The document discusses the ozone layer and ozone depletion. It explains that the ozone layer absorbs UV radiation and protects life on Earth. The layer was depleted by CFCs and other chemicals but bans have helped it recover. It also discusses ground-level ozone as a pollutant formed from VOCs and NOx reacting with sunlight. Sources of these pollutants include vehicles, industry, solvents and more. Protecting the ozone layer and reducing smog requires proper disposal of refrigerants, reducing driving, using mass transit, and conserving energy.
Atmospheric ozone protects the Earth and its inhabitants from the harmful ultraviolet radiation of the Sun. Without this protective layer, more ultraviolet radiation would reach the surface of the Earth and cause damage to plant, animal and human life. This module explains the importance of ozone, the causes of its depletion and the effects expected on earth's systems.
hi everyone it is the most usefull of our some solution of routine life like what is responsibility of our envoronment and atmosphere...so see the ppt and know the problem,solution and many more future of deplating our ozone layer.......
Atmospheric ozone protects the Earth and its inhabitants from the harmful ultraviolet radiation of the Sun. Without this protective layer, more ultraviolet radiation would reach the surface of the Earth and cause damage to plant, animal and human life. This module explains the importance of ozone, the causes of its depletion and the effects expected on earth's systems.
hi everyone it is the most usefull of our some solution of routine life like what is responsibility of our envoronment and atmosphere...so see the ppt and know the problem,solution and many more future of deplating our ozone layer.......
very easy and best ppt on ozone layer..
you ca understand easily about ozone layer..
it will be some what helpful for you..
i have describe about each basic points accoring to me..
The hole in our sky ~7 things I suggest you can do to help ozone hole heal ...Yuzuka Funasaka
On the bottom of page 16, it says "2016" but this is wrong, I tried to write "2006" but I made a mistake, sorry...
For my English problem solving assignment I have chosen to talk about what you can do to prevent ozone layer depletion. I hope this slideshow would help the world's sustainable future.
very easy and best ppt on ozone layer..
you ca understand easily about ozone layer..
it will be some what helpful for you..
i have describe about each basic points accoring to me..
The hole in our sky ~7 things I suggest you can do to help ozone hole heal ...Yuzuka Funasaka
On the bottom of page 16, it says "2016" but this is wrong, I tried to write "2006" but I made a mistake, sorry...
For my English problem solving assignment I have chosen to talk about what you can do to prevent ozone layer depletion. I hope this slideshow would help the world's sustainable future.
Ozone layer
Ozone hole
Characteristics of Ozone layer
Cause of O3 depletion:
Form of UV coming from sun:
Effects of UV rays
Ozone hole improvement
Importance of CFCs at the beginning
Alternative sources of CFCs
How does the Global worming take place??
Greenhouse gases
Impacts of Global Warming
Ozone Layer Depletion, Greenhouse Effect & Global WarmingNeetha Joseph
This is a presentation regarding some of those little threats our Earth is going through....The presentation is made interesting with a wide range of pictures, illustrations and animations...Please download to see the animated slideshow...Hope this comes of help to you!
Role of ozone in environment –
Ozone layer –
Ozone depleting gases –
Green House Effect –
Radioactive effects of Greenhouse gases –
The Hydrological cycle –
Green House Gases and Global Warming –
Carbon Cycle.
Ozone is a naturally occurring molecule made up of three oxygen atoms. It has the chemical formula O3.
The word ‘ozone’ is derived from the Greek word óζειν which means “to smell”. Its strong smell allows scientists to detect it in low amounts.
Ozone is found in different levels of the earth’s atmosphere.
About 90% of ozone in the atmosphere is concentrated between 15 and 30 kilometres above the earth's surface (stratospheric ozone).
At this level it provides a protective shield from the sun, we think of this as good ozone.
It is also found at ground level in lower concentrations (tropospheric ozone).
Here ozone is a pollutant that is a key part of smog over cities and we think of it as bad ozone.
Atmospheric data demonstrates that ozone depleting substances are destroying ozone in the stratosphere and thinning the earth’s ozone layer.
Ozone depleting substances are chemicals that include -
chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs); nontoxic, nonflammable chemicals containing atoms of carbon, chlorine, and fluorine.
halons, group of organohalogen compounds containing bromine and fluorine and one or two carbons.
carbon tetrachloride (CCl4),
methyl chloroform (CH3CCl3),
Hydro-bromo-fluoro-carbons (HBFCs),
Hydro-chloro-fluoro-carbons (HCFCs),
methyl bromide (CH3Br) and
bromochloromethane (CH2BrCl).
They deplete the ozone layer by releasing chlorine and bromine atoms into the stratosphere, which destroy ozone molecules.
These and other ozone depleting substances also contribute, to varying extents, to global warming
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
1. EGEE 102 – Energy Conservation
And Environmental Protection
Ozone and Environment
2. Ozone
• Ozone layer
• From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
• Jump to navigationJump to search
• Ozone-oxygen cycle in the ozone layer.
• The ozone layer or ozone shield is a region of Earth's stratosphere that absorbs most of the
Sun's ultraviolet radiation. It contains high concentration of ozone (O3) in relation to other
parts of the atmosphere, although still small in relation to other gases in the stratosphere.
The ozone layer contains less than 10 parts per million of ozone, while the average ozone
concentration in Earth's atmosphere as a whole is about 0.3 parts per million. The ozone
layer is mainly found in the lower portion of the stratosphere, from approximately 15 to 35
kilometers (9.3 to 21.7 mi) above Earth, although its thickness varies seasonally and
geographically.[1]
EGEE 102 - Pisupati 2
3. • The ozone layer was discovered in 1913 by the French physicists
Charles Fabry and Henri Buisson. Measurements of the sun showed
that the radiation sent out from its surface and reaching the ground on
Earth is usually consistent with the spectrum of a black body with a
temperature in the range of 5,500–6,000 K (5,227 to 5,727 °C), except
that there was no radiation below a wavelength of about 310 nm at the
ultraviolet end of the spectrum. It was deduced that the missing
radiation was being absorbed by something in the atmosphere.
Eventually the spectrum of the missing radiation was matched to only
one known chemical, ozone.[2] Its properties were explored in detail by
the British meteorologist G. M. B. Dobson, who developed a simple
spectrophotometer (the Dobsonmeter) that could be used to measure
stratospheric ozone from the ground. Between 1928 and 1958, Dobson
established a worldwide network of ozone monitoring stations, which
continue to operate to this day. The "Dobson unit", a convenient
measure of the amount of ozone overhead, is named in his honor.
3
4. • In 1976 atmospheric research revealed that the
ozone layer was being depleted by chemicals
released by industry, mainly chlorofluorocarbons
(CFCs). Concerns that increased UV radiation due to
ozone depletion threatened life on Earth, including
increased skin cancer in humans and other
ecological problems,[4] led to bans on the chemicals,
and the latest evidence is that ozone
depletion ,slowed or stopped. The United Nations
General Assembly has designated September 16 as
the International Day for the Preservation of the
Ozone Layer.
EGEE 102 - Pisupati 4
5. • The ozone layer absorbs 97 to 99
percent of the Sun's medium-frequency
ultraviolet light (from about 200 nm to
315 nm wavelength), which otherwise
would potentially damage exposed life
forms near the surface.[3]
EGEE 102 - Pisupati 5
6. • Venus also has a thin ozone layer at an
altitude of 100 kilometers from the
planet's surface.
EGEE 102 - Pisupati 6
7. • Scientists in this age are working around the clock to
develop Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) to take the place
of hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) and
chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) for use in vehicle air
conditioning. Hydrochlorofluorocarbons are powerful
greenhouse gases, but they are not able to deplete
ozone. Chlorofluorocarbons, on the other hand,
significantly contribute to climate change, which
means Hydrofluorocarbons continue to be the better
alternative until safer alternatives are available.
EGEE 102 - Pisupati 7
8. • The chlorine and bromine free radicals
react with ozone molecule and destroy
their molecular structure, thus depleting
the ozone layer. One chlorine atom can
break more than 1, 00,000 molecules of
ozone. Bromine atom is believed to be
40 times more destructive than chlorine
molecules.
EGEE 102 - Pisupati 8
9. • Destruction of the Ozone Layer - The
Causes
• Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) have been
identified as the main cause of the
destruction to the ozone layer, but there
are also compounds containing bromine,
other halogen compounds and also
nitrogen oxides which cause damage.
EGEE 102 - Pisupati 9
10. • CFCs were discovered by Thomas
Midgeley in the 1930s as a cheap, non-
flammable coolant for refrigerators.
They have been used in refrigerators,
air conditioning, fast food packaging
and propellants. CFCs are very stable,
they decay slowly and so endure in the
atmosphere for up to a century.
EGEE 102 - Pisupati 10
11. • CFCs rise and gradually accumulate in
the stratosphere where they are broken
down by the sun's ultraviolet light, so
releasing chlorine atoms. The chlorine
attacks the ozone, one chlorine atom
can help to destroy 100,000 ozone
molecules.
EGEE 102 - Pisupati 11
12. • What are ozone depleting substances?
• Ozone depleting substances are man-made gases that destroy
ozone once they reach the ozone layer. The ozone layer sits in
the upper atmosphere and reduces the amount of harmful ultra
violet radiation that reaches Earth from the sun. Ultraviolet
radiation can have detrimental effects on both humans and the
environment such as inducing skin cancer and cataracts,
distorting plant growth and damaging the marine environment.
• Ozone depleting substances include:
• chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
• hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs)
• hydrobromoflurocarbons (HBFCs)
EGEE 102 - Pisupati 12
13. • halons
• methyl bromide
• carbon tetrachloride
• methyl chloroform.
• They have been used as:
• refrigerants in commercial, home and
vehicle air conditioners and refrigerators
• foam blowing agents
• components in electrical equipment
• industrial solvents
15. EGEE 102 - Pisupati 15
Ozone
• O3
• a gas composed of three atoms of
oxygen
• bluish gas that is harmful to breathe
• Nearly 90% of the Earth's ozone is in
the stratosphere and is referred to as
the ozone layer
• Ozone absorbs a band of ultraviolet
radiation called UVB
20. EGEE 102 - Pisupati 20
Effects of OLD
• -- Skin Cancer (melanoma and
nonmelanoma)
-- Premature aging of the skin and other
skin problems
-- Cataracts and other eye damage
-- Immune system suppression
21. EGEE 102 - Pisupati 21
The Antarctic Ozone
Hole
• The ozone hole is
defined as the area
having less than 220
dobson units (DU) of
ozone in the
overhead column
(i.e., between the
ground and space).
Source: http://jwocky.gsfc.nasa.gov/multi/recent_ozone91200.gif
23. EGEE 102 - Pisupati 23
What can we do?
• Make sure that technicians working on your
car air conditioner, home air conditioner, or
refrigerator are certified by an EPA approved
program to recover the refrigerant (this is
required by law).
• Have your car and home air conditioner units
and refrigerator checked for leaks. When
possible, repair leaky air conditioning units
before refilling them.
24. EGEE 102 - Pisupati 24
What can we do?
• Contact local authorities to properly dispose
of refrigeration or air conditioning equipment.
• Protect yourself against sunburn. Minimize
sun exposure during midday hours (10 am to
4 pm). Wear sunglasses, a hat with a wide
brim, and protective clothing with a tight
weave. Use a broad spectrum sunscreen with
a sun protection factor (SPF) of at least 15
and 30 is better.
31. EGEE 102 - Pisupati 31
What can We do?
• Keep your automobile well tuned and
maintained.
• Carpool, use mass transit, walk, bicycle,
and/or reduce driving, especially on hot
summer days.
• Be careful not to spill gasoline when filling up
your car or gasoline-powered lawn and
garden equipment. During the summer, fill
your gas tank during the cooler evening hours.
32. EGEE 102 - Pisupati 32
What can we do?
• Make sure your car's tires are properly
inflated and your wheels are aligned.
• Participate in your local utility's energy
conservation programs.
• Seal containers of household cleaners,
workshop chemicals and solvents, and
garden chemicals to prevent VOC from
evaporating into the air. Dispose of them
properly.