1. The document discusses projections of planes and how to solve problems involving planes inclined to both the horizontal and vertical planes.
2. It provides examples of solving problems step-by-step, beginning with an initial position and then accounting for surface and side inclinations.
3. To determine the true shape of a plane from given projections, the auxiliary plane method is described where a plane perpendicular to the true length is drawn and views are projected onto it.
1. The document discusses the procedure for solving problems involving projections of planes. It describes the key steps of assuming initial positions, drawing front and top views, and accounting for any surface or edge inclinations.
2. Examples are provided to demonstrate solving problems involving rectangles, triangles, circles, and other shapes in different orientations. The procedure is explained through clear diagrams.
3. Determining the true shape of a plane figure from given projections can be done using an auxiliary plane method, which involves selecting a true length, drawing perpendicular planes, and projecting views to obtain the true shape.
1. The document provides instructions for solving problems involving projections of plane figures. It describes determining the true shape of a plane figure when its front and top views are given.
2. Key steps include drawing the given views, selecting a true length line, projecting that view onto an auxiliary plane perpendicular to the true length line, and projecting the other view onto a parallel plane to obtain the true shape.
3. Example problems demonstrate applying this procedure to find the true shape from given front and top view projections. Determining the true length line and using auxiliary planes allows converting between projected and true shapes.
Engineering Drawing Notes For 1st and 2nd sem (Engineering)Saroj Kumar
The document discusses the process for drawing projections of plane figures. It explains that problems will provide the description and position of the plane figure relative to the horizontal and vertical planes. The position is described by the inclination of the surface to one reference plane and the inclination of an edge to the other plane. The document outlines a three-step process for solving these problems: 1) Draw front and top views assuming an initial position, 2) Consider surface inclination and redraw views, 3) Consider edge inclination and draw final views. It provides examples of applying this process to rectangles, triangles, and other shapes with given surface and edge inclinations.
1. The document discusses various methods for projecting plane figures including rectangles, triangles, pentagons, hexagons, circles, and freely suspended shapes.
2. Key steps involve determining the figure's position and orientation relative to reference planes, making assumptions for the initial position, and then applying successive surface and edge inclinations.
3. Examples demonstrate how to identify relevant details, apply the three-step projection process, and note differences in problems involving different geometric shapes or inclination descriptions.
1. The document discusses the process of determining the projections of plane figures that are positioned in different orientations relative to reference planes.
2. It describes how the inclination of a plane figure's surface relative to the horizontal or vertical plane, as well as the inclination of its edges, are given.
3. The document outlines a three step process to determine the front, top, and side views of an object: 1) assume an initial position, 2) apply surface inclination, 3) apply edge inclination.
The document provides instructions for drawing orthographic projections of points, lines, and solids. It defines key terms like object, observer, horizontal and vertical planes. Points and lines can be placed in four quadrants defined by the horizontal and vertical planes. Front, top and side views are drawn by placing the views in the same plane for the observer. Examples are given of drawing the projections of a point and various orientations of lines, including determining true lengths and inclinations from the given views. Notations and procedures for determining views, true lengths, and angles are defined.
The document discusses the process of determining the true shape of a plane figure given its projections. It describes using an auxiliary plane method with the following steps:
1. Draw the given front and top views.
2. Select a line in the views representing true length and draw a plane perpendicular to it.
3. Project one view onto the auxiliary plane.
4. Draw a second plane parallel to the projected view and project the other view onto it.
5. The projected view on the second plane represents the true shape of the object.
The method converts one inclined view to a line view using an auxiliary plane, then projects the other view onto a parallel plane to obtain the true shape.
This document contains descriptions of 23 problems involving projections of lines and objects. The problems provide information about the positions of various lines and objects in relation to reference planes (ground and vertical planes). For each problem, you are asked to draw the projections, determine lengths, angles, distances, and other values based on the information provided. The goal is to visualize the 3D situations and use principles of projections to solve practical geometric problems.
1. The document discusses the procedure for solving problems involving projections of planes. It describes the key steps of assuming initial positions, drawing front and top views, and accounting for any surface or edge inclinations.
2. Examples are provided to demonstrate solving problems involving rectangles, triangles, circles, and other shapes in different orientations. The procedure is explained through clear diagrams.
3. Determining the true shape of a plane figure from given projections can be done using an auxiliary plane method, which involves selecting a true length, drawing perpendicular planes, and projecting views to obtain the true shape.
1. The document provides instructions for solving problems involving projections of plane figures. It describes determining the true shape of a plane figure when its front and top views are given.
2. Key steps include drawing the given views, selecting a true length line, projecting that view onto an auxiliary plane perpendicular to the true length line, and projecting the other view onto a parallel plane to obtain the true shape.
3. Example problems demonstrate applying this procedure to find the true shape from given front and top view projections. Determining the true length line and using auxiliary planes allows converting between projected and true shapes.
Engineering Drawing Notes For 1st and 2nd sem (Engineering)Saroj Kumar
The document discusses the process for drawing projections of plane figures. It explains that problems will provide the description and position of the plane figure relative to the horizontal and vertical planes. The position is described by the inclination of the surface to one reference plane and the inclination of an edge to the other plane. The document outlines a three-step process for solving these problems: 1) Draw front and top views assuming an initial position, 2) Consider surface inclination and redraw views, 3) Consider edge inclination and draw final views. It provides examples of applying this process to rectangles, triangles, and other shapes with given surface and edge inclinations.
1. The document discusses various methods for projecting plane figures including rectangles, triangles, pentagons, hexagons, circles, and freely suspended shapes.
2. Key steps involve determining the figure's position and orientation relative to reference planes, making assumptions for the initial position, and then applying successive surface and edge inclinations.
3. Examples demonstrate how to identify relevant details, apply the three-step projection process, and note differences in problems involving different geometric shapes or inclination descriptions.
1. The document discusses the process of determining the projections of plane figures that are positioned in different orientations relative to reference planes.
2. It describes how the inclination of a plane figure's surface relative to the horizontal or vertical plane, as well as the inclination of its edges, are given.
3. The document outlines a three step process to determine the front, top, and side views of an object: 1) assume an initial position, 2) apply surface inclination, 3) apply edge inclination.
The document provides instructions for drawing orthographic projections of points, lines, and solids. It defines key terms like object, observer, horizontal and vertical planes. Points and lines can be placed in four quadrants defined by the horizontal and vertical planes. Front, top and side views are drawn by placing the views in the same plane for the observer. Examples are given of drawing the projections of a point and various orientations of lines, including determining true lengths and inclinations from the given views. Notations and procedures for determining views, true lengths, and angles are defined.
The document discusses the process of determining the true shape of a plane figure given its projections. It describes using an auxiliary plane method with the following steps:
1. Draw the given front and top views.
2. Select a line in the views representing true length and draw a plane perpendicular to it.
3. Project one view onto the auxiliary plane.
4. Draw a second plane parallel to the projected view and project the other view onto it.
5. The projected view on the second plane represents the true shape of the object.
The method converts one inclined view to a line view using an auxiliary plane, then projects the other view onto a parallel plane to obtain the true shape.
This document contains descriptions of 23 problems involving projections of lines and objects. The problems provide information about the positions of various lines and objects in relation to reference planes (ground and vertical planes). For each problem, you are asked to draw the projections, determine lengths, angles, distances, and other values based on the information provided. The goal is to visualize the 3D situations and use principles of projections to solve practical geometric problems.
Here are the steps to solve this problem:
1. Draw the top view of the rhombus with the longer diagonal horizontal at 100 mm.
2. This top view represents the true shape and size of the square in its top view.
3. Since the top view shows the true shape, the surface of the square must be parallel to the VP.
4. Draw the front view of the square below the top view, with the sides parallel to the XY line and of length 100 mm each.
5. The front view will also show the true shape and size of the square since its surface is parallel to the VP.
Therefore, the front view of the square is another square of side 100 mm, drawn
This document provides instructions and examples for drawing orthographic projections of points and lines. It begins by establishing conventions for labeling different views, such as using primes (') to denote top views. It then demonstrates how to draw the front, top, and side views of a point A placed in different quadrants. Additional concepts covered include drawing projections of various types of lines, such as vertical, horizontal, and angled lines. The document presents numerous problems showing how to determine projections, true lengths, and angles based on information provided about the point or line. It emphasizes important parameters to remember when drawing projections, such as true length, angles with planes, and view lengths. Finally, it defines the term "trace" as the point where
1. The document discusses the process of projecting plane figures in 3D space onto 2D planes.
2. It explains that plane figures are defined by their position relative to horizontal and vertical reference planes, through angles of inclination of surfaces and edges.
3. The procedure for solving projection problems is outlined as a 3-step process: 1) assume an initial position and draw front and top views, 2) project the inclined surface, 3) project the inclined edge or side.
This document provides information about engineering graphics and orthographic projections. It begins by introducing projections of points, lines, planes and solids. It then discusses coordinates and quadrants. The majority of the document explains how to draw orthographic projections of various geometric elements including points in different quadrants, straight lines in different orientations, planes in different positions, and solids. It provides examples and step-by-step instructions for creating projections of these elements in first, second, third and fourth quadrants. The document concludes by introducing different types of solids and announcing details about an upcoming exam.
The document provides information on orthographic projections of points and lines. It defines front view (FV), top view (TV), and notations used to represent different views. It then demonstrates how to determine the projections of a point placed in different quadrants. Next, it discusses the projections of straight lines in different orientations and illustrates cases where the line is perpendicular, parallel, or inclined to the planes. The document also covers determining the true length, traces (intersections of a line with reference planes), and using the given views to find angles and unknown dimensions. Examples of different projection problems are provided along with step-by-step solutions.
1. The document provides instructions for sectioning solids, developing surfaces of solids, and intersections of solids. It includes definitions of terms like section plane and sectioning.
2. Illustrations show how to determine the true shape of sections and develop the surfaces of remaining parts of solids that have been cut by a section plane.
3. The document contains examples of typical section planes and resulting shapes for various solids like cones, pyramids, and prisms. It also provides practice problems for using these techniques.
The document provides information on the projection of plane figures:
1) It explains the basics of plane projection problems, including what is typically given (projections of the plane) and asked for (its position relative to reference planes).
2) Plane figures can have their surface parallel or inclined to the horizontal or vertical planes, and edges parallel or inclined to the other reference plane. The document demonstrates solving problems through 3 steps of initial positioning, surface inclination, and edge inclination.
3) Several example problems are worked through step-by-step to show determining the front, top, and side views of planes in different orientations, such as a pentagon inclined to the horizontal plane and a side to the vertical plane
The document provides instructions for projecting plane figures by describing their position relative to the horizontal and vertical planes. It explains that problems will give the plane figure and its inclination to the planes. The document outlines the 3 step process: 1) assume initial position, 2) consider surface inclination, 3) consider side/edge inclination. Examples are given of different inclinations and the steps are applied to sample problems.
B.tech i eg u3 projection of planes, solid and development of surfacesRai University
This document provides information on projections of planes and surfaces in engineering graphics. It begins with definitions of key terms like true shape, apparent shape, and reduced shape as they relate to projections. It then presents examples of how to draw projections of different plane figures in different orientations, such as when the surface is parallel to or inclined to the horizontal or vertical planes. It provides pictorial representations and orthographic projections for various cases including rectangles, pentagons, hexagons, and circles oriented in different ways. The document concludes with example problems demonstrating how to apply the concepts.
1. The document discusses the procedure for projecting plane figures by considering their position and orientation relative to the horizontal and vertical planes.
2. It explains that the position of a plane figure will be defined by specifying the inclination of its surface to one reference plane and the inclination of one of its edges to the other plane.
3. The document provides examples of applying the three step procedure to solve projection problems: 1) assume initial position and draw front and top views, 2) consider surface inclination and redraw views, 3) consider edge inclination and draw final views.
1. A plane is a two-dimensional geometrical entity with length and width but no thickness. For practical purposes, a flat face of an object may be treated as a plane.
2. When projecting a plane, its shape, inclination to reference planes, and the inclination of edges are given. Planes can be parallel or inclined to one or both reference planes.
3. This document provides examples of projecting rectangular and pentagonal planes in different positions relative to the reference planes. The examples demonstrate determining the true shape view and projecting points for planes oriented parallel or inclined to the horizontal and vertical planes.
This document provides instructions for projecting plane figures given their position relative to the horizontal and vertical planes. It begins by describing what information is typically provided in projection problems involving planes: a description of the plane figure and its position relative to the HP and VP defined by an inclination. Common steps for solving these problems are outlined, including making initial assumptions, projecting the inclined surface, and projecting the inclined edge. An example problem of projecting a rectangle with a surface inclined to the HP and edge inclined to the VP is shown. The key steps of the procedure are to first draw projections assuming the initial position, then incorporate the surface inclination, and finally the edge inclination.
The document provides instructions for projecting plane figures by:
1. Describing the plane figure and its position relative to the horizontal and vertical planes.
2. Projecting the figure in three steps: initial position, surface inclination, and side/edge inclination.
3. Key assumptions are made for the initial position based on whether the surface is parallel to the horizontal or vertical plane.
4. Worked examples are provided to demonstrate projecting figures with different combinations of surface and side/edge inclinations.
Ist year engineering-graphics-ed-for-be-students (1) (1)Vivek Sricharan
1. The document discusses the procedure for solving problems involving the projections of plane figures.
2. It involves a 3 step process of drawing initial projections assuming a position, then adjusting for surface inclination, and finally adjusting for side/edge inclination.
3. Key assumptions are made for the initial position based on whether the surface is parallel or inclined to the horizontal or vertical planes.
Ist Year Engineering Graphics E D For B E Students (1) (1)Vivek Sricharan
1. The document discusses the procedure for solving problems involving the projections of plane figures.
2. It involves a 3 step process of drawing initial projections assuming a position, then adjusting for surface inclination, and finally adjusting for side/edge inclination.
3. Key assumptions are made for the initial position based on whether the surface is parallel or inclined to the horizontal or vertical planes.
Ist Year Engineering Graphics E D For B E Students (1) (1)Vivek Sricharan
The document discusses the procedure for solving problems involving the projections of plane figures. It explains that there are three steps: 1) assume an initial position and draw front and top views, 2) consider surface inclination and draw updated views, and 3) consider side/edge inclination and draw final views. It provides examples of applying this procedure to problems involving rectangles, triangles, pentagons, and circles with different surface and edge inclinations. The key is to start with the true shape view based on the initial positioning assumptions and update the views with each additional piece of inclination information provided.
The document discusses the steps to solve problems involving projections of planes. It begins by outlining what information is typically provided in the problem and what is asked. It then demonstrates the procedure with examples of a rectangle in different orientations. Key steps include: 1) Drawing initial front and top views assuming the surface is parallel to a reference plane, 2) Accounting for any surface inclinations, 3) Accounting for any edge inclinations to draw the final projections. Important assumptions and what view shows the true shape are also discussed. Example problems are worked through to demonstrate applying the procedure and noting differences in constructions.
The document provides instructions for projecting plane figures by:
1. Describing the plane figure and its position relative to the horizontal and vertical planes.
2. Projecting the figure in three steps: initial position, surface inclination, and side/edge inclination.
3. Key assumptions are made for the initial position depending on whether the surface is parallel to the horizontal or vertical plane.
4. Worked examples are provided to demonstrate projecting figures with different combinations of surface and side/edge inclinations.
Here are the steps to solve this problem:
1. Draw the top view of the rhombus with the longer diagonal horizontal at 100 mm.
2. This top view represents the true shape and size of the square in its top view.
3. Since the top view shows the true shape, the surface of the square must be parallel to the VP.
4. Draw the front view of the square below the top view, with the sides parallel to the XY line and of length 100 mm each.
5. The front view will also show the true shape and size of the square since its surface is parallel to the VP.
Therefore, the front view of the square is another square of side 100 mm, drawn
This document provides instructions and examples for drawing orthographic projections of points and lines. It begins by establishing conventions for labeling different views, such as using primes (') to denote top views. It then demonstrates how to draw the front, top, and side views of a point A placed in different quadrants. Additional concepts covered include drawing projections of various types of lines, such as vertical, horizontal, and angled lines. The document presents numerous problems showing how to determine projections, true lengths, and angles based on information provided about the point or line. It emphasizes important parameters to remember when drawing projections, such as true length, angles with planes, and view lengths. Finally, it defines the term "trace" as the point where
1. The document discusses the process of projecting plane figures in 3D space onto 2D planes.
2. It explains that plane figures are defined by their position relative to horizontal and vertical reference planes, through angles of inclination of surfaces and edges.
3. The procedure for solving projection problems is outlined as a 3-step process: 1) assume an initial position and draw front and top views, 2) project the inclined surface, 3) project the inclined edge or side.
This document provides information about engineering graphics and orthographic projections. It begins by introducing projections of points, lines, planes and solids. It then discusses coordinates and quadrants. The majority of the document explains how to draw orthographic projections of various geometric elements including points in different quadrants, straight lines in different orientations, planes in different positions, and solids. It provides examples and step-by-step instructions for creating projections of these elements in first, second, third and fourth quadrants. The document concludes by introducing different types of solids and announcing details about an upcoming exam.
The document provides information on orthographic projections of points and lines. It defines front view (FV), top view (TV), and notations used to represent different views. It then demonstrates how to determine the projections of a point placed in different quadrants. Next, it discusses the projections of straight lines in different orientations and illustrates cases where the line is perpendicular, parallel, or inclined to the planes. The document also covers determining the true length, traces (intersections of a line with reference planes), and using the given views to find angles and unknown dimensions. Examples of different projection problems are provided along with step-by-step solutions.
1. The document provides instructions for sectioning solids, developing surfaces of solids, and intersections of solids. It includes definitions of terms like section plane and sectioning.
2. Illustrations show how to determine the true shape of sections and develop the surfaces of remaining parts of solids that have been cut by a section plane.
3. The document contains examples of typical section planes and resulting shapes for various solids like cones, pyramids, and prisms. It also provides practice problems for using these techniques.
The document provides information on the projection of plane figures:
1) It explains the basics of plane projection problems, including what is typically given (projections of the plane) and asked for (its position relative to reference planes).
2) Plane figures can have their surface parallel or inclined to the horizontal or vertical planes, and edges parallel or inclined to the other reference plane. The document demonstrates solving problems through 3 steps of initial positioning, surface inclination, and edge inclination.
3) Several example problems are worked through step-by-step to show determining the front, top, and side views of planes in different orientations, such as a pentagon inclined to the horizontal plane and a side to the vertical plane
The document provides instructions for projecting plane figures by describing their position relative to the horizontal and vertical planes. It explains that problems will give the plane figure and its inclination to the planes. The document outlines the 3 step process: 1) assume initial position, 2) consider surface inclination, 3) consider side/edge inclination. Examples are given of different inclinations and the steps are applied to sample problems.
B.tech i eg u3 projection of planes, solid and development of surfacesRai University
This document provides information on projections of planes and surfaces in engineering graphics. It begins with definitions of key terms like true shape, apparent shape, and reduced shape as they relate to projections. It then presents examples of how to draw projections of different plane figures in different orientations, such as when the surface is parallel to or inclined to the horizontal or vertical planes. It provides pictorial representations and orthographic projections for various cases including rectangles, pentagons, hexagons, and circles oriented in different ways. The document concludes with example problems demonstrating how to apply the concepts.
1. The document discusses the procedure for projecting plane figures by considering their position and orientation relative to the horizontal and vertical planes.
2. It explains that the position of a plane figure will be defined by specifying the inclination of its surface to one reference plane and the inclination of one of its edges to the other plane.
3. The document provides examples of applying the three step procedure to solve projection problems: 1) assume initial position and draw front and top views, 2) consider surface inclination and redraw views, 3) consider edge inclination and draw final views.
1. A plane is a two-dimensional geometrical entity with length and width but no thickness. For practical purposes, a flat face of an object may be treated as a plane.
2. When projecting a plane, its shape, inclination to reference planes, and the inclination of edges are given. Planes can be parallel or inclined to one or both reference planes.
3. This document provides examples of projecting rectangular and pentagonal planes in different positions relative to the reference planes. The examples demonstrate determining the true shape view and projecting points for planes oriented parallel or inclined to the horizontal and vertical planes.
This document provides instructions for projecting plane figures given their position relative to the horizontal and vertical planes. It begins by describing what information is typically provided in projection problems involving planes: a description of the plane figure and its position relative to the HP and VP defined by an inclination. Common steps for solving these problems are outlined, including making initial assumptions, projecting the inclined surface, and projecting the inclined edge. An example problem of projecting a rectangle with a surface inclined to the HP and edge inclined to the VP is shown. The key steps of the procedure are to first draw projections assuming the initial position, then incorporate the surface inclination, and finally the edge inclination.
The document provides instructions for projecting plane figures by:
1. Describing the plane figure and its position relative to the horizontal and vertical planes.
2. Projecting the figure in three steps: initial position, surface inclination, and side/edge inclination.
3. Key assumptions are made for the initial position based on whether the surface is parallel to the horizontal or vertical plane.
4. Worked examples are provided to demonstrate projecting figures with different combinations of surface and side/edge inclinations.
Ist year engineering-graphics-ed-for-be-students (1) (1)Vivek Sricharan
1. The document discusses the procedure for solving problems involving the projections of plane figures.
2. It involves a 3 step process of drawing initial projections assuming a position, then adjusting for surface inclination, and finally adjusting for side/edge inclination.
3. Key assumptions are made for the initial position based on whether the surface is parallel or inclined to the horizontal or vertical planes.
Ist Year Engineering Graphics E D For B E Students (1) (1)Vivek Sricharan
1. The document discusses the procedure for solving problems involving the projections of plane figures.
2. It involves a 3 step process of drawing initial projections assuming a position, then adjusting for surface inclination, and finally adjusting for side/edge inclination.
3. Key assumptions are made for the initial position based on whether the surface is parallel or inclined to the horizontal or vertical planes.
Ist Year Engineering Graphics E D For B E Students (1) (1)Vivek Sricharan
The document discusses the procedure for solving problems involving the projections of plane figures. It explains that there are three steps: 1) assume an initial position and draw front and top views, 2) consider surface inclination and draw updated views, and 3) consider side/edge inclination and draw final views. It provides examples of applying this procedure to problems involving rectangles, triangles, pentagons, and circles with different surface and edge inclinations. The key is to start with the true shape view based on the initial positioning assumptions and update the views with each additional piece of inclination information provided.
The document discusses the steps to solve problems involving projections of planes. It begins by outlining what information is typically provided in the problem and what is asked. It then demonstrates the procedure with examples of a rectangle in different orientations. Key steps include: 1) Drawing initial front and top views assuming the surface is parallel to a reference plane, 2) Accounting for any surface inclinations, 3) Accounting for any edge inclinations to draw the final projections. Important assumptions and what view shows the true shape are also discussed. Example problems are worked through to demonstrate applying the procedure and noting differences in constructions.
The document provides instructions for projecting plane figures by:
1. Describing the plane figure and its position relative to the horizontal and vertical planes.
2. Projecting the figure in three steps: initial position, surface inclination, and side/edge inclination.
3. Key assumptions are made for the initial position depending on whether the surface is parallel to the horizontal or vertical plane.
4. Worked examples are provided to demonstrate projecting figures with different combinations of surface and side/edge inclinations.
The document discusses the procedure for drawing projections of plane figures that are inclined to the horizontal and vertical planes. It provides examples of drawing projections for various objects including rectangles, triangles, circles, hexagons and pentagons in different orientations. The procedure involves three steps - drawing the initial projections assuming the plane is parallel to a reference plane, then drawing the second projections after inclining the surface, and finally the third projections after inclining an edge or side. Hints and solutions are provided for sample problems applying this three-step process.
1. The document discusses the process of projecting plane figures in 3D space onto 2D planes.
2. It explains that plane figures are defined by their position relative to horizontal and vertical reference planes, through angles of inclination of surfaces and edges.
3. The procedure for solving projection problems is outlined as a 3-step process: 1) assume an initial position and draw front and top views, 2) project the inclined surface, 3) project the inclined edge or side.
6. Section of solids and development of surfaces.pptAmitSolankiSVNIT
This document provides information about sections of solids, development, and intersections in engineering drawing. It discusses how to section a solid using an imaginary cutting plane and the different types of section planes. Typical section planes and their resulting shapes are shown for different solids. Development is defined as unfolding the hollowed-out sheet of a solid to show its unfolded shape. Several examples of developments are provided for solids like prisms, cylinders, cones, pyramids, and frustums. The document also contains several problems demonstrating how to draw projections, sectional views, true shapes of sections, and developments for various solids that are cut by different section planes.
- The document discusses drawing projections of solids. It provides steps to solve problems involving drawing projections of solids that are inclined or freely suspended.
- It explains that three views are typically needed to represent a 3D solid on a 2D surface: a front view, top view, and side view. It outlines a three step process for drawing projections of inclined solids: 1) assume the solid is standing on the plane it is inclined to, 2) draw projections in that position, 3) draw projections considering the remaining inclinations.
- It provides examples of applying these steps to problems involving solids like prisms, pyramids, cylinders and cones in different orientations. Guidelines are given for determining which
1. The document describes various solids and their dimensional parameters including rectangular prisms, triangular prisms, square pyramids, cylinders, and cones. It discusses their faces, edges, and other geometric features.
2. Methods for solving problems involving solids are presented. Problems can be solved in three steps: 1) assume the solid is standing on the plane it is inclined to, 2) draw projections considering the solid's inclination, and 3) draw final projections considering any remaining inclinations.
3. Several example problems are shown applying this three-step method to solids inclined to horizontal and vertical planes in different positions like standing, resting, or freely suspended. This includes determining front, top/
The document discusses the process of projecting plane figures in three steps:
1. Draw front and top views assuming an initial position with the surface parallel to either the HP or VP.
2. Project the views again after considering the surface inclination.
3. Draw final projections accounting for any edge inclinations.
It provides examples of applying this process to different shapes including rectangles, triangles, circles, and hexagons in various orientations. Guidance is given on making assumptions in the initial position and sequentially projecting views while considering the given surface and edge inclinations.
1) The document discusses different types of solids and their classification into two groups - Group A solids have the same shape for the top and base, while Group B solids have the base of some shape and just a point for the top.
2) Instructions are provided on how to solve problems involving solids, with a three step approach of first assuming the solid standing on the relevant plane, then considering its inclination, and finally drawing the final projections.
3) Several example problems are worked through step-by-step to demonstrate how to draw the projections of solids like prisms, pyramids, cylinders and cones in different orientations. Dimensional parameters and terminology used in problems involving solids
1) The document discusses different types of solids and their classification into two groups - Group A solids have the same shape for the top and base, while Group B solids have the base of some shape and just a point for the top.
2) Instructions are provided on how to solve problems involving solids, with a three step approach of first assuming the solid standing on the relevant plane, then considering its inclination, and finally drawing the final projections.
3) Several example problems are worked through step-by-step to demonstrate how to draw the projections of solids like prisms, pyramids, cylinders and cones in different orientations. Dimensional parameters and terminology used in problems involving solids
A plane is a two dimensional object having length and breadth only. Its thickness is always neglected. Various shapes of plane figures are considered such as square, rectangle, circle, pentagon, hexagon, etc.
There are two types of planes
Perpendicular planes which have their surface perpendicular to any one of the reference planes and parallel or inclined to the other reference plane.
2. Oblique planes which have their surface inclined to both the reference planes.
The document discusses the procedure for drawing projections of plane figures when their surfaces or edges are inclined to the horizontal and vertical planes. It provides examples of different cases including surfaces or edges inclined to one or both planes. The key steps are to first draw projections assuming the figure is parallel to one plane, then incline the surface, and finally incline the edge or side. Eleven sample problems are provided to demonstrate this procedure.
1. The document discusses sections of solids and development of surfaces of solids. It provides definitions and illustrations of sectioning a solid using section planes, and developing the surface of a solid.
2. Methods of developing surfaces are described for prisms, cylinders, cones, pyramids, and other shapes. Common engineering applications of development include sheet metal products.
3. The document contains examples of problems involving drawing projections of solids, sectional views, true shapes of sections, and developments of surfaces for various solids that are cut by different section planes.
1. The document discusses sections and developments of solids. It provides definitions and illustrations of sectioning a solid using section planes, and developing the surfaces of solids.
2. Examples of typical section planes and resulting shapes are shown for different solids. Common engineering applications of developments in sheet metal industry are also described.
3. Steps for solving problems involving drawing projections of solids, their sections, true shapes of sections, and developments of remaining parts are demonstrated through examples.
1. The document discusses sections of solids and development of surfaces of solids. It provides definitions and illustrations of sectioning a solid using section planes, and developing the surface of a solid.
2. Methods of developing surfaces are described for prisms, cylinders, cones, pyramids, and other shapes. Common engineering applications of development include sheet metal works.
3. Several example problems are provided to illustrate finding sectional views, true shapes of sections, and developing the surfaces of remaining solids for various objects cut by different section planes.
Similar to 9.projection of-planes-engineering108.com (19)
Hydraulic cranes use pressurized water to move a sliding ram connected to a movable pulley block, which controls the distance between the pulley blocks and lifts and lowers loads attached to a hoist cable. The crane consists of a vertical post with a jib and tie beams, guide pulleys, and a hydraulic jigger cylinder. Hydraulic cranes are widely used to lift heavy loads in shipping, warehouses, workshops, and other industrial applications.
This document discusses hydraulic braking systems. It explains that hydraulics uses pressurized fluids to transmit and increase force. Hydraulic braking systems use this principle to transmit pressure from the brake pedal through fluid to the calipers or wheel cylinders to create braking force. It describes different types of braking systems like drum, disc, and dual systems as well as components like the master cylinder, calipers, and proportioning valves which are used to balance braking force.
Tata Motors is a global automotive manufacturing company founded in 1868 and headquartered in Mumbai, India. It has over 600,000 employees operating in over 100 countries, generating $108.78 billion in annual revenue, with 68% from international markets. The company focuses on developing its large pool of technical and managerial talent through extensive training programs and career development schemes. Its human resources practices emphasize framing HR policies, identifying employee talents, improving productivity, and optimally utilizing human resources to achieve organizational objectives.
To be a good listener, one must practice active listening skills like being non-evaluative, paraphrasing the speaker's message, reflecting implications and hidden feelings, inviting further contributions, and responding non-verbally. It is important to communicate that the speaker is being heard and understood without judging their ideas, attitudes, or values. Clarifying points by paraphrasing ensures accurate understanding, while reflecting on where the speaker's ideas are leading shows engagement and encourages expansion on their thoughts. Developing an attitude of tolerance, acceptance, and understanding takes effort but allows for effective communication.
The document discusses six techniques of reading:
1. Skimming and scanning allow for reading large amounts of material quickly to find specific information or get a general idea.
2. Exploratory reading is used to gain a general understanding of main ideas and relate new information to what is already known.
3. Intensive and analytical/critical reading involve reading slowly and carefully to gain maximum understanding and evaluate or reflect on the content. Words per minute is lowest with these techniques.
The document discusses the results of a study on the impact of climate change on global wheat production. Researchers found that rising temperatures will significantly reduce wheat yields across different regions of the world by the end of the century. Under a high emissions scenario, the study projects a global average decrease in wheat production of 6% by 2050, and a 17% decrease by 2100, threatening global food security.
The document discusses the concept of proxemics, which is the study of how people use physical space in social interactions and communications. It notes that space is used to signal power, status, and relationships. It outlines Edward T. Hall's model of four distinct interpersonal distance zones - intimate, personal, social, and public - and discusses behavioral norms and communication styles appropriate for each zone.
This document discusses three aspects of voice and speech: volume, pitch, and articulation. It notes that volume should be adjusted based on the size of the speaking area, with larger areas requiring higher volume. Pitch refers to the vibrations per second of the voice and impacts the conveyed emotions. Articulation means speaking distinctly and crisply producing each sound. The document advises developing clear articulation skills.
Paralinguistic refers to non-verbal communication through voice. It includes characteristics like quality, volume, pace, pitch, and articulation of one's voice. Quality refers to the unique characteristics of an individual's voice, volume depends on whether the speaking environment is large or small, pace is ideally between 120-150 words per minute, pitch conveys emotions, and clear articulation helps the audience understand.
This document discusses paralinguistic features of speech, which are non-verbal elements that contribute meaning. It describes qualities like voice, volume, rate, pitch, articulation, pronunciation, and pause. Specific qualities like voice quality, volume, pace/rate, pitch, articulation, pronunciation, and modulation are defined. Voice quality can distinguish individuals and be resonant, soft, thin, hoarse, or harsh. Volume should project but not always be loud. Pace/rate should vary between 120-150 words per minute. Pitch varies with intonation and emotion. Articulation and pronunciation impact credibility if words are slurred or mispronounced. Modulation prevents dullness through word and sentence stress. Pauses
This document provides guidance on organizing content and preparing an outline for a presentation. It recommends dividing a presentation into three parts: an introduction, main body, and conclusion. The introduction should include an opening statement to engage the audience, the purpose of the presentation, and an overview of what will be discussed. The main body can be organized chronologically, categorically, by causes and effects, or with a problem-solution structure depending on the topic. It should cover the key points in a logical sequence. The conclusion should review the main ideas and remind the audience of the purpose. It also provides steps for creating an outline, including determining the theme, gathering relevant information, identifying main points, organizing the material logically, and refining the
This document provides guidance on organizing content and preparing an outline for a presentation. It recommends dividing a presentation into three parts: introduction, main body, and conclusions. The introduction should catch the audience's attention with an opening statement and state the purpose. The main body can be organized chronologically, categorically, with a cause-and-effect structure, or with a problem-solution approach. The conclusions should briefly review the main points and remind the audience of the purpose without adding new information. An outline should identify the main idea, gather relevant information, select the main points, organize the material logically, write an engaging introduction and conclusion, and be refined through practice.
This document discusses various forms of nonverbal communication including kinesics, posture, gesture, eye contact, facial expression, and personal appearance. Kinesics refers to body movements and postures that convey meaning. Posture can indicate attention level and mirroring postures leads to positive perceptions. Gestures supplement verbal communication and emblems are culture-specific gestures. Eye contact norms differ across cultures. Facial expressions communicate emotions. Personal appearance such as clothing can influence judgments of a person.
Kinesics is the study of non-verbal communication through body movement and physical gestures. Non-verbal communication conveys messages simultaneously with verbal communication during face-to-face interactions. It includes five parts: personal appearance, posture, gestures, facial expressions, and eye contact. Personal appearance, posture, and gestures can reveal personality and attitudes. Facial expressions and eye contact provide additional cues about emotions and truthfulness beyond what is said verbally.
Kinesics refers to body language and non-verbal communication. It includes elements like personal appearance, posture, gestures, facial expressions, and eye contact. These all convey messages without words. For example, posture can indicate comfort, domination, or inferiority. Facial expressions like smiles or frowns also communicate feelings. Eye contact is a powerful form of non-verbal communication that can reveal attitudes and feelings. Kinesics plays an important role in presentations and interactions.
This document discusses communication and is presented by Harsh Patel. It defines communication as the process of exchanging information, ideas, thoughts, feelings and emotions through speech, signals, writing or behavior. It outlines the process of communication and describes the main types of communication as verbal and nonverbal. Verbal communication is transmitted through words, either orally or in writing, while nonverbal communication involves wordless messages through gestures, body language, posture, tone of voice or facial expressions.
The document provides email etiquette tips for business communication. It recommends reading emails before sending to check for mistakes, using reply-to-all only when necessary, and avoiding abbreviations or emotions that may not be understood. Other tips include not forwarding chain emails, using meaningful subjects, keeping language gender neutral, and sparingly using cc. It also advises creating a written email policy and training employees on proper etiquette.
This document discusses welded connections. It begins by defining welding as the process of joining metals through heating and applying pressure or filler material. The document then covers the advantages and disadvantages of welded connections, different welding processes, types of welded joints including butt and fillet joints, stresses in welded joints, analyzing unsymmetrical welded sections under axial loads, and special cases of fillet joints subjected to torque or bending moments. Equations for calculating forces and stresses in various welded joint configurations are provided.
Types of stresses and theories of failure (machine design & industrial drafti...Digvijaysinh Gohil
This document summarizes different types of stresses and theories of failure in mechanical components. It discusses eight types of stresses: tensile, compressive, bending, direct shear, torsional shear, bearing pressure, crushing, and contact stresses. It then explains three main theories of failure - maximum principal stress theory, maximum shear stress theory, and distortion energy theory - and their applications based on the material properties.
This document discusses threaded fasteners and their terminology. It describes different types of threads including external and internal threads, right-hand and left-hand threads, and thread dimensions. It also outlines methods for drawing threaded components including bolts, nuts, studs, and threaded holes. Key steps are provided for dimensioning these parts and representing threads in drawings. Common applications of bolts, studs, and other threaded fasteners are also highlighted.
Accident detection system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
The Rapid growth of technology and infrastructure has made our lives easier. The
advent of technology has also increased the traffic hazards and the road accidents take place
frequently which causes huge loss of life and property because of the poor emergency facilities.
Many lives could have been saved if emergency service could get accident information and
reach in time. Our project will provide an optimum solution to this draw back. A piezo electric
sensor can be used as a crash or rollover detector of the vehicle during and after a crash. With
signals from a piezo electric sensor, a severe accident can be recognized. According to this
project when a vehicle meets with an accident immediately piezo electric sensor will detect the
signal or if a car rolls over. Then with the help of GSM module and GPS module, the location
will be sent to the emergency contact. Then after conforming the location necessary action will
be taken. If the person meets with a small accident or if there is no serious threat to anyone’s
life, then the alert message can be terminated by the driver by a switch provided in order to
avoid wasting the valuable time of the medical rescue team.
Determination of Equivalent Circuit parameters and performance characteristic...pvpriya2
Includes the testing of induction motor to draw the circle diagram of induction motor with step wise procedure and calculation for the same. Also explains the working and application of Induction generator
Blood finder application project report (1).pdfKamal Acharya
Blood Finder is an emergency time app where a user can search for the blood banks as
well as the registered blood donors around Mumbai. This application also provide an
opportunity for the user of this application to become a registered donor for this user have
to enroll for the donor request from the application itself. If the admin wish to make user
a registered donor, with some of the formalities with the organization it can be done.
Specialization of this application is that the user will not have to register on sign-in for
searching the blood banks and blood donors it can be just done by installing the
application to the mobile.
The purpose of making this application is to save the user’s time for searching blood of
needed blood group during the time of the emergency.
This is an android application developed in Java and XML with the connectivity of
SQLite database. This application will provide most of basic functionality required for an
emergency time application. All the details of Blood banks and Blood donors are stored
in the database i.e. SQLite.
This application allowed the user to get all the information regarding blood banks and
blood donors such as Name, Number, Address, Blood Group, rather than searching it on
the different websites and wasting the precious time. This application is effective and
user friendly.
This study Examines the Effectiveness of Talent Procurement through the Imple...DharmaBanothu
In the world with high technology and fast
forward mindset recruiters are walking/showing interest
towards E-Recruitment. Present most of the HRs of
many companies are choosing E-Recruitment as the best
choice for recruitment. E-Recruitment is being done
through many online platforms like Linkedin, Naukri,
Instagram , Facebook etc. Now with high technology E-
Recruitment has gone through next level by using
Artificial Intelligence too.
Key Words : Talent Management, Talent Acquisition , E-
Recruitment , Artificial Intelligence Introduction
Effectiveness of Talent Acquisition through E-
Recruitment in this topic we will discuss about 4important
and interlinked topics which are
Supermarket Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
Supermarket management is a stand-alone J2EE using Eclipse Juno program.
This project contains all the necessary required information about maintaining
the supermarket billing system.
The core idea of this project to minimize the paper work and centralize the
data. Here all the communication is taken in secure manner. That is, in this
application the information will be stored in client itself. For further security the
data base is stored in the back-end oracle and so no intruders can access it.
Generative AI Use cases applications solutions and implementation.pdfmahaffeycheryld
Generative AI solutions encompass a range of capabilities from content creation to complex problem-solving across industries. Implementing generative AI involves identifying specific business needs, developing tailored AI models using techniques like GANs and VAEs, and integrating these models into existing workflows. Data quality and continuous model refinement are crucial for effective implementation. Businesses must also consider ethical implications and ensure transparency in AI decision-making. Generative AI's implementation aims to enhance efficiency, creativity, and innovation by leveraging autonomous generation and sophisticated learning algorithms to meet diverse business challenges.
https://www.leewayhertz.com/generative-ai-use-cases-and-applications/
Road construction is not as easy as it seems to be, it includes various steps and it starts with its designing and
structure including the traffic volume consideration. Then base layer is done by bulldozers and levelers and after
base surface coating has to be done. For giving road a smooth surface with flexibility, Asphalt concrete is used.
Asphalt requires an aggregate sub base material layer, and then a base layer to be put into first place. Asphalt road
construction is formulated to support the heavy traffic load and climatic conditions. It is 100% recyclable and
saving non renewable natural resources.
With the advancement of technology, Asphalt technology gives assurance about the good drainage system and with
skid resistance it can be used where safety is necessary such as outsidethe schools.
The largest use of Asphalt is for making asphalt concrete for road surfaces. It is widely used in airports around the
world due to the sturdiness and ability to be repaired quickly, it is widely used for runways dedicated to aircraft
landing and taking off. Asphalt is normally stored and transported at 150’C or 300’F temperature
Digital Twins Computer Networking Paper Presentation.pptxaryanpankaj78
A Digital Twin in computer networking is a virtual representation of a physical network, used to simulate, analyze, and optimize network performance and reliability. It leverages real-time data to enhance network management, predict issues, and improve decision-making processes.
Null Bangalore | Pentesters Approach to AWS IAMDivyanshu
#Abstract:
- Learn more about the real-world methods for auditing AWS IAM (Identity and Access Management) as a pentester. So let us proceed with a brief discussion of IAM as well as some typical misconfigurations and their potential exploits in order to reinforce the understanding of IAM security best practices.
- Gain actionable insights into AWS IAM policies and roles, using hands on approach.
#Prerequisites:
- Basic understanding of AWS services and architecture
- Familiarity with cloud security concepts
- Experience using the AWS Management Console or AWS CLI.
- For hands on lab create account on [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
# Scenario Covered:
- Basics of IAM in AWS
- Implementing IAM Policies with Least Privilege to Manage S3 Bucket
- Objective: Create an S3 bucket with least privilege IAM policy and validate access.
- Steps:
- Create S3 bucket.
- Attach least privilege policy to IAM user.
- Validate access.
- Exploiting IAM PassRole Misconfiguration
-Allows a user to pass a specific IAM role to an AWS service (ec2), typically used for service access delegation. Then exploit PassRole Misconfiguration granting unauthorized access to sensitive resources.
- Objective: Demonstrate how a PassRole misconfiguration can grant unauthorized access.
- Steps:
- Allow user to pass IAM role to EC2.
- Exploit misconfiguration for unauthorized access.
- Access sensitive resources.
- Exploiting IAM AssumeRole Misconfiguration with Overly Permissive Role
- An overly permissive IAM role configuration can lead to privilege escalation by creating a role with administrative privileges and allow a user to assume this role.
- Objective: Show how overly permissive IAM roles can lead to privilege escalation.
- Steps:
- Create role with administrative privileges.
- Allow user to assume the role.
- Perform administrative actions.
- Differentiation between PassRole vs AssumeRole
Try at [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
Open Channel Flow: fluid flow with a free surfaceIndrajeet sahu
Open Channel Flow: This topic focuses on fluid flow with a free surface, such as in rivers, canals, and drainage ditches. Key concepts include the classification of flow types (steady vs. unsteady, uniform vs. non-uniform), hydraulic radius, flow resistance, Manning's equation, critical flow conditions, and energy and momentum principles. It also covers flow measurement techniques, gradually varied flow analysis, and the design of open channels. Understanding these principles is vital for effective water resource management and engineering applications.
3. PROJECTIONS OF PLANES
What will be given in the problem?
1. Description of the plane figure.
2. It’s position with HP and VP.
In which manner it’s position with HP & VP will be described?
1.Inclination of it’s SURFACE with one of the reference planes will be given.
2. Inclination of one of it’s EDGES with other reference plane will be given
(Hence this will be a case of an object inclined to both reference Planes.)
To draw their projections means F.V, T.V. & S.V.
What is usually asked in the problem?
engineering108.com
4. HP
VP
VPVP
a’ d’
c’b’
HP
a
b c
d
a1’
d1’ c1’
b1’
HP
a1
b1 c1
d1
CASE OF A RECTANGLE – OBSERVE AND NOTE ALL STEPS.
SURFACE PARALLEL TO HP
PICTORIAL PRESENTATION
SURFACE INCLINED TO HP
PICTORIAL PRESENTATION
ONE SMALL SIDE INCLINED TO VP
PICTORIAL PRESENTATION
ORTHOGRAPHIC
TV-True Shape
FV- Line // to xy
ORTHOGRAPHIC
FV- Inclined to XY
TV- Reduced Shape
ORTHOGRAPHIC
FV- Apparent Shape
TV-Previous Shape
A B Cengineering108.com
5. PROCEDURE OF SOLVING THE PROBLEM:
IN THREE STEPS EACH PROBLEM CAN BE SOLVED
STEP 1. Assume suitable conditions & draw Fv & Tv of initial position.
STEP 2. Now consider surface inclination & draw 2nd Fv & Tv.
STEP 3. After this,consider side/edge inclination and draw 3rd ( final) Fv & Tv.
ASSUMPTIONS FOR INITIAL POSITION:
(Initial Position means assuming surface // to HP or VP)
1.If in problem surface is inclined to HP – assume it // HP
Or If surface is inclined to VP – assume it // to VP
2. Now if surface is assumed // to HP- It’s TV will show True Shape.
And If surface is assumed // to VP – It’s FV will show True Shape.
3. Hence begin with drawing TV or FV as True Shape.
4. While drawing this True Shape –
keep one side/edge ( which is making inclination) perpendicular to xy line
( similar to pair no. A on previous page illustration ).
Now Complete STEP 2. By making surface inclined to the resp plane & project it’s other view.
(Ref. 2nd pair B on previous page illustration )
Now Complete STEP 3. By making side inclined to the resp plane & project it’s other view.
(Ref. 3nd pair C on previous page illustration )
engineering108.com
6. X Y
a
b c
d
a’
b’
c’d’
a1
b1 c1
d1
a’b’
d’c’ c’1 d’1
b’1 a’1450
300
Problem 1:
Rectangle 30mm and 50mm
sides is resting on HP on one
small side which is 300 inclined
to VP, while the surface of the
plane makes 450 inclination with
HP. Draw it’s projections.
Read problem and answer following questions
1. Surface inclined to which plane? ------- HP
2. Assumption for initial position? ------// to HP
3. So which view will show True shape? --- TV
4. Which side will be vertical? ---One small side.
Hence begin with TV, draw rectangle below X-Y
drawing one small side vertical.
Surface // to Hp Surface inclined to Hp
Side
Inclined
to Vp
engineering108.com
7. Problem 2:
A 300 – 600 set square of longest side
100 mm long, is in VP and 300 inclined
to HP while it’s surface is 450 inclined
to VP.Draw it’s projections
(Surface & Side inclinations directly given)
Read problem and answer following questions
1 .Surface inclined to which plane? ------- VP
2. Assumption for initial position? ------// to VP
3. So which view will show True shape? --- FV
4. Which side will be vertical? ------longest side.
c1
X Y
300
450
a’1
b’1
c’1
a
c
a’
a
b1
b’
b
a1b
c
a’1
b’1
c’1
c’
Hence begin with FV, draw triangle above X-Y
keeping longest side vertical.
Surface // to Vp Surface inclined to Vp
side inclined to Hp
engineering108.com
8. c
c1
X Y
450
a’1
b’1
c’1
a
c
a’
a
b1
b’
b
a1b
a’1
b’1
c’1
c’
35
10
Problem 3:
A 300 – 600 set square of longest side
100 mm long is in VP and it’s surface
450 inclined to VP. One end of longest
side is 10 mm and other end is 35 mm
above HP. Draw it’s projections
(Surface inclination directly given.
Side inclination indirectly given)
Read problem and answer following questions
1 .Surface inclined to which plane? ------- VP
2. Assumption for initial position? ------// to VP
3. So which view will show True shape? --- FV
4. Which side will be vertical? ------longest side.
Hence begin with FV, draw triangle above X-Y
keeping longest side vertical.
First TWO steps are similar to previous problem.
Note the manner in which side inclination is given.
End A 35 mm above Hp & End B is 10 mm above Hp.
So redraw 2nd Fv as final Fv placing these ends as said.
engineering108.com
9. Read problem and answer following questions
1. Surface inclined to which plane? ------- HP
2. Assumption for initial position? ------ // to HP
3. So which view will show True shape? --- TV
4. Which side will be vertical? -------- any side.
Hence begin with TV,draw pentagon below
X-Y line, taking one side vertical.
Problem 4:
A regular pentagon of 30 mm sides is
resting on HP on one of it’s sides with it’s
surface 450 inclined to HP.
Draw it’s projections when the side in HP
makes 300 angle with VP
a’b’ d’
b1
d
c1
a
c’e’
b
c
d1
b’1
a1
e’1
c’1
d’1
a1
b1
c1d1
d’
a’b’
c’e’
e1
e1
a’1
X Y450
300
e
SURFACE AND SIDE INCLINATIONS
ARE DIRECTLY GIVEN.
engineering108.com
10. Problem 5:
A regular pentagon of 30 mm sides is resting
on HP on one of it’s sides while it’s opposite
vertex (corner) is 30 mm above HP.
Draw projections when side in HP is 300
inclined to VP.
Read problem and answer following questions
1. Surface inclined to which plane? ------- HP
2. Assumption for initial position? ------ // to HP
3. So which view will show True shape? --- TV
4. Which side will be vertical? --------any side.
Hence begin with TV,draw pentagon below
X-Y line, taking one side vertical.
b’
d’
a’
c’e’
a1
b1
c1d1
e1
b1
c1
d1
a1
e1
b’1
e’1
c’1
d’1
a’1
X Ya’b’ d’c’e’
30
a
b
c
d
e
300
SURFACE INCLINATION INDIRECTLY GIVEN
SIDE INCLINATION DIRECTLY GIVEN:
ONLY CHANGE is
the manner in which
surface inclination is
described:
One side on Hp & it’s
opposite corner 30 mm
above Hp.
Hence redraw 1st Fv as
a 2nd Fv making above
arrangement.
Keep a’b’ on xy & d’ 30
mm above xy.
engineering108.com
11. a
d
c
b
a’ b’ d’ c’
X Y
a1
b1
d1
c1
450
300 a’1
b’1
c’1
d’1
a1
b1
d1
c1a
d
c
b
a’ b’ d’ c’
300
a’1
b’1
c’1
d’1
Problem : A circle of 50 mm diameter is
resting on Hp on end A of it’s diameter AC
which is 300 inclined to Hp while it’s Tv
is 450 inclined to Vp.Draw it’s projections.
Problem : A circle of 50 mm diameter is
resting on Hp on end A of it’s diameter AC
which is 300 inclined to Hp while it makes
450 inclined to Vp. Draw it’s projections.
Read problem and answer following questions
1. Surface inclined to which plane? ------- HP
2. Assumption for initial position? ------ // to HP
3. So which view will show True shape? --- TV
4. Which diameter horizontal? ---------- AC
Hence begin with TV,draw rhombus below
X-Y line, taking longer diagonal // to X-Y
The difference in these two problems is in step 3 only.
In problem no.8 inclination of Tv of that AC is
given,It could be drawn directly as shown in 3rd step.
While in no.9 angle of AC itself i.e. it’s TL, is
given. Hence here angle of TL is taken,locus of c1
Is drawn and then LTV I.e. a1 c1 is marked and
final TV was completed.Study illustration carefully.
Note the difference in
construction of 3rd step
in both solutions.
engineering108.com
12. Problem 10: End A of diameter AB of a circle is in HP
A nd end B is in VP.Diameter AB, 50 mm long is
300 & 600 inclined to HP & VP respectively.
Draw projections of circle.
The problem is similar to previous problem of circle – no.9.
But in the 3rd step there is one more change.
Like 9th problem True Length inclination of dia.AB is definitely expected
but if you carefully note - the the SUM of it’s inclinations with HP & VP is 900.
Means Line AB lies in a Profile Plane.
Hence it’s both Tv & Fv must arrive on one single projector.
So do the construction accordingly AND note the case carefully..
SOLVE SEPARATELY
ON DRAWING SHEET
GIVING NAMES TO VARIOUS
POINTS AS USUAL,
AS THE CASE IS IMPORTANT
X Y
300
600
Read problem and answer following questions
1. Surface inclined to which plane? ------- HP
2. Assumption for initial position? ------ // to HP
3. So which view will show True shape? --- TV
4. Which diameter horizontal? ---------- AB
Hence begin with TV,draw CIRCLE below
X-Y line, taking DIA. AB // to X-Y
engineering108.com
13. As 3rd step
redraw 2nd Tv keeping
side DE on xy line.
Because it is in VP
as said in problem.
X Y
a
b
c
d
e
f
Problem 11:
A hexagonal lamina has its one side in HP and
Its apposite parallel side is 25mm above Hp and
In Vp. Draw it’s projections.
Take side of hexagon 30 mm long.
ONLY CHANGE is the manner in which surface inclination
is described:
One side on Hp & it’s opposite side 25 mm above Hp.
Hence redraw 1st Fv as a 2nd Fv making above arrangement.
Keep a’b’ on xy & d’e’ 25 mm above xy.
25
f’ e’d’c’b’a’
a1
b1
c1
d1
e1
f1
c1
’
b’1a’1
f’1
d’1e’1
f1
a1
c1
b1
d1e1
Read problem and answer following questions
1. Surface inclined to which plane? ------- HP
2. Assumption for initial position? ------ // to HP
3. So which view will show True shape? --- TV
4. Which diameter horizontal? ---------- AC
Hence begin with TV,draw rhombus below
X-Y line, taking longer diagonal // to X-Y
engineering108.com
14. A B
C
H
H/3
G
X Y
a’
b’
c’
g’
b a,g c 450
a’1
c’1
b’1
g’1
FREELY SUSPENDED CASES.
1.In this case the plane of the figure always remains perpendicular to Hp.
2.It may remain parallel or inclined to Vp.
3.Hence TV in this case will be always a LINE view.
4.Assuming surface // to Vp, draw true shape in suspended position as FV.
(Here keep line joining point of contact & centroid of fig. vertical )
5.Always begin with FV as a True Shape but in a suspended position.
AS shown in 1st FV.
IMPORTANT POINTS
Problem 12:
An isosceles triangle of 40 mm long
base side, 60 mm long altitude Is
freely suspended from one corner of
Base side.It’s plane is 450 inclined to
Vp. Draw it’s projections.
First draw a given triangle
With given dimensions,
Locate it’s centroid position
And
join it with point of suspension.
engineering108.com
15. G
A
P
20 mm
CG
X Y
e’
c’
d’
b’
a’
p’
g’
b c a p,g d e
Problem 13
:A semicircle of 100 mm diameter
is suspended from a point on its
straight edge 30 mm from the midpoint
of that edge so that the surface makes
an angle of 450 with VP.
Draw its projections.
First draw a given semicircle
With given diameter,
Locate it’s centroid position
And
join it with point of suspension.
1.In this case the plane of the figure always remains perpendicular to Hp.
2.It may remain parallel or inclined to Vp.
3.Hence TV in this case will be always a LINE view.
4.Assuming surface // to Vp, draw true shape in suspended position as FV.
(Here keep line joining point of contact & centroid of fig. vertical )
5.Always begin with FV as a True Shape but in a suspended position.
AS shown in 1st FV.
IMPORTANT POINTS
engineering108.com
16. To determine true shape of plane figure when it’s projections are given.
BY USING AUXILIARY PLANE METHOD
WHAT WILL BE THE PROBLEM?
Description of final Fv & Tv will be given.
You are supposed to determine true shape of that plane figure.
Follow the below given steps:
1. Draw the given Fv & Tv as per the given information in problem.
2. Then among all lines of Fv & Tv select a line showing True Length (T.L.)
(It’s other view must be // to xy)
3. Draw x1-y1 perpendicular to this line showing T.L.
4. Project view on x1-y1 ( it must be a line view)
5. Draw x2-y2 // to this line view & project new view on it.
It will be the required answer i.e. True Shape.
The facts you must know:-
If you carefully study and observe the solutions of all previous problems,
You will find
IF ONE VIEW IS A LINE VIEW & THAT TOO PARALLEL TO XY LINE,
THEN AND THEN IT’S OTHER VIEW WILL SHOW TRUE SHAPE:
NOW FINAL VIEWS ARE ALWAYS SOME SHAPE, NOT LINE VIEWS:
SO APPLYING ABOVE METHOD:
WE FIRST CONVERT ONE VIEW IN INCLINED LINE VIEW .(By using x1y1 aux.plane)
THEN BY MAKING IT // TO X2-Y2 WE GET TRUE SHAPE.
Study Next
Four Cases
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17. X Y
a
c
b
C’
b’
a’
10
15
15
X1
Y1
C1
b1a1
a’1
b’1
c’1
X2
Y2
Problem 14 Tv is a triangle abc. Ab is 50 mm long, angle cab is 300 and angle cba is 650.
a’b’c’ is a Fv. a’ is 25 mm, b’ is 40 mm and c’ is 10 mm above Hp respectively. Draw projections
of that figure and find it’s true shape.
300 650
50 mm
As per the procedure-
1.First draw Fv & Tv as per the data.
2.In Tv line ab is // to xy hence it’s other view a’b’ is TL. So draw x1y1 perpendicular to it.
3.Project view on x1y1.
a) First draw projectors from a’b’ & c’ on x1y1.
b) from xy take distances of a,b & c( Tv) mark on these projectors from x1y1. Name points a1b1 & c1.
c) This line view is an Aux.Tv. Draw x2y2 // to this line view and project Aux. Fv on it.
for that from x1y1 take distances of a’b’ & c’ and mark from x2y= on new projectors.
4.Name points a’1 b’1 & c’1 and join them. This will be the required true shape.
ALWAYS FOR NEW FV TAKE
DISTANCES OF PREVIOUS FV
AND FOR NEW TV, DISTANCES
OF PREVIOUS TV
REMEMBER!!engineering108.com
18. x1
y1
c’1
b’1
a’1
x2
y2
b1
c1
d1
c’
X Y
a’
b’
b
ca
10
20
15
15
1’
1
40
50
25
Problem 15: Fv & Tv of a triangular plate are shown.
Determine it’s true shape.
USE SAME PROCEDURE STEPS
OF PREVIOUS PROBLEM:
BUT THERE IS ONE DIFFICULTY:
NO LINE IS // TO XY IN ANY VIEW.
MEANS NO TL IS AVAILABLE.
IN SUCH CASES DRAW ONE LINE
// TO XY IN ANY VIEW & IT’S OTHER
VIEW CAN BE CONSIDERED AS TL
FOR THE PURPOSE.
HERE a’ 1’ line in Fv is drawn // to xy.
HENCE it’s Tv a-1 becomes TL.
THEN FOLLOW SAME STEPS AND
DETERMINE TRUE SHAPE.
(STUDY THE ILLUSTRATION)
ALWAYS FOR NEW FV TAKE
DISTANCES OF PREVIOUS FV
AND FOR NEW TV, DISTANCES
OF PREVIOUS TV
REMEMBER!! engineering108.com
19. y1
X2
X1
a1
c1
d1
b1
c’1
d’1
b’1
a’1
y2
TRUE SHAPEa
b
c
d YX
a’
d’
c’
b’
50 D.
50D
TL
PROBLEM 16: Fv & Tv both are circles of 50 mm diameter. Determine true shape of an elliptical plate.
ADOPT SAME PROCEDURE.
a c is considered as line // to xy.
Then a’c’ becomes TL for the purpose.
Using steps properly true shape can be
Easily determined.
Study the illustration.
ALWAYS, FOR NEW FV
TAKE DISTANCES OF
PREVIOUS FV AND
FOR NEW TV, DISTANCES
OF PREVIOUS TV
REMEMBER!!
engineering108.com
20. a
b
c
d
e
a’
b’
e’
c’
d’
a1
b1
e1 d1
c1
300X Y
X1
Y1
450
Problem 17 : Draw a regular pentagon of
30 mm sides with one side 300 inclined to xy.
This figure is Tv of some plane whose Fv is
A line 450 inclined to xy.
Determine it’s true shape.
IN THIS CASE ALSO TRUE LENGTH
IS NOT AVAILABLE IN ANY VIEW.
BUT ACTUALLY WE DONOT REQUIRE
TL TO FIND IT’S TRUE SHAPE, AS ONE
VIEW (FV) IS ALREADY A LINE VIEW.
SO JUST BY DRAWING X1Y1 // TO THIS
VIEW WE CAN PROJECT VIEW ON IT
AND GET TRUE SHAPE:
STUDY THE ILLUSTRATION..
ALWAYS FOR NEW FV
TAKE DISTANCES OF
PREVIOUS FV AND FOR
NEW TV, DISTANCES OF
PREVIOUS TV
REMEMBER!!
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