If the four 32-bit constants of SHA-1 can be modified, then exploitable collisions can be constructed. No need to panic, this doesn’t affect the original SHA-1. However, vendors and customers of products with custom cryptography will be interested.
for more info, check http://malicioussha1.github.io/
Security Hash Algorithm (SHA) was developed in 1993 by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and National Security Agency (NSA).
It was designed as the algorithm to be used for secure hashing in the US Digital Signature Standard.
• Hashing function is one of the most commonly used encryption methods. A hash is a special mathematical function that performs one-way encryption.
• SHA-l is a revised version of SHA designed by NIST and was published as a Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS).
• Like MD5, SHA-l processes input data in 512-bit blocks.
• SHA-l generates a 160-bit message digest. Whereas MD5 generated message digest of 128 bits.
• The procedure is used to send a non secret but signed message from sender to receiver. In such a case following steps are followed:
1. Sender feeds a plaintext message into SHA-l algorithm and obtains a 160-bit SHA-l hash.
2. Sender then signs the hash with his RSA private key and sends both the plaintext message and the signed hash to the receiver.
3. After receiving the message, the receiver computes the SHA-l hash himself and also applies the sender's public key to the signed hash to obtain the original hash H.
An introduction to the SHA Hashing Algorithm. The origins of SHA are explained, along with the family taxonomy of SHA message digest functions. We also cover their uses in cryptography. http://boblandstrom.com
This presentation has information about what do you mean by an algorithm, what is hashing and various hashing algorithms and their applications. Approximate counting Algorithm and their applications, Counting Distinct Elements Algorithm and their applications and Frequency estimation algorithm and their applications . Also, the research papers we referenced.
a message digest is a cryptographic hash function containing a string of digits created by a one-way hashing formula. Message digests are designed to protect the integrity of a piece of data or media to detect changes and alterations to any part of a message. In this paper, we have explained the hashing algorithm of MD5 and also proposed how to use it for file transmission and for hashing any string.
If the four 32-bit constants of SHA-1 can be modified, then exploitable collisions can be constructed. No need to panic, this doesn’t affect the original SHA-1. However, vendors and customers of products with custom cryptography will be interested.
for more info, check http://malicioussha1.github.io/
Security Hash Algorithm (SHA) was developed in 1993 by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and National Security Agency (NSA).
It was designed as the algorithm to be used for secure hashing in the US Digital Signature Standard.
• Hashing function is one of the most commonly used encryption methods. A hash is a special mathematical function that performs one-way encryption.
• SHA-l is a revised version of SHA designed by NIST and was published as a Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS).
• Like MD5, SHA-l processes input data in 512-bit blocks.
• SHA-l generates a 160-bit message digest. Whereas MD5 generated message digest of 128 bits.
• The procedure is used to send a non secret but signed message from sender to receiver. In such a case following steps are followed:
1. Sender feeds a plaintext message into SHA-l algorithm and obtains a 160-bit SHA-l hash.
2. Sender then signs the hash with his RSA private key and sends both the plaintext message and the signed hash to the receiver.
3. After receiving the message, the receiver computes the SHA-l hash himself and also applies the sender's public key to the signed hash to obtain the original hash H.
An introduction to the SHA Hashing Algorithm. The origins of SHA are explained, along with the family taxonomy of SHA message digest functions. We also cover their uses in cryptography. http://boblandstrom.com
This presentation has information about what do you mean by an algorithm, what is hashing and various hashing algorithms and their applications. Approximate counting Algorithm and their applications, Counting Distinct Elements Algorithm and their applications and Frequency estimation algorithm and their applications . Also, the research papers we referenced.
a message digest is a cryptographic hash function containing a string of digits created by a one-way hashing formula. Message digests are designed to protect the integrity of a piece of data or media to detect changes and alterations to any part of a message. In this paper, we have explained the hashing algorithm of MD5 and also proposed how to use it for file transmission and for hashing any string.
An Enhanced Message Digest Hash Algorithm for Information Securitypaperpublications3
Abstract: Information is an important commodity in the world of Electronic communication. To achieve a secure communication between communicating parties, the protection of authenticity and integrity of information is necessary. Cryptographic hash functions play a central role in cryptology. A cryptographic hash function takes an input of arbitrary large size and returns a small fixed size hash value. It satisfies three major cryptographic properties: preimage resistance, second preimage resistance and collision resistance. Due to its cryptographic properties hash function has become an important cryptographic tool which is used to protect information authenticity and integrity. This thesis presents a review of cryptographic hash functions. The thesis includes various applications of hash functions. It gives special emphasis on dedicated hash functions MD5.
Recent breakthroughs in cryptanalysis of standard hash functions like SHA-1 and MD5 raise the need for alternatives. In the past few years, there have been significant research advances in the analysis of hash functions and it was shown that none of the hash algorithm is secure enough for critical purposes whether it is MD5 or SHA-1. Nowadays scientists have found weaknesses in a number of hash functions, including MD5, SHA and RIPEMD. So the purpose of this thesis is combination of some function to reinforce these functions and also increasing hash code of message digest of length up to 160 that makes stronger algorithm against collision and brute force attacks.
Performance Evaluation of Message Security Using Fractal Sieve with MMDijsptm
In this paper we measure the performance of proposed approach, message security using Fractal Sieve with Modified Message Digest with respect to response time and time complexity. In this method the authentication of the message is protected by the hash function MMD. The response time of the algorithm is implemented in java is calculated with user load and the different sizes of the data files. The results are compared with the performance measurements of Priya Dhawan and Aamer Nadeem and found to be efficient.
Survey of Hybrid Encryption Algorithm for Mobile Communicationijsrd.com
To enhance the security of data transmission in Mobile communication, a hybrid encryption algorithm based on DES and RSA is proposed. The currently used encryption algorithm employed to protect the confidentiality of data during transport between two or more devices is a 128-bit symmetric block cipher. In the proposed hybrid encryption algorithm, DES algorithm is used for data transmission because of its higher efficiency in block encryption, encryption speed of DES algorithm is faster than RSA algorithm for long plaintext, and RSA algorithm distribute key safely and easily also RSA algorithm is used for the encryption of the key of the DES because of its management advantages in key cipher. Under the dual protection with the DES algorithm and the RSA algorithm, the data transmission in mobile communication system will be more secure. Meanwhile, it is clear that the procedure of the entire encryption is still simple and efficient. Digital abstract algorithm MD5 is adopted in this mechanism. Through comparing the digital signature which is transmitted by dispatcher and digital signature result of plaintext which is got by receiver through MD5 algorithm, data security can be guaranteed. This mechanism realizes the confidentiality, completeness, authentication and non- repudiation.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
New Technique Using Multiple Symmetric keys for Multilevel EncryptionIJERA Editor
In a world of accelerating communications, cryptography has become an essential component of the modern
means of communication systems. The emergence of the webas a reliable medium for commerce and
communication has made cryptography an essential component. Many algorithms or ciphers are in use
nowadays. The quality of the cipher is judged byits ability to prevent an unrelated party fromknowingthe
original content of the encrypted message. The proposed “Multilevel Encryption Model” is a cryptosystem that
adopts the basic principles of cryptography. It uses five symmetric keys (multiple)
in floating point numbers, plaintext, substitution techniques and key combinations with unintelligible
sequence to produce the ciphertext. The decryption process is also designed to reproduce the plaintext
IMPLEMENTATION OF DNA CRYPTOGRAPHY IN CLOUD COMPUTING AND.pptxDeepikaShivam
Cloud computing is everywhere. Pick up any magazine or visit almost any IT website or blog and you will be sure talk about cloud computing. There are many security issues in cloud computing like Confidentiality, Integrity and Availability (CIA). There are many techniques for provide security in cloud computing. Cloud computing performs large-scale and Complex computing. Cloud computing provide flexible solution for using users data everywhere. Here in this paper we discuss about the types of securities and related security issues in cloud environment and also her we discuss about the security techniques to provide better solutions for enhancing security in cloud computing.
Cloud computing is everywhere. Pick up any magazine or visit almost any IT website or blog and you will be sure talk about cloud computing. There are many security issues in cloud computing like Confidentiality, Integrity and Availability (CIA). There are many techniques for provide security in cloud computing. Cloud computing performs large-scale and Complex computing. Cloud computing provide flexible solution for using users data everywhere. Here in this paper we discuss about the types of securities and related security issues in cloud environment and also her we discuss about the security techniques to provide better solutions for enhancing security in cloud computing.
Cloud computing is everywhere. Pick up any magazine or visit almost any IT website or blog and you will be sure talk about cloud computing. There are many security issues in cloud computing like Confidentiality, Integrity and Availability (CIA). There are many techniques for provide security in cloud computing. Cloud computing performs large-scale and Complex computing. Cloud computing provide flexible solution for using users data everywhere. Here in this paper we discuss about the types of securities and related security issues in cloud environment and also her we discuss about the security techniques to provide better solutions for enhancing security in cloud computing.
Cloud computing is everywhere. Pick up any magazine or visit almost any IT website or blog and you will be sure talk about cloud computing. There are many security issues in cloud computing like Confidentiality, Integrity and Availability (CIA). There are many techniques for provide security in cloud computing. Cloud computing performs large-scale and Complex computing. Cloud computing provide flexible solution for using users data everywhere. Here in this paper we discuss about the types of securities and related security issues in cloud environment and also her we discuss about the security techniques to provide better solutions for enhancing security in cloud computing.
Cloud computing is everywhere. Pick up any magazine or visit almost any IT website or blog and you will be sure talk about cloud computing. There are many security issues in cloud computing like Confidentiality, Integrity and Availability (CIA). There are many technique
With increasing technology development in field of communication and Electronic devices, there is a need for better security service for information transfer in Medical Sectors, Banking, Financial and in other IoT applications etc. Fight against security attacks is of prime importance. Through Cryptographic techniques we can provide Authenticity as well as Confidentiality for the user data. In this paper, hardware implementation has been described for a real-time application of speech data encryption and decryption using AES algorithm along with the speech recognition using cross correlation technique. Verilog programming environment is used for AES cryptography whereas MATLAB is used for Speech recognition. ASIC design on AES core is implemented using Cadence tools. Number of gates, area and power used by AES core design has been drastically reduced by specifying wide range of constraints during front end designing. In Backend designing, layout of AES design, which is the physical geometric representation is also developed.
An Advance Approach of Image Encryption using AES, Genetic Algorithm and RSA ...IJEACS
In current scenario the entire world is moving towards digital communication for fast and better communication. But in this a problem rises with security i.e. when we have to store information (either data or image) at any casual location or transmit information through internet. As internet is an open transmission medium, security of data becomes very important. To defend our information from piracy or from hacking we use a technique and i.e. known as Encryption Technique. In this paper, we use image as information and use an advance approach of well-known encryption techniques like AES, Genetic Algorithm, and RSA algorithm to encrypt it and keep our information safe from hackers or intruders making it highly difficult and time consuming to decipher the image without using the key.
A General Session Based Bit Level Block Encoding Technique Using Symmetric Ke...ijcseit
In this paper a session based symmetric key cryptographic algorithm has been proposed and it is termed as
Matrix Based Bit Permutation Technique (MBBPT). MBBPT consider the plain text (i.e. the input file) as a
binary bit stream with finite number bits. This input bit stream is divided into manageable-sized blocks with
different length. The bits of the each block fit diagonally upward starting from ( 1 , 1 ) cell in a left to right
trajectory into a square matrix of suitable order n. Then the bits are taken from the square matrix
diagonally upward starting from ( n , n ) cell in a right to left trajectory to form the encrypted binary string
and from this encrypted string cipher text is formed. Combination of the values of block length and the no.
of blocks of a session generates the session key. For decryption the cipher text is considered as a stream of
binary bits. After processing the session key information, this binary string is divided into blocks. The bits
of the each block fit diagonally upward starting from ( n , n ) cell in a right to left trajectory into a square
matrix of suitable order n. Then the bits are taken from the square matrix diagonally upward starting from
( 1 , 1 ) cell in a left to right trajectory to form the decrypted binary string . Plain text is regenerated from
this binary string. Comparison of MBBPT with existing and industrially accepted TDES and AES has been
done.
Similar to A Comparative Analysis between SHA and MD5 algorithms (20)
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
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Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptx
A Comparative Analysis between SHA and MD5 algorithms
1. A Comparative Analysis of SHA and MD5
Algorithm
Piyush Gupta, Sandeep Kumar
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
Jagannath University, Jaipur
Abstract- This paper is based on the performance analysis of
message digest 5 and secure hashing algorithm. These two
topics are related with cryptography and cryptography is an
extension of cryptology and cryptanalysis. The purpose of this
paper is that to compare the time taken to build a hash as well
as it also compares the bit rate passes through a hash value.
Here we are going to perform a deep analysis for these two
algorithms.
Keywords Hash, MD5, SHA, Analysis , Cryptography,
Message, Cryptology .
I. INTRODUCTION
Hashing is the topic of cryptography .The
cryptography is a way of securing message and data over
the internet we know that, data is present on world wide
web is double day by day to secure these type of data we
are provide a fingerprint for its authenticity .Message
Digest is one way where a master fingerprint has been
generated for the purpose of providing a message
authentication code (hash code) [4].
The Data integrity is measured by MD5 by the help of 128
bit message, that message is given by user to create a
fingerprint message is of variable length, the main thing is
that it is irreversible. The Father of this algorithm is
Professor Ronald L. Rivest of MIT [1]. This algorithm is
best for 32 bit and 16 bit machines the comp-ability of this
algorithm can be extended to 64 bit machines also but this
type of scheme may be quite slow because of its
architecture. MD5 is the extension of MD4 algorithm
which is quite faster because of its three rounds and MD5
contains four rounds which makes its slower. It’s a one way
hash function that deals with security features.
As a wide use of internet day by day it is needed that a
proper file has been download from peer to peer (P2P)
servers/network. Due to present of same name file it is
quite difficult to find the original so message digest plays
an important role in such type of downloads these type of
file may be bound with message authentication code which
proves that the source is verified otherwise it shows the
warning that verified source not found or vice versa . Both
algorithms follows the same concept but with different
architecture [1] [5].
The SHA Algorithm is a cryptography hash function and
used in digital certificate as well as in data integrity. SHA is
a fingerprint that specifics the data and was developed by
N.I.S.T. as a U.S. Federal Information Processing
Standard (FIPS), is intended for use with digital signature
applications [3].
The message which is less than 264 bits in length
Secure Hash Algorithm works with that type of messages.
Message digest is the output of SHA and length of these
type of messages is 160 bits (32 bits extra than MD5).
II. MESSAGE DIGEST 5 ALGORITHM
This algorithm is based on message length. It requires 8 bit
of message length and too fast but also take long message.
// M= (Y0, Y1,………., Yn-1), Message to hash , after
padding
// Each Yi is a 32-bit word and N is a multiple of 16
MD5 (M)
//initialize (A,B,C,D) = IV
(A,B,C,D) = (0x67452301,0xefab89 , 0x98badcfe ,
Ox10325476 )
For i=0 to N/16 -1
// Copy block I to X
Xj = Y16i+j for j = 0 to 15
// Copy X to W
Wj = Xσ(j) , for j = 0 to 63
// initialize Q
(Q-4 , Q-3 , Q-2 , Q-1) = (A , D , C , B)
// Rounds 0 , 1 , 2 and 3
Round0(Q , W) Round1(Q , W) Round2(Q , W) Round3(Q
, W)
// Each addition is modulo 232
(A , B , C , D)=(Q60 + Q-4 , Q63 + Q-1 , Q62 + Q-
1 , Q61 + Q-3)
next i
return A , B , C , D
end MD5
Round0(Q , W)
//steps 0 through 15 for i = 0 to 15
Qi = Qi-1 + (( Qi-4 + F(Qi-1 , Qi-2 , Qi-3 ) + Wi
+Ki ) <<< si )
next i
end Round() [1].
Step 1:- Padding bits and Append Length
Padding of the bits is compulsory with '0' and '1' first and
last respectively until the resulting ≠ bit length which = 448
mod 512,and the last of bit length of the original message
as 64-bit integer. The last bit length of the message which is
already padded is 512N for a true integer N.
Piyush Gupta et al, / (IJCSIT) International Journal of Computer Science and Information Technologies, Vol. 5 (3) , 2014, 4492-4495
www.ijcsit.com 4492
2. Step 2:-Divide the input into 512-bit blocks
The message which is already padded is now partitioned
into N successive 512-bit blocks m1, m2...........mn.
Step 3:- Initialize Channing variables
Initialization of 32-bit number in the form of chaining
variables (A,B,C,D) these values are represented in hash
only
A = 01 17 2d 43
B = 89 AB CD EF
C = FE DC BA 98
D = 76 54 32 10
Step 4:- Process blocks
The four buffers (A, B, C and D) messages (content) are
joined now with the input words, using the four auxiliary
functions (W, X, Y and Z).4 rounds are performed and each
involves 16 basic operations. The Processing block P is
applied to the four buffers (A, B, C and D), by using
message word M[i] and constant K[i]. The item "<<<s"
denotes a binary left shift by s bits. The four type of
IRF(info related functions) that each take as input three 32-
bit words and produce same bits of output i.e. 32-bit word.
They apply the logical operators ^, v, ! and xor to the input
bits.
Q (A, S, D) = AS v not (A) F
W (A, S, D) = AS v S not (F)
E (A, S, D) = A xor S xor F
R (A, S, D) = S xor (A v not (F))
The bits of A, S, and D are totalitarian and balance the
each bit of Q (A, S, D) will be totalitarian and balance.
The functions (A, S and D) = P, in that they do job in
"bitwise parallel" to produce the reliable output from the
bits of A, S and D.In such a way that if the be similar bits
of D, E and F are autarchic and balanced, then each bit of
W (A, S, D), E (A, S, D) and R (A, S, D) will be totalitarian
and balance.
Step 5:- Hashed Output
There are 4 rounds performed in message digest 5 (MD5)
which is of 128 bits. Fig 1 shows One MD5Operation [1]
[2].
[2].
Fig 1:-One MD5 iteration
III. SECURE HASHING ALGORITHM
Step 1:-Padding
Add Padding to the end of the genuine message length is 64
bits and multiple of 512.
Step2:- Appending length
In this step the excluding length is calculated
Step3:- Divide the Input into 512-bit blocks
In this step we divide the input in the 512 bit blocks
Step4:-Initialize chaining variables
In this step we initializing chaining variables here we
initialize 5 chaining variables of 32 bit each=160 bit of
total.
Step5:-Process Blocks
1) Copy the chaining variables
2) Divide the 512 into 16 sub blocks
3) Process 4 rounds of 20 steps each [2].
The fig 2 shows one SHA iteration.
[2].
Fig 2:-One SHA iteration
IV. PARAMETERS USED FOR MD5 AND SHA ALGORITHM:
A. Parameters of MD5.
Below equation shows a single MD5 operation.
1)Default Parameters
a = b + ((a + Process P (b, c, d) + M[i] + t[k]) <<< s) Here:-
a, b, c, d = are Chaining variables
Process P=A non linear operation
M[i] =For M[q x 16 + i ], which is the
ith
32-bit word in
the
qth
512-bit block of the message t[k]=a constant
<<<s =circular-left shift by s bits [2].
2) Actual Parameters.
Key Length: 64 bits, 128 bits, 256 bits , 512 bits
Block Size: 128 bits
Cryptanalysis: Resistance Strong against Digital
Certificate and very fast on 32 bit machines Security Secure
Rounds: 4
Steps: 16
B. Parameters of SHA.
Below equation shows a single SHA operation.
1) Default Parameters.
abcde(e+process p_s5(a)+W[t]+k[t]),a,s30(b), c, d
Piyush Gupta et al, / (IJCSIT) International Journal of Computer Science and Information Technologies, Vol. 5 (3) , 2014, 4492-4495
www.ijcsit.com 4493
3. Here:-
a, b, c, d, e =chaining variables
Process p =status of logical operations st =<<<
W[t] =derived other 32 bits bytes
K[t]=five additives constants are defined [2] [3].
2) Actual Parameters.
Key Length: 128 bits
Block Size: 160 bits
Cryptanalysis: Resistance Strong against Digital
Certificate.
Rounds: 4
Total Steps: 20
V. DIFFERENCES AND SIMILARITIES BETWEEN MD5 AND
SHA ALGORITHMS:
A. Differences between MD5 and SHA Algorithms.
Table 1:- Comparison between MD5 and SHA
Keys For
Comparison
MD5 SHA
Security
Less Secure than
SHA
High Secure than
MD5
Message Digest
Length
128 Bits 160 Bits
Attacks required
to find out
original Message
2128
bit operations
required to break
2160
bit operations
required to break
Attacks to try and
find two
messages
producing the
same MD
264
bit operations
required to break
280
bit operations
required to break
Speed
Faster, only 64
iterations
Slower than MD5,
Required 80
iterations
Successful
attacks so far
Attacks reported to
some extents
No such attach
report yet
B. Similarities between MD5 and SHA Algorithms.
Table 2:-Similarities between MD5 and SHA
Keys For Similarities MD5 SHA
Padding
Message bit
Members (Hash Family)
Resource Utilization (same)
Fingerprint
VI. RESULTS.
Fig 3: Total Bit Length
Fig 4: Performance chart of hashing algorithms
Table 3:MD5 Execution
Test Strings MD5
“” f40decf9ef00e204f9e009e8fcf8121e
31
1234567890 f807f1fcf80d030febe008fa1708e1ef
31
abcdefghijklm
nopqrstuvwxyz
f3fcf3f711e2f4001dfb191cfa17f10b
15
abcdefghijklm
nopqrstuvwxyz
1234567890
1f1d12e001e9f2f70b1bee0f08ef11f3
32
ABCDEFGHIJ
KLMNOPQRS
TUVWXYZ
131beaee0bf5e307171f1509f711e6ec
31
message digest f91b191d1ce7e3ed121a0f01eaf111f0
15
Result is based on the instance of MD5.
Table 4 : SHA-1 Execution
Test Strings SHA-1
“”
cf83e1357eefb8bdf1542850d66d800
7d620e4050b5715dc83f4a921d36ce9
ce47d0d13c5d85f2b0ff8318d2877eec
2f63b931bd47417a81a538327af927d
a3e
1234567890
12b03226a6d8be9c6e8cd5e55dc6c79
20caaa39df14aab92d5e3ea9340d1c8a
4d3d0b8e4314f1f6ef131ba4bf1ceb91
86ab87c801af0d5c95b1befb8cedae2b
9
Abcdefghijklm
nopqrstuvwxyz
4dbff86cc2ca1bae1e16468a05cb9881
c97f1753bce3619034898faa1aabe429
955a1bf8ec483d7421fe3c1646613a5
9ed5441fb0f321389f77f48a879c7b1f
1
abcdefghijklm
nopqrstuvwxyz
1234567890
3910787b0538d27e648a4e387e989ab
a8f631456ab99bb96b721b7c5a6891e
d36fe70de5fec538339201f531b66b8
1152d1b80cc463f5104253c37e31be2
4976
ABCDEFGHIJ
KLMNOPQRS
TUVWXYZ
f9292a765b5826c3e5786d9cf361e67
7f58ec5e3b5cecfd7a8bf122f5407b15
7196753f062d109ac7c16b29b0f471f
81da9787c8d314e873413edca956027
799
message digest
e87034c9a6caef8abbe1aab3ffac96e5a
171152fad79e9fbb0aacc45012481d2
a44171cef526e9dc7438c6d74b2c1dd
95506b7a03cd74f74f967d31966ddb6
44
Result is based on the instance of SHA-1.
Piyush Gupta et al, / (IJCSIT) International Journal of Computer Science and Information Technologies, Vol. 5 (3) , 2014, 4492-4495
www.ijcsit.com 4494
4. Table 5: SHA-256 Execution
Test Strings SHA-256
“”
cf83e1357eefb8bdf1542850d66d800
7d620e4050b5715dc83f4a921d36ce9
ce47d0d13c5d85f2b0ff8318d2877eec
4d3d0b8e4314f1f6ef131ba4bf1ceb91
86ab87c801af0d5c95b1befb8cedae2b
9
Abcdefghijklm
nopqrstuvwxyz
4dbff86cc2ca1bae1e16468a05cb9881
c97f1753bce3619034898faa1aabe429
955a1bf8ec483d7421fe3c1646613a5
9ed5441fb0f321389f77f48a879c7b1f
1
abcdefghijklm
nopqrstuvwxyz
1234567890
3910787b0538d27e648a4e387e989ab
a8f631456ab99bb96b721b7c5a6891e
d36fe70de5fec538339201f531b66b8
1152d1b80cc463f5104253c37e31be2
4976
ABCDEFGHIJ
KLMNOPQRS
TUVWXYZ
f9292a765b5826c3e5786d9cf361e67
7f58ec5e3b5cecfd7a8bf122f5407b15
7196753f062d109ac7c16b29b0f471f
81da9787c8d314e873413edca956027
799
message digest
107dbf389d9e9f71a3a95f6c055b925
1bc5268c2be16d6c13492ea45b0199f
3309e16455ab1e96118e8a905d5597b
72038ddb372a89826046de66687bb4
20e7c
Result is based on the instance of SHA-256.
Table 6: SHA-384 Execution
Test Strings SHA-384
“” cf83e1357eefb8bdf1542850d66d800
7d620e4050b5715dc83f4a921d36ce9
ce47d0d13c5d85f2b0ff8318d2877eec
2f63b931bd47417a81a538327af927d
a3e
1234567890 12b03226a6d8be9c6e8cd5e55dc6c79
20caaa39df14aab92d5e3ea9340d1c8a
4d3d0b8e4314f1f6ef131ba4bf1ceb91
86ab87c801af0d5c95b1befb8cedae2b
9
Abcdefghijklm
nopqrstuvwxyz
4dbff86cc2ca1bae1e16468a05cb9881
c97f1753bce3619034898faa1aabe429
955a1bf8ec483d7421fe3c1646613a5
9ed5441fb0f321389f77f48a879c7b1f
1
abcdefghijklm
nopqrstuvwxyz
1234567890
3910787b0538d27e648a4e387e989ab
a8f631456ab99bb96b721b7c5a6891e
d36fe70de5fec538339201f531b66b8
1152d1b80cc463f5104253c37e31be2
4976
ABCDEFGHIJ
KLMNOPQRS
TUVWXYZ
f9292a765b5826c3e5786d9cf361e67
7f58ec5e3b5cecfd7a8bf122f5407b15
7196753f062d109ac7c16b29b0f471f
81da9787c8d314e873413edca956027
799
message
digest
107dbf389d9e9f71a3a95f6c055b925
1bc5268c2be16d6c13492ea45b0199f
3309e16455ab1e96118e8a905d5597b
72038ddb372a89826046de66687bb4
20e7c
Result is based on the instance of SHA-384.
Table 7: SHA-512 Execution
Test Strings SHA-512
“”
cf83e1357eefb8bdf1542850d66d800
7d620e4050b5715dc83f4a921d36ce9
ce47d0d13c5d85f2b0ff8318d2877eec
2f63b931bd47417a81a538327af927d
a3e
1234567890
12b03226a6d8be9c6e8cd5e55dc6c79
20caaa39df14aab92d5e3ea9340d1c8a
4d3d0b8e4314f1f6ef131ba4bf1ceb91
86ab87c801af0d5c95b1befb8cedae2b
9
abcdefghijklm
nopqrstuvwxyz
4dbff86cc2ca1bae1e16468a05cb9881
c97f1753bce3619034898faa1aabe429
955a1bf8ec483d7421fe3c1646613a5
9ed5441fb0f321389f77f48a879c7b1f
1
abcdefghijklm
nopqrstuvwxyz
1234567890
3910787b0538d27e648a4e387e989ab
a8f631456ab99bb96b721b7c5a6891e
d36fe70de5fec538339201f531b66b8
1152d1b80cc463f5104253c37e31be2
4976
ABCDEFGHIJ
KLMNOPQRS
TUVWXYZ
f9292a765b5826c3e5786d9cf361e67
7f58ec5e3b5cecfd7a8bf122f5407b15
7196753f062d109ac7c16b29b0f471f
81da9787c8d314e873413edca956027
799
message digest
107dbf389d9e9f71a3a95f6c055b925
1bc5268c2be16d6c13492ea45b0199f
3309e16455ab1e96118e8a905d5597b
72038ddb372a89826046de66687bb4
20e7c
Result is based on the instance of SHA-512.
VII.CONCLUSION
In this paper a new analytical study between MD5 and SHA
were present by the help of different parameters like Key
Length, Block Size, Cryptanalysis, Rounds, Total Steps
.This proves that SHA is more secure than MD5 but on the
other hand MD5 is more fast than SHA on 32 bit machines.
We also do an execution comparison between MD5 and
SHA algorithm.
REFERENCES
[1] Rivest R., 1992, “The MD5 Message-Digest Algorithm,”RFC 1321,
MIT LCS and RSA Data Securit y, Inc.
[2] Kahate, Atul, 2003, "Cryptography and Network Securit y", Tata
McGraw-Hill ,India.
[3] Kasgar A. K., Agrawal Jitendra, Sahu Santosh, 2012, “New Modified
256-bit MD5 Algorithm with SHA Compression Funct ion”, IJCA
(0975–8887) Volume 42 (12) , pp47-51.
[4] William Stallings, Cryptography and NetworkSecurity: Priciples and
Practice,5
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Edit ionPrent ice Hall; 5 edit ion (January 24, 2010).
[5] Vandana P., V.K Mishra, Architecture based on MD5 and MD5-512
Bit Applications , IJCA(0975 – 8887)Vol. 74– No.9, July 2013.
Piyush Gupta et al, / (IJCSIT) International Journal of Computer Science and Information Technologies, Vol. 5 (3) , 2014, 4492-4495
www.ijcsit.com 4495