8714 5 word formation processes
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This document discusses various word formation processes in the English language. It describes 10 different processes: coinage, borrowing, compounding, blending, clipping, backformation, conversion, acronyms, derivation, and multiple processes. For each process, it provides examples to illustrate how new words are created through processes like combining existing words, shortening words, changing word categories, and deriving words from other languages.
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Word Meaning (Semantics, Semantic Features and Prototype)
This document provides an overview of key concepts in semantics, including:
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Word formation process
This document discusses the various processes of word formation in language. It identifies 12 main processes: coinage, borrowing, calque, compounding, derivation, blending, backformation, conversion, acronyms, initialisms, onomatopoeia, and clipping. Each process is explained with examples. New words are needed to describe new inventions and concepts. Language is dynamic and constantly changing through these word formation processes over time.
Rules of subject verb agreement.
Subject-verb agreement rules dictate that:
1) Subjects and verbs must agree in number - singular subjects take singular verbs and plural subjects take plural verbs.
2) Nouns form plurals by adding "s" while verbs form plurals by removing "s".
3) Compound subjects joined by "and" are plural, while subjects joined by "or/nor" take the verb of the nearer subject.
4) Indefinite pronouns like "some" can be singular or plural depending on context, and "none" is usually singular.
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If you like this slide, please become my patron in my Patreon account :
www.patreon.com/bayujakamagistra
Thank You Very Much
linguistics
Conversion is a word formation process where a word changes grammatical form, such as from a noun to a verb, without changing spelling or pronunciation. The most common types of conversion in English are noun to verb and verb to noun. Examples provided include converting the noun "email" to the verb "to email" and converting the verb "to call" to the noun "call". Conversion is a productive way to form new words in English and occurs between other word classes as well, such as prepositions converting to nouns or verbs.
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The document discusses various processes of word formation in languages. It identifies 10 main processes: coinage, borrowing, compounding, blending, clipping, backformation, conversion, acronyms, affixation, and reduplication. Each process is explained with examples to illustrate how new words are created in a language through these different morphological processes.
Root, base and stem
A root is the core of a word with nothing attached, a stem can have grammatical affixes added, and a base can have any affix, whether derivational or grammatical, added. The document provides examples to illustrate the differences, such as "like" being a root, "dislike" a base, and "disliked" a stem, as well as multi-word terms with roots and affixes forming bases.
How children learn language
1. The document discusses the development of children's speech production and comprehension from babbling to first words to telegraphic speech to rule formation. It explains that speech comprehension precedes production and the relationship between thought, comprehension, and production.
2. It describes characteristics of parentese/baby talk that aid language learning like exaggerated intonation and simplified grammar and vocabulary. Imitation, rule learning, and correction play roles in acquisition.
3. Memory and logic also facilitate language learning as children form word-object associations through memory and use inductive and deductive reasoning. Abstract words are learned later through experience and metaphor.
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Word Meaning (Semantics, Semantic Features and Prototype)
This document provides an overview of key concepts in semantics, including:
- Entailment and hyponymy relationships between words and sentences. Entailment means one sentence necessarily implies the truth of another. Hyponymy is a hierarchical relationship where a word is a type of another word.
- Other semantic relationships like synonymy, antonymy, complementarity, and meronymy. Synonyms have the same meaning, antonyms have opposite meanings, and complementaries have mutually exclusive meanings. Meronyms refer to part-whole relationships.
- How semantic features can help explain why some sentences seem odd, by looking at the conceptual features words have like [+/- animate].
- Prototype theory
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This document discusses the various processes of word formation in language. It identifies 12 main processes: coinage, borrowing, calque, compounding, derivation, blending, backformation, conversion, acronyms, initialisms, onomatopoeia, and clipping. Each process is explained with examples. New words are needed to describe new inventions and concepts. Language is dynamic and constantly changing through these word formation processes over time.
Rules of subject verb agreement.
Subject-verb agreement rules dictate that:
1) Subjects and verbs must agree in number - singular subjects take singular verbs and plural subjects take plural verbs.
2) Nouns form plurals by adding "s" while verbs form plurals by removing "s".
3) Compound subjects joined by "and" are plural, while subjects joined by "or/nor" take the verb of the nearer subject.
4) Indefinite pronouns like "some" can be singular or plural depending on context, and "none" is usually singular.
Inflection in Morphology (Linguistics)
This slide explains Inflectional morphology which is the study of the processes (such as affixation and vowel change) that distinguish the forms of words in certain grammatical categories.
If you like this slide, please become my patron in my Patreon account :
www.patreon.com/bayujakamagistra
Thank You Very Much
linguistics
Conversion is a word formation process where a word changes grammatical form, such as from a noun to a verb, without changing spelling or pronunciation. The most common types of conversion in English are noun to verb and verb to noun. Examples provided include converting the noun "email" to the verb "to email" and converting the verb "to call" to the noun "call". Conversion is a productive way to form new words in English and occurs between other word classes as well, such as prepositions converting to nouns or verbs.
Processes of word formation
The document discusses various processes of word formation in languages. It identifies 10 main processes: coinage, borrowing, compounding, blending, clipping, backformation, conversion, acronyms, affixation, and reduplication. Each process is explained with examples to illustrate how new words are created in a language through these different morphological processes.
Root, base and stem
A root is the core of a word with nothing attached, a stem can have grammatical affixes added, and a base can have any affix, whether derivational or grammatical, added. The document provides examples to illustrate the differences, such as "like" being a root, "dislike" a base, and "disliked" a stem, as well as multi-word terms with roots and affixes forming bases.
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Slide 28 Suggested Adjustments:
She just wanted to say, "Hey y'all!" = She simply desired to greet you.
That question is a no-brainer. = That query requires little thought to respond to.
Dude, what's up with that? = Sir, why are you doing that?
That's the boss-man calling for ya, buddy. = Your supervisor is calling you, my friend.
Suggested Adjustments for slide 29:
This vile medical concoction purportedly diminishes the required need for sleep. = This medicine is supposed to help you stay awake.
Dear Sir, I compose this letter in response to your previous solicitation via telephone. = I am writing this letter to respond to your phone call.
Madam, one might consider three potential destinations for your Caribbean excursion. = There are three options for your vacation.
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This document discusses various word formation processes in the English language, including clipping, blending, acronyms and initialisms, back-formation, borrowing, coinage, reduplication, inflection, derivation, compounding, and the categorization of compounds. It provides examples for each process and discusses their linguistic characteristics and differences.
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Diagramming sentences involves showing the structure of a sentence visually. Key points:
1) The simple subject and verb are written on a horizontal line and separated by a vertical line.
2) Words that describe the subject, verb, or object are written on diagonal lines below the related word.
3) Linking verbs link the subject to a subject complement that renames or describes the subject, which is written after the verb and separated by a tilting line.
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Semanticists study the foundations of everyday communication by examining properties of sentences like being analytic, synthetic, or contradictory. These properties depend on the sense and relationships between words. The sense of a word is its core meaning, while a stereotype includes typical characteristics. Complete definitions of word meanings are difficult, but stereotypes and necessary/sufficient conditions provide partial understanding. Effective communication relies on shared understandings of word senses and stereotypes.
Compounding- Word Formation processes
This document discusses word formation processes through compounding and clipping. It defines compounding as combining two or more words to form a new word, such as "teapot" or "fast food". Compounding can be classified as endocentric, with a head word, or exocentric, without a head. Clipping is shortening words through back clipping, fore clipping, middle clipping or complex clipping. Examples are provided such as "gas" from "gasoline" and "gator" from "alligator". Activities are included to identify structures in compound words and determine original words from clipped forms.
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The document outlines 10 rules for subject-verb agreement, including that the verb must agree with the subject in number, words between the subject and verb do not affect agreement, and the verb is singular or plural depending on whether the subject is singular or plural. It provides examples for each rule.
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here, just a little explanation of the blending in Morphology, I made this for a presentation of morphology and syntax class. Hope that can be useful for all learner. thanks
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1. Modern linguistics emerged in the 19th-20th centuries with a focus on phonetics, phonology, and establishing language as a structured system. Key figures included Henry Sweet and Ferdinand de Saussure who viewed language as a system of arbitrary signs.
2. Noam Chomsky laid the foundations of generative linguistics and transformational grammar with his work "Syntactic Structures" in 1957. He proposed the idea of universal grammar and a language acquisition device.
3. Other influential linguists included Roman Jakobson who proposed distinctive features to classify sounds, Edward Sapir who developed the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis about linguistic relativity, and Paul Grice who
phonemes
Phonemes are the smallest units of sound that distinguish one word from another in a language. There are 44 phonemes in English represented by letters alone or letter combinations. Phonemes can be segmented from words by breaking words into their individual sound units. The English language has a complex phonetic code where one phoneme can be represented by 1 to 4 letters. Minimal pairs are word pairs that differ by one phoneme, like "fan" and "van", helping learners distinguish similar sounds.
Blending and Backformation
Blending is a word formation process where parts of two or more words are combined to create a new word. The meaning of a blended word is often a combination of the original words. Examples include smog from smoke and fog, motel from motor and hotel, and brunch from breakfast and lunch.
Backformation is a type of word formation where a word is reduced to form a new word of a different type. For example, the noun television led to the verb televise being created from it. Other examples include donate from donation and edit from editor.
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This document defines assimilation and provides examples of it occurring in speech. It discusses how assimilation is a phonological process where sounds become more similar when next to each other. Assimilation can be regressive, with the first sound changing to match the second, or progressive, with the second sound changing to match the first. It also describes different types of assimilation including place, manner, and voicing of sounds. Exercises are provided to have the reader practice identifying assimilation in words and sentences.
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This document discusses syllables and syllable structure in the English language. Some key points:
- A syllable is the unit between a phoneme and a word and consists of at least one vowel sound.
- Words can be made up of one (monosyllabic), two (disyllabic), or more (polysyllabic) syllables.
- The nucleus of a syllable is obligatorily a vowel sound, while consonant sounds occur before (onset) and/or after (coda) the vowel, making syllables open or closed.
- English allows up to three consonant clusters at the beginning of a syllable and four at the end.
- Some consonant sounds can
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This document discusses different types of phrases in the English language. It defines what a phrase is and explains that phrases can function as nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, or prepositions. The main types of phrases discussed include noun phrases, prepositional phrases, adjective phrases, adverb phrases, verb phrases, infinitive phrases, gerund phrases, participle phrases, and absolute phrases. For each type of phrase, examples are provided and their function in a sentence is explained.
Structural ambiguity
This document provides an overview of syntax and generative grammar. It defines syntax as the way words are arranged to show relationships of meaning within and between sentences. Grammar is defined as the art of writing, but is now used to study language. Generative grammar uses formal rules to generate an infinite set of grammatical sentences. It distinguishes between deep structure and surface structure. Tree diagrams are used to represent syntactic structures with symbols like S, NP, VP. Phrase structure rules, lexical rules, and movement rules are discussed. Complement phrases and recursion are also explained.
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This document provides examples and explanations of how to construct tree diagrams to represent the syntactic structure of phrases and sentences. It includes phrase structure rules, examples of building tree diagrams for various phrases and sentences, and prompts for drawing tree structures for additional phrases and sentences. The document is intended to teach how to represent linguistic information through tree diagrams.
Phrases - what are phrases and types of phrases
This document defines and provides examples of different types of phrases. A phrase is a group of words that does not contain both a subject and predicate. There are seven main types of phrases: verb phrases, prepositional phrases, participial phrases, infinitive phrases, gerund phrases, appositive phrases, and adverbial phrases. Each type is defined and an example is given to illustrate how it functions within a sentence.
Semantics
This document provides an overview of semantics, the study of meaning in language. It discusses several key concepts in semantics, including:
- The meaning of words, phrases, and sentences.
- Truth conditions and how the meaning of a sentence relates to whether it is true or false.
- Compositional semantics and how the meaning of parts combine to form the meaning of the whole.
- Lexical semantics and the different types of meanings words can have, including sense, reference, and lexical relations like synonyms and antonyms.
- How semantic features reflect our knowledge about word meanings.
Formality vs Informality in English
What makes spoken English more or less formal?
Slide 28 Suggested Adjustments:
She just wanted to say, "Hey y'all!" = She simply desired to greet you.
That question is a no-brainer. = That query requires little thought to respond to.
Dude, what's up with that? = Sir, why are you doing that?
That's the boss-man calling for ya, buddy. = Your supervisor is calling you, my friend.
Suggested Adjustments for slide 29:
This vile medical concoction purportedly diminishes the required need for sleep. = This medicine is supposed to help you stay awake.
Dear Sir, I compose this letter in response to your previous solicitation via telephone. = I am writing this letter to respond to your phone call.
Madam, one might consider three potential destinations for your Caribbean excursion. = There are three options for your vacation.
Might one offer a beverage to the guests during this soiree? = Can I get a drink at this party?
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This document discusses various word formation processes in the English language, including clipping, blending, acronyms and initialisms, back-formation, borrowing, coinage, reduplication, inflection, derivation, compounding, and the categorization of compounds. It provides examples for each process and discusses their linguistic characteristics and differences.
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2) Derivational processes like derivation, compounding, reduplication, blending, clipping, acronyms, back formation and more.
3) Inflectional morphology and examples of inflectional affixes in English.
4) Function words in English and cross-linguistic differences.
5) Problems in morphological description like bound stems and unidentifiable elements due to historical influences.
U7 Interchange3
The document discusses the use of passive voice and infinitive clauses and phrases. It provides examples of active and passive sentences in different tenses. It also explains how to form passive sentences using prepositions and the structure of infinitive clauses. There are exercises for the reader to practice rewriting sentences from active to passive voice and providing solutions to problems using infinitive phrases.
Word-formation
This is a brief explanation of how new English words are created. Also, the processes of word-formation are discussed. The writer provides the references for further reading to deepen knowledge in addressing some related issues in word-formation.
Word Formation process (Linguistics) By Ali Asghar Jatoi
Word Formation Process and Steps ,stages and techniques to produce a word. Explained in my own voice. PPT for University
Word formation
The document discusses various processes of word formation in English. It defines terms like derivation, compounding, blending, clipping, backformation, conversion, acronyms, prefixes, and suffixes. Examples are provided to illustrate each process. Key points include:
- Derivation is forming new words from root words using affixes like prefixes and suffixes. Common affixes include un-, mis-, -ful, -less.
- Compounding combines two words to form a new word like carphone or football.
- Blending fuses parts of two words to make a new word like smog from smoke and fog.
- Clipping shortens words like chem from chemistry or exam from examination
New Words New Toys
The document discusses changes in the English language and technologies used for teaching English. It notes how computers and corpora have changed dictionary making by providing large datasets of real language. New words like "blog" and "podcast" have emerged for new technologies. The meaning of words like "web" and "site" have shifted based on evidence from corpora. Classroom technologies have advanced from blackboards to include computers, internet access, and interactive whiteboards. Overall, the core English vocabulary remains stable while teaching tools and student expectations continue to evolve.
How New Words Are Made
This document discusses different ways that new words are created in the English language, including through acronyms, blends, clippings, compounds, coinage, and borrowing from other languages. It provides examples for each method of word creation, such as ANZAC for acronyms, brunch for blends, and lab for clippings. The document also explores how words can be compounds of nouns and adjectives or verbs and nouns. Finally, it discusses how words have been borrowed into English from languages like Spanish, French, Italian, Norwegian, and Dutch.
Exploring rhetoric in the Electronic Enlightenment
An exploration of the steps necessary to prepare a corpus of (mainly) eighteenth century correspondence and make it available for interactive exploration of linguistic and stylistic features.
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Chapter 2
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8714 5 word formation processes
- 1. 1 Word Formation Processes Chapter 6 Introduction Spangler and his electric suction sweeper Spangler- spanglering – spanglered – spanglerish – spanglarism That didn’t happen, but people still talk about ‘hoovering’ Neologism a new word, usage, or expression
- 2. 2 Etymology The study of the origin of the word Etymology comes from Latin but has Greek roots (etymon ‘original from’ + logia ‘study of’) Attitude towards new words entering a language Handbook – aviation in the 19th century Computer and radio in Arabic Ways in which a word can enter a language. Types of Word Formation 1. Coinage 2. Borrowing 3. Compounding 4. Blending 5. Clipping 6. Backformation 7. Conversion 8. Acronyms 9. Derivation
- 3. 3 Coinage Invention of totally new words Extension of a name of a product from a specific reference to a more general one e.g. Kleenex, Xerox, and Kodak Eponyms: words based on a name of a person or a place. E.g. sandwich, jeans, watt Borrowing Taking over of words from another language English borrowed a lot of Latin and French words Leak (Dutch) Barbecue (Spanish) Piano (Italian) Sofa (Arabic) Croissant (French) Yogurt (Turkish) Arabic also borrowed a lot of words from English, e.g. television, radio, supermarket Loan-translation or calque A phrase that is introduced into a language through translation Superman رق ا ا Skyscraper ب
- 4. 4 Compounding Two or more words joined together to form a new word. Examples: Home + work homework (N) Pick + pocket pickpocket (N) Low + paid low-paid (Adj) Note: The meaning of a compound is not always the sum of the meanings of its parts. Baby oil Coconut oil oil made from coconuts. Olive oil oil made from olives. NOT oil made from babiesoil for babies
- 5. 5 Blending Similar to compounds, but in blending only parts of the words are combined. Examples: Motor + hotel Motel Breakfast + lunch Brunch Smoke + fog smog Teleprinter + exchange telex Clipping Shortening a word by deleting one or more syllables Examples: Facsimile fax Hamburger burger Gasoline gas Advertisement ad Professor? Doctor?
- 6. 6 Backformation Creative reduction due to incorrect morphological analysis. Examples: editor edit television televise babysitter babysit Note: backformation always involve reduction (changing the form of the word) Conversion Assigning an already existing word to a new syntactic category. Examples: butter (N) V to butter the bread permit (V) N an entry permit empty (A) V to empty the litter-bin must (V) N doing the homework is a must Microwave (N) V
- 7. 7 Acronyms Words derived from the initials of several words Examples: National Aeronautics and Space Agency NASA United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund UNICEF United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization UNESCO Compact Disc CD Other examples of Acronyms: a) Radar b) FYI c) TGIF d) a.k.a e) Html f) www g) btw h) ATM i) FAQ a) Radio detecting and ranging b) For Your Information c) Thanks God It’s Friday d) also known as e) Hypertext mark-up language f) World wide web g) By the way h) Automatic Teller Machine i) Frequently asked questions
- 8. 8 Derivation The most common word formation process. affixes Examples: Happy unhappy, happiness Arrange rearrange Prefixes vs. suffixes Infixes inside the word Tell them I’ve gone to Singabloodypore! Multiple Processes The creation of a particular word involves more than one process. Example: Problems with the project have snowballed Snow + ball compound Snowball (N) (V) conversion
- 9. 9 Multiple Processes Identify the processes involved in the creation of the following forms. I just got a new car-phone James wants to be a footballer The negotiators blueprinted a new peace proposal Complete the process and Identify the type of word formation: 1. automatic 2. information, entertainment 3. modulator, demodulator 4. love, seat 5. International, police 6. A comb 7. delicatessen 8. Capt. Charles Cunningham Boycott Auto Infotainment Modem Loveseat Interpol To comb Deli Boycott clipping blends blends compounding blends conversion clipping eponym
- 10. 10 See you next class ☺ Read Chapter 7