African countries have been experiencing dietary diversification towards more meats non-traditional staples. What are the implications of African countries'policy and regulatory environments on promoting growth in this industry?

1. A Critical Review of
Zimbabwe’s Animal Health
Act
By Harrison Manyumwa
MSc Agricultural and Applied Economics
Department of Agricultural Economics and Extension
University of Zimbabwe (2015)

2. Presentation outline
 Introduction
 Analytical approach
 Burning issues and analysis of gaps
 Emerging institutional arrangements
 Conclusion

3. Introduction
 Animal Health Act, date of original text, 1 January 1961
 Reprinted 2001, as amended by Act No. 22 of 2001
Major changes were in section 28, offenses and penalties
 Is an Act to provide for:
the eradication and prevention of the spread of animal
pests and diseases in Zimbabwe,
the prevention of the introduction into Zimbabwe of
animal pests and diseases and for incidental matters

4. Introduction: Summary of the Act
from FAO legislative database
 Definition of animals, pests + diseases subject to the Act
(section 3)
 Outline of the eradication and prevention of animal
pests + diseases (section 5)
 Regulation of the import, export and local movement of
animals + related products (section 6-8)
 Disposal of animals straying into Zimbabwe (section 9)

5. Introduction: Summary of the Act
 Construction and use of "veterinary fixtures“ (section 12-14)
 Destruction of wild animals to control pests + diseases (section
15)
 Other sections:
 powers of authorized persons
 Issuance of permits
 fencing,
 use of land
 prescribed offences,

6. Analytical approach
 There is a broad range of issues along the lines of
 Uncertainty, transaction costs, property rights
 Thus there is need for a structured way of looking at
these issues
 Clear analytical approach  Robust analytical narrative

7. Analytical approach
 Burning-issue driven analytical approach
Borrowed from the problem-driven governance political
economy (PGPE) analysis framework (see Fritz, et al., 2009)
 Four step process:
What are the burning issues related to the Act?
What does the Act say about these issues
What are the gaps?
What are the emerging institutional arrangements?

8. Analytical approach

9. Burning issues and analysis of gaps
 Broad range of issues identified, e.g.
Straying of animals
Poor health care
Illegal trafficking
Stock theft
 These challenges have led to:
Depletion of national herd, loss of markets (e.g. beef
exports)

10. Linking the burning issues to the Act
We streamlined these issues under three main
headings:
1. Resourcing and capacity of public institutions
 Fencing, extension
2. Regulatory costs and processes
 Animal movement, health + safety standards
3. Institutional coordination
 Feed + medicines imports

11. Resourcing and capacity of public
institutions – construction of fences
 Under resourced and incapacitated institutions create
uncertainty
 Section 16, “construction of fences” – to be funded by
Government through monies appropriated by an Act
 Private owners may be required to make contribution not
exceeding ½ of labor, money or materials (if they’re likely to
benefit from infrastructure
 However, no Act has appropriated monies for this purpose, as
such, limited or no fiscal allocation for this purpose

12. Resourcing and capacity of public
institutions – construction of fences
 Failure to control straying contributes to spread of FMD
as well as running over of beasts
 This has seen the strengthening of institutions such as the
ZRP Anti-Stock Theft Unit (ASTU)
“Operation zvipfuyo mumigwagwa kwete” of the ASTU- is
promoting erection of fences along major highways

13. Resourcing and capacity of public
institutions – extension support
 Section 21, “power of authorized persons” inclusive of:
DVTS (health), LPD (extension)
 Smallholders rely on DVTS, LPD, AGRITEX
 DVTS + LPD underfunded
DVTS failing to keep register of brands
Thus farmers cannot obtain brand info from DVTS to
register their cattle

14. Regulatory costs and processes –
animal movement
 Section 22, “issuance and production of permits” to
control movement of animals
 Good provision, but: acquiring movement permits is
costly and cumbersome…
Farmer has to collect police and vet personnel (long
distances)
 Rise in illegal trafficking by corrupt cattle rustlers
Difficult to track them because most cattle not registered

15. Regulatory costs and processes –
health and safety standards
 Health + safety standards important securing local and
external markets
 Schedule, “powers of the Minister”, provide for
registration abattoirs
 “…demands of health and safety standards (particularly
slaughter conditions) and costly ASF certification among
the top regulatory constraints in the pig value chain”
Mutambara, 2013.

16. Regulatory costs and processes –
health and safety standards
 By, 2012 there were about 117 registered abattoirs (down
from 129 in 2009) in Zimbabwe (Sukume & Maleni, 2011).
 DVTS annual license fees:
 Export-Grade abattoirs - US$500
 A-Grade abattoir- US$400
 B-Grade abattoir - US$300
 C-Grade abattoir - US$200
 (If an abattoir is A-Grade and is exporting it pays both fees)

17. Institutional coordination – feed imports
 Lack of coordination = uncertainty
 Schedule, “powers of the Minister”, restrict or control under
permit the import or export of animals, pests or (any)
infectious things
 Multiple institutions involved in feed import permit processing:
 Department of Livestock and Veterinary Service (DLVS)
 Research and Specialist Services Department (DRSS)
 Registration process with the Agricultural Marketing Authority
(AMA) in terms of SI 147 of 2012 with an annual fee of US$500

18. Institutional coordination – feed imports
 Revenues cannot be centralized because of multiple
institutions
 Emergence of livestock policy action/lobby groups e.g.:
Livestock policy hub
Livestock and Meat Advisory Council

19. Institutional coordination – animal
medicines imports
 Bureaucratic constraints in obtaining import permits from
DLVS and MCAZ
 MCAZ applying human standards on animal health
leading to long processes of approval
 Animal Health Industry Committee Zimbabwe (AHICZ)

20. Emerging institutional arrangements
 Gaps, inconsistencies and conflicting interests emerge in the
application of the Act.
 People and organizations have responded to this information
asymmetry by creating institutions (either formally or
informally) to address welfare gaps.
 The emerging institutional frameworks can be viewed from
two main dimensions, i.e.:
 the emergence of policy advocacy and lobby groups and,
 the emergence or action oriented institutional frameworks

21. Emerging institutional arrangements
Burning issues
Respective clauses in the Act and related legislation
Emerging institutional arrangements
Resourcing and capacity
of public institutions:
Construction of fences
Extension and support
services for smallholders
Regulatory costs and
processes:
Animal movements
permits
Health and safety
requirements
Institutional coordination
and overlapping
functions:
Animal feed imports
Animal medicines
imports
Section 16 , construction of
fences
Section 21, power of
authorized persons
Si 35, 2003, registration of
animals
Schedule, powers of the
Minister, regulation of
imports
SI 147 of 2012, regulation of
imports
Section 22, issuance and
production of permits
Schedule, powers of the Minister,
regulation of abattoirs
SI 167, 2010, animal health
regulations
Policy
advocacy/lo
bby groups
Action
oriented
groups
LMAC, Livestock policy hub, AHICZ
ZRP Anti Stock Theft Unit

22. Emerging institutional arrangements
 Policy advocacy/lobbying
 National Livestock Policy Hub
 Livestock and Meat Advisory Council (LMAC)
 The Animal Health Industry Committee (AHICZ)
 Action-oriented groups
 ZRP ASTU

23. Emerging institutional arrangements –
Stories
 In 2014, ASTU partnered with the Ministry of Transport and
Infrastructure Development and the Department of
Veterinary Services to control depletion of the national
herd through various efforts such as:
 “Operation zvipfuyo mumigwagwa kwete” (which entails
among other activities, promoting erection of fences along
major highways)
 Compelling farmers to report livestock diseases
 Compelling farmers to enforce necessary animal health
legislation, e.g. quarantine
 Promoting branding of animals for clear identification in the case
of theft

24. Emerging institutional arrangements –
Stories
 Recently, the AHIC has raised concerns with the MCAZ over continued
illegal imports of unregistered drugs (Sukume & Maleni, 2011).
 On Monday 16th December, 2013, the National Livestock Policy Hub
was established. It comprises of membership from the following main
groups:
 Relevant Government Ministries and parastatals
 Farmer unions and commodity associations
 Private sector and other service providers
 Educational and professional institutions
 Development partners and civic society
 Various multi-stakeholder workshops have been successfully held

25. References
 AHICZ, 2012. Animal Health Industry Comittee Zimbabwe. [Online]
Available at: http://ahicz.org/constitution
[Accessed 14 March 2015].
 Chigawo, R., 2014. $1m spent to curb foot and mouth disease. [Online]
Available at: http://www.thezimmail.co.zw/2014/09/22/1m-spent-to-curb-foot-
and-mouth-disease/
[Accessed 13 March 2015].
 FACHIG, 2014. Proceedings of the National Symposium on Enhancing the
Competitiveness of Livestock Value Chains, Harare: Unpublished.
 FAO, n.d. FAO - Legislative Database of the FAO Legal Office. [Online]
Available at: http://faolex.fao.org/cgi-
bin/faolex.exe?rec_id=016130&database=faolex&search_type=link&table=result
&lang=eng&format_name=@ERALL
[Accessed 13 March 2015].
 Fritz, V., Kaiser, K. & Levy, B., 2009. Problem-Driven Governance and Political
Economy Analysis: Good Practice Framework. 1st ed. Washington: The World
Bank.

26. References
 Knight-Jonesa, T. & Rushton, J., 2013. The economic impacts of foot and mouth
disease – What are they, how big are they and where do they occur?.
Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 112(3-4), pp. 161-173.
 Mutambara, J., 2013. A preliminary review of regulatory constraints affecting pig
industry in Zimbabwe. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 25(3).
 Sukume, C. & Maleni, D., 2011. AN ASSESSMENT OF CONSTRAINTS TO THE
COMPETITIVENESS OF THE BEEF AND DAIRY COMMODITY INDUSTRY GROUPS IN
ZIMBABWE: Evidence for Advocacy and Dialogue, Washington DC: DAI.
 Sunday News, 2014. Stock theft cases on the decline. [Online]
Available at: http://www.sundaynews.co.zw/stock-theft-cases-on-the-decline/
[Accessed 11 March 2015].
 Zimbabwe Online News, 2014. Police Partners Government to Curb Stock Theft.
[Online]
Available at: http://www.zimbabweonlinenews.com/police-partners-govt-to-
curb-stock-theft/
[Accessed 11 March 2015].