Kudzu and Palmer Amaranth Weed Pests
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Kudzu vine was introduced in the United States in the late 19th century and promoted as an erosion control plant, but it spread rapidly throughout the southeastern states. Pennsylvania established a kudzu eradication program from 2005-2008 that treated over half the known populations in the state. Currently, kudzu is found in small scattered populations across 19 counties, managed through various control methods. Palmer amaranth, a highly invasive pigweed, was first discovered in Pennsylvania in 2013 and poses a serious threat to agriculture due to its prolific seed production and herbicide resistance. State agencies work to contain and eradicate new populations through public education and coordinated response.
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- 2. Kudzu • The vine that ate the South…..and the North! • 1876 - Pennsylvania introduces kudzu at the Centennial Exposition • 1920s - Florida nursery promotes it as a forage plant and sells it mail order • 1930s - Soil Conservation Service offered incentives for planting kudzu for erosion • 1950s - government stopped promotion • 1970s - it was declared a weed • 1989 - Pa Noxious Weed • 1997 - Federally Noxious Weed
- 3. Kudzu Eradication Program • Grant funded 2005-2008 • 89 spatially distinct populations (137 individual properties) – 47 sites treated by PDA – 11 sites treated by owner under PDA advisement – 31 sites untreated/not monitored • By the end of the program about 50% were eradicated or almost eradicated.
- 4. Current Status Delaware – 12 Philadelphia – 10 Alleghany & Chester – 6 ea York & Lancaster – 5 ea Montgomery – 3 Franklin & Westmoreland – 2 ea Berks, Cambria, Lebanon, & Northampton – 1 ea
- 5. Close up of Delaware and Philadelphia counties
- 6. Kudzu Locations – Roadside forest – Abandoned lots – Riparian areas
- 9. Managing Kudzu • Starts with correct identification! – Grape Vine – Bur Cucumber • PDA monitoring – Yearly site visits to assess progress – Aid in management strategies – Educate landowners • Kudzu managers include homeowners, DCNR, municipal workers, & universities • Notify PDA if you think you have a new site
- 10. Managing Kudzu • Eradication is possible, but the work is tedious… • Each site is different – What’s under the kudzu? – Terrain workable? – How old is the population?
- 11. Managing Kudzu • • • • Foliar Spray Cut Stump Method Stump Drilling Mechanical
- 13. Palmer Amaranth – Amaranthus palmeri
- 14. • What? Palmer Amaranth – Pigweed species like no other – First PA discovery Sept 2013 • 5 Lancaster, 2 Franklin, 1 Berks & 1 Bedford – Produces 500,000+ small seeds from one plant • Spread over an acre, 10 seeds per square foot – Resistant to some herbicides including glyphosate – Moved up from the southern states initially • Manure – hay, feed • Equipment
- 15. Palmer Amaranth • What? – Thrives in hot, dry conditions – Summer annual – germinates late spring/early summer – Seeds need light to germinate • Deep tillage for first year – Diocious – separate male and female plants – Genetically diverse plant - hybrids – Pollen from male plant is what carries the glyphosate resistant gene • Pollen can travel ½-1 mile
- 16. Palmer Amaranth • How to Identify? – Unusually tall – 6-10 feet – Long seed heads – 10-12 inches – Prickly seed heads – female – Petiole is as long if not longer than the leaf – droopy appearance – Stems/leaves hairless, smooth – Did it survive herbicide applications?
- 17. Grew 4 inches in 52 hours Images: University of Georgia
- 18. Managing Palmer Amaranth • Each site will be managed differently • BMPs – Containment! – Pull out plants out destroy (burn/bury) on site – Mow down the weed – Thoroughly clean equipment and anyone in the contaminated field
- 19. Palmer Amaranth • Why do we care? – Decreased crop yields – 30-50% – Economics of eradicating – Quarantine of ag products between states – Decreased property values • What to do? – Education, education, education! – Scout early and often – Pay attention to field inputs and where they are coming from – If palmer is suspected anywhere in PA in any quantity notify PSU (Curran or Lingenfelter) or PDA (Jessica Lenker).
- 20. Questions? Jessica Lenker PA Department of Agriculture Botany & Weed Specialist 717-787-7204 jeslenker@pa.gov