The DISTINCT clause allows you to remove duplicate rows from the results of a SELECT statement. It can be used with one or more columns, and returns only unique combinations of values from those columns. The LIKE condition allows pattern matching in a WHERE clause using wildcard characters like % and _. It can be used to find strings that start with, end with, or contain a specific pattern. The IN function provides an alternative way to write multiple OR conditions in a WHERE clause by listing possible values for a column.

1. SQL: DISTINCT Clause
The DISTINCT clause allows you to remove duplicates from the result set. The DISTINCT clause can only
be used with select statements.
The syntax for the DISTINCT clause is:
SELECT DISTINCT columns
FROM tables
WHERE predicates;
Example #1
Let's take a look at a very simple example.
SELECT DISTINCT city
FROM suppliers;
This SQL statement would return all unique cities from the suppliers table.
Example #2
The DISTINCT clause can be used with more than one field.
For example:
SELECT DISTINCT city, state
FROM suppliers;
This select statement would return each unique city and state combination. In this case, the distinct applies
to each field listed after the DISTINCT keyword.
SQL: LIKE Condition
The LIKE condition allows you to use wildcards in the where clause of an SQL statement. This allows you to
perform pattern matching. The LIKE condition can be used in any valid SQL statement - select, insert,
update, or delete.
The patterns that you can choose from are:
% allows you to match any string of any length (including zero length)
_ allows you to match on a single character
Examples using % wildcard
The first example that we'll take a look at involves using % in the where clause of a select statement. We are
going to try to find all of the suppliers whose name begins with 'Hew'.
SELECT * FROM suppliers
WHERE supplier_name like 'Hew%';
You can also using the wildcard multiple times within the same string. For example,

2. SELECT * FROM suppliers
WHERE supplier_name like '%bob%';
In this example, we are looking for all suppliers whose name contains the characters 'bob'.
You could also use the LIKE condition to find suppliers whose name does not start with 'T'. For example,
SELECT * FROM suppliers
WHERE supplier_name not like 'T%';
By placing the not keyword in front of the LIKE condition, you are able to retrieve all suppliers whose name
does not start with 'T'.
Examples using _ wildcard
Next, let's explain how the _ wildcard works. Remember that the _ is looking for only one character.
For example,
SELECT * FROM suppliers
WHERE supplier_name like 'Sm_th';
This SQL statement would return all suppliers whose name is 5 characters long, where the first two
characters is 'Sm' and the last two characters is 'th'. For example, it could return suppliers whose name is
'Smith', 'Smyth', 'Smath', 'Smeth', etc.
Here is another example,
SELECT * FROM suppliers
WHERE account_number like '12317_';
You might find that you are looking for an account number, but you only have 5 of the 6 digits. The example
above, would retrieve potentially 10 records back (where the missing value could equal anything from 0 to
9). For example, it could return suppliers whose account numbers are:
Examples using Escape Characters
Next, in Oracle, let's say you wanted to search for a % or a _ character in a LIKE condition. You can do this
using an Escape character.
Please note that you can define an escape character as a single character (length of 1) ONLY.
For example,
SELECT * FROM suppliers
WHERE supplier_name LIKE '!%' escape '!';
This SQL statement identifies the ! character as an escape character. This statement will return all suppliers
whose name is %.
Here is another more complicated example:
SELECT * FROM suppliers
WHERE supplier_name LIKE 'H%!%' escape '!';

3. This example returns all suppliers whose name starts with H and ends in %. For example, it would return a
value such as 'Hello%'.
You can also use the Escape character with the _ character. For example,
SELECT * FROM suppliers
WHERE supplier_name LIKE 'H%!_' escape '!';
This example returns all suppliers whose name starts with H and ends in _. For example, it would return a
value such as 'Hello_'.
Frequently Asked Questions
Question: How do you incorporate the Oracle upper function with the LIKE condition? I'm trying to query
against a free text field for all records containing the word "test". The problem is that it can be entered in the
following ways: TEST, Test, or test.
Answer: To answer this question, let's take a look at an example.
Let's say that we have a suppliers table with a field called supplier_name that contains the values TEST,
Test, or test.
If we wanted to find all records containing the word "test", regardless of whether it was stored as TEST,
Test, or test, we could run either of the following SQL statements:
select * from suppliers
where upper(supplier_name) like ('TEST%');
or
select * from suppliers
where upper(supplier_name) like upper('test%')
These SQL statements use a combination of the upper function and the LIKE condition to return all of the
records where the supplier_name field contains the word "test", regardless of whether it was stored as
TEST, Test, or test.
Practice Exercise #1:
Based on the employees table populated with the following data, find all records whose employee_name
ends with the letter "h".
CREATE TABLE employees
( employee_number number(10) not null,
employee_name varchar2(50) not null,
salary number(6),
CONSTRAINT employees_pk PRIMARY KEY (employee_number)
);
INSERT INTO employees (employee_number, employee_name, salary)
VALUES (1001, 'John Smith', 62000);

4. INSERT INTO employees (employee_number, employee_name, salary)
VALUES (1002, 'Jane Anderson', 57500);
INSERT INTO employees (employee_number, employee_name, salary)
VALUES (1003, 'Brad Everest', 71000);
INSERT INTO employees (employee_number, employee_name, salary)
VALUES (1004, 'Jack Horvath', 42000);
Solution:
The following SQL statement would return the records whose employee_name ends with the letter "h".
SELECT *
FROM employees
WHERE employee_name LIKE '%h';
It would return the following result set:
EMPLOYEE_NUMBER EMPLOYEE_NAME SALARY
1001 John Smith 62000
1004 Jack Horvath 42000
Practice Exercise #2:
Based on the employees table populated with the following data, find all records whose employee_name
contains the letter "s".
CREATE TABLE employees
( employee_number number(10) not null,
employee_name varchar2(50) not null,
salary number(6),
CONSTRAINT employees_pk PRIMARY KEY (employee_number)
);
INSERT INTO employees (employee_number, employee_name, salary)
VALUES (1001, 'John Smith', 62000);
INSERT INTO employees (employee_number, employee_name, salary)
VALUES (1002, 'Jane Anderson', 57500);
INSERT INTO employees (employee_number, employee_name, salary)
VALUES (1003, 'Brad Everest', 71000);
INSERT INTO employees (employee_number, employee_name, salary)
VALUES (1004, 'Jack Horvath', 42000);
Solution:
The following SQL statement would return the records whose employee_name contains the letter "s".

5. SELECT *
FROM employees
WHERE employee_name LIKE '%s%';
It would return the following result set:
EMPLOYEE_NUMBER EMPLOYEE_NAME SALARY
1002 Jane Anderson 57500
1003 Brad Everest 71000
Practice Exercise #3:
Based on the suppliers table populated with the following data, find all records whose supplier_id is 4 digits
and starts with "500".
CREATE TABLE suppliers
( supplier_id varchar2(10) not null,
supplier_name varchar2(50) not null,
city varchar2(50),
CONSTRAINT suppliers_pk PRIMARY KEY (supplier_id)
);
INSERT INTO suppliers (supplier_id, supplier_name, city)
VALUES ('5008', 'Microsoft', 'New York');
INSERT INTO suppliers (supplier_id, supplier_name, city)
VALUES ('5009', 'IBM', 'Chicago');
INSERT INTO suppliers (supplier_id, supplier_name, city)
VALUES ('5010', 'Red Hat', 'Detroit');
INSERT INTO suppliers (supplier_id, supplier_name, city)
VALUES ('5011', 'NVIDIA', 'New York');
Solution:
The following SQL statement would return the records whose supplier_id is 4 digits and starts with "500".
select *
FROM suppliers
WHERE supplier_id LIKE '500_';
It would return the following result set:
SUPPLIER_ID SUPPLIER_NAME CITY
5008 Microsoft New York
5009 IBM Chicago

6. SQL: "IN" Function
The IN function helps reduce the need to use multiple OR conditions.
The syntax for the IN function is:
SELECT columns
FROM tables
WHERE column1 in (value1, value2, .... value_n);
This SQL statement will return the records where column1 is value1, value2..., or value_n. The IN function
can be used in any valid SQL statement - select, insert, update, or delete.
Example #1
The following is an SQL statement that uses the IN function:
SELECT *
FROM suppliers
WHERE supplier_name in ( 'IBM', 'Hewlett Packard', 'Microsoft');
This would return all rows where the supplier_name is either IBM, Hewlett Packard, or Microsoft. Because
the * is used in the select, all fields from the suppliers table would appear in the result set.
It is equivalent to the following statement:
SELECT *
FROM suppliers
WHERE supplier_name = 'IBM'
OR supplier_name = 'Hewlett Packard'
OR supplier_name = 'Microsoft';
As you can see, using the IN function makes the statement easier to read and more efficient.
Example #2
You can also use the IN function with numeric values.
SELECT *
FROM orders
WHERE order_id in (10000, 10001, 10003, 10005);
This SQL statement would return all orders where the order_id is either 10000, 10001, 10003, or 10005.
It is equivalent to the following statement:
SELECT *
FROM orders
WHERE order_id = 10000
OR order_id = 10001

7. OR order_id = 10003
OR order_id = 10005;
Example #3 using "NOT IN"
The IN function can also be combined with the NOT operator.
For example,
SELECT *
FROM suppliers
WHERE supplier_name not in ( 'IBM', 'Hewlett Packard', 'Microsoft');
This would return all rows where the supplier_name is neither IBM, Hewlett Packard, or Microsoft.
Sometimes, it is more efficient to list the values that you do not want, as opposed to the values that you do
want.
SQL: BETWEEN Condition
The BETWEEN condition allows you to retrieve values within a range.
The syntax for the BETWEEN condition is:
SELECT columns
FROM tables
WHERE column1 between value1 and value2;
This SQL statement will return the records where column1 is within the range of value1 and value2
(inclusive). The BETWEEN function can be used in any valid SQL statement - select, insert, update, or
delete.
Example #1 - Numbers
The following is an SQL statement that uses the BETWEEN function:
SELECT *
FROM suppliers
WHERE supplier_id between 5000 AND 5010;
This would return all rows where the supplier_id is between 5000 and 5010, inclusive. It is equivalent to the
following SQL statement:
SELECT *
FROM suppliers
WHERE supplier_id >= 5000
AND supplier_id <= 5010;
Example #2 - Dates
You can also use the BETWEEN function with dates.
SELECT *
FROM orders

8. WHERE order_date between to_date ('2003/01/01', 'yyyy/mm/dd')
AND to_date ('2003/12/31', 'yyyy/mm/dd');
This SQL statement would return all orders where the order_date is between Jan 1, 2003 and Dec 31, 2003
(inclusive).
It would be equivalent to the following SQL statement:
SELECT *
FROM orders
WHERE order_date >= to_date('2003/01/01', 'yyyy/mm/dd')
AND order_date <= to_date('2003/12/31','yyyy/mm/dd');
Example #3 - NOT BETWEEN
The BETWEEN function can also be combined with the NOT operator.
For example,
SELECT *
FROM suppliers
WHERE supplier_id not between 5000 and 5500;
This would be equivalent to the following SQL:
SELECT *
FROM suppliers
WHERE supplier_id < 5000
OR supplier_id > 5500;
In this example, the result set would exclude all supplier_id values between the range of 5000 and 5500
(inclusive).
SQL: EXISTS Condition
The EXISTS condition is considered "to be met" if the subquery returns at least one row.
The syntax for the EXISTS condition is:
SELECT columns
FROM tables
WHERE EXISTS ( subquery );
The EXISTS condition can be used in any valid SQL statement - select, insert, update, or delete.
Example #1
Let's take a look at a simple example. The following is an SQL statement that uses the EXISTS condition:
SELECT *
FROM suppliers
WHERE EXISTS
(select *

9. from orders
where suppliers.supplier_id = orders.supplier_id);
This select statement will return all records from the suppliers table where there is at least one record in the
orders table with the same supplier_id.
Example #2 - NOT EXISTS
The EXISTS condition can also be combined with the NOT operator.
For example,
SELECT *
FROM suppliers
WHERE not exists (select * from orders Where suppliers.supplier_id = orders.supplier_id);
This will return all records from the suppliers table where there are no records in the orders table for the
given supplier_id.
Example #3 - DELETE Statement
The following is an example of a delete statement that utilizes the EXISTS condition:
DELETE FROM suppliers
WHERE EXISTS
(select *
from orders
where suppliers.supplier_id = orders.supplier_id);
Example #4 - UPDATE Statement
The following is an example of an update statement that utilizes the EXISTS condition:
UPDATE suppliers
SET supplier_name = ( SELECT customers.name
FROM customers
WHERE customers.customer_id = suppliers.supplier_id)
WHERE EXISTS
( SELECT customers.name
FROM customers
WHERE customers.customer_id = suppliers.supplier_id);
Example #5 - INSERT Statement
The following is an example of an insert statement that utilizes the EXISTS condition:
INSERT INTO suppliers
(supplier_id, supplier_name)
SELECT account_no, name
FROM suppliers
WHERE exists (select * from orders Where suppliers.supplier_id = orders.supplier_id);
SQL: GROUP BY Clause

10. The GROUP BY clause can be used in a SELECT statement to collect data across multiple records and
group the results by one or more columns.
The syntax for the GROUP BY clause is:
SELECT column1, column2, ... column_n, aggregate_function (expression)
FROM tables
WHERE predicates
GROUP BY column1, column2, ... column_n;
aggregate_function can be a function such as SUM, COUNT, MIN, or MAX.
Example using the SUM function
For example, you could also use the SUM function to return the name of the department and the total sales
(in the associated department).
SELECT department, SUM(sales) as "Total sales"
FROM order_details
GROUP BY department;
Because you have listed one column in your SELECT statement that is not encapsulated in the SUM
function, you must use a GROUP BY clause. The department field must, therefore, be listed in the GROUP
BY section.
Example using the COUNT function
For example, you could use the COUNT function to return the name of the department and the number of
employees (in the associated department) that make over $25,000 / year.
SELECT department, COUNT(*) as "Number of employees"
FROM employees
WHERE salary > 25000
GROUP BY department;
Example using the MIN function
For example, you could also use the MIN function to return the name of each department and the minimum
salary in the department.
SELECT department, MIN(salary) as "Lowest salary"
FROM employees
GROUP BY department;
Example using the MAX function
For example, you could also use the MAX function to return the name of each department and the maximum
salary in the department.
SELECT department, MAX(salary) as "Highest salary"
FROM employees
GROUP BY department;
SQL: HAVING Clause

11. The HAVING clause is used in combination with the GROUP BY clause. It can be used in a SELECT
statement to filter the records that a GROUP BY returns.
The syntax for the HAVING clause is:
SELECT column1, column2, ... column_n, aggregate_function (expression)
FROM tables
WHERE predicates
GROUP BY column1, column2, ... column_n
HAVING condition1 ... condition_n;
aggregate_function can be a function such as SUM, COUNT, MIN, or MAX.
Example using the SUM function
For example, you could also use the SUM function to return the name of the department and the total sales
(in the associated department). The HAVING clause will filter the results so that only departments with sales
greater than $1000 will be returned.
SELECT department, SUM(sales) as "Total sales"
FROM order_details
GROUP BY department
HAVING SUM(sales) > 1000;
Example using the COUNT function
For example, you could use the COUNT function to return the name of the department and the number of
employees (in the associated department) that make over $25,000 / year. The HAVING clause will filter the
results so that only departments with more than 10 employees will be returned.
SELECT department, COUNT(*) as "Number of employees"
FROM employees
WHERE salary > 25000
GROUP BY department
HAVING COUNT(*) > 10;
Example using the MIN function
For example, you could also use the MIN function to return the name of each department and the minimum
salary in the department. The HAVING clause will return only those departments where the starting salary is
$35,000.
SELECT department, MIN(salary) as "Lowest salary"
FROM employees
GROUP BY department
HAVING MIN(salary) = 35000;
Example using the MAX function
For example, you could also use the MAX function to return the name of each department and the maximum
salary in the department. The HAVING clause will return only those departments whose maximum salary is
less than $50,000.
SELECT department, MAX(salary) as "Highest salary"
FROM employees
GROUP BY department
HAVING MAX(salary) < 50000;

12. A join is used to combine rows from multiple tables. A join is performed whenever two or more tables is
listed in the FROM clause of an SQL statement.
There are different kinds of joins. Let's take a look at a few examples.
Inner Join (simple join)
Chances are, you've already written an SQL statement that uses an inner join. It is the most common type of
join. Inner joins return all rows from multiple tables where the join condition is met.
For example,
SELECT suppliers.supplier_id, suppliers.supplier_name, orders.order_date
FROM suppliers, orders
WHERE suppliers.supplier_id = orders.supplier_id;
This SQL statement would return all rows from the suppliers and orders tables where there is a matching
supplier_id value in both the suppliers and orders tables.
Let's look at some data to explain how inner joins work:
We have a table called suppliers with two fields (supplier_id and supplier_ name).
It contains the following data:
supplier_id supplier_name
10000 IBM
10001 Hewlett Packard
10002 Microsoft
10003 NVIDIA
We have another table called orders with three fields (order_id, supplier_id, and order_date).
It contains the following data:
order_id supplier_id order_date
500125 10000 2003/05/12
500126 10001 2003/05/13
If we run the SQL statement below:
SELECT suppliers.supplier_id, suppliers.supplier_name, orders.order_date
FROM suppliers, orders
WHERE suppliers.supplier_id = orders.supplier_id;
Our result set would look like this:
supplier_id name order_date
10000 IBM 2003/05/12
10001 Hewlett Packard 2003/05/13

13. The rows for Microsoft and NVIDIA from the supplier table would be omitted, since the supplier_id's 10002
and 10003 do not exist in both tables.
Outer Join
Another type of join is called an outer join. This type of join returns all rows from one table and only those
rows from a secondary table where the joined fields are equal (join condition is met).
For example,
select suppliers.supplier_id, suppliers.supplier_name, orders.order_date
from suppliers, orders
where suppliers.supplier_id = orders.supplier_id(+);
This SQL statement would return all rows from the suppliers table and only those rows from the orders table
where the joined fields are equal.
The (+) after the orders.supplier_id field indicates that, if a supplier_id value in the suppliers table does not
exist in the orders table, all fields in the orders table will display as <null> in the result set.
The above SQL statement could also be written as follows:
select suppliers.supplier_id, suppliers.supplier_name, orders.order_date
from suppliers, orders
where orders.supplier_id(+) = suppliers.supplier_id
Let's look at some data to explain how outer joins work:
We have a table called suppliers with two fields (supplier_id and name).
It contains the following data:
supplier_id supplier_name
10000 IBM
10001 Hewlett Packard
10002 Microsoft
10003 NVIDIA
We have a second table called orders with three fields (order_id, supplier_id, and order_date).
It contains the following data:
order_id supplier_id order_date
500125 10000 2003/05/12
500126 10001 2003/05/13
If we run the SQL statement below:
select suppliers.supplier_id, suppliers.supplier_name, orders.order_date
from suppliers, orders
where suppliers.supplier_id = orders.supplier_id(+);

14. Our result set would look like this:
supplier_id supplier_name order_date
10000 IBM 2003/05/12
10001 Hewlett Packard 2003/05/13
10002 Microsoft <null>
10003 NVIDIA <null>
The rows for Microsoft and NVIDIA would be included because an outer join was used. However, you will
notice that the order_date field for those records contains a <null> value.
SQL INNER JOIN Keyword
SQL INNER JOIN Keyword
The INNER JOIN keyword return rows when there is at least one match in both tables.
SQL INNER JOIN Syntax
SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name1
INNER JOIN table_name2
ON table_name1.column_name=table_name2.column_name
PS: INNER JOIN is the same as JOIN.
SQL INNER JOIN Example
The "Persons" table:
P_Id LastName FirstName Address City
1 Hansen Ola Timoteivn 10 Sandnes
2 Svendson Tove Borgvn 23 Sandnes
3 Pettersen Kari Storgt 20 Stavanger
The "Orders" table:
O_Id OrderNo P_Id
1 77895 3
2 44678 3
3 22456 1
4 24562 1
5 34764 15
Now we want to list all the persons with any orders.

15. We use the following SELECT statement:
SELECT Persons.LastName, Persons.FirstName, Orders.OrderNo
FROM Persons
INNER JOIN Orders
ON Persons.P_Id=Orders.P_Id
ORDER BY Persons.LastName
The result-set will look like this:
LastName FirstName OrderNo
Hansen Ola 22456
Hansen Ola 24562
Pettersen Kari 77895
Pettersen Kari 44678
The INNER JOIN keyword return rows when there is at least one match in both tables. If there are rows in "Persons"
that do not have matches in "Orders", those rows will NOT be listed.
SQL LEFT JOIN Keyword
SQL LEFT JOIN Keyword
The LEFT JOIN keyword returns all rows from the left table (table_name1), even if there are no matches in the right
table (table_name2).
SQL LEFT JOIN Syntax
SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name1
LEFT JOIN table_name2
ON table_name1.column_name=table_name2.column_name
PS: In some databases LEFT JOIN is called LEFT OUTER JOIN.
SQL LEFT JOIN Example
The "Persons" table:
P_Id LastName FirstName Address City
1 Hansen Ola Timoteivn 10 Sandnes
2 Svendson Tove Borgvn 23 Sandnes
3 Pettersen Kari Storgt 20 Stavanger
The "Orders" table:
O_Id OrderNo P_Id

16. 1 77895 3
2 44678 3
3 22456 1
4 24562 1
5 34764 15
Now we want to list all the persons and their orders - if any, from the tables above.
We use the following SELECT statement:
SELECT Persons.LastName, Persons.FirstName, Orders.OrderNo
FROM Persons
LEFT JOIN Orders
ON Persons.P_Id=Orders.P_Id
ORDER BY Persons.LastName
The result-set will look like this:
LastName FirstName OrderNo
Hansen Ola 22456
Hansen Ola 24562
Pettersen Kari 77895
Pettersen Kari 44678
Svendson Tove
The LEFT JOIN keyword returns all the rows from the left table (Persons), even if there are no matches in the right
table (Orders).
SQL RIGHT JOIN Keyword
SQL RIGHT JOIN Keyword
The RIGHT JOIN keyword Return all rows from the right table (table_name2), even if there are no matches in the left
table (table_name1).
SQL RIGHT JOIN Syntax
SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name1
RIGHT JOIN table_name2
ON table_name1.column_name=table_name2.column_name
PS: In some databases RIGHT JOIN is called RIGHT OUTER JOIN.
SQL RIGHT JOIN Example
The "Persons" table:

17. P_Id LastName FirstName Address City
1 Hansen Ola Timoteivn 10 Sandnes
2 Svendson Tove Borgvn 23 Sandnes
3 Pettersen Kari Storgt 20 Stavanger
The "Orders" table:
O_Id OrderNo P_Id
1 77895 3
2 44678 3
3 22456 1
4 24562 1
5 34764 15
Now we want to list all the orders with containing persons - if any, from the tables above.
We use the following SELECT statement:
SELECT Persons.LastName, Persons.FirstName, Orders.OrderNo
FROM Persons
RIGHT JOIN Orders
ON Persons.P_Id=Orders.P_Id
ORDER BY Persons.LastName
The result-set will look like this:
LastName FirstName OrderNo
Hansen Ola 22456
Hansen Ola 24562
Pettersen Kari 77895
Pettersen Kari 44678
34764
The RIGHT JOIN keyword returns all the rows from the right table (Orders), even if there are no matches in the left
table (Persons).
SQL FULL JOIN Keyword
SQL FULL JOIN Keyword
The FULL JOIN keyword return rows when there is a match in one of the tables.
SQL FULL JOIN Syntax
SELECT column_name(s)

18. FROM table_name1
FULL JOIN table_name2
ON table_name1.column_name=table_name2.column_name
SQL FULL JOIN Example
The "Persons" table:
P_Id LastName FirstName Address City
1 Hansen Ola Timoteivn 10 Sandnes
2 Svendson Tove Borgvn 23 Sandnes
3 Pettersen Kari Storgt 20 Stavanger
The "Orders" table:
O_Id OrderNo P_Id
1 77895 3
2 44678 3
3 22456 1
4 24562 1
5 34764 15
Now we want to list all the persons and their orders, and all the orders with their persons.
We use the following SELECT statement:
SELECT Persons.LastName, Persons.FirstName, Orders.OrderNo
FROM Persons
FULL JOIN Orders
ON Persons.P_Id=Orders.P_Id
ORDER BY Persons.LastName
The result-set will look like this:
LastName FirstName OrderNo
Hansen Ola 22456
Hansen Ola 24562
Pettersen Kari 77895
Pettersen Kari 44678
Svendson Tove
34764
The FULL JOIN keyword returns all the rows from the left table (Persons), and all the rows from the right table
(Orders). If there are rows in "Persons" that do not have matches in "Orders", or if there are rows in "Orders" that do
not have matches in "Persons", those rows will be listed as well.