7 electricity & magnetism
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The document discusses different concepts relating to electricity and magnetism including electromagnets, generators, different types of electric current, and transformers. An electromagnet is a temporary magnet formed when electric current flows through a coil of wire. Generators produce electric current by rotating a coil of wire in a magnetic field. Direct current flows in one direction through a wire, while alternating current reverses direction regularly. Transformers are used to increase or decrease the voltage of alternating current.
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The document provides an introduction to DC machines, including their basic components and working principles. It discusses two main types of DC machines:
1. DC generators, which convert mechanical power into electrical energy using electromagnetic induction. Key parts include the stator, rotor/armature, magnetic field, commutator, and brushes.
2. DC motors, which convert electrical power into mechanical rotation using the interaction between current-carrying conductors and magnetic fields. Main components are the stator, rotor/armature, split-ring commutator, and brushes.
The working principle of both is that a current-carrying conductor experiences a force when placed in a magnetic field, causing rotation that
Electromagnetism
The document discusses electromagnetism and electromagnetic induction. It explains that opposite magnetic poles attract while like poles repel. It also describes how electromagnets work by creating a magnetic field when an electric current flows through a wire coiled into a solenoid. Increasing the number of coils or the current strengthens the magnetic field. Electromagnets have many uses including in electric bells, sorting scrap metal, and speakers. The document also discusses electromagnetic induction and how a changing magnetic field can induce a voltage in a conductor.
Power point electricity and magnetism (4)
Magnets have north and south poles and like poles repel while unlike poles attract. There are permanent magnets made from iron alloys and electric magnets created by running current through a coil of wire. The magnetic field around a magnet gets weaker with distance from its poles. Electromagnets are useful because their poles can be reversed by switching current direction. Motors use electromagnets and permanent magnets to convert electrical energy to mechanical motion via electromagnetic induction. Generators operate on the same principles but convert mechanical motion to electrical energy. Transformers increase or decrease voltage in power grids to safely deliver electricity to homes.
SCIENCE 10-LESSON 11hatdogtinapaitlog.pdf
Electrical motors and generators operate based on the principle of electromagnetism. Motors convert electrical energy to mechanical energy, while generators do the opposite by converting mechanical energy to electrical energy. The key components and operating principles of simple DC and AC motors and generators are explained. DC motors and generators use commutators to produce direct current, while AC versions produce alternating current without commutators. Examples of applications for both DC and AC devices are provided.
Electricity (1)
1. Static electricity is a stationary electric charge produced by friction that causes sparks or attraction of dust. The triboelectric effect produces charge when objects rub against each other.
2. Materials are either conductors that allow electron flow or insulators that impede electron flow. Common conductors include metals and aqueous salt solutions, while common insulators include plastics, glass, and dry air.
3. Electrostatic induction modifies charge distribution on one material under the influence of a nearby charged object, allowing for charging by proximity without direct contact.
Electricity
1. Static electricity is a stationary electric charge produced by friction that causes sparks or attraction of dust. The triboelectric effect produces charge when objects rub against each other.
2. Materials are either conductors that allow electron flow or insulators that impede electron flow. Common conductors include metals and aqueous salt solutions, while common insulators include plastics, glass, and dry air.
3. Electrostatic induction modifies charge distribution on one material under the influence of a nearby charged object, allowing for charging by proximity without direct contact.
ELECTRICITY (1).pptx
1. Electricity can be produced through static electricity via rubbing materials like amber, or through chemical reactions in batteries and biological tissues, producing an electric potential difference.
2. Substances are classified as conductors, insulators, or semiconductors based on their ability to conduct electrons. Conductors like metals readily conduct, while insulators tightly bind electrons. Semiconductors conduct under certain conditions like increased temperature.
3. A current flowing through a conductor or a magnet produces a magnetic field, and a changing magnetic field induces a current. The magnetic field strength and flux are measured in units of tesla and weber. Direct current flows in one direction while alternating current reverses direction in a sine wave
Electromagnetic induction
Electromagnetic induction builds on the concept of magnets and magnetic fields in grade 10. Most of the work covered here is quite clear and straight forward.
Electricity, magnetism and electromagnetism
Atoms contain protons, electrons, and neutrons. Protons are positively charged, electrons are negatively charged, and they are located on the outer edges of atoms. The movement and concentration of electrons creates static electricity and electric currents. Static electricity builds up a charge without flowing, while electric current flows from high voltage to low voltage, such as through wires in a circuit. Current can be direct (DC) or alternating (AC). Magnets have north and south poles and magnetic fields that interact with electric fields through electromagnetic induction, which is the basis for technologies like electric motors, generators, and transformers.
Dc machiness
DC machines can be generators or motors. DC generators convert mechanical energy to DC voltage and current using magnetic induction. They have an armature that rotates inside magnetic fields produced by poles. The armature is connected to a commutator that changes the alternating voltage induced in the armature to pulsating DC voltage. DC motors convert electrical energy to mechanical energy by supplying DC power to an armature within magnetic fields, and are used widely in applications. Major parts include the rotor (armature) and stator (field coils).
Transformer.pptx
This document provides information on transformers. It begins with an introduction that explains transformers are used to transfer electrical energy between AC circuits by changing the voltage and current levels. It then discusses the basic components and principles of how transformers work, including that an alternating current in the primary winding induces a voltage in the secondary winding via electromagnetic induction without a direct electrical connection. The document also covers different types of transformers like step-up, step-down, variable and autotransformers as well as their functions and uses. It concludes by explaining how laminating the iron core reduces eddy current losses.
Electricity and magnetism
This document discusses key concepts of electricity and magnetism including:
- Static electricity, which is the build up of electric charge on objects without current flow.
- Electric current, which is the flow of electrons through a conductor and can be direct or alternating.
- Circuits, which provide a path for electric current to flow using components like wires. Circuits can be series or parallel.
- Other concepts covered are resistance, voltage, Ohm's Law, magnetism, electromagnets, generators, and motors.
Electrical Power Generation from Environmental Constraints
Electric current is generated at power plants and sent over power grids to homes and outlets. It powers appliances by the movement of electrons through wires. Electric current is generated using various energy sources like fossil fuels, nuclear, and renewables that cause motion of copper wire relative to magnets in generators. This motion is usually provided by turbines turned by forces like wind or falling water. The generated current is then sent as alternating current over long distances at high voltages for efficiency before being converted to lower voltages for use.
Alternating Current and Direct Current
This document discusses alternating current (AC) and how it is generated, transmitted, and used. It explains that in an AC generator, the direction of the output current reverses each time the coil passes the vertical position. Transformers are used to increase or decrease AC voltages by using two coils with a different number of turns. Common devices like homes, offices, and large appliances use AC power from the electric grid, while devices like flashlights and laptops run on direct current from batteries.
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Electrical Power Generation from Environmental Constraints
Electrical Power Generation from Environmental Constraints
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This document provides a diagram labeling various anatomical features of an animal's internal organs and systems, including the location of the vomerine teeth, gullet, internal nares, glottis, maxillary teeth, vocal sacs, eye sockets, tympanic membrane, nictitating membrane, external naris, liver, fat bodies, small intestine, heart, gall bladder, lungs, kidneys, spleen, cloaca, mesentery, stomach, testis, urinary bladder, ovaries, oviduct, and their relative positions.
Chpt.3.1
1) Arthropods undergo either complete or incomplete metamorphosis. Complete metamorphosis involves four stages: egg, larva, pupa, and adult. Incomplete metamorphosis involves hatching from eggs as nymphs and molting into winged adults after several molts.
2) Animals exhibit one of three types of symmetry: asymmetry, radial symmetry, or bilateral symmetry. Radial and bilateral symmetry involve dividing the animal into mirror halves, while asymmetry does not.
3) Succession describes the process of ecological community change over time. There are two types: primary succession colonizes new bare rock and soilless sites, while secondary succession occurs on existing soil after a disturbance like
Chpt.2.3
This document summarizes the cycling of important materials like water, carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus through ecosystems. It explains that while energy is lost at each trophic level, the sun replenishes it, and matter is recycled as nutrients move through organisms. The atoms that make up living things today have been on Earth since life began. It then provides more detailed explanations of the water, carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus cycles.
Chpt.2.2
The flow of energy in an ecosystem begins with autotrophs, such as plants, which use energy from the sun to produce their own food through photosynthesis. Heterotrophs, including herbivores, carnivores, omnivores, and decomposers then obtain energy by consuming autotrophs and other organisms. This energy is transferred between trophic levels in a food chain and food web, with less energy being available at higher trophic levels due to energy being lost as heat at each transfer.
Chpt.2.1
Ecology is the scientific study of the interactions between organisms and their environments. It reveals the interrelationships between living (biotic) and nonliving (abiotic) parts of the world. Key concepts in ecology include the biosphere, biotic factors, abiotic factors, levels of organization (organism, population, community, ecosystem, biome, biosphere), habitats, niches, and symbiosis (commensalism, mutualism, parasitism). Ecology combines information from various sciences to understand these relationships.
Chpt. 17.3- Domains and Kingdoms
The document discusses different systems for classifying life into kingdoms and domains. It describes the three domain system of Bacteria, Archaea and Eukarya. It also outlines the six kingdom system of Bacteria, Archaea, Protista, Plantae, Fungi and Animalia. Finally, it mentions the traditional five kingdom system of Monera, Protista, Plantae, Fungi and Animalia. It provides details about the defining characteristics of each domain and kingdom.
Chpt. 17.2 Modern Classification
Cladograms are branching diagrams that represent the proposed evolutionary history of a species or group, with closer branches indicating that organisms have more traits in common. They are a modern method of classification that shows evolutionary relationships rather than just taxonomic rankings.
Chpt. 17.1-History of Classification
Aristotle first classified organisms as either animals or plants, with plants grouped by size and animals by whether they had blood. Linnaeus broadened Aristotle's system and created the first formal taxonomy, grouping organisms into a binominal nomenclature with a genus and species name. The taxonomic categories from most specific to broad are species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom, and domain.
Chpt.15.2-Evidence of Change
There are several ways that scientists provide evidence of evolution, including comparative anatomy, comparative embryology, and fossils. Comparative anatomy looks at homologous and analogous structures between species, while comparative embryology examines similarities in development. Fossils provide direct evidence of extinct species and how they changed over time. Scientists use both relative dating of fossils layers and radioactive dating to determine the age of fossils and track changes in species. Adaptations like camouflage and mimicry help organisms survive and reproduce more successfully.
Chpt. 15.1
Charles Darwin developed the theory of evolution by natural selection based on his observations as a naturalist aboard the HMS Beagle in the 1830s. While visiting the Galapagos Islands, Darwin noticed that related but distinct animal species inhabited different islands. He later concluded that populations on the mainland evolved over generations as they adapted to their local environments, with better adapted traits being passed down. Darwin's theory proposed that natural selection drives evolution, as organisms better suited to their environment will survive and reproduce, passing on their favorable traits.
Chapter 11.3 notes
A karyotype is a micrograph that arranges homologous chromosome pairs in decreasing size order. It is used to study chromosomes stained during cell metaphase. Nondisjunction is a cell division error where sister chromatids do not separate properly, which can cause conditions like Down syndrome.
Chpt. 11.2 complex inheritance leftovers
Sickle-cell anemia is an autosomal recessive trait common in those with African and Mediterranean ancestry. It causes abnormally shaped red blood cells, impaired blood flow, tissue damage, and health issues. Sex is determined by the 23rd pair of chromosomes - females have XX and males have XY. The X chromosome carries many genes needed for development in both sexes. To compensate for having two X chromosomes, females inactivate one randomly. Sex-linked traits are on the X chromosome and are always expressed if recessive in females. Muscular dystrophy is an X-linked recessive disease. Polygenic traits like skin and eye color are influenced by two or more genes and result in a range of intermediate phenotypes.
Chapter 11.1 notes
This document summarizes several human genetic disorders including their inheritance patterns, symptoms, prevalence, and treatment options. Huntington's disease is an autosomal dominant neurological disorder with onset between 30-50 years of age that is always fatal. Cystic fibrosis is the most common lethal genetic disorder among white Americans, affecting the lungs and digestive system due to thick mucus production, with current treatments improving life expectancy. Tay-Sachs disease causes neurological deterioration and death by age 5 due to fatty acid accumulation in the brain.
Incomplete codominance multiple_alleles
The document discusses different patterns of inheritance beyond simple dominance:
1) Incomplete dominance, where the heterozygous phenotype is intermediate between the homozygous phenotypes. Examples include snapdragons and carnations.
2) Codominance, where both alleles are expressed in the heterozygote rather than blending. Examples include checkered chickens, roan horses, and variegated clover.
3) Multiple alleles, where more than two alleles control a trait. Examples include human blood types and coat colors in rabbits.
10.2 mendelian genetics
Gregor Mendel conducted the first scientific studies of heredity by breeding pea plants. He found that traits are transmitted from parents to offspring through discrete units called alleles. Through his experiments with monohybrid and dihybrid crosses, Mendel established the laws of segregation, dominance, and independent assortment. These laws describe the basic principles of genetic inheritance and provided the foundation for the modern science of genetics.
Chapter 12.4 gene regulation & mutation
This document summarizes gene regulation and mutation. It explains that gene regulation allows organisms to control which genes are transcribed in response to the environment, using operons in prokaryotes. Mutation is a change in the DNA sequence that can cause changes in proteins. There are two main types of mutations: point mutations which substitute a single nucleotide, and frameshift mutations which insert or delete nucleotides, affecting all subsequent amino acids. Mutations can be caused by environmental factors like radiation or chemicals and may be passed to offspring.
Chapter 12.3 dna,rna and protein
DNA contains the genetic code that is transcribed into messenger RNA (mRNA) which is then translated into proteins. There are three main types of RNA - mRNA carries the genetic code from DNA to the ribosome for protein production. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) helps join mRNA to transfer RNA (tRNA) during protein synthesis. TRNA transports amino acids to the ribosome where they are linked together based on the mRNA codon sequence.
Chapter 12.2 dna replication
DNA replication is a semiconservative process where the parental DNA strands separate and each serves as a template to produce two new DNA molecules, each with one original and one new strand. It occurs in three stages: unwinding, base pairing, and joining. During unwinding, enzymes separate the double helix and add RNA primers. Then, DNA polymerase adds complementary bases to each new strand by matching A-T and C-G. The lagging strand replicates in fragments that are later joined.
Chapter 12.1 molecular genetics
The document summarizes early discoveries about DNA and its structure. Frederick Griffith discovered transformation could occur between bacterial strains. Avery, MacLeod and McCarty showed that DNA was the transforming molecule. Hershey and Chase provided evidence that DNA, not protein, was the genetic material of viruses. Chargaff discovered base pairing rules for DNA. Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins used X-ray crystallography to study DNA structure. Watson and Crick then proposed the double helix model of DNA structure based on Chargaff's rules and Franklin and Wilkins' research.
Meiosis
Meiosis is a type of cell division that produces gametes, such as sperm and egg cells, with half the normal number of chromosomes. It involves two cell divisions: Meiosis I and Meiosis II. In Meiosis I, homologous chromosomes pair up and separate, reducing the chromosome number by half. Meiosis II then separates the sister chromatids, resulting in four haploid daughter cells each with a single set of chromosomes. This ensures genetic variation and allows for sexual reproduction where gametes from two individuals combine to form a diploid zygote.
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7 electricity & magnetism
- 12. Step-up for Power Step-down Step-down Transmission Line for area for house