This document summarizes a study on the impact of water resources and people's perceptions in Taranagar block, Churu district, Rajasthan, India. Key findings include:
1) The area has a semi-arid climate with low and erratic rainfall averaging 415.77 mm annually. Groundwater is the main source of water but is generally brackish and saline.
2) Over-extraction of groundwater has caused water levels to decline significantly, with depths now ranging from 16-91 meters. Water quality is poor and does not meet WHO standards.
3) Surveys found that most people (82.2%) believe the water quality is unsuitable for use. The majority (86
Underground Water Quantity and Quality Assessment in Next Decade in Bilaspur ...theijes
---------------------------------------------------------------ABSTRACT------------------------------------------------------
Water is most essential to life next to air and food. It is rather a part of life as the protoplasm of most living
cells contain about 80% water and any major reduction in this percentage is highly detrimental. Over 70% of
earth surface is covered with oceanic water which accounts of 97.2% of the total water resources present on the
earth. Ocean water although , is not utilizable by man directly but it is useful in some of man’s activities like
navigation and renewable energy sources for welfare of mankind The water which is essential to human life is
the fresh water and it is 2.8% of the total water resources on the planet earth. Population growth and
uncontrolled urbanization have created a water crisis in India, our lakes and ponds were once a natural way of
recharging groundwater, but they are being destroyed through urbanisation.Our sewage goes untreated , so the
rivers are contaminated. We used to be very good at managing water in India, but we are losing that ability . As
a consequence of this increased groundwater withdrawl and erratic monsoon , the groundwater levels are
decling in many parts of India including Madhya Pradesh as well as in Chhattisgah region. The rapid growth of
industrialization and urbanisation is the major cause of exploitation of groundwater on and average the
groundwater level in Bilaspur city gone upto 30 feet down. Many places in the city, corporation people required
in the summer season to down pump-motors due to down level of ground water. In the previous year, some
places like Hemunagar and Chuchuhiapara, water level gone down to 30 feet and Bhartinagar, Nehrunagar, Juna
Bilaspur, Sarkanda shown 10-15 feet more down of water level. It is being observed that this trend is followed
year by year. The people of Bilaspur known that earlier when the Arpa river was not it in course, even though
the ground water was available at 20-30 feet very easily. Due to drying of river, the underground water level of
Bilaspur is going down day by day, which is appearing as major problem to the growing population. By and
large the growing city like Bilaspur in Chhattisgarh district is facing the problem of underground water present
day and will be faced severe crisis in next decade. But the quality of underground water as data reveals that it is
still remain same as was previous decades. Of course, the water quantity required for future can be managed
through surface water by managing and saving river water from the encroachment and pollution.
Perspective Study on Ground Water in East Godavari District of Andhra Pradeshiosrjce
This article is a deal with the study of East Godavari District There is a need for study the ground
water in the district. The information helps the planners, hydrologists, Geologists, Geographers and researchers
for better planning and management of underground water data whenever it is required. So for this a study is
made on the basis of secondary data form internet and water board survey reports from three decades, This
helps in decision making based on the information of ground water as a resource in East Godavari District. A
series of information has been considered and highlighted for the uses.
Underground Water Quantity and Quality Assessment in Next Decade in Bilaspur ...theijes
---------------------------------------------------------------ABSTRACT------------------------------------------------------
Water is most essential to life next to air and food. It is rather a part of life as the protoplasm of most living
cells contain about 80% water and any major reduction in this percentage is highly detrimental. Over 70% of
earth surface is covered with oceanic water which accounts of 97.2% of the total water resources present on the
earth. Ocean water although , is not utilizable by man directly but it is useful in some of man’s activities like
navigation and renewable energy sources for welfare of mankind The water which is essential to human life is
the fresh water and it is 2.8% of the total water resources on the planet earth. Population growth and
uncontrolled urbanization have created a water crisis in India, our lakes and ponds were once a natural way of
recharging groundwater, but they are being destroyed through urbanisation.Our sewage goes untreated , so the
rivers are contaminated. We used to be very good at managing water in India, but we are losing that ability . As
a consequence of this increased groundwater withdrawl and erratic monsoon , the groundwater levels are
decling in many parts of India including Madhya Pradesh as well as in Chhattisgah region. The rapid growth of
industrialization and urbanisation is the major cause of exploitation of groundwater on and average the
groundwater level in Bilaspur city gone upto 30 feet down. Many places in the city, corporation people required
in the summer season to down pump-motors due to down level of ground water. In the previous year, some
places like Hemunagar and Chuchuhiapara, water level gone down to 30 feet and Bhartinagar, Nehrunagar, Juna
Bilaspur, Sarkanda shown 10-15 feet more down of water level. It is being observed that this trend is followed
year by year. The people of Bilaspur known that earlier when the Arpa river was not it in course, even though
the ground water was available at 20-30 feet very easily. Due to drying of river, the underground water level of
Bilaspur is going down day by day, which is appearing as major problem to the growing population. By and
large the growing city like Bilaspur in Chhattisgarh district is facing the problem of underground water present
day and will be faced severe crisis in next decade. But the quality of underground water as data reveals that it is
still remain same as was previous decades. Of course, the water quantity required for future can be managed
through surface water by managing and saving river water from the encroachment and pollution.
Perspective Study on Ground Water in East Godavari District of Andhra Pradeshiosrjce
This article is a deal with the study of East Godavari District There is a need for study the ground
water in the district. The information helps the planners, hydrologists, Geologists, Geographers and researchers
for better planning and management of underground water data whenever it is required. So for this a study is
made on the basis of secondary data form internet and water board survey reports from three decades, This
helps in decision making based on the information of ground water as a resource in East Godavari District. A
series of information has been considered and highlighted for the uses.
This PPT is about the river pollution in India- Talks about Sutlej river and Koovam River. This PPT also talks about Elinor Ostram principle for management of the commons
Geographic environment is that part of the terrestrial natural environment
that has been to some extent altered by human beings and which at the
present moment is directly connected with the life and production activity
of society. The natural objects and the phenomena related to them which
surround men constitute the geographical environment. (eg. surface of the
earth, minerals, water, animals, mountains, plants, sun, moon, plains.) The
geographic environment is one of the permanent and necessary conditions
for the development of society. It can accelerate or retard this development,
but it is not the main moving force of society’s development, since the
specific laws of the movement of nature and society, as well as the rates of
movement (changes), are essentially different.
This presentation deals with some of the issues related to water management in Indian context. This is slide show is developed as awareness generation material in context to general people
Study of Microbial Pollution in River Beehar Water District Rewa Madhya Prade...IJERA Editor
Water is one of the best gifts to all living creature, given by nature. It is compulsory for the growth and maintenance of human body and also for many biological activities. It plays a vital role for the survival of all forms of life of earth and works as a universal solvent. Pollution is caused when a change in the physical, chemical or biological condition in the environment harmfully affect quality of human life including other animal’s life and plant The quality of water is typically determined by monitoring microbial presence, especially total coliforms, fecal coliforms and fecal streptococci. The total coliform count varied in the range of 836-1987.43 MPN/100 ml, 743-981 MPN/100ml, 1115.4 to 2010 MPN/100 ml; fecal coliform varied in the range of 763-1947.61 MPN/100 ml, 547-979 MPN/100 ml and 1057 to 1378 MPN/100 ml and fecal streptococci varied in the range of 881-1969.53 and 832.63-1098.86 MPN/100 ml, 1155 to 1512 MPN/100 ml during winter, summer and rainy season, respectively.
"WATER" - 'Essence to life' by - ARYA DATTAAryaDatta3
I have created this presentation on the topic of Water as in today's scenario, the pollution of water and improper water management is becoming one of the biggest problems of our country. So, with the introduction, all the causes, factors, and problems, I have also mentioned some solutions.
Nepal's history of water management_Dr. Hari Krishna ShreshthaSaciWATERs
Nepal’s History of Water Management Institutions: Is there a Role for them in Adapting to
Water Scarcity?
- Dr. Hari Krishna Shrestha, Nepal Engineering College
Water management is a global issue and it is the prime duty of all the people to save and conserve water so that it can be passed on safely to the future generation. Viewers please watch the ppt and leave your likes and comments.
Effectiveness of Watershed Management- Means Of Economical Development- A Cas...IOSR Journals
Abstract: Water is the life-blood of the environment, without water no living beings can survive. Water plays
unique role in development of all sectors in any economy of every country. Water is used for agricultural,
domestic, industrial, power generation and other various purposes. But misuses of water resources cause
widespread degradation of soil and disrupt the supply of potable water, generate massive economical loss.
Hence it becomes necessary to harness the water resources available on Earth through the application of
science and technology. This paper presents one such case study where large amount of rainwater is possible to
direct to recharge ground water resources. Kaneri is a small village located at distance of 10 Kms. from
Kolhapur city. It is planned to take such engineering and biological measures which will direct this extra runoff
to ground water storage. The most significant feature of the work is that if such technologies are developed and
adopted at larger scale in rural areas, it will prevent thousands of villages of the country from water supply by
tankers. Moreover this will also help us for economical development of village people which mainly occurs due
to water scarcity.
Coping with Water Scarcity in Near East and North Africa: Shifting GearFAO
Plenary Session # 1: Coping with Water Scarcity in Near East and North Africa: Shifting Gear, ByProf. Mahmoud Abu-Zeid President, AWC, Land and Water Days in Near East & North Africa, 15-18 December 2013, Amman, Jordan
This PPT is about the river pollution in India- Talks about Sutlej river and Koovam River. This PPT also talks about Elinor Ostram principle for management of the commons
Geographic environment is that part of the terrestrial natural environment
that has been to some extent altered by human beings and which at the
present moment is directly connected with the life and production activity
of society. The natural objects and the phenomena related to them which
surround men constitute the geographical environment. (eg. surface of the
earth, minerals, water, animals, mountains, plants, sun, moon, plains.) The
geographic environment is one of the permanent and necessary conditions
for the development of society. It can accelerate or retard this development,
but it is not the main moving force of society’s development, since the
specific laws of the movement of nature and society, as well as the rates of
movement (changes), are essentially different.
This presentation deals with some of the issues related to water management in Indian context. This is slide show is developed as awareness generation material in context to general people
Study of Microbial Pollution in River Beehar Water District Rewa Madhya Prade...IJERA Editor
Water is one of the best gifts to all living creature, given by nature. It is compulsory for the growth and maintenance of human body and also for many biological activities. It plays a vital role for the survival of all forms of life of earth and works as a universal solvent. Pollution is caused when a change in the physical, chemical or biological condition in the environment harmfully affect quality of human life including other animal’s life and plant The quality of water is typically determined by monitoring microbial presence, especially total coliforms, fecal coliforms and fecal streptococci. The total coliform count varied in the range of 836-1987.43 MPN/100 ml, 743-981 MPN/100ml, 1115.4 to 2010 MPN/100 ml; fecal coliform varied in the range of 763-1947.61 MPN/100 ml, 547-979 MPN/100 ml and 1057 to 1378 MPN/100 ml and fecal streptococci varied in the range of 881-1969.53 and 832.63-1098.86 MPN/100 ml, 1155 to 1512 MPN/100 ml during winter, summer and rainy season, respectively.
"WATER" - 'Essence to life' by - ARYA DATTAAryaDatta3
I have created this presentation on the topic of Water as in today's scenario, the pollution of water and improper water management is becoming one of the biggest problems of our country. So, with the introduction, all the causes, factors, and problems, I have also mentioned some solutions.
Nepal's history of water management_Dr. Hari Krishna ShreshthaSaciWATERs
Nepal’s History of Water Management Institutions: Is there a Role for them in Adapting to
Water Scarcity?
- Dr. Hari Krishna Shrestha, Nepal Engineering College
Water management is a global issue and it is the prime duty of all the people to save and conserve water so that it can be passed on safely to the future generation. Viewers please watch the ppt and leave your likes and comments.
Effectiveness of Watershed Management- Means Of Economical Development- A Cas...IOSR Journals
Abstract: Water is the life-blood of the environment, without water no living beings can survive. Water plays
unique role in development of all sectors in any economy of every country. Water is used for agricultural,
domestic, industrial, power generation and other various purposes. But misuses of water resources cause
widespread degradation of soil and disrupt the supply of potable water, generate massive economical loss.
Hence it becomes necessary to harness the water resources available on Earth through the application of
science and technology. This paper presents one such case study where large amount of rainwater is possible to
direct to recharge ground water resources. Kaneri is a small village located at distance of 10 Kms. from
Kolhapur city. It is planned to take such engineering and biological measures which will direct this extra runoff
to ground water storage. The most significant feature of the work is that if such technologies are developed and
adopted at larger scale in rural areas, it will prevent thousands of villages of the country from water supply by
tankers. Moreover this will also help us for economical development of village people which mainly occurs due
to water scarcity.
Coping with Water Scarcity in Near East and North Africa: Shifting GearFAO
Plenary Session # 1: Coping with Water Scarcity in Near East and North Africa: Shifting Gear, ByProf. Mahmoud Abu-Zeid President, AWC, Land and Water Days in Near East & North Africa, 15-18 December 2013, Amman, Jordan
INDIAN SCENARIO OF WATER RESOURCES - AN OVERVIEW, INTEGRATED WATER MANAGEMENT...Venkataraju Badanapuri
Water is life sustaining liquid. It is one of the most important natural resources which is essential for the existence of living organisms and things including humans and wildlife, food production, food security, sustainable development and alleviate the poverty of the country. Despite of having blessed with enormous water resources (e.g., Mt. Himalaya’s originated Holy River Ganges, and its several tributaries from the north, Kaveri River in the south, ever rain forests [e.g., Mousinram near Cherrapunji], world’s tastiest waters of the Siruvani River in Coimbatore, Western Ghats Basin, network of fresh water resources etc.,), “water problem” is huge ‘a big threat and cross cut problem in India’. Water is most essential and widely distributed key resource to meet the basic need for livelihoods,
Water resources constraints in fruit productionPankaj Meena
Water Resources Constraints in Fruit Production, Water resources in India and Rajasthan, Fruit production in water stress condition, Water harvesting techniques, Measurement of Soil moisture.
Water Resources Scenario in India Its Requirement, Water Degradation and Poll...Venkataraju Badanapuri
Earth's water resources, including rivers, lakes,
oceans, and underground aquifers, are under stress in
many regions. Humans need water for drinking,
sanitation, agriculture, and industry; and
contaminated water can spread illnesses and disease
vectors, so clean water is both an environmental and a
public health issue. In this article, learn how water is
distributed around the globe; how it cycles among the
oceans, atmosphere, and land; and how human
activities are affecting our finite supply of usable water.
USE & MISUSE OFWATER RESOURCES& LAND RESOURCESSushanta Gupta
Land and Land Resources refer to a delineable area of the earth's terrestrial surface, encompassing all attributes of the biosphere immediately above or below this surface, including those of the near-surface, climate, the soil and terrain forms, the surface hydrology (including shallow lakes, rivers, marshes and swamps), the near-surface sedimentary layers and associated groundwater and geo-hydrological reserve, the plant and animal populations, the human settlement pattern and physical results of past and present human activity
Groundwater Quality Assessment in hard rock terrain of Rasipuram Taluk, Namak...IJERA Editor
Groundwater is of most important to rural development in many countries of the world. Over exploitation of
groundwater has become a major challenge not only to the present civilization and also for the future
generations. The main focus of this study is to assess the suitability of groundwater quality for drinking and
irrigation purposes in vicinity of Rasipuram block in Tamil Nadu. Groundwater samples from 15 locations were
collected from different wells during January 2015 and analyzed for different physico-chemical parameters. The
usefulness of these parameters in predicting groundwater quality characteristics were discussed. The quality of
groundwater in the study area is fresh to brackish water, moderately hard to very hard in nature. The piper plot
shows that the most of the groundwater samples fall in the field of Na+-Cl- and mixed Ca++-Na+-Cl- type. Water
quality index rating was carried out to quantify overall groundwater quality status of the area. The WQI for these
samples ranges from 37.34 to 650. Hence majority of the water samples are poor to very poor in water quality.
The area in general is characterized by hard water, hence is not suitable for drinking purpose. The samples
plotted in the piper and USSL diagram were used to understand the chemical characteristic of groundwater for
irrigation purposes. However, the values of SAR, Na% and RSC indicate that groundwater is suitable for
irrigation purposes. Overall water quality of the study area was found satisfactory for drinking purpose except in
few locations and suitable for irrigation purpose. Hence the local government needs to initiate remedial
measures.
Groundwater Quality Assessment in hard rock terrain of Rasipuram Taluk, Namak...IJERA Editor
Groundwater is of most important to rural development in many countries of the world. Over exploitation of
groundwater has become a major challenge not only to the present civilization and also for the future
generations. The main focus of this study is to assess the suitability of groundwater quality for drinking and
irrigation purposes in vicinity of Rasipuram block in Tamil Nadu. Groundwater samples from 15 locations were
collected from different wells during January 2015 and analyzed for different physico-chemical parameters. The
usefulness of these parameters in predicting groundwater quality characteristics were discussed. The quality of
groundwater in the study area is fresh to brackish water, moderately hard to very hard in nature. The piper plot
shows that the most of the groundwater samples fall in the field of Na+
-Cland
mixed Ca++
-Na+
-Cltype.
Water
quality index rating was carried out to quantify overall groundwater quality status of the area. The WQI for these
samples ranges from 37.34 to 650. Hence majority of the water samples are poor to very poor in water quality.
The area in general is characterized by hard water, hence is not suitable for drinking purpose. The samples
plotted in the piper and USSL diagram were used to understand the chemical characteristic of groundwater for
irrigation purposes. However, the values of SAR, Na% and RSC indicate that groundwater is suitable for
irrigation purposes. Overall water quality of the study area was found satisfactory for drinking purpose except in
few locations and suitable for irrigation purpose. Hence the local government needs to initiate remedial
measures.
As water can neither be created nor destroyed, more than 80% of quantity of water used for
domestic purposes appear as wastewater. Increasing water demand due to growing population
coupled with human related activities against the constant water resources solicits attention of the
water managers to think of wastewater as a source of water across the world. Wastewater deserves
recognition as a source of irrigation water in different countries around the world. India becomes
water stress with the per capita available water dropping down below 2000 cubic metre per head per
year. Uneven distribution of water resources from north to south makes water crisis severe in the
states like Tamil Nadu. Available water is shared by different sectors and stiff competition between
sector viz: drinking and irrigation prevails. In India, the total wastewater generation from the urban
towns has been assessed as 38474 MLD. It indicates its potential for reuse in water management.
Wastewater reuse has been in practice at selected locations around the world including India.
Guidelines, clearly explaining the health associated factors, have been developed and prescribed by
the EPA, US and WHO. Sewage treatment plants are installed to treat the sewage by the government
and effluent may be used for indirect and direct reuse purposes. The forecast of the wastewater
generation from Madurai City Corporation indicates the quantity of 162.8 MLD at 2014 and is likely
to be 338.7 MLD in the year 2044. The irrigation potential of wastewater reuse is assessed as 3000
ha with crops like groundnut, maize, millet etc during 2014 and about 6000 ha during 2044. Scope
for utilizing the existing minor irrigation tanks/ponds may be used for storage. Such tanks may also
be useful in polishing the water quality as a result of natural purification. Scope for groundwater
recharge through soil-aquifer treatment is also more.
Monitoring Of Water Logged Areas in Krishana Canal Command Using Gis TechniquesIJERA Editor
Degradation of land due to waterlogging in sugarcane track of western Maharashtra is a serious problem. Here researchers had understood the problem of the waterlogged areas by preparing an inventory using GIS and GPS techniques. Krishna Canal Command area is lies in Satara and Sangli districts. Total length of canal is 86 km, out of which 21 km length is comes under study area. The command area is divided in 4 segments, out of which, the present study deals with Segment IV. Water table map was prepared using water depth data at 231 well locations. The entire analysis was carried out in ArcGIS software. GIS – Spatial Analysis tool, point data was rasterised, and surfaces for water table were generated. Risk zonation maps were prepared using the critical limits given by IRD, Pune. Water table surface was intersected with village boundary layers. Risk zonation map of water table suggests that the two villages namely Nagral and Burli situated close to canal are most vulnerable due to high water table. Almost 36 % of the total study area of land covering partially the villages Nagral, Burli, Shirasgaon, Amnapur, Palus, and Yelavi were found under critical water table condition. In segment IV total area of 792 ha in villages Nagral, Burli, Amnapur, Yelavi, and Bhilawadi fall under the P1 category affected most badly by the waterlogging condition. Prioritization of villages based on AWI suggests that out of the total eight villages, five villages namely Amnapur, Burli, Bhilawadi, Nagral and Yelavi are falling under P1 priority category, need immediate attention for remedial measures
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
Defining Vernacular Architecture through Traditional Water Structures- Case S...JIT KUMAR GUPTA
Water and architecture remain largly intertwined integrated and inter-connected. If Water is known as elixir of life, holding key to human living and ensuring quality of life on this planet, water is said to have added value to cities ,architecture and built environment. More than one billion people globally are facing water crisis. Situation remains alarming in the rain deficient areas. Inadequacy in meeting water demand and water resource management have emerged the as greatest ecological, economic, and social challenges of 21st century. Limited availability of potable water on this planet and its rampant misuse calls for evolving appropriate strategies to manage water resource becomes critical. Architecture has been used extensively in India in general and water stressed states of Rajasthan , Gujrat, Maharashtra etc. in particular, to preserve, protect and conserve water for human and animal consumption in both rural and urban areas. Traditional water management structures created in the water deficient areas are known to have contributed extensively to the growth of new vocabulary of architecture besides promoting effective conservation. Over the years these architectural marvels have been misused, abused and neglected by the communities which needs to be leveraged to ensure availability of adequate quantity of quality water for meeting the basic needs of the human beings/ communities/ settlements. Study and evaluation of the water management structures created in the water deficient city of Jhunjhunu (Rajasthan) has revealed the different typologies of structures used in the city to conserve effectively and efficiently water through the involvement of communities. Perpetual neglect and misuse of these water structures, led by urbanization and alternate source of municipal water supply has marginalized these important water resources, which needs to be revived, rehabilitated and put to use to make cities self-reliant in water, based on the earlier wisdom.
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies.EpconLP
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies. With over 4000 installations worldwide, EPCON has been pioneering new techniques since 1977 that have become industry standards now. Founded in 1977, Epcon has grown from a one-man operation to a global leader in developing and manufacturing innovative air pollution control technology and industrial heating equipment.
Improving the viability of probiotics by encapsulation methods for developmen...Open Access Research Paper
The popularity of functional foods among scientists and common people has been increasing day by day. Awareness and modernization make the consumer think better regarding food and nutrition. Now a day’s individual knows very well about the relation between food consumption and disease prevalence. Humans have a diversity of microbes in the gut that together form the gut microflora. Probiotics are the health-promoting live microbial cells improve host health through gut and brain connection and fighting against harmful bacteria. Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus are the two bacterial genera which are considered to be probiotic. These good bacteria are facing challenges of viability. There are so many factors such as sensitivity to heat, pH, acidity, osmotic effect, mechanical shear, chemical components, freezing and storage time as well which affects the viability of probiotics in the dairy food matrix as well as in the gut. Multiple efforts have been done in the past and ongoing in present for these beneficial microbial population stability until their destination in the gut. One of a useful technique known as microencapsulation makes the probiotic effective in the diversified conditions and maintain these microbe’s community to the optimum level for achieving targeted benefits. Dairy products are found to be an ideal vehicle for probiotic incorporation. It has been seen that the encapsulated microbial cells show higher viability than the free cells in different processing and storage conditions as well as against bile salts in the gut. They make the food functional when incorporated, without affecting the product sensory characteristics.
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
different Modes of Insect Plant InteractionArchita Das
different modes of interaction between insects and plants including mutualism, commensalism, antagonism, Pairwise and diffuse coevolution, Plant defenses, how coevolution started
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
Presented by The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action at GLF Peatlands 2024 - The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
1. 43
Journal of Global Resources Volume 6 (01) August 2019-January 2020 Page 43-52
UGC–CARE Listed Journal in Group D ISSN: 2395-3160 (Print), 2455-2445 (Online)
07
IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF WATER RESOURCE AND PEOPLES’ PERCEPTIONS,
TARANAGAR BLOCK (CHURU) RAJASTHAN
M. M. Sheikh
Associate Professor (Geography)
Government Lohia College, Churu (Rajasthan), India
Email:mmskh@rediffmail.com
Abstract: The next world war will be fought over fresh water or Water will be a major source of
conflict between nations and communities in this century are statements heard in different
permutations in practically every freshwater related event or gathering. Water is an essential
source for the sustenance of all life forms in our planet and with every passing day the demand
for freshwater outpaces its availability. This growing scarcity is alarming but such doomsday
predictions are not a solution. Science and technology is looking for ways to increase the
supply of freshwater but we must also pause and reflect on the ways of our forefathers in
harvesting freshwater that sustained them through millenniums in various ecological systems.
Historically Indians have been the world’s greatest water harvesters. Be it rainwater,
groundwater, floodwater or water from streams and rivers, Indians over centuries developed a
wide range of systems for harvesting, storage, utilization and ground recharge in different
ecological regions. These systems beautifully blended & complimented the culture of the
concerned regions. But for various reasons they were abandoned. Today, in our country, with
each passing day the need to sensibly harvest & use freshwater is increasing manifold. For this
we all have to in the words of Maude Barlow, radically restructure our societies and lifestyles to
reverse the trend of depleting freshwater from earth“.
Introduction
Water was a symbol of significance in the history of ancient civilizations that prospered close to
it. Unlike the urban industrialized civilizations of 21st century most humans throughout history
knew that freshwater resources would run out unless water is harvested and conserved.
Available fresh water is only one half of one percent of total fresh water available on earth, still
modern day humans, convinced of their supremacy over nature, have failed to revere water
though the dependence on it, of all life forms, for sustenance is still as much as it was in
ancient times. Water is an essential natural resource; a key building block of life. However,
water use has grown at over twice the population growth rate in the last century. As a result, an
increasing number of regions are now chronically short of water. Over 1.4 billion people
currently live in river basins where use of water exceeds minimum recharge levels. In the
Second World Water Forum, The Hague in March 2000 estimated that a 17 percent increase in
water consumed by irrigated agriculture would be necessary to provide for the nutritional needs
of a world population likely to rise to somewhere between 7 and 111 billion by the year 2015.
Rajasthan needs more holistic and integrated management of its water resources.
Collective action is necessary to bring together the public sector, the private sector, civil
society, and other stakeholders to work together towards integrated and participatory solutions
for water resources planning and management. Studies have shown Rajasthan is among
regions with greatest climate sensitivity and lowest adaptive capability. Rajasthan has only 1.16
percent of the country’s total surface water resources or 21.71 billion cubic meters (BCM),
however 16.05 BCM of this is economically usable. The state has created capacity to harness
and store 11.29 BCM, or around 70 percent of available water. The state has 1.72 percent of
the country’s groundwater, translating into 11.36 BCM. Dependent on inflows into the rivers,
17.88 BCM is allocated through inter-state agreements, although not dependable due to
political compulsions of the upper riparian states. On paper, water use can be expanded by a
further 30 percent. However more realistic assessment of additional availability is economically
usable water or 21 percent. This is broken down in figure below, which accounts for the use of
79 percent of the 45.09 BCM of economically available water.
2. 44
Churu District Water Scenario
The district is characterized by undulating sand–dunes and inter-dunal sandy planes, except
towards south eastern part where few isolated hillocks of considerable height but restricted
extension are exposed. Fairly open & flat topography has also been observed in Rajgarh and
Sujangarh blocks. Practically there is no river in the district: however, in extremely high rainy
season Kantly River enters in the district from extreme southern peripheral village of Rajgarh
block. Semi-desertic to desertic climatic conditions are typical characteristics of the district. In
extreme summer season, the temperature rises up to 490
C or even more sometimes, while in
extreme winters it falls down below the freezing point. Rainfall is also low and erratic with an
average annual rainfall of 415.77 mm in the year 2019. The normal rainfall of the district is
353.76 mm (1901-2018).
Younger and older alluvium of quaternary age, Tertiary sandstones, Nagaur
sandstones, Bilara limestone, Jodhpur sandstones, and weathered granite and gneisses are
the main water bearing formation encountered in the district. Ground water generally occurs
under un- confined to semi- confined conditions. Depth to water in the district generally ranges
between 6.67 to 91.05 meters below ground- level. Water table generally shows a depletion
trend in almost all ground water potential zones while a rising trend is observed in ground water
saline zones. Average discharge of well (dug-cum-bored wells and tube-wells) constructed in
the district ranges between 1,500 to 4,500 gallons per hour. Chemical quality of ground water in
ground water potential zones is fresh to semi- saline with electric conductivity ranging between
1,000 to 6000 micro Siemens/cm. Quality of ground water in ground water saline zones saline
to extremely saline with electric conductivity ranging between 6000 to 24,000 micro
Siemens/cm.
As per the revised guide-lines of the Ground Water Estimation Committee 2017, instead
of individual ground water potential zone, the block as a whole has been assessed and
categorized on the basis of stage of ground water development and long term trend of water-
table. Out of seven blocks of the district, one block Sardarshahar has been categorized as
“SAFE”, one Ratangarh as “SEMI-CRITICAL”, and three blocks Rajgarh, Sujangarh and
Bidasar have been characterized as “OVER-EXPLOITED”. Block Taranagar has saline native
ground water and has not been assessed. (Hydrogeological report of Rajasthan, Churu District)
Study Area
Taranagar Tehsil is situated in Churu District of Rajasthan State, India. It is located 48 km.
towards North from District headquarters Churu. Taranagar is situated at 28° 41' N 75° 3' E,
about 120 miles northeast of Bikaner. Taranagar was earlier known as Reni. It has an average
elevation of 232 meters. According to Census 2011 the population of tehsil is 2,11,831. There
are 123 villages in Taranagar block. Taranagar tehsil is very water consuming tehsil in
agriculture sector. The ground water is brackish but still people are using this water. Due to
over exploitation the ground water gone very deep and the tehsil has been declared as dark
zone block. There is an urgent need to study the area to know the factual position of the tehsil.
Total area of Taranagar block is falling in a single scene of landsat 7 and 8 having path and row
numbers 148-40 respectively. High resolution LISS IV data and CartoSAT pancromatic data
have also been acquired for land use analysis and validated through filed check. Standard false
colour composite (FCC) images composed of green, red and infrared bands have been used
for identification of features and land use classes, selection of suitable training sites for
supervised classification. Careful study of satellite images shows that the study area is mainly
sandy in nature. Major land use category is agriculture land which covers about 90 percent of
the Taranager block remaining 10 percent area is covered by settlement, pasture land,
waterbodies etc. Total area of Taranager block measured by GIS software is 1825.75 sq. kms.
out of which 1630.6 is the crop land.
Objectives
To identify the impact assessment of water resource and peoples’ perceptions, of Taranagar
block of Churu district.
Methodology
The study has been mainly based on primary and secondary data. The intensive primary data
has been collected from 30 villages of Taranagar block. Apart from this mist of all villages
3. 45
visited by researcher and got some broad ideas about the water issues and present scenario in
the block. From each of the selected villages about 10 to 20 percent household were surveyed
and public consultations. Total 500 household were interviewed for collect primary data.
Number of household was selected on the basis of number of population of the villages. It
varies from 5 to 50 household. Some basic secondary data were also collected from State
Ground Water Department and other sources.Basic maps were prepared with the help of
Department of Remote Sensing, Birla Institute of Scientific Research, Jaipur. Taranagar
development block of Churu district is located in northern part of the district.
Figure 01: Study Area Key Map
Rainfall
The average annual rainfall in the district is 429 mm. In general there are 22 rainy days (i.e.
days with rain of 2.5 mm or more) in a year. About 7.5 percent of the annual rainfall is received
during the South-West monsoon period. Highest rainfall of 2018 is 97 mm. The variation in the
rainfall from year to year is very large. The analysis of 18 years average monthly rainfall data
shows that there is negative relationship between the amount of monthly rainfall and its
variability. The rainy days are of very short time i.e. from July to half of September. Maximum
amount of rainfall depends upon the Arabian monsoon. January is the coldest month of the
winter season. During this period, temperature falls below the freezing point. In winter season
the wind blows from the north-east to south-west. The relative humidity during this season
varies from 25 percent to 83 percent. The sand storms are common feature in summer.
Table 02: Range Of Depth to Water in Various Water in Various Blocks
(Pre- Monsoon 2003 to Post-Monsoon 2017)
Water Bearing Formation Depth of Water (b.g.l.) in MTS
Minimum Maximum
Churu 24.04 47.89
Rajgarh 13.67 54.45
Ratangarh 22.88 92.27
Sardarshahar 24.83 91.05
Sujangarh 06.67 84.45
Taranagar 16.07 29.17
Source: District Ground Water Department, Churu
Change in Ground Water Level
The world community is facing challenges of water level in certain areas due to over
withdrawing and demands of ground water. Water security is our main moral duty in the present
context. The term ‘water security’ was used at the World Water forum in The Hague in 2000 to
underline the vulnerability of people and ecosystems to ever growing pressure on the world’s
limited water resources (World Water Council, 2000). Groundwater, though part of hydrological
cycle and a community resource, is still perceived as an individual property and is exploited
4. 46
inequitably and without any consideration to its sustainability leading to its over-exploitation in
several areas. Awareness is now increasing regarding water and its importance but in general
people misbehave when it comes to reducing wastage of water. Table 02 shows that about
65.6 percent people are aware that water level is changing very fast in this area due to over
withdrawing of ground water. Though, water quality is not as per WHO standard. They are
using water in agriculture and other domestic purposes. Whereas 25.6 percent people said
that water level is not changing in this area. Because water is brackish and there is no use of
water in any means. Apart from this 8.8 percent people indicated that they had no information
of the change in ground water level. On an average about 60 percent of potable water is being
drained as waste water, which is injustice for our mother earth.
Table 03: Change in Ground Water Level
Response No. of Persons Percent
Yes 328 65.6
No 128 25.6
No Response 44 8.8
Total 500 100
Source: Field Survey
Water Quality
The quality of water is directly related with human and animal health. If the water quality is not
as per standard the mantle and physical problems will occur. The fluoride contents are very
high in most of the villages of study area. The average nitrate concentration is 185 mg/L. It
shows that nitrate concentration is very high in this block. The hardness of water is also very
high. The ground water quality in the study area is very low. The following table shows the
response from the people regarding water quality. About 82.2 percent respondents believe that
water quality in this area is not as per standard. About 6.4 percent reported that water quality is
not an issue in this area. Whereas 11.4 percent respondents reported that they don’t have any
idea related to water quality issues in this area.
[
Table 04: Water Quality
Response No. of Persons Percent
Yes 411 82.2
No 32 6.4
No Response 57 11.4
Total 500 100
Source: Field Survey
Unsafe for Drinking
Safe and readily available water is important for public health, whether it is used for drinking,
domestic use, food production or recreational purposes. Improved water supply and sanitation,
and better management of water resources, can boost countries’ economic growth and can
contribute greatly to poverty reduction. Globally, at least 2 billion peoples drinking water source
is contaminated with faeces. About 90 percent of the global population (6.8 billion people) used
at least basic services. A basic service is an improved drinking-water source within a round trip
of 30 minutes to collect water. In least developed countries, 22 percent of health care facilities
have no water service, 21 percent have no sanitation service, and 22 percent have no waste
management service. By 2025, half of the world’s population will be living in water-stressed
areas. Contaminated water can transmit diseases such diarrhea, cholera, dysentery, typhoid,
and polio. Contaminated drinking water is estimated to cause 485 000 diarrheal deaths each
year. The following table shows that 86.4 percent people of the study area said that they are
not getting potable drinking water. Only 2.2 percent are satisfied with present water supply
quality. About 11.4 percent has not given any response.
Table 05: Unsafe for Drinking
Response No. of Persons Percent
Yes 432 86.4
No 11 2.2
No Response 57 11.4
Total 500 100
Source: Field Survey
5. 47
Increasing Ground Water Demand
As we know that ground water of the study area is saline and not useable for drinking and
agricultural purposes. Only in some part of the area especially in Taranagar-Sahawa road
people are using ground water for agricultural purposes. Only 6.8 percent people agreed that
ground water demand is increasing. Whereas 77.4 percent people reported that ground water
demand is not increasing due to its salinity. There is no any use of this water. Whereas 15.8
percent have not gave any response. Details are given in table 06.
Table 06: Increasing Ground Water Demand
Response No. of Persons Percent
Yes 34 6.8
No 387 77.4
No Response 79 15.8
Total 500 100
Source: Field Survey
Knowledge about Water Supply System:
Our government supply water in most of the rural and urban areas as per their need but people
of the study area are not getting adequate and sufficient water supply. The scholar tried to find
out whether who used to supply water in their area. The result shows that still most of the
people don’t know the particular water supply department in their areas. The result shows that
9.2 percent respondents said that ground water department supply potable water in their areas.
About 15.4 percent people said that Public health and Engineering Department (PHED) are
responsible for water supply in this area. About 33.8 percent said that Aapni yojna is supplying
water in their area. Only 3.8 percent highlight the panchayat samiti. On the contrary 10.4
percent people reported that gram panchayat is supplying the water and about 18.8 percent of
villagers are not aware who supply the drinking water in their area is. All this is due to lack of
community participation in water supply system. Earlier Aapni yojna started the campaign to
create awareness about water and sanitation but nowadays nobody knows confidently who is
supplying the water in their area. Details are given in table 07.
Table 07: Knowledge about Water Supply System
Response No. of Persons Percent
Ground Water Department 46 9.2
PHED 77 15.4
Aapni Yojna 169 33.8
Panchayat Samiti 19 3.8
Gram Panchayat 52 10.4
Any Other 43 8.6
Don’t Know 94 18.8
Total 500 100
Source: Field Survey
Mismanagement and Misuses
There is mismanagement and misuses of water through leakage because of lack of
maintenance, poor quality infrastructure, lack of public participation and lack of sufficient and
timely budget etc. Due to flexible policy implementation water mismanagement and misuses
are very high. It was observed from the study that there was a low consciousness about the
overall scarcity and economic value of water, which results in its wastage and inefficient use.
About 40 percent respondents reported that due to lack of awareness 40 percent water
misused in domestic sector, 60 percent in agriculture sector, 10 percent in industrial sector, 25
percent in commercial sector, 40 percent due to lack of proper and timely maintenance and 25
percent in other activities. In short, we can conclude there is huge that almost mismanagement
and misuses in every sector. The results are given in table 08.
Use of Water in Proper Way
The following table shows the response of villagers related to use of water in proper way. About
59.2 percent villagers use water in proper way. They don’t waste water other than domestic
uses. About 35.2 percent villagers are not satisfied the use of water in proper way. They said
that the villagers are using water in other than domestic use such as kitchen garden,
construction, animal feeding etc. Only 5.6 percent people have been not given any answer. The
details of water use in proper way are given in table 09.
6. 48
Table 08: Mismanagement and Misuses of Water Resources
Category Percent (Multiple Choice)
Domestic Uses 40
Agricultural Purposes 60
Industrial Purposes 10
Commercial Purposes 25
Lack of Maintenance 40
Other 25
Source: Field Survey
Table 09: Use of Water in Proper Way
Response No. of Persons Percent
Yes 296 59.2
No 176 35.2
No Response 28 5.6
Total 500 100
Source: Field Survey
Knowledge of Ground Water Saline Zone
Taranagar block comes under saline ground water zone. In most of the area water is not
potable. Most of the people are aware that ground water of this area is very saline and not
useful for any purposes. About 51 percent people reported that most of the people are well
known that ground water of this area is saline and not potable. Whereas 32.8 percent people
said that they don’t know about the salinity of ground water in this area. About 16.2 percent
people not given any response. Details are given in table 10.
Table 10: Knowledge of Ground Water Saline Zone
Response No. of Persons Percent
Yes 255 51.0
No 164 32.8
No Response 81 16.2
Total 500 100
Source: Field Survey
Increase of Ground Water Level
The following table shows that ground water of this area can be changed through some best
techniques. About 4.8 percent of the study area people said that ground water level can be
increased through rain water harvesting. Ground water recharge well construction is also one of
the best sources to increase ground water level. 15.6 percent people reported that ground
water level can be increased through recharge well construction in the area. About 13.4 percent
people reported that avoid using ground water in agriculture will also improve the ground water
level. About 9 percent people supported this system. Canal water is also another best alternate
to improve and increase the ground water. About 28.8 percent people have favored this issue.
They also said more emphasis should be given on regular canal water supply for irrigation.
About 10.8 percent people said that watershed scheme should be implemented in all villages of
Taranagar block to optimum use of every drop of rainwater. Whereas 17.6 percent people
reported that they don’t have any idea about how to increase ground water level. Table 11
shows the details of respondents’ responses.
Table 11: Increase of Ground Water Level
Response No. of Persons Percent
Rain Water Harvesting 24 4.8
Ground Water Recharge Well Construction 78 15.6
Avoid Using Ground Water in Agriculture 67 13.4
Adopt Drip Irrigation System 45 9.0
Regular Supply of Canal Water for Irrigation 144 28.8
Implementation Watershed Scheme 54 10.8
Don’t Know 88 17.6
Total 500 100
Source: Field Survey
7. 49
Irrigation Facility
The irrigation facility is not satisfactory in the Taranagar block. Kumbharam Arya lift canal
provided some water for irrigation in selected areas. The lift canal is connected with IGNP
Canal. Government is trying to canal network in whole block but it will take more time. Only 5
percent respondents reported that irrigation facility is available. Canal irrigation is very limited
due to slope and height of canal from ground level. Some people developed new technology to
use this canal water. They dug 180 x 180 feet ‘diggi’ in their field. They bring water from canal
through pipe line in this ‘diggi’. They use this water in irrigation purposes. Eventually these
become very costly. It costs comes around 15 lacs. Every farmer is not able to meet out this
cost. On the other side 75 percent people said there is no irrigation facility available in the
district. Ground water is brackish and canal network is covering only few villages. About 20
percent have not given any response (Table 12).
Table 12: Irrigation Facility
Response No. of Persons Percent
Yes 25 5.0
No 375 75.0
No Response 100 20.0
Total 500 100
Source: Field Survey
Regular Use of Rainwater Structure (Tanka)
Tankas’ or ‘kunds’ are covered underground tanks in which people have being harvesting
rainwater from rooftops or from a surrounding structured surface catchment area called ”paitan“
for hundreds of years. Kunds were primarily privately owned though rich businessmen & rulers
of the land as part of their pious contribution built many public kunds for the community.
Construction of water structure was also considered to be one of the seven meritorious acts a
person was expected to perform during a lifetime. The generosity of a rich family was judged in
terms of number of water harvesting bodies sponsored by them. The public kunds built by them
in villages served poor in the community who did not have the means to build one for their use.
The following table shows that nowadays people are not using rainwater properly or in a
systemic ways. They use rainwater is different ways. At home only 11.4 percent people are
using water for drinking purposes when supply water is not available. At their field 31.8 percent
people are using rain water stored in kund or tanka. They have kund/tanks at their field.
Whenever they visit their fields for agricultural purposes they use this water for drinking
purposes. At public place there are number of tanks/kund constructed by gram panchayat or
any local rich person but now they are not using this tanka/kund for any purposes due to its
poor maintenance, low rainfall and water available at other sources. About 35.2 percent people
said that they have kund/tanks at their home and field but they are not using because of poor
maintenance and low rainfall. About 15.2 percent people have not given any response.
Table 13: Regular Use of Rainwater Structure (Tanka)
Category No. of Persons Percent
At Home 57 11.4
At Field 159 31.8
At Public Place 32 6.4
No Use 176 35.2
No Response 76 15.2
Total 500 100
Source: Field Survey
Water Level Increase in Rainy Season
Deserts are some of the most inhospitable places on earth. They are very dry, have very poor
soil, and can experience wildly varying temperature extremes. Deserts are arid regions,
generally receiving less than 25 centimeters (10 inches) of precipitation a year, or regions
where the potential evaporation rate is significantly greater than the precipitation. In most
cases, deserts possess a high average temperature with large differences between daytime
and nighttime temperatures. Arid regions can also be defined as environments in which water is
the limiting factor for bio-systems. The following table shows that 55.4 percent respondents feel
that water level increases in rainy season, if rainfall comes. About 23 percent people said that
no water level is increasing in this area due to low rainfall. Most of the area receives very less
8. 50
rainfall except in some particular years. About 21.6 percent people have not given any
response (Table 14).
Table 14: Water Level Increase in Rainy Season
Response No. of Persons Percent
Yes 277 55.4
No 115 23.0
No Response 108 21.6
Total 500 100
Source: Field Survey
Rate of Ground Water Recharge
The following table shows the 3 percent respondents reported that water level increases up to 5
feet if rainfall. About 7.4 percent people said that water level increases 1 to 4 percent during
rainy season if raining sufficient quantity. About 11.2 percent said water level increases 1 to 3
percent if rainfall is more than average, whereas 23.6 percent reported that ground water level
increases 1 to 2 feet in rainy season. Whereas 25.8 percent reported that water level increases
up to 01 feet. About 11 percent people have no any idea about rate of ground water recharge.
Details are given in table 15.
Table 15: Rate of Ground Water Recharge
Category No. of Persons Percent
Above 5 Feet 15 3.0
1 to 4 Feet 37 7.4
1 to 3 Feet 56 11.2
1 to 2 Feet 118 23.6
Up to 1 Feet 129 25.8
Below 1 Feet 90 18.0
Don’t Know 55 11.0
Total 500 100
Source: Field Survey
Drinking Supply of Water
Supply of water in rural area is maintained by PHED/Aapni Yojna department in the project
area. Most of the villagers of study area are not satisfied with the supply system of department.
Women are facing more problems because almost in all villages women need to fetch water
from 200 meter to 2 km. Only few male people fetch water from the source. Apart from this they
are not getting water daily. Only 2.8 percent people reported that they are getting daily water.
On the contrary 51.2 percent people are getting water once in a week. The situation is very
disappointing. But they are helpless. Especially women have to face many difficulties. About
13.6 percent respondents reported that they are getting water twice in a month. Whereas 6.6
percent said that they are getting water once in a month. Rest of days they are dependent on
other sources like buy water tank or use stored rainwater. Apart from this 25.8 percent told in a
very angry way that there is no any fixed schedule to supply water (Table 16). There is no fix
time to supply water by the concerned department. The concern department has no any water
supply schedule or policy for villagers
Table 16: Drinking Supply of Water
Category No. of Persons Percent
Daily 14 2.8
Weekly 256 51.2
Fortnightly 68 13.6
Monthly 33 6.6
No Fix Schedule 129 25.8
Total 500 100
Source: Field Survey
Leakage in Aapni Yojna Water Supply
In some part of the study area it was observed that pipe line of water supply leaked especially
at main valve point. Due to leakage the professional water suppliers collect the water and sell it
high rates. Another issue is that potable water is wasted due to its proper maintenance and
monitoring. The following table shows that 64.2 percent people are agreed that pipe line is
9. 51
broken in so many areas in the Taranagar block intentionally or due to its improper
maintenance. Whereas 15.2 percent people reported that there is no any leakage issue in their
village. About 20.6 percent people have not given any response (Table 17).
Table 17: Leakage in Aapni Yojna Water Supply
Response No. of Persons Percent
Yes 321 64.2
No 76 15.2
No Response 103 20.6
Total 500 100
Source: Field Survey
Conclusion
Over the past quarter century, global water problems have escalated. This study shows that the
water problem in Taranagar block will worsen if not addressed as a matter of urgency. The
people who reside in this area should be made acquainted with the consequences of the
existing situation, especially the adoption of appropriate methods of conservative use, and the
collective future planning of existing resources of ground water. The study also shows that poor
recharging of aquifers and excessive extraction of ground water are the two main factors, which
cause the water problem in the study area. The first factor is beyond the control of human
efforts, while the second factor can be minimized through collective efforts. In this regard, a
Master plan of water management and budgeting should be prepared at village level. To
address these challenges governments, International organizations, NGOs, private sector
companies etc. should make contributions to build capacities in multiple water emerging issues.
In addition, political leaders, professionals, academicians, policy makers, students and others
will require an understanding of water resources to save the mankind. The study recommends
that each and every member of the society should be taught about the conservative use and to
stop the wastage of water in their routine activities. In the area of agriculture, along with
sprinkler-system of irrigation, irrigation drip system should also be adopted on large scale to
minimize the requirement of irrigation water. Rain water should be stored in each and every
house so that it can be used for domestic purpose reducing consumption of ground water.
Aquifers should be recharged by preventing flowing rainwater by constructing appropriate
recharge structures. The groundwater management rather than development is the major
challenge facing the water resources, particularly in the dry land areas. Therefore, a
focus on the development activities must be balanced by integrated management
mechanism to achieve a sustainable utilization of groundwater resources, which is an
important driver for the management for sustainable development in the area.
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