This document discusses subject access for visual materials such as artwork, maps, and photographs. It notes that subject headings provide an important third discovery point for library users beyond keyword and field searching. However, applying subject headings to non-textual materials poses unique challenges. For artwork, interpretations can vary, and metadata standards like ARTstor allow for inconsistent subject descriptions. Maps also require careful assessment to determine if geographic labels constitute subject headings. The document examines these issues and debates around subject access for non-textual library materials.
“Oh GOSH! Reflecting on Hackteria's Collaborative Practices in a Global Do-It...
Pratt SILS Knowledge Organization Spring 2010
1.
2. Personal Information Management
Alexandra Basen, Andrea Gilmer, Elizabeth Legere & Sarah Zimmermann
What is PIM? PIM Tools
The practice and the study of the activities PIM tools are types of applications and
people perform in order to acquire, organize, software that work like a personal organizer.
maintain, retrieve and use information items for Types of information managed by PIM tools
everyday use to complete tasks (work-related or include journals, address books, e-mail etc.
not) and fulfill a person‘s various roles. Optimizing human-machine interaction is the
main long-term goal of successful PIM tools.
Figure 3. Gmail inbox
PIM and E-mail
Figure 1. Wikipedia page for personal information Email has become our primary means of
management…and cat! communication. We use our email to schedule
appointments, save important memories, and
The Human Brain and PIM share information with others. Figure 5. Locked journal – information security
To design effective PIM tools, we must
understand how our brains store, process, and PIM and Security
retrieve information. Good PIM tools aid
knowledge organization by capitalizing on our As our personal information becomes
cognitive strengths. more digitized, we open doors for others to
access our information. This problem with
security that we face is difficult to solve since
it also ties into privacy laws and what exactly
should be protected.
References
Claessens, J. P., Bart; Vandewalle, Joos. (2002). A tangled
World Wide Web of security issues. 1396-0466.
Jones, W. (2004). Finders, keepers? The present and future
perfect in support of personal information management.
First Monday, 9(3-1).
Jones, W.P. & Teevan, J. (2007). Personal information
management. Washington: University of
Figure 4. Comparison of the Apple Newton to the
Washington Press.
Figure 2 Model of the human brain iPhone
3.
4. Oral History Collections:
Organization & Access
Our Research and Interview Questions: LaGuardia and Wagner Archive:
Permissions and Access
Rutgers and Brooklyn Historical 1. How are Oral History Archives being organized?
Society: A Comparison of
2. What are some of the challenges that OHAs face • Item level organization through
Practices
in organizing the collections? specialized enumeration system
• Goal of both: to provide at least
3. What are the access points that OHAs provide to • Access point on the web site is
the public? through a finding aid
one access point to oral history
4. Is it possible to develop a more universal • Donor rights and permissions are
projects. BHS also aims to unite
standard for OHA organization and access? key legal components to provide
audio with transcripts and
users access to the interviews
place collection online
• Utilizing new media such as
• Internal organization based on
Facebook, Flickr, and YouTube to
existing resources. Rutgers uses
provide user access in new ways
collection level MARC; BHS
uses Past Perfect museum
collection management
• The priority level of OH
projects within the institution Our Conclusions: References
influences the level of access
Grimsley, R.L., & Wynne, S. C. (2009). Creating access to
provided
• Individualized approach: using a mix of oral histories in academic libraries.
College & Undergraduate Libraries, 16 (4), 278-299.
Dance Oral History, NYPL:
cataloging and archival standards
McKay, N. (2004). Curating oral history: Survey results.
Donations, Item Formats and • Budget, staffing capabilities and internal Retrieved from
MARC records priorities influence access levels http://www.nancymackay.net/oral-history/research-
publications/curating-oral-histories-2007/research/survey-
• Material formats and donor rights also results
• Item level MARC records determine if and how the interviews are Nicolas, Y. (2005). Folklore requirements for bibliographic
records: Oral traditions and FRBR.
• Donated materials uncontrolled made accessible Cataloging & Classification Quarterly, 39 (3/4), 179-195.
and in various audio formats • Donated interviews are uncontrolled and can Wynne, S. C. (2009). Cataloging oral histories: Creating
and conditions lack proper documentation MARC records for individual oral history interviews.
• Multiple records for one Cataloging & Classification Quarterly, 47 (6), 561-582.
interview, especially post
preservation...solution: FRBR? How feasible is a universal standard for Paul Clarke, Lee Ann Fullington &
• Access online records at NYPL Cassie Mey
the organization and access of LIS 653-03, Professor Pattuelli
catalog and WorldCat using
faceted search of spoken word Oral Histories? 4/22/10 Final Project
5.
6.
7.
8.
9. LibraryThing and Social Cataloguing
Main Entry: Libraries Using LibraryThing References
folksonomy
Part of Speech: n -Lawson, K. (2009) Mining Social Tagging Data
Danbury Public Library http://danburylibrary.org/
Definition: for Enhanced Subject Access for Readers and
a type of classification system for online Researchers. The Journal of Academic
content, created by an individual user who tags First library to use LTFL in May 2007 Librarianship, 25, 574-582.
information with freely chosen keywords; also, “Adding tags makes our catalog a win-win situation for
the cooperation of a group of people to create everyone - librarians get to keep our subject headings, -Rolla, P. J. (2009) User Tags versus Subject
such a classification system and patrons get keywords and tags that they understand.” Headings: Can User-Supplied Data Improve
Etymology: -Merry Uk, Webmaster, Danbury Public Library Subject Access to Library Collections? Library
2005; folk + taxonomy Resources & Technical Services, 53(3), 174-184.
tax·on·o·my Seattle Public Library http://www.spl.org/
[tak-son-uh-mee]
-Shirky, Clay. "Ontology is Overrated: Catagories,
–noun Monthly Statistics Links, and Tags." Clay Shirky's Writings About the
1.
-14,000+ similar title links clicked through Internet. 2 Oct. 2009
the science or technique of classification.
-1,300+ variant edition links clicked on http://shirky.com/writings/ontology_overrated.html
2.
-3,000+ multi-click tag sessions
Biology. the science dealing with the
description, identification, naming, and -13,000+ reviews viewed -Reamy, Tom. "Folksonomy Folktales."
classification of organisms. -Lare Mischo, Systems Librarian, Seattle Public Library KMWorld.com. 29 Sept. 2009. KM World. 2 Oct.
2009
http://www.kmworld.com/Articles/ReadArticle.aspx
“Left-Wing” “Right-Wing” LibraryThing and Users ?ArticleID=56210&PageNum=1
Folksonomy Taxonomy
Where it works best: Where it works best:
Domain Domain Current Use: -Earley, Seth. "Folksonomy versus Taxonomy."
• Large corpus • Small corpus User driven content descriptions, classification, Not Otherwise Categorized. 15 Feb. 2007. Earley
• No formal • Formal categories & Associates. 3 Oct. 2009
categories • Stable entities reviews, tag clouds, etc.
• Unstable entities • Restricted entities
http://sethearley.wordpress.com/2007/02/15/folkso
• Unrestricted entities • Clear edges nomy-versus-taxonomy/
• No clear edges Users
“People don’t want a library that acts
Users • Expert catalogers like just a glorified card catalog online.
• Large corpus • Authoritative source They want a catalog that’s as good as
• No formal of judgment
Google or Amazon.” -Gail Richardson, LIS 653 Spring, 2010
categories • Coordinated users
• Unstable entities • Expert users Oakville Public Library (ONT.) Corinne Neary
• Unrestricted entities Michael Hollitscher
• No clear edges Possibilities Ricca Gaus
Incorporation of user-created tags into existing
controlled vocabularies.
10.
11. Cataloging Body Art
Elissa Hunter, Gretchen King, Kay Menick, Keisha Miller
Using ICONCLASS to classify Cataloging tattoos
Different Websites catalog in
different ways:
0 Abstract, Non-representational If you have the tattoo artist's actual drawing, then you
1 Religion and Magic can classify it as "art original" and give that tattoo
2 Nature artist credit. You would have a physical object that Blogs use tag clouds to organize
3 Human being, Man in general you could then describe and therefore catalog. their entries.
4 Society, Civilization, Culture
5 Abstract Ideas and Concepts If the tattoo is on the body of a person, a photograph Tattoo design Websites organize
6 History of the tattoo must be made. The photograph their designs according to very
7 Bible becomes your physical object and you can then broad categories.
8 Literature catalog it.
9 Classical Mythology and Tattoo shop Websites usually
Ancient History group their tattoos by artist. Once
you get to that level, you have to
scroll to find what you want.
Flickr and other sharing sites
group tattoos under tags
determined by the users, which
doesn’t really provide
cohesiveness to searches. They
do, however, usually include the
stories behind the tattoos.
2. Nature Can FRBR be used for tattoos?
25. Earth, world as celestial body
Yes, if fully implemented.
25F. Animals
25F7. Lower animals Offers a more detailed approach to areas – in this
25F71. Anthropods case, culture, specifically art form, i.e. mehndi or
25F711. Insects henna tattoos.
25F711(BUTTERFLY)
12. Cultural Heritage: Access and Digitization in the Modern World
Dr. Pattuelli LIS 653-03 Ariella Feller & Elisabeth Gattullo Logo
W3C Preserving Offensive Images
-World Wide Web Consortium that -Are cultures obligated to preserve
develops standards for the web materials that have affected them if
-Ultimate goal is to provide long- they find the materials offensive?
term web growth Ex: Danish cartoons and
Questions Raised Islamic cultural institutions
1. What types of programs are in place Access to Native American Culture
PrestoSpace
to secure the protection of cultural -Who really owns American Indian
-Goal of the project is to develop heritage items?
Culture?
technical solutions and integrated 2. Do countries have a duty to protect
systems for the digital preservation cultural materials? -What is the best way to preserve
of audio-visual material 3. Does the move to digitization help or and protect culture while leaving it
hinder the overall purpose of cultural accessible to the society it comes
Calimera heritage preservation? from?
Conclusions
-Developed for ordinary citizens to Cultural artifacts remain a vitally important
access cultural heritage services part of any society’s history and as such
must be preserved for the study of future
-Interested in providing access on a generations.
local level Using new digitization technologies,
librarians the world over, help keep
cultural heritage relevant and accessible.
References
Cultural Heritage and War
Cloonan, M. V. (2007) The Paradox of
preservation. Library Trends, 56 (1), 133-47.
Fischer, A. (2008) Pride, preservation, -Cultural heritage artifacts are
progress: native rights advocate speaks on almost always a casualty of war
cultural heritage. Library of Congress
Information Bulletin, 67(12), 229. -Iraq and the destruction of the
Frank, R. (2005) Jerusalem conference on the
national archives
digitisation of cultural heritage. Library Hi
Tech News, 22(1), 10-11.
13.
14. SUBJECT ACCESS for VISUAL MATERIALS
LIS 653-02 DAISY CAMPBELL, CHRISTINE CLISURA, SARA MEDLICOTT
SA AND MAPS
WHAT IS SUBJECT ACCESS (SA)? Subject access in maps rests largely on
―If the focus of the bibliographic description is the geographic expanse, however there is some
artifact—the precise capture of its physical and textual facts— dispute as to whether that is considered a
the focus of subject headings work is the library user and his subject heading or not. The cataloger must
or her content-related needs and expectations.‖ make a careful assessment to determine
- Jeffrey Garrett, ―Subject Headings in Full-Text whether map labeling is correct or not.
Environments‖ Library of Congress is currently working to
revise the genre/form headings for
WHY IS SA IMPORTANT? cartographic materials, but it will likely be a
Figure 2. ARTstor metadata for C. Y. A. Azaglo, challenge for libraries to implement those
Untitled (1964) revisions.
SA, Artwork, and ARTstor
Iconography complicates the issue of
creating subject access for a work of art,
such as a digital image of an artwork as one
would find in ARTstor. In order to create
strong subject terms, image catalogers must
be aware of the point at which they make the
transition from a factual reading to an
interpretive reading.
ARTstor uses VRA Core 4.0 to create
metadata for its images, but the fact that the
‗subject‘ element in this schema is optional,
combined with the individualized
Figure 4. Lionel Pincus and Princess Firyal Map
methodology of ARTstor‘s many
Division
Figure 1. The value of subject headings in the OPAC. From T. Gross & A. G. contributors, means that subject access in
Taylor, ―What Have We Got to Lose?‖ References
ARTstor‘s collection is highly irregular at
Garrett, J. (2007). Subject headings in full-text
best. environments: The ECCO experiment.
In 1876, Charles Cutter first proposed the function of
subject access in the library catalog, revolutionizing the College & Research Libraries, 68(1), 69-81.
discovery of available resources by information seekers. Gross, T., & Taylor, A. (2005). What have we
Today, even with the luxury of keyword and cross-field got to lose? The effect of controlled
OPAC searches, subject headings still provide that crucial vocabulary on keyword searching results.
College & Research Libraries, 66(3), 212-
third discovery point: succinct assessment of the topic or
30.
aboutness of an item. Subject heading terminology often
provides the most relevant or the only hits in a keyword Jesperson, H.P. & Jesperson, J.K. (2004). The
problem of subject access to visual
search.
materials. Journal of Educational Media &
Conceptual analysis presents challenges even for Library Sciences, 42(1), 37-48.
traditional print materials, but image catalogers face a Library of Congress. (1991). Map cataloging
number of unique issues and challenges in trying to Figure 3. ARTstor metadata for George Bellows, manual. Washington, D.C.: Cataloging
Pennsylvania Excavation (1907-1909)
determine and describe the subject of visual materials. Distribution Service, Library of Congress.