We hope this illustrated dictionary is useful and helps you become more familiar with the basic terms and definitions of Solar Energy. This complete A to Z reference is A GIFT from the Clean Footprint Team TO YOU in an effort to create a Clean Energy Economy.
My name is Thane Christopher Heins. I am a Canadian inventor and I hold three US patents and have at least four more pending.
I have dedicated the past 20 years of my life in the pursuit of developing a viable replacement technology for oil as an energy source and I have worked solely in this pursuit since the horrors of 9/11 and during the wars which followed which I believe were initiated in an effort to control oil and oil rich country's governments.
I have succeeded in my pursuit and our three currently patented technologies are 1) ReGenX Generator, ReGen-X Motor, and 3) Bi-Toroid Transformer.
The primary advantage of our innovations is a scientific discovery we made in 2007 while attempting to physically divert the magnetic fields which are produced inside an electric generator that are responsible for Generator Armature Reaction, otherwise know as regenerative braking in an electric vehicle.
Hybrid power generation by and solar –windUday Wankar
With the development of industry and
agriculture, a great amount of energy such as coal, oil
and gas has been consumed in the world. Extensive
use of these fossil energies deteriorates a series of
problems like energy crisis, environmental pollution
and so on. Everybody knows that the fossil energy
reserves are finite, some day it will be exhausted.
It is possible that the world will face a
global energy crisis due to a decline in the
availability of cheap oil and recommendations to a
decreasing dependency on fossil fuel. This has led to
increasing interest in alternate power/fuel research
such as fuel cell technology, hydrogen fuel, biodiesel,
Karrick process, solar energy, geothermal energy,
tidal energy and wind. Today, solar energy and wind
energy have significantly alternated fossil fuel with
big ecological problems.
With the development of the science and
technology, power generation using solar energy and
wind power is gradually known by more and more
people. And it is widespread used in many developed
countries. The merits of the solar and wind power
generation are very obvious-infinite and nonpolluting.
The raw materials of the solar and wind
power generation derived from nature, and wind
power generation can work twenty-four hours a day,
solar power generation only works by daylight. In
addition, this kind of power generation has no
exhaust emission and there is no influence to the
nature. But it also has some shortcomings. Because
of the imperfect of the technology, equipment of the
solar and wind power generation is very expensive.
By far, it cannot be widely used.
In addition, solar and wind power
generation system affected by the changing of the
weather very much, so it has obvious defects in
reliability compared with fossil fuel, and it is difficult
to make it fit for practical use the lack of economical
efficiency .Because of these problems it needs to
increase the reliability of energy supply by
developing a system which interacts Solar and wind
energy. This kind of system is usually called windsolar
hybrid power generation system significantly
IEEE Spectrum What Would it Really Take to Reverse Climate Change?Thane Heins
Thane C. Heins
President and CEO
Potential +/- Difference inc.
Pioneering Electric Vehicle Regenerative Acceleration and Charging Ahead...
“You never change things by fighting the existing reality.
To change something, build a new model that makes the existing model obsolete.”
― Buckminster Fuller
Energy Generation by using PIEZOELECTRIC MATERIALS and It’s Applications.Animesh Sachan
1. The document discusses piezoelectricity as an alternative energy source that can harness ambient vibrations and convert them into electrical energy.
2. It provides background on the discovery of piezoelectricity and describes how certain materials generate electric charges when subjected to mechanical stress.
3. Examples of applications are given such as harvesting energy from footfalls using piezoelectric crystals in floors, roads and footwear to power devices and streetlights.
Potential Difference Inc. Innovation One Page Summary 9/11 – 2021Thane Heins
Thane Heins developed a technology to eliminate generator armature reaction, which is responsible for 100% of pollution from electricity generation that requires mechanical input energy. His discovery in 2007 showed that armature reaction could be reversed, allowing electricity to be generated with zero mechanical input energy or pollution. This reversal also enables electric vehicle regenerative acceleration. The energy source powering this positive work is constantly created at the sub-atomic electron level, matching the unknown source that powered the negative work of conventional generators. This new energy source provides a sustainable compliment to fossil fuels by removing their negative effects and enabling a gradual transition to clean energy.
1. The document discusses the development of solar chimney power plant technology around the world. Prototypes were built in Spain, the US, Egypt, Nigeria, UAE, Thailand, China, and Botswana to test the technology in different climates.
2. Key projects included a 50 kW prototype in Spain in the 1980s, plans for a large solar updraft tower in the US, and analyses showing solar chimneys could generate significant electricity in Egypt, Nigeria, and the UAE.
3. Recent developments explored sloped solar chimneys, counter-rotating turbines, and optimizing collector angles and chimney heights to improve performance. Studies found the technology suitable for providing electricity in many global locations
My name is Thane Christopher Heins. I am a Canadian inventor and I hold three US patents and have at least four more pending.
I have dedicated the past 20 years of my life in the pursuit of developing a viable replacement technology for oil as an energy source and I have worked solely in this pursuit since the horrors of 9/11 and during the wars which followed which I believe were initiated in an effort to control oil and oil rich country's governments.
I have succeeded in my pursuit and our three currently patented technologies are 1) ReGenX Generator, ReGen-X Motor, and 3) Bi-Toroid Transformer.
The primary advantage of our innovations is a scientific discovery we made in 2007 while attempting to physically divert the magnetic fields which are produced inside an electric generator that are responsible for Generator Armature Reaction, otherwise know as regenerative braking in an electric vehicle.
Hybrid power generation by and solar –windUday Wankar
With the development of industry and
agriculture, a great amount of energy such as coal, oil
and gas has been consumed in the world. Extensive
use of these fossil energies deteriorates a series of
problems like energy crisis, environmental pollution
and so on. Everybody knows that the fossil energy
reserves are finite, some day it will be exhausted.
It is possible that the world will face a
global energy crisis due to a decline in the
availability of cheap oil and recommendations to a
decreasing dependency on fossil fuel. This has led to
increasing interest in alternate power/fuel research
such as fuel cell technology, hydrogen fuel, biodiesel,
Karrick process, solar energy, geothermal energy,
tidal energy and wind. Today, solar energy and wind
energy have significantly alternated fossil fuel with
big ecological problems.
With the development of the science and
technology, power generation using solar energy and
wind power is gradually known by more and more
people. And it is widespread used in many developed
countries. The merits of the solar and wind power
generation are very obvious-infinite and nonpolluting.
The raw materials of the solar and wind
power generation derived from nature, and wind
power generation can work twenty-four hours a day,
solar power generation only works by daylight. In
addition, this kind of power generation has no
exhaust emission and there is no influence to the
nature. But it also has some shortcomings. Because
of the imperfect of the technology, equipment of the
solar and wind power generation is very expensive.
By far, it cannot be widely used.
In addition, solar and wind power
generation system affected by the changing of the
weather very much, so it has obvious defects in
reliability compared with fossil fuel, and it is difficult
to make it fit for practical use the lack of economical
efficiency .Because of these problems it needs to
increase the reliability of energy supply by
developing a system which interacts Solar and wind
energy. This kind of system is usually called windsolar
hybrid power generation system significantly
IEEE Spectrum What Would it Really Take to Reverse Climate Change?Thane Heins
Thane C. Heins
President and CEO
Potential +/- Difference inc.
Pioneering Electric Vehicle Regenerative Acceleration and Charging Ahead...
“You never change things by fighting the existing reality.
To change something, build a new model that makes the existing model obsolete.”
― Buckminster Fuller
Energy Generation by using PIEZOELECTRIC MATERIALS and It’s Applications.Animesh Sachan
1. The document discusses piezoelectricity as an alternative energy source that can harness ambient vibrations and convert them into electrical energy.
2. It provides background on the discovery of piezoelectricity and describes how certain materials generate electric charges when subjected to mechanical stress.
3. Examples of applications are given such as harvesting energy from footfalls using piezoelectric crystals in floors, roads and footwear to power devices and streetlights.
Potential Difference Inc. Innovation One Page Summary 9/11 – 2021Thane Heins
Thane Heins developed a technology to eliminate generator armature reaction, which is responsible for 100% of pollution from electricity generation that requires mechanical input energy. His discovery in 2007 showed that armature reaction could be reversed, allowing electricity to be generated with zero mechanical input energy or pollution. This reversal also enables electric vehicle regenerative acceleration. The energy source powering this positive work is constantly created at the sub-atomic electron level, matching the unknown source that powered the negative work of conventional generators. This new energy source provides a sustainable compliment to fossil fuels by removing their negative effects and enabling a gradual transition to clean energy.
1. The document discusses the development of solar chimney power plant technology around the world. Prototypes were built in Spain, the US, Egypt, Nigeria, UAE, Thailand, China, and Botswana to test the technology in different climates.
2. Key projects included a 50 kW prototype in Spain in the 1980s, plans for a large solar updraft tower in the US, and analyses showing solar chimneys could generate significant electricity in Egypt, Nigeria, and the UAE.
3. Recent developments explored sloped solar chimneys, counter-rotating turbines, and optimizing collector angles and chimney heights to improve performance. Studies found the technology suitable for providing electricity in many global locations
This document describes a footstep energy generation system that converts the kinetic energy from human footsteps into electrical energy. It discusses how piezoelectric materials in the system generate electricity when compressed by footsteps. The generated electricity can then be stored in batteries and used for applications like street lighting. The system provides a sustainable energy source for places with high foot traffic and has been installed in some locations around the world.
The new normal for humanity and physics in 2022 and beyond...Thane Heins
This document describes a method for delaying generator load current and electromagnetic field energy creation in order to perform electricity generation at infinite efficiency. It explains that normally, electromagnetic field energy performs negative work during generation through counter-torque. However, by sufficiently delaying the load current, the electromagnetic field energy can instead perform positive work and accelerate the generator without needing external mechanical input. This is achieved by operating the generator coil at a high enough frequency to delay current flow through parasitic capacitance charging and inductive rise time. This allows electricity to be generated and work to be done with zero external energy input.
Piezoelectric Energy Harvester - Capstone DesignMehnaz Newaz
•The complete design of a real size piezoelectric system, enabling to harvest from roads and generate, store, and supply electricity to light up street lights.
•Sizing and construction of a scaled down prototype of the real size piezoelectric energy harvesting system, Storage of electrical energy outputted from system, supplying power to the load and smart system, Power monitoring system to monitor energy stored, supplied, and outputted.
•Complete PCB Design and circuit board building in accordance with Arduino UNO Rev-3 on EagleCAD as well as LCD to display readings.
•Prototype commissioning and performance testing of entire system comprised of 3 main subsystems: Generation, Power Storage, and Power Monitoring System
Miniature Powerplant sing Piezoelectric transducer for domestic applicationsNani Pavan
power generation using piezoelectric transducer for the backup power generation, which is used in the emergency purpose, i.e., when in need. this can be implemented in many ways and can be used in many ways.
The document discusses solar energy and photovoltaic power conversion systems. It notes that the sun provides vastly more energy to Earth than is consumed and describes some key aspects of solar radiation. It also defines solar irradiance and discusses instruments used to measure direct and diffuse solar radiation, including pyranometers and pyrheliometers. Photovoltaic systems are introduced as arrangements that convert sunlight to electricity using solar panels.
Its a free source of energy we know very well man has needed and used energy at an increasing rate for the sustenance and well-being since time immemorial. Due to this a lot of energy resources have been exhausted and wasted. Proposal for the utilization of waste energy of foot power with human locomotion is very much relevant and important for highly populated countries like India where the railway station, temples etc., are overcrowded all round the clock .When the flooring is engineered with piezo electric technology, the electrical energy produced by the pressure is captured by floor sensors and converted to an electrical charge by piezo transducers, then stored and used as a power source. And this power source has many applications as in agriculture, home application and street lighting and as energy source for sensors in remote locations.
Solarcentury Africa Hybrid Brochure 0216Daniel Davies
Solar power systems can provide electricity to mining operations located in remote areas with abundant sunshine. Solar panels convert sunlight into electricity that can power equipment and reduce reliance on expensive diesel generators. When paired with batteries, hybrid solar+storage systems allow generators to be switched off for periods of time, maximizing fuel savings. Fuel controllers ensure generators run above a minimum load to integrate solar power efficiently with backup power sources. As solar technology matures and costs decline, solar is becoming a economically viable primary or supplemental power solution for mining.
Solar panels convert sunlight directly into electricity through the photovoltaic effect. This solar-generated DC electricity is sent to an inverter which converts it to AC electricity that can be used in homes or fed into the electric grid. Inverters are useful for powering areas without grid access or as backup power sources, and they are being designed to be more affordable, efficient, and able to charge batteries for nighttime use. The example discusses how calculators and other small devices use solar cells to generate power without batteries.
Subject: IEEE SPECTRUM MAGAZINE, OXFORD UNIVERSITY, NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL...Thane Heins
The document is an email from Thane Heins, CEO of Potential Difference Inc., introducing two new electric vehicle charging innovations and an electric power generation innovation patented by his company. He invites IEEE Spectrum magazine and several universities and professors to a live technology demonstration. The innovations include the ReGen-X Quantum Motor, which can produce mechanical output and accelerate without external electric input energy, and the ReGenX Generator, which can generate electricity without mechanical input energy. Video demonstrations and supporting articles about the innovations are provided.
The document discusses the ongoing power crisis in Pakistan due to a growing capacity deficit. It outlines challenges with conventional power generation options like hydropower, coal, oil and gas, and nuclear. Wind and solar power are presented as viable renewable alternatives that address issues of energy security and climate change concerns. Specific examples of wind and solar development in other countries like India, China and Thailand are provided. Barriers to wind and solar power in Pakistan like high costs and lack of strategic vision are also summarized.
Solar Energy Analytics Using Internet of ThingsAMOGHA A K
*Extracting usable electricity from sun.
*Conversion of light energy into DC.
*Used in remote areas as placement of electric lines are not viable.
*Solar based system connected to IoT.
*Easy access of data.
The document discusses the piezoelectric effect and its application in footstep energy generation. It describes how Pierre and Jacques Curie discovered the piezoelectric effect in 1880. The effect generates electric charge in materials like quartz when subjected to mechanical stress. One application is installing piezoelectric sensors on pathways or in shoes to harvest energy from footsteps, which can be stored in batteries and used to power loads. A project in France has implemented this successfully to provide rural energy without dependence on other sources.
IRJET- Hybrid Power Generation by using Vertical Axis Wind Turbine and So...IRJET Journal
This document proposes a hybrid power generation system using a vertical axis wind turbine and solar panels. The system aims to harness wind energy from passing vehicles on a highway using a vertical axis wind turbine. Solar panels are also included to increase the system's efficiency. The electricity generated from both sources is stored in batteries and can be used for street lighting. The system has the benefits of being environmentally friendly and reducing reliance on non-renewable energy sources. It discusses the working of vertical axis wind turbines and solar panels, provides a block diagram of the system, and concludes that the hybrid energy source is an effective solution for continuous power generation.
This document discusses various types of solar power technologies including concentrated solar power (CSP) and photovoltaics (PV). It describes several CSP systems - parabolic troughs, solar power towers, Stirling dishes, and linear Fresnel reflectors. It also discusses PV systems and their components. The document outlines advantages and disadvantages of solar power and different storage methods. It explains why India needs to adopt CSP technologies given its energy scenario and policy targets for renewable energy.
This document provides an overview of solar photovoltaic power systems. It discusses key terminology related to electricity and PV systems. The document describes the main components of grid-tied PV systems including solar modules, inverters, wiring, and batteries. It also covers factors to consider when selecting sites and mounting structures for solar arrays. Overall, the document serves as a basic introduction and reference for understanding the basic workings of grid-tied residential solar power systems.
This document discusses a proposed "Solar Train" project that would utilize solar energy to power railways. It begins with an introduction to global warming and renewable energy. The main points covered include:
- Solar panels on train roofs would convert solar energy to electricity to power the trains.
- Challenges include the costs of solar technologies and their intermittent nature. Improving efficiency and lowering costs is important.
- Implementing techniques like nanotechnology may increase solar cell efficiency.
- Utilizing solar energy could help reduce environmental impacts compared to fossil fuels and preserve other energy sources.
This document describes a footstep power generation system that converts the kinetic energy from human footsteps into usable electricity. The system uses an array of piezoelectric sensors that generate voltage when pressure is applied. The voltage is stored in a lead-acid battery and can be used to power small DC loads. A microcontroller and LCD display are used to indicate the voltage level being stored in the battery. The system was designed and implemented to harvest wasted energy from human locomotion and demonstrate piezoelectric energy harvesting.
This document presents a hybrid solar-wind power system project. It introduces renewable energy sources like wind and solar, and the advantages of combining them in a hybrid system to maximize energy production. The document outlines the components of the hybrid system, including solar panels, wind turbines, batteries, and inverters. It also discusses wind and solar conditions for Lucknow, India and provides sizing estimates for wind turbines and solar panels. The document concludes that a hybrid system can provide clean power for remote villages and help meet increasing electricity demands. It presents cost estimates and outlines plans for an experimental setup and fabrication.
This document describes a footstep power generation system that converts the mechanical energy from walking or running into electrical energy using piezoelectric sensors. The electrical energy is stored in a lead acid battery and can be used to power AC and DC loads. An inverter converts the DC battery voltage to AC voltage. The system provides a low-cost renewable energy solution that could power rural applications and emergency situations by harvesting wasted human biomechanical energy.
final year embedded systems projects in chennaiAshok Kumar.k
We provide all types of projects like EEE projects, embedded projects, mechanical projects, labview projects, java project, robotic projects, vlsi projects,ECE projects, software and final year projects for diploma and engineering students in chennai and bangalore.
Making your own homemade solar panels can save a good deal of money compared to buying a manufactured system. DIY solar panel instructions can be found online or in kits, though kits are more expensive. The solar panels themselves are the most costly component of any panel. Used or discounted solar panels can sometimes be found on sites like eBay or Craigslist to cut costs further. Factory auctions of older solar power systems also offer lower prices than new cutting-edge systems.
The document summarizes a solar ready assessment training. It discusses what makes a building solar ready, including factors like orientation, shading, roof type, and electrical infrastructure. It outlines the site assessment process, including measuring usable roof space, graphing obstructions, calculating total solar resource fraction, and making design recommendations. It also discusses working with a solar trade ally for installation and the costs involved. The training aims to help design professionals understand how to maximize a building's solar potential and connect with solar installation professionals.
This document describes a footstep energy generation system that converts the kinetic energy from human footsteps into electrical energy. It discusses how piezoelectric materials in the system generate electricity when compressed by footsteps. The generated electricity can then be stored in batteries and used for applications like street lighting. The system provides a sustainable energy source for places with high foot traffic and has been installed in some locations around the world.
The new normal for humanity and physics in 2022 and beyond...Thane Heins
This document describes a method for delaying generator load current and electromagnetic field energy creation in order to perform electricity generation at infinite efficiency. It explains that normally, electromagnetic field energy performs negative work during generation through counter-torque. However, by sufficiently delaying the load current, the electromagnetic field energy can instead perform positive work and accelerate the generator without needing external mechanical input. This is achieved by operating the generator coil at a high enough frequency to delay current flow through parasitic capacitance charging and inductive rise time. This allows electricity to be generated and work to be done with zero external energy input.
Piezoelectric Energy Harvester - Capstone DesignMehnaz Newaz
•The complete design of a real size piezoelectric system, enabling to harvest from roads and generate, store, and supply electricity to light up street lights.
•Sizing and construction of a scaled down prototype of the real size piezoelectric energy harvesting system, Storage of electrical energy outputted from system, supplying power to the load and smart system, Power monitoring system to monitor energy stored, supplied, and outputted.
•Complete PCB Design and circuit board building in accordance with Arduino UNO Rev-3 on EagleCAD as well as LCD to display readings.
•Prototype commissioning and performance testing of entire system comprised of 3 main subsystems: Generation, Power Storage, and Power Monitoring System
Miniature Powerplant sing Piezoelectric transducer for domestic applicationsNani Pavan
power generation using piezoelectric transducer for the backup power generation, which is used in the emergency purpose, i.e., when in need. this can be implemented in many ways and can be used in many ways.
The document discusses solar energy and photovoltaic power conversion systems. It notes that the sun provides vastly more energy to Earth than is consumed and describes some key aspects of solar radiation. It also defines solar irradiance and discusses instruments used to measure direct and diffuse solar radiation, including pyranometers and pyrheliometers. Photovoltaic systems are introduced as arrangements that convert sunlight to electricity using solar panels.
Its a free source of energy we know very well man has needed and used energy at an increasing rate for the sustenance and well-being since time immemorial. Due to this a lot of energy resources have been exhausted and wasted. Proposal for the utilization of waste energy of foot power with human locomotion is very much relevant and important for highly populated countries like India where the railway station, temples etc., are overcrowded all round the clock .When the flooring is engineered with piezo electric technology, the electrical energy produced by the pressure is captured by floor sensors and converted to an electrical charge by piezo transducers, then stored and used as a power source. And this power source has many applications as in agriculture, home application and street lighting and as energy source for sensors in remote locations.
Solarcentury Africa Hybrid Brochure 0216Daniel Davies
Solar power systems can provide electricity to mining operations located in remote areas with abundant sunshine. Solar panels convert sunlight into electricity that can power equipment and reduce reliance on expensive diesel generators. When paired with batteries, hybrid solar+storage systems allow generators to be switched off for periods of time, maximizing fuel savings. Fuel controllers ensure generators run above a minimum load to integrate solar power efficiently with backup power sources. As solar technology matures and costs decline, solar is becoming a economically viable primary or supplemental power solution for mining.
Solar panels convert sunlight directly into electricity through the photovoltaic effect. This solar-generated DC electricity is sent to an inverter which converts it to AC electricity that can be used in homes or fed into the electric grid. Inverters are useful for powering areas without grid access or as backup power sources, and they are being designed to be more affordable, efficient, and able to charge batteries for nighttime use. The example discusses how calculators and other small devices use solar cells to generate power without batteries.
Subject: IEEE SPECTRUM MAGAZINE, OXFORD UNIVERSITY, NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL...Thane Heins
The document is an email from Thane Heins, CEO of Potential Difference Inc., introducing two new electric vehicle charging innovations and an electric power generation innovation patented by his company. He invites IEEE Spectrum magazine and several universities and professors to a live technology demonstration. The innovations include the ReGen-X Quantum Motor, which can produce mechanical output and accelerate without external electric input energy, and the ReGenX Generator, which can generate electricity without mechanical input energy. Video demonstrations and supporting articles about the innovations are provided.
The document discusses the ongoing power crisis in Pakistan due to a growing capacity deficit. It outlines challenges with conventional power generation options like hydropower, coal, oil and gas, and nuclear. Wind and solar power are presented as viable renewable alternatives that address issues of energy security and climate change concerns. Specific examples of wind and solar development in other countries like India, China and Thailand are provided. Barriers to wind and solar power in Pakistan like high costs and lack of strategic vision are also summarized.
Solar Energy Analytics Using Internet of ThingsAMOGHA A K
*Extracting usable electricity from sun.
*Conversion of light energy into DC.
*Used in remote areas as placement of electric lines are not viable.
*Solar based system connected to IoT.
*Easy access of data.
The document discusses the piezoelectric effect and its application in footstep energy generation. It describes how Pierre and Jacques Curie discovered the piezoelectric effect in 1880. The effect generates electric charge in materials like quartz when subjected to mechanical stress. One application is installing piezoelectric sensors on pathways or in shoes to harvest energy from footsteps, which can be stored in batteries and used to power loads. A project in France has implemented this successfully to provide rural energy without dependence on other sources.
IRJET- Hybrid Power Generation by using Vertical Axis Wind Turbine and So...IRJET Journal
This document proposes a hybrid power generation system using a vertical axis wind turbine and solar panels. The system aims to harness wind energy from passing vehicles on a highway using a vertical axis wind turbine. Solar panels are also included to increase the system's efficiency. The electricity generated from both sources is stored in batteries and can be used for street lighting. The system has the benefits of being environmentally friendly and reducing reliance on non-renewable energy sources. It discusses the working of vertical axis wind turbines and solar panels, provides a block diagram of the system, and concludes that the hybrid energy source is an effective solution for continuous power generation.
This document discusses various types of solar power technologies including concentrated solar power (CSP) and photovoltaics (PV). It describes several CSP systems - parabolic troughs, solar power towers, Stirling dishes, and linear Fresnel reflectors. It also discusses PV systems and their components. The document outlines advantages and disadvantages of solar power and different storage methods. It explains why India needs to adopt CSP technologies given its energy scenario and policy targets for renewable energy.
This document provides an overview of solar photovoltaic power systems. It discusses key terminology related to electricity and PV systems. The document describes the main components of grid-tied PV systems including solar modules, inverters, wiring, and batteries. It also covers factors to consider when selecting sites and mounting structures for solar arrays. Overall, the document serves as a basic introduction and reference for understanding the basic workings of grid-tied residential solar power systems.
This document discusses a proposed "Solar Train" project that would utilize solar energy to power railways. It begins with an introduction to global warming and renewable energy. The main points covered include:
- Solar panels on train roofs would convert solar energy to electricity to power the trains.
- Challenges include the costs of solar technologies and their intermittent nature. Improving efficiency and lowering costs is important.
- Implementing techniques like nanotechnology may increase solar cell efficiency.
- Utilizing solar energy could help reduce environmental impacts compared to fossil fuels and preserve other energy sources.
This document describes a footstep power generation system that converts the kinetic energy from human footsteps into usable electricity. The system uses an array of piezoelectric sensors that generate voltage when pressure is applied. The voltage is stored in a lead-acid battery and can be used to power small DC loads. A microcontroller and LCD display are used to indicate the voltage level being stored in the battery. The system was designed and implemented to harvest wasted energy from human locomotion and demonstrate piezoelectric energy harvesting.
This document presents a hybrid solar-wind power system project. It introduces renewable energy sources like wind and solar, and the advantages of combining them in a hybrid system to maximize energy production. The document outlines the components of the hybrid system, including solar panels, wind turbines, batteries, and inverters. It also discusses wind and solar conditions for Lucknow, India and provides sizing estimates for wind turbines and solar panels. The document concludes that a hybrid system can provide clean power for remote villages and help meet increasing electricity demands. It presents cost estimates and outlines plans for an experimental setup and fabrication.
This document describes a footstep power generation system that converts the mechanical energy from walking or running into electrical energy using piezoelectric sensors. The electrical energy is stored in a lead acid battery and can be used to power AC and DC loads. An inverter converts the DC battery voltage to AC voltage. The system provides a low-cost renewable energy solution that could power rural applications and emergency situations by harvesting wasted human biomechanical energy.
final year embedded systems projects in chennaiAshok Kumar.k
We provide all types of projects like EEE projects, embedded projects, mechanical projects, labview projects, java project, robotic projects, vlsi projects,ECE projects, software and final year projects for diploma and engineering students in chennai and bangalore.
Making your own homemade solar panels can save a good deal of money compared to buying a manufactured system. DIY solar panel instructions can be found online or in kits, though kits are more expensive. The solar panels themselves are the most costly component of any panel. Used or discounted solar panels can sometimes be found on sites like eBay or Craigslist to cut costs further. Factory auctions of older solar power systems also offer lower prices than new cutting-edge systems.
The document summarizes a solar ready assessment training. It discusses what makes a building solar ready, including factors like orientation, shading, roof type, and electrical infrastructure. It outlines the site assessment process, including measuring usable roof space, graphing obstructions, calculating total solar resource fraction, and making design recommendations. It also discusses working with a solar trade ally for installation and the costs involved. The training aims to help design professionals understand how to maximize a building's solar potential and connect with solar installation professionals.
The document outlines different types of solar panel systems, their installation, costs, benefits, and drawbacks. It discusses flat plate and evacuated tube collectors, with evacuated tubes being more efficient but also more expensive. Installation requires 2-4 square meters of roof space and costs between €4,500-€6,000. Benefits include using renewable energy and reducing carbon emissions, while drawbacks include a lifespan of only 25 years and being inefficient in Ireland's climate.
This document defines various angles used to describe the position of the sun relative to Earth and vertical surfaces. It outlines three angles that describe the Earth's position: latitude, declination, and hour angle. It then defines three sun angles: inclination angle, zenith angle, and solar azimuth angle. Finally, it lists three surface angles: surface azimuth angle, tilt angle or slope, and angle of incidence.
This document provides information on properly sizing and designing solar thermal systems. It discusses calculating hot water demand and heat requirements, sizing collectors and storage, choosing appropriate materials, commissioning expansion vessels, avoiding stagnation, and testing heat transfer fluids. Key steps include determining daily water usage, sizing collectors to meet 55-60% annual solar fraction based on location, using the correct piping and insulation materials, and preventing overheating with techniques like cooling vessels.
- Solar power involves converting sunlight into electricity through photovoltaic cells or concentrated solar power.
- Pakistan receives high solar radiation throughout the year, especially in remote areas not connected to the national power grid, making solar power feasible.
- Advantages of solar power in Pakistan include a free power source, no pollution, and suitability for remote areas, while disadvantages are high initial costs and reliance on sunlight.
- Several solar power plants currently operate in Pakistan and the government is promoting expansion through land allocation projects.
The document discusses solar energy and solar panels. It begins by defining solar energy as energy originating from thermonuclear fusion reactions in the sun. It then discusses how solar energy can be used to generate electricity through thermal solar or photovoltaic methods. The remainder of the document focuses on photovoltaics, explaining how solar panels work to convert sunlight into electricity using photovoltaic cells. It describes the components and manufacturing of different types of solar panels, including monocrystalline, polycrystalline, and thin film technologies. It concludes by outlining the specifications that characterize solar panels.
Solar energy is energy from the sun that can be converted into thermal or electric energy. Thermal energy from the sun is used for heating while electric energy uses photovoltaic cells to produce electricity. The document discusses the history of solar energy development and provides examples of practical solar energy applications today such as solar panels, vehicles, street lights, and water pumps. It also outlines the advantages of solar energy being renewable, sustainable, and reducing environmental impacts compared to fossil fuels. The high upfront costs of solar energy systems and dependence on sunlight availability are mentioned as disadvantages.
Solar cells directly convert sunlight into electricity through the photovoltaic effect in semiconductor materials like silicon, with solar panels consisting of multiple interconnected solar cells to produce a usable amount of power. The document discusses the basic physics of how silicon is doped to create either holes or electrons that form pairs when struck by photons, as well as explaining the components and operation of single solar cells and larger solar panels.
A hybrid power system uses two energy sources to generate electricity. It combines both solar and wind energy, using solar panels and a wind turbine to harvest these renewable resources. When one source is unavailable due to weather or low wind, the other can continue powering loads. Battery storage and power electronics like a charge controller and inverter are needed to store excess energy and convert DC power from the solar and wind sources to AC for loads. Proper sizing of these system components based on location's solar radiation, wind speeds and power demands is important for a successful hybrid power system design.
In this paper we study how to establish photovoltaic solar power plant Design as well as calculation of power production, base on that to further we find recommendation and techniques to optimized cost of PV solar power plant. To establishment of green and sustainable development of solar PV power plant to reduce a burden of state electricity board.
This document investigates the optimal tilt and azimuth angles for fixed-mount photovoltaic (PV) systems to maximize peak shaving performance in Atlanta, Georgia. It analyzes hourly solar irradiance and azimuth angle data from 2009 to determine the optimal angles. The results found that a PV system with a tilt angle of 32.6° and azimuth angle of 214° provided the highest peak shaving, supplying 1.13% of Atlanta's peak energy demand. A non-reoriented PV system with tilt of 36.6° and azimuth of 180° supplied 1.07% of peak demand. While the non-reoriented system generated more total daily energy, the reoriented system was more effective for reducing costs during
A Utility Interactive Electricity Generation Schemes with Renewable ResourcesIOSR Journals
Abstract: In the recent year’s power utility of coastal areas are experiencing relatively large quantum of solar and wind energy. If the wind is heavy it might produce larger sea waves of high energy contents. The electricity needs of a township or a village situated in a coastal area can be partially fulfilled by installing a modular mini electricity generating unit and an intensified solar heat extractor in buildings. Also, installation of medium sized windmill plant, solar heated steam turbine electricity generator and sea wave energy extracting plants could fulfill the rest of the electricity needs of the township. Here we discuss the regulation of the voltage and frequency of a stand-alone fixed-pitch wind energy conversion system (WECS) based on a self-excited squirrel-cage induction machine. The characteristics of the wind turbine, self-excited generator, and the ratings of the VSI are considered in order to determine the load range for which voltageand frequency can be regulated for a given wind speed range. Keywords: Solar panel, solar tracker, solar water heater,renewable energy, wind mills, induction generator, load management.
Solar 101 Austin Energy Commercial CustomersShanda Sansing
This document provides an overview of solar power systems from Texas Solar Power Company. It discusses the benefits of solar energy, how solar cells generate electricity from sunlight, and the three basic types of solar systems - grid-tie, grid-tie with battery backup, and stand-alone off-grid systems. It also addresses factors that determine ideal locations for solar installations, system components, electricity production estimates, cost analyses, and financial considerations for investing in solar power.
Presentation for Final Year Students about Solar.pptxHafizAsimKhayyam
The document provides information about the components and types of solar photovoltaic systems. It discusses solar panels, inverters, mounting structures, and different types of PV systems including on-grid, off-grid, and hybrid systems. It also outlines the process for installing a solar system which includes site surveying, system designing, procurement, construction of mounting structures, installation of panels and inverters, and commissioning.
IRJET- Study of Hybrid Solar-Wind Power Plant System using MATLABIRJET Journal
This document discusses the design and simulation of a hybrid solar-wind power plant system using MATLAB. It begins with an introduction to hybrid energy systems and the benefits of combining solar and wind energy sources. It then provides details on the components of the system, including solar panels, wind turbines, batteries, charge controllers, inverters, and maximum power point tracking. The document presents equations to calculate the power output from the solar and wind components and the total cost of the system. It describes building a model of the hybrid system in SIMULINK and shows the output waveforms generated. Finally, it concludes that a hybrid solar-wind system can provide pollution-free electricity to remote areas in a cost-effective manner.
This document provides an overview of wind, solar, and hybrid energy systems. It discusses how wind turbines convert kinetic wind energy into electrical energy and the factors that affect wind energy production. Solar energy is described as energy from the sun that is harnessed using technologies like solar heating and photovoltaics. A hybrid system combines two or more renewable sources, like wind and solar, to provide increased efficiency and more stable energy supply as the sources offset each other's variations in output. The document outlines the design of a hybrid streetlight system using solar panels, wind turbine, batteries, and controller. Regional trends driving growth in hybrid solar-wind markets from 2016-2024 are also summarized.
The document summarizes information about a solar power plant, including:
1) It describes the basic components of a solar power plant including solar modules, controllers, batteries, inverters, and lighting loads.
2) It explains how solar energy is converted into electricity through both photovoltaic and concentrated solar power systems. Photovoltaic cells convert sunlight directly into electricity while concentrated solar power uses mirrors to focus sunlight and generate heat to power turbines.
3) It provides an overview of the advantages of solar power plants in being renewable, clean, and requiring little maintenance over time.
In this PPT we are add all ditels and latest data.And in this PPT we are make char to when the sun light is reflact in soalr penal and we produced high power.
This document discusses a solar power plant, including its components and how it works. It notes that solar power plants convert sunlight into electricity directly using photovoltaic cells or indirectly using concentrated solar power. The key components of a solar power plant are solar modules, controllers, batteries, inverters, and lighting loads. Solar modules contain solar cells that generate electricity when struck by photons. Controllers ensure maximum power generation by tracking optimal operating conditions. Batteries store excess power for nighttime use. Inverters convert the solar module DC output to AC used in homes.
This document discusses the structure and operation of electric power systems. It begins by outlining the key components of a power system, including power stations, transmission lines, distribution substations, and individual consumers. It then explains how the load on power stations varies continuously due to changing consumer demand. Load curves and load duration curves are introduced to illustrate how load varies over time. The document also defines several important terms related to system load and operation, such as maximum demand, load factor, and diversity factor. It concludes by discussing how generators are selected and committed to meet the station load curve.
The document discusses the key components and design considerations for solar photovoltaic systems. It explains that a solar cell converts sunlight into electricity through the photovoltaic effect. Individual solar cells make up photovoltaic modules, also called solar panels. The document then covers how to properly size the main components of a solar PV system, including solar modules, inverters, batteries, charge controllers, and determining power consumption needs and days of autonomy. Proper sizing of each component based on power ratings and voltages is important for a solar PV system to function efficiently and reliably.
IT INCLUDES SOLAR HIGHWAYS, VERTICAL WIND TURBINE, SPEED BUMBERS ENERGY GENERATION, REPORTS AND ARTICLES ETC... FULL PPT IS DONE BY THE STUDENTS OF MIT-WPU UNIVERSITY, KOTHRUD, PUNE...
DO LIKE AND SHARE THIS PPT
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document describes a hybrid power generation system that uses both wind and solar energy. It begins with an overview that electricity demand is increasing and conventional energy sources are unsustainable, so alternative sources like wind and solar are needed. It then provides details on the system components - solar panels to convert solar energy, wind turbines for wind energy, batteries to store energy, and an inverter to convert DC to AC power. Equations to calculate the power generated from each source and total system cost are also presented. The conclusion states that a hybrid system provides a reliable, efficient and affordable solution for electricity generation.
A NOVEL APPROACH TO OBTAIN MAXIMUM POWER OUTPUT FROM SOLAR PANEL USING PSOijsrd.com
The configuration of a most extreme force point following (MPPT) controller for a sun based photovoltaic force framework is proposed using a help converter topology utilizing PSO calculation. Sunlight based board voltage and current are consistently checked by a shut circle focused around PSO microcontroller control framework, and the obligation cycle of the help converter persistently changed in accordance with concentrate greatest force. Framework testing affirms crest force following under changing lighting conditions. Under particular conditions, efficiencies in overabundance of 96% are demonstrated to be conceivable.
Similar to 57 Solar Energy Terms You Should Know (20)
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
2. Introduction
We hope this dictionary is useful and helps you become
more familiar with the basic terms and definitions of
Solar Energy.
This complete A to Z reference is A GIFT from the
Clean Footprint Team TO YOU in an effort to create a
Clean Energy Economy.
www.clean-footprint.com
Photo from Hubspot
3. What’s happening?
An Energy Revolution….that’s
what’s happening!
ONE new rooftop solar system is
being installed every FOUR
minutes in the USA.
Great for the environment.
Not so good for the electric
companies that happen to be in
solar energy hot spots.
www.clean-footprint.com
Facts from www.eia.org
5. Alternating Current
Energy (AC)
The flow of electricity that constantly changes
direction between positive and negative sides.
Almost all power produced by electric utilities in
the United States moves in current that shifts
direction at a rate of 60 times per second.
www.clean-footprint.com
Photo from www.usf.edu
7. Amorphous Silicon
A thin-film, silicon photovoltaic cell having no
crystalline structure. Manufactured by depositing
layers of doped silicon on a substrate. See also
single-crystal silicon and polycrystalline silicon.
www.clean-footprint.com
Photo from
University of South Florida
8. Ampere (Amp)
The unit of measure that indicates how much
electricity flows through a conductor. It is like
using cubic feet per second to measure the flow
of water. For example, a 1,200-watt, 120-volt hair
dryer pulls 10 amperes of electric current (amps =
watts/volts).
www.clean-footprint.com
Photo from
the University of South Florida
9. Ampere-Hour
(Ah/AH)
A measure of the flow of current (in amperes)
over one hour; used to measure battery capacity.
www.clean-footprint.com
Photo from CARC Online
10. Annual Solar
Savings
The annual solar savings of a solar building is the
energy savings attributable to a solar feature
relative to the energy requirements of a non-solar
building.
www.clean-footprint.com
Photo from
True Power Solar
11. Average Demand
The energy demand for a given location over a
period of time. For example, the number of
kilowatt-hours used in a 24-hour period, divided
by 24 hours, tells the average demand for that
location in that time
www.clean-footprint.com
Photo from
North American Clean Energy
12. Avoided Cost
The amount of money an electric utility would
need to spend for the next increment of electric
generation to produce or purchase.
www.clean-footprint.com
Photo from www.grist.org
13. Azimuth Angle
The angle between true south and the point on
the horizon directly below the sun.
www.clean-footprint.com
Photo from
www.mpoweruk.com
14. Battery
Batteries are often sold with a solar electric
system. The primary purpose is to store the
electricity not immediately used, which could be
used at some later time.
www.clean-footprint.com
Photo from
www.kweightbattery.com
15. BIPV (BuildingIntegrated PV)
A term for the design and
integration of photovoltaic
(PV) technology into the
building envelope, typically
replacing conventional
building materials. This
integration may be in vertical
facades, replacing view glass,
spandrel glass, or other
facade material; into
semitransparent skylight
systems; into roofing systems,
replacing traditional roofing
materials; into shading
"eyebrows" over windows; or
other building envelope
systems.
www.clean-footprint.com
Photo from
www.dynamicsolartech.com
16. Btu (British Thermal
Unit)
The amount of heat required to raise the
temperature of one pound of water one degree
Fahrenheit; equal to 252 calories.
www.clean-footprint.com
Photo from
www.thesolarandwindexpo.com
17. Capacity Factor
The ratio of the average load on (or power output
of) an electricity generating unit or system to the
capacity rating of the unit or system over a
specified period of time.
www.clean-footprint.com
Photo from
www.wikipedia.com
18. Circuit
One or more conductors through which electricity
flows.
www.clean-footprint.com
Photo from
www.solarsam.com
19. Concentrator
A photovoltaic module, which includes optical
components such as lenses (Fresnel lens) to direct
and concentrate sunlight onto a solar cell of
smaller area. Most concentrator arrays must
directly face or track the sun. They can increase
the power flux of sunlight hundreds of times.
www.clean-footprint.com
Photo from
www.wired.com
20. Converter
An electrical apparatus that changes the quantity
or quality of electrical energy.
www.clean-footprint.com
Photo from
www.electronicdesign.com
21. Crystalline Silicon
A type of photovoltaic cell made from a slice of
single-crystal silicon or polycrystalline silicon.
www.clean-footprint.com
Photo from
www.renewablesale.com
22. Customer Load
The amount of power your site uses. Load may be
expressed in kilowatts (capacity) or kilowatt-hours
(energy). A site's peak kilowatts generally refers to
when electric demand requirements are highest.
www.clean-footprint.com
Photo from
www.navigantresearch.com
23. Demand
The level at which electricity is delivered to endusers at a given point in time. Electric demand in
measured in kilowatts.
www.clean-footprint.com
Photo from
www.microsoft.com
24. Direct Current (DC)
The flow of electricity that flows continuously in
one direction
www.clean-footprint.com
Photo from
www.cleanenergyzone.com
25. Electrical Grid
The electricity transmission and distribution
system that links power plants to customers
through high-power transmission line service.
www.clean-footprint.com
Photo from
www.altenergymag.com
26. Energy
The capability of doing work; different forms of
energy can be converted to other forms, but the
total amount of energy remains the same.
www.clean-footprint.com
Photo from
www.reneableenergyworld.com
27. Energy Audit
A survey that shows how much energy used in a
home, which helps find ways to use less energy.
www.clean-footprint.com
Photo from
www.sustainabletehnologyinstitute.com
28. Fixed Tilt Array
A photovoltaic array set in at a fixed angle with
respect to horizontal.
www.clean-footprint.com
Photo from
www.greenalchemy.com
29. Frequency
The number of cycles through which an
alternating current moves in each second.
Standard electric utility frequency in the United
States is 60 cycles per second, or 60 Hertz (Hz).
www.clean-footprint.com
Photo from
www.home.net.com
30. Grid-Connected
System
Solar electric or photovoltaic (PV) system in which
the PV array acts like a central generating plant,
supplying power to the grid.
www.clean-footprint.com
Photo from
www.murdochuniversity.com
31. Hertz
The unit of electromagnetic frequency that is
equal to one cycle per second.
www.clean-footprint.com
Photo from www.groblu.com
32. Interconnection
The linkage of transmission lines between two
utilities, or between a utility and an end-user,
enabling power to be moved in either direction.
www.clean-footprint.com
Photo from
www.microsoft.com
33. Insolation
The solar power density incident on a surface of
stated area and orientation. It is commonly
expressed as average irradiance in watts per
square meter (W/m2) or kilowatt-hours per
square meter per day (kW·h/(m2·day)) (or
hours/day). In the case of photovoltaics it is
commonly measured as kWh/(kWp·y) (kilowatt
hours per year per kilowatt peak rating)
www.clean-footprint.com
Photo from wikipedia.com
34. Inverter
A device that converts direct current electricity to
alternating current either for stand-alone systems
or to supply power to an electricity grid.
www.clean-footprint.com
Photo from
www.solarindia.com
35. Irradiance
The direct, diffuse, and reflected solar radiation
that strikes a surface. Usually expressed in
kilowatts per square meter. Irradiance multiplied
by time equals insolation.
www.clean-footprint.com
Photo from www.wireliess-itc.com
36. Kilowatt (kW)
1,000 watts. A unit of measure of the amount of
electricity needed to operate given equipment.
For example, a one kW system is enough power to
illuminate 10 light bulbs at 100 watts each. (volts
x amps = watts)
www.clean-footprint.com
Photo from www.aerocopterwind.com
37. Kilowatt-hour (kWh)
The amount of kW produced over a period of
time, or one kilowatt of electricity supplied for
one hour. For example, a one kW system, if
operating at full capacity for 5 hours will produce
(or use) 5 kWh of electricity.
www.clean-footprint.com
Photo from
www.mapawatt.com
38. Maximum Power
Point (MPP)
The point on the current-voltage (I-V) curve of a
module under illumination, where the product of
current and voltage is maximum. For a typical
silicon cell, this is at about 0.45 volts.
www.clean-footprint.com
Photo from
www.electronicdesign.com
39. Megawatt
One thousand kilowatts or one million watts. One
megawatt is enough to power 1,000 average
California homes. Meter - A device that measures
levels and volumes of customer's electricity use.
www.clean-footprint.com
Photo from www.sma.com
40. Mounting
Equipment
Equipment/apparatus used to fasten solar (PV)
modules to the roof. Peak Load - The highest
electrical demand within a particular period of
time.
www.clean-footprint.com
Photo from www.pasolar.com
41. Multi-crystalline
A semiconductor (photovoltaic) material
composed of variously oriented, small, individual
crystals. Sometimes referred to as polycrystalline
or semi-crystalline.
www.clean-footprint.com
Photo from
www.energyharvestingjournal.com
42. National Electrical
Code (NEC)
Contains guidelines for all types of electrical
installations. The 1984 and later editions of the
NEC contain Article 690, "Solar Photovoltaic
Systems" which should be followed when
installing a PV system.
www.clean-footprint.com
Photo from
www.microsoft.com
43. Net Metering
In the fall of 1998, New York State Governor
George Pataki signed the Solar Choice Act, which
requires all the investor owned electric utilities in
NYS to allow residential customers to
interconnect PV (solar electric) systems to the
utility's distribution systems. These gridconnected PV systems allow residential customers
to run their electric meters backwards, offsetting
their normal utility bill. Other than the renewable
energy system, no special equipment is needed.
www.clean-footprint.com
Photo from www.,dom.com
44. One-Axis Tracking
A system capable of rotating about one axis.
www.clean-footprint.com
Photo from
www.sedonasolartechnology.com
45. Orientation
Placement with respect to the cardinal directions,
N, S, E, W; azimuth is the measure of orientation
from north.
www.clean-footprint.com
Photo from www.usf.edu
46. Peak Sun Hours
The equivalent number of hours per day when
solar irradiance averages 1,000 w/m2. For
example, six peak sun hours means that the
energy received during total daylight hours equals
the energy that would have been received had
the irradiance for six hours been 1,000 w/m2.
www.clean-footprint.com
Photo from www.findsolar.com
47. Photovoltaic Cell or
Module or Panel
(PV)
A device that produces an electric reaction to
light, thereby producing electricity.
www.clean-footprint.com
Photo from www.fsu.edu
48. Photovoltaic (PV)
Array
An interconnected system of PV modules that
function as a single electricity-producing unit. The
modules are assembled as a discrete structure,
with common support or mounting. In smaller
systems, an array can consist of a single module.
www.clean-footprint.com
Photo from
www.renassainceiron.com
49. Photovoltaic (PV)
Conversion
Efficiency
The ratio of the electric power produced by a
photovoltaic device to the power of the sunlight
incident on the device.
www.clean-footprint.com
Photo from
www.sigmaaldrich.com
50. Polycrystalline
Silicon
A material used to make photovoltaic cells, which
consist of many crystals unlike single-crystal
silicon.
www.clean-footprint.com
Photo from
www.dowcorning.com
51. Solar Energy
Heat and light radiated from the sun.
www.clean-footprint.com
Photo from
www.microsoft.com
52. Solar Panel
Devices that collect energy from the sun (solar
energy). This is usually solar photovoltaic (PV)
modules that use solar cells to convert light from
the sun into electricity, or solar thermal (heat)
collectors that use the sun's energy to heat water
or another fluid such as oil or antifreeze.
www.clean-footprint.com
Photo from www.etap.com
53. Solar Resource
The amount of solar insolation a site receives,
usually measured in kWh/m2/day, which is
equivalent to the number of peak sun hours.
www.clean-footprint.com
Photo from www.NREL.com
54. Solar Thermal
The process of concentrating sunlight to create
high temperatures that are needed to heat fluids,
like water (solar hot water) or to vaporize fluid to
drive a turbine for electric power generation.
www.clean-footprint.com
Photo from
www.genesisenergysolutions.com
55. Stand-Alone System
An autonomous or hybrid photovoltaic system not
connected to a grid. May or may not have storage,
but most stand-alone systems require batteries or
some other form of storage.
www.clean-footprint.com
Photo from
www.standalonepower.au
56. Storage
Storage refers to saving surplus electricity
produced by a photovoltaic (PV) system.
Generally, batteries are used as storage devices.
www.clean-footprint.com
Photo from
www.renewablegreenenergypower.com
57. String
A number of photovoltaic modules or panels
interconnected electrically in series to produce
the operating voltage required by the load.
www.clean-footprint.com
Photo from
www.chromausa.com
58. Tracking Equipment
Structure that houses PV modules and that can
automatically follow the sun across the sky
throughout the day to maximize output.
www.clean-footprint.com
Photo from
www.newenergy.nabtesco.com
59. Utility Grid
The interconnection of electricity generation
plants through the transmission and distribution
lines to customers. The grid also refers to the
interconnection of utilities through the electric
transmission and distribution systems.
www.clean-footprint.com
Photo from
www.marvelgreenenergy.org
60. Volt (V)
The amount of force required to drive a steady
current of one ampere through a resistance of
one ohm. Electrical systems of most homes and
offices use 120 volts. (volts - watts/amps) (volts =
amperes x resistance)
www.clean-footprint.com
Photo from
www.wikipediacommons.com
61. Watt (W)
Electric measurement of power at one point in
time, as capacity or demand. For example, light
bulbs are classified by wattage. (1,000 watts = 1
kilowatt).
www.clean-footprint.com
Photo from
www.greeningofgaving.com
62. You Finished!
Quick Question…
If all the energy of the sun shining on the Earth's
land mass could be harnessed, it would be
enough to meet the world's power needs how
many times over?
A. 6 times
B. 60 times
C. 600 times
D. 6000 times
www.clean-footprint.com
63. Correct Answer
6000 Times
The sunshine on the Earth's land is estimated to
be 120,000 terawatts (trillion watts), or about
6,000 times the world's estimated 20-terawatt
electricity demand by 2020.
www.clean-footprint.com
Facts from
www.nationalgeographic.com
64. Clean Footprint is a Solar
Development and Finance
Company who is
passionate about creating
a Clean Energy Economy.
“Our goal is to partner with Project
Developers across the US keeping the
jobs in their home town.”
- John Kluwin
Clean Footprint
Managing Partner
www.clean-footprint.com
Photo Courtesy of
65. Do you have a Solar Project
that needs Development or
Financing?
Clean Footprint is passionate about its mission to
create a “Clean Energy Economy” and YOUR efforts
make this possible. Thank you!
Submit Here
Interested in more AWESOME
Information like this?
CLICK BELOW to join the email list to
receive more helpful information and
tools
Join
www.clean-footprint.com