am
to12 pm to minimize the effect of diurnal variation. Subjects
were informed to fast atleast before 12 hours to abort effect
of food on HRV. Subject was asked to lie down comfortably
on supine position for 5 minute before recording of HRV to
avoid wrong results. Subjects were instructed to breathe
quietly and avoid movement and not to talk while procedure
Paper ID: SUB154936 2852
3. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)
ISSN (Online): 2319-7064
Index Copernicus Value (2013): 6.14 | Impact Factor (2013): 4.438
Volume 4 Issue 5, May 2015
www.ijsr.net
Licensed Under Creative Commons Attribution CC BY
as it can make artifact in recordings. The HRV was analyzed
both by the time domain and the frequency domain methods
during normal breathing by using PowerLab and LabChart
data acqusition software which Record, measure and analyze
beat-to-beat interval variation. After complete recording for
15 minutes, the frequency domain and time-domain indices
which were reported from the HRV recordings includes:
Time domain
Mean heart rate (Mean RR)
SDNN - Standard deviation of all R-R intervals (ms)
RMSSD - Square root of the mean of the successive
differences between R-R intervals (ms)
NN50 - number of interval differences of successive NN
intervals greater than 50 ms
PNN50 - Percentage of successive differences between R-R
intervals greater than 50 ms (%)
Frequency domain
TF - Total power (µs2
)
VLF – Very Low frequency spectrum (µs2
) (Between 0 and
0.04 Hz)
LF - Low frequency spectrum (µs2
) (Between 0.04 and 0.15
Hz)
HF - High frequency spectrum (µs2
)
(Between 0.15 and 0.45 Hz)
LF/HF - LF/HF ratio
3.Results
Results were analyzed by SPSS version 17.0 and Graph pad
prism. ANOVA and Student„t‟ test was used to compare the
data of hypertensive and normotensive subjects. Data
presented are mean+SD. The P values < 0.05 was statistically
considered significant.
Data presented in Table 1 shows Age, anthropometric and
basal cardiovascular parameters of normotensive and
hypertensive subjects.
Data presented in Table 2 shows that there was significant
rise in the systolic and diastolic blood pressure in
Hypertensives as compared to Normotensives during the
application of isometric handgrip exercise and cold pressor
tests (p<0.05) and the increase was statistically significant
(p<0.05). Both the SBP and DBP reponses to standing are
also significantly higher in Hypertensives when compared to
normotensives (p<0.01).
Table 1: Mean ± SD values of Anthropometric and
Physiological variables
Variables Hypertensives
(n=50)
Normotensives
(n=50)
Age(yrs) 49.47±4.8 46.0 4.9
Height (cms) 162.77±10.64 165.70 ± 9.56
Weight(kgs) 76.13±4.9 68.11±4.3
BMI (kg/m2
) 27.6 3.8 25.9 3.6
Heart rate (bpm) 75.7 9.3 69.2 9.0
Blood Pressure(mm
of Hg)
SBP-159.83±10.2
DBP-100.23±5.2
SBP-124.63±10.2
DBP-78.43±5.2
Table 2: Statistical analysis of sympathetic function tests in
Group I and Group II
Variables Hypertensives
(n=50)
Normotensives
(n=50)
P value
Isometric Handgrip SBP 12.2±1.2 8.3±1.3 <0.05*
Isometric Handgrip DBP 12.1±1.4 8.1±1.2 <0.05*
Cold Pressor Test SBP 12.2±1.6 8.2±1.4 <0.05*
Cold Pressor Test DBP 13.1±1.8 9.1±1.4 <0.05*
BP Response to standing
SBP change
7.0 ± 1.22 5.43±0.66 <0.01**
BP Response to standing
DBP change
2.9 ± 0.41 2.2±0.43 <0.01**
Data presented in Table 3 shows that there was significant
increase in the Heart rate response to standing values in
hypertensives when compared to normotensives (p<0.05).
Valsalva ratio & Heart rate response to deep breathing
(HRDB) was decreased in Hypertensives as compared to
Normotensives (p<0.05). S: L ratio also decreased, and the
decrease was statistically significant (p<0.05).
Table 3: Parasympathetic function tests in Group I and
Group II
Variables Hypertensives
(n=50)
Normotensives
(n=50)
P
value
HR response to standing
30:15 Ratio
1.33±0.03 1.11±0.02 <0.05*
Valsalva ratio 1.45±0.11 1.65±0.28 <0.05*
HR response to deep
breathing
1.12±0.16 1.27±0.20 <0.05*
Data presented in Table 4 shows that there was significant
decrease in time domain indices of HRV in hypertensives as
compared to normotensives. The value of SDNN in
hypertensives was decreased as compared to the value in
normotensives (38.9 1.4ms vs 56.7 3.1; p<0.0001).
RMSSD, NN50 and pNN50% were also decreased in
hypertensives when compared with normotensives and these
values also significant statistically.
Data presented in Table 5 shows that there was the frequency
domain indices of HRV in hypertensives and normotensives.
It shows that total power, VLF, LF and HF has distinctly
declined in hypertensives when compared with
normotensives. The decrease in frequency domain parameters
in hypertensives was found statistically significant (p
<0.0001) by student‟s t-test.
Table 4: Time Domain Analysis of HRV between
Hypertensives and Normotensives
Variables Hypertensives
(n=50)
Normotensives
(n=50)
P value
Mean RR (s) 0.842±0.132 0.978±0.141 0.0001**
SDNN (ms) 38.9 1.4 56.7 3.1 0.0001**
RMSSD 24.06±10.08 49.90 ± 21.86 0.0001**
NN50 17.87±8.75 24.42±12.16 0.0026*
PNN50 % 6.02±2.18 8.15±3.05 0.0001**
Table 5: Frequency Domain Analysis of HRV between
Hypertensives and Normotensives
Variables Hypertensives
(n=50)
Normotensives
(n=50)
P value
TP (µs2
) 1563.6 138.5 2477.4 364.1 0.0001**
Paper ID: SUB154936 2853
4. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)
ISSN (Online): 2319-7064
Index Copernicus Value (2013): 6.14 | Impact Factor (2013): 4.438
Volume 4 Issue 5, May 2015
www.ijsr.net
Licensed Under Creative Commons Attribution CC BY
VLF (µs2
) 832.6 79.1 1424.9 254.9 0.0001**
LF (µs2
) 487.8 54.2 1016.8 130.7 0.0001**
HF (µs2
) 222.8 29.1 511.6 90.5 0.0001**
LF/HF ratio 326.6 20.6 303.7 35.8 0.0002**
4.Discussion
The results of the present study showed that the valsalva ratio
and heart rate response to deep breathing in hypertensives
were significantly lower as compared to the control group, it
indicates base line levels of vagal cardiac nerve activity and
vagally mediated arterial baroreceptor cardiac reflex
responses are decreased in hypertensive subjects. This
decreased parasympathetic activity leads to decreased heart
rate variability with respiration, which is reflected in our
study as decreased E: I and Valsalva ratio values in
Hypertensives. The findings in our study correlated with the
study conducted by Knut severe et al9
. The results for the
above mentioned tests are statistically significant.
When a subject assumes an erect posture from supine
posture, gravity causes pooling of blood in the lower limbs.
As a result venous return, cardiac output and arterial BP
decreases. This leads to decrease stretch of baroreceptors and
activation of vasomotor center. This in turn leads to
increased sympathetic discharge, decreased vagal tone and an
instantaneous increase in HR and BP. In our study, Heart rate
and BP response to standing values were increased in all the
subjects but these values were significantly increased in
hypertensive group when compared to the normotensive
group. This finding indicates possible dysfunction of
sympathetic and parasympathetic component of autonomic
nervous system. The findings in our study correlated with the
study conducted by WW McCrory, AA Klein et.al11
.
There was an increased blood pressure response to cold
pressor test in the hypertensives in contrast to the control
group. The afferent fibers for this response are the pain fibers
which are stimulated by placing the hand in cold water and
the efferent fibers are the sympathetic fibers. An increase in
the blood pressure after the cold water immersion points
towards sympathetic hyperactivity in hypertensives.
Hypertension impairs autonomic control of heart rate and
blood pressure. In our study there is significant rise in both
systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure in
hypertensive group. The pattern of rise of blood pressure was
within 30 seconds reaching its peak at around 60 seconds and
the basal blood pressure was achieved within 2 minutes in
normotensive subjects and prolonged pressor response was
found in hypertensive patients. Generally, Cold pressor test is
largely related to great sympathetic efferent discharge
causing arterial vasoconstriction. Hypertensive subjects
respond to cold pressor stimulus with a predominant rise in
total peripheral resistance and also there were higher levels
of plasma norepinephrine. The findings in our study
correlated with the study conducted by Benetos A. and
Douglas L. et.al12, 13
.
Isometric exercise produces a significant increase in blood
pressure and heart rate, which can easily be elicited by using
sustained hand grip. In hand grip test, increase in blood
pressure is due to increased sympathetic activity mediated by
the alpha adrenergic receptors of the autonomic nervous
system. An increase in heart rate in response to handgrip is
due to impulses from the Limbic cortex, motor cortex and the
proprioceptors within small hand joints acting as afferent
inputs into the medullary cardiac centres causing inhibition
of cardiac inhibitory centre, decrease in vagal tone and
increase in heart rate. The results of the present investigation
have demonstrated that sustained handgrip causes significant
increase in arterial pressure in hypertensive patients. The
findings in our study correlated with the study conducted by
S.G. Chrysant et.al10
.
The current study also demonstrated that heart rate variability
both in time and frequency domains, is diffusely decreased in
hypertensives as compared with normotensives. This
reduction reflects the degree of cardiac autonomic activity
determined by the baroreceptor reflexes, which are impaired
in hypertensives. The significant decrease in VLF, LF, HF
(ms2
) (Frequency Domain Parameters) in hypertensives
indicates sympathetic over-activity, reduced parasympathetic
activity and sympathovagal imbalance in hypertension.
Increased LF / HF ratio in hypertensives also indicating
sympathetic overdrive and sympathovagal balance. All time
domain parameters like SDNN, RMSSD, NN50, Pnn50%
were reduced in hypertensives as compare to normal subjects
reflects both sympathetic and parasympathetic activity which
predict increased risk for subsequent cardiac events in
hypertensives. The findings in our study correlated with the
previous studies 16, 17, 18, 19
.
5.Acknowledgment
The authors are thankful to Dr.G.Phani Krishna, Department
of Cardiology for his help in sending the subjects. We are
thankful to Dr.K.N.Maruthy for his contribution in the
concept. We are also thankful to subjects and all the technical
staff for their contribution in the completion of the project.
Conflict of Interest: Nil
6.Conclusion
Hypertension is associated with both sympathetic and
parasympathetic nervous system dysfunction which may
result in various cardiovascular complications. From present
study it indicates that hypertensives had markedly depressed
HRV and abnormal autonomic reflexes which reflects
sympathovagal imbalance. So, if this dysfunction is
diagnosed early by doing various autonomic function tests
and HRV, it will be of great help in identification of those
which are prone to risk of various cardiovascular
complications.
References
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310 (1993). Effects of cold pressor test on short – term
fluctuations of finger arterial blood pressure and heart
rate in normal subjects.
Paper ID: SUB154936 2854
5. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)
ISSN (Online): 2319-7064
Index Copernicus Value (2013): 6.14 | Impact Factor (2013): 4.438
Volume 4 Issue 5, May 2015
www.ijsr.net
Licensed Under Creative Commons Attribution CC BY
[3] G.K.Pal, Pravatipal, “Text book of practical
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Graphs & Figures
Paper ID: SUB154936 2855
6. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)
ISSN (Online): 2319-7064
Index Copernicus Value (2013): 6.14 | Impact Factor (2013): 4.438
Volume 4 Issue 5, May 2015
www.ijsr.net
Licensed Under Creative Commons Attribution CC BY
Author Profile
Chiranjeevi Kumar Endukuru received the B.Sc. degree in
Medical lab technology and M.Sc. degree in Medical physiology
from Narayana Medical College, Nellore, Andhra Pradesh, India in
2009 and 2012, respectively. Currently working as a
Tutor/Demonstrator in the Department of physiology, AIIMS
Bhopal.
Paper ID: SUB154936 2856