The document discusses changes in the English language and technologies used for teaching English. It notes how computers and corpora have changed dictionary making by providing large datasets of real language. New words like "blog" and "podcast" have emerged for new technologies. The meaning of words like "web" and "site" have shifted based on evidence from corpora. Classroom technologies have advanced from blackboards to include computers, internet access, and interactive whiteboards. Overall, the core English vocabulary remains stable while teaching tools and student expectations continue to evolve.

1. New Words & Meanings, New Toys & Tools Changes in the English language and in English language-teaching technologies Paul Heacock

2. What do these have to do with each other? Dictionaries Computers They have more in common than you’d think!

3. Dictionary making a group effort kind of like working on an assemble line

4. Dictionary making OK, like an assembly line in an office

5. Lexicographers have always been ‘techies’

6. These days, computers, not quills

7. Corpora, not citations

8. What is a corpus? A corpus is a large, principled collection of real language examples stored in a database on a computer. How large is large? 1 million words? 100 million? 500 million? Why a principled collection? What is “real language”? What would “fake language” be?

9. What can we get from corpora? frequency how often does a word or phrase occur? contexts grammatical, semantic, position in sentence domain what kinds of texts does it appear in? collocation the company a word keeps

10. What “real language” is in a corpus? Written Material Newspapers Magazines Academic Books General Books Literature Correspondence Spoken Material Transcripts of TV and radio programs Telephone conversations Face-to-face conversations Service encounters Other Material Advertisements, catalogs, etc. Web pages, E-mail, etc.

11. Why look at different genres? Word ACAD SPOK TV WRIT great (general adj) 3949 5772 4170 2672 greater (comparative) 1983 143 540 497 greatest (superlative) 770 155 377 382 (all figures are occurrences per 10 million words)

12. Spoken examples of great Of my dad dad doing his great stomp. Like oh great . Oh that's great . You have a great view and the food is very good. That that's really great isn't it that they can have that. e had, uh, i-, i-, there's been a great deal of difficulty in finding It's a great idea. This is a great maternity dress. Ta=Tasted great . They've been great . But it's a great ... Oh, he's great , I saw him play when he as at That's that's great . That would be great . Microsoft would have been great . Oh great .

13. Academic examples of great Because of that great nobleness of hers leading place in nearly every great Continental city'. some of that wonder of the great city that readers know It also makes a great difference to the way we white, Stuck with Jewels and a great crucifix on her breast' From the great Treatise of Parmenides; theatrical interest that the great Edward Alleyn was indeed, one of Pascal's great talents is in understanding co-operation is certainly of great interest - but we should not to ignore the existence of a great deal of inertia and even list of taxable goods, made great play of the acceptance of into the nature of those great positive goods, which do it sounds like the hubbub of a great city waking up; see how the in applying the word ` great ' to Clare's work. the priesthood, and the great judicial aristocracy.

14. Corpus-based dictionaries

15. Corpus linguistics is more than just dictionaries Natural Language Processing information retrieval (“Super Google”) automatic translation automatic essay scoring (TOEFL iBT) speech recognition

16. So what’s new in English? New words blog, podcast, wiki New uses of old words web, site, stream

17. New words for new things DVD appeared in 1994 similar in form to names of other media (CD, LP) – initials make snappy words blog came to the fore c. 2002 shortening of full form, like Net, bike playful, irreverent podcasts started in 2004 joining of existing terms, like webcam, photocopy generic use of brand name

18. What happened to web ? Merriam-Webster’s 10 th Collegiate (1993) fabric on a loom * cobweb * animal or plant membrane * thin metal sheet, plate or strip * snare or entanglement <web of intrigue> * network <web of relationships> * the series of barbs implanted on each side of the shaft of a feather * a continuous sheet of paper being manufactured or used for printing * the part between the ribs in a vault

19. The Web happened using a corpus of American English from 2000 or later: > 55% of occurrences are for web site(s) < 4% of cites are for spider’s web(s) < 2% of cites are for web of (lies, revenge, etc) M-W meanings aren’t outdated, just less common.

20. And site ? M-W 10 (’93) gets closest with “the place, scene or point of something” Corpus shows 25%+ of cites are for Web or web site(s) 5%+ are for the site of... Small numbers for each, but corpus has evidence of construction ~, presidential ~, historic ~, job ~, crash ~ , and more

21. And stream ? M-W 10 (’93) has nothing related to data corpus shows little use for data under stream , but 20% of occurrences for streaming are coupled with audio, video, media , etc

22. We’ve all become a little techie computers & technology are part of who we are cell phones, DVDs, PCs weren’t much in evidence 15 years ago language reflects who we are, what we care about

23. We care about other stuff, too bandwidth counterterrorism E. colil firepower Jihad morph retro soy initials, too BTW EU IT NAFTA PC URL

24. And some things have changed Soviet was a much more frequent word in 1990 than it is in 2008 former is now an important collocate Iraq was a high-frequency item in 1991, not so much in 1998, now once again in 2008

25. Words come, words go . . . . . . and some come back again Core vocabulary in English does not change very much. What learners need to learn stays mostly the same. Good news for English teachers!

26. What has changed The tools used for teaching English The expectations of students Materials on offer from publishers

27. Once upon a time . . . An English classroom might have these

28. classroom tools, c. 1990 a blackboard an OHP an audio cassette player

29. classroom tools, c. 2000 a blackboard an OHP an audiocassette (or CD) player a TV / VCR

30. classroom tools, c. 2008 a blackboard an OHP? an audio CD player? a DVD player a computer? Internet access? an Interactive Whiteboard? wikis? LMSs? interactive workbooks?

31. Computers in the classroom for CD-ROMs for materials created by the teacher for Internet access to integrate different materials in one place

32. What’s on CD-ROMs? Reference materials (dictionaries) Listening/Speaking activities Interactive games Test prep material Some is more suited to independent study/ language lab, some excellent for class use

33. What’s online? resources for teachers resources for students interactive learning www.cambridge.org/TouchstoneArcade

34. An Interactive whiteboard? Tools to help teachers teach better Integrates all your media in one place Provides new ways of interacting with text, images, audio, video

35. Podcasting for listening & speaking Students record reports on a topic in class Teacher posts recordings to a website Students access these podcasts and do follow-up activities Free software ( www.Wordpress.com ), a computer with microphone, and free or cheap web space are all that’s needed

36. Collaborative online writing Assign writing tasks that need to be done jointly (research paper, continue-the-story) Assign writing tasks that require feedback from other students Google Docs ( http://docs.google.com ) and other sites provide free space to house documents, share them with others, comment on writing, etc.

37. What’s next? very soon / already here cell phones iPods Interactive whiteboards not all that long iMovies corpus in the classroom Automatic Speech Recognition ??????????????

38. Does technology matter? Some technologies are suited to some types of learning in the classroom in the language lab at home in transit Some types of learning are not at all suited to technological solutions

39. What really matters What do you want to achieve? better spoken communication? better written communication? improved vocabulary, grammar, pronunciation, listening? Which modes will achieve the goals? teacher-learner interactions learner-learner interactions learner-computer interactions

40. Some keys to evaluation Language learning potential Learner fit Meaning focus Relevance Authenticity Positive impact Practicality from Carol A. Chapelle, Computer Applications in Second Language Acquisition

41. Bridging the gap from techies to teachers Techies believe in the gadgets and gizmos they develop Teachers need to examine new tools and apply perspectives based on their backgrounds as teachers: What will this new thing do to make teaching and learning English easier, better, or more fulfilling?

42. Don’t be afraid new tools = new opportunities Ask questions! of your colleagues of your students of publishers of yourselves of me