Thesis on optimum tilt angle of solar cell

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Table of Contents
CHAPTER ONE ................................................................................................................................. 9
INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................................... 9
1.1 Renewable Energy Scenario in Bangladesh:........................................................................ 9
1.2 Infrastructure Development Company Limited (IDCOL)................................................... 10
1.2.1 IDCOL Solar Irrigation Program................................................................................. 111
1.2.2 IDCOL Solar Mini-Grid Projects................................................................................. 122
1.3 200 MW Solar Power Project By SunEdison.................................................................... 133
1.4 2 GW of Solar Energy Projects by SkyPower ................................................................... 144
1.5 Manufacturers of Solar Panel In Bangladesh:................................................................... 15
1.5.1 Rahimafrooz Renewable Energy Ltd. (RREL).............................................................. 16
1.5.3 Parasol Energy.......................................................................................................... 178
1.5.4 Radiant Alliance Ltd. ................................................................................................ 189
1.6 Cost Estimate:...................................................................................................................... 20
1.7 Bright Sunshine Hours of Dhaka...................................................................................... 201
CHAPTER TWO .............................................................................................................................. 22
INNOVATIVE USES OF SOLAR PANEL ............................................................................................ 22
WORLDWIDE................................................................................................................................. 22
2.1 Solar road: ......................................................................................................................... 22
2.1.1 In Netherland:............................................................................................................. 22
2.1.2 In America:.................................................................................................................. 23

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2.1.3 In France: .................................................................................................................... 24
2.2 Floating Solar Plants:........................................................................................................... 25
2.3 Solar-powered drone or unmanned aerial vehicles:......................................................... 27
2.3.1 Airbus.......................................................................................................................... 28
2.3.2 Boeing Phantom...........................................................................................................28
2.3.3 Google (Titan Aerospace) .......................................................................................... 29
2.3.4 Facebook (Ascenta)..................................................................................................... 30
2.3.5 AeroVironment / NASA............................................................................................... 30
2.3.6 Lockheed Martin (Hale-D) ............................................................................................ 31
2.3.7 Bye Engineering ............................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
2.3.8 Atlantik Solar............................................................................................................... 33
2.4 Solar Powered Bus: ............................................................................................................. 33
2.4.1 In Australia:................................................................................................................. 33
2.4.2 In China:...................................................................................................................... 34
2.4.3 In Austria:.................................................................................................................... 34
2.4.4 In Uganda:................................................................................................................... 35
2.5 Some Negative Impact of Solar Plant On Environment: ................................................... 35
2.5.1 Chemical Pollution:..................................................................................................... 36
2.5.2 Thin-film Cells: ............................................................................................................ 37
2.5.3 Land Use: .................................................................................................................... 38
CHAPTER THREE............................................................................................................................ 39
CALCULATING OPTIMUM ANGLE OF DHAKA................................................................................ 39
3.1 Calculating optimum angle using geographical location .................................................. 39
3.2 Results: .............................................................................................................................. 41

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CHAPTER FOUR ........................................................................................................................... 467
ADVANTAGES OF OPTIMUM ORIENTED SOLAR PANEL ON OTHERS.......................................... 467
4.1 Maximum Power with Different Panel Orientation:......................................................... 467
4.1.1 Horizontally Fixed Solar Panel (1 KW): ....................................................................... 467
4.1.2 Optimum Tilt angled Solar Panel (1 KW):..................................................................... 59
4.1.3 1-Axis Tracking Solar Panel (1 KW):............................................................................ 490
4.2 Monthly Output Power Comparison:................................................................................ 512
4.2.1 The Output Power: ..................................................................................................... 512
4.2.2 The Area Requirement: .............................................................................................. 534
4.2.3 Method for more Effective Fixed Solar Panel: ........................................................... 545
CHAPTER FIVE ............................................................................................................................. 577
Monthly Analysis of the Output of an Optimum Oriented Solar Panel for Different Areas in
Bangladesh.................................................................................................................................. 577
5.1 Monthly Analysis of Data: ................................................................................................. 577
5.2 Hourly Data Analysis of AC and DC Output:...................................................................... 611
CHAPTER SIX................................................................................................................................ 644
ENVIRONMETAL IMPACT, OPTICAL LOSSES OF SOLAR PANEL AND REVIEW OF SOME MODERN
TECHNOLOGY.............................................................................................................................. 644
6.1 Impact of Environmental Dust on PV Performance:....................................................... 645
6.2 Dust Removal Methods................................................................................................... 655
6.2.1 Natural dust removal................................................................................................ 655
6.2.2 Electrostatic dust removal........................................................................................ 666
6.2.3 Mechanical dust removal ......................................................................................... 666
6.3 Self Cleaning Solar Panels................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.6

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6.3.1 Dust Removal System in Rover Mission to MARS: ...... Error! Bookmark not defined.7
6.5 Impact of Temperature on PV Performance:.................................................................... 68
6.6 Optical losses..................................................................................................................... 68
CHAPTER SEVEN............................................................................................................................ 70
SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT FOR SOLAR POWER ESTIMATION .................................................... 70
7.1 Introduction......................................................................................................................... 70
7.2 Latitude Input...................................................................................................................... 70
7.3 Longitude Input................................................................................................................... 72
7.4 Locate Automatically Button............................................................................................... 72
7.5 Power Input......................................................................................................................... 73
7.6 Estimate Button................................................................................................................... 73
7.7 Optimum Angle Output....................................................................................................... 74
7.8 Area Output......................................................................................................................... 75
7.9 Cost Output ......................................................................................................................... 75
APPENDIX A................................................................................................................................... 76
APPENDIX B................................................................................................................................... 79
APPENDIX C................................................................................................................................... 90
Appendix D.................................................................................................................................. 101
REFEREENCE................................................................................................................................ 103

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List of Tables
Table 1.6.1 Cost Sheet of a new company
named InGen
19
Table 4.2.1 Time for changing the tilt angle 49
Table 4.2.3.1 Angle for Each of Four Seasons 51
Table 5.1.1 Monthly global solar insolation
at different cities of Bangladesh
58
Table 5.1.2 Table 5.1.2 Daily Average
Bright Sunshine hour at Dhaka
city
59

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LIST OF FIGURE
Figure1.4.1 Year-wise installation of SHC
under IDCOL program
15
Figure1.7.1 Bright sunshine hours measured at
Dhaka station in 2014
20
Figure1.7.2 Variation of bright sunshine hour in
Dhaka through 2014
20
Figure1.7.4 Bright sunshine hours measured at
Dhaka station in 2013
21
Figure1.7.5 Variation of bright sunshine hour in
Dhaka through 2013
21
Figure3.2.1 Variation of optimum tilt angle with
days of years
41
Figure3.2.2 Variation of solar radiation with
module tilt
41
Figure3.2.3 Total incident solar radiation and
solar radiation on 100
, 200
, 230
,
25.110
and 300
tilted PV module
44
Fig.4.1.1 Total Output of Horizontally Fixed
Solar Panel (1 KW)
47
Fig. 4.1.2 Total Output of Optimum Tilted
Solar Panel (1 KW)
49
Fig. 4.1.3 Total Output of Optimum Tilted
Solar Panel (1 KW)
50

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Fig.4.1.4 Total Output of 1-Axis Tracking
Solar Panel (1 KW)
50
Figure 4.2.1 AC and DC Output according to
Month
51
Figure 4.2.2 AC and DC Output according to
Month
52
Figure 4.2.3 Land Requirements by Mounting
Structures Type and module
conversion Efficiency
53
Figure4.2.4 Mechanism of changing tilt angle
for seasonal changes
56
Figure 5.1.1 Average Solar Radiation, Cloud
Coverage and Sunlight Hour in six
divisions over three years
60
Figure 5.2.1 DC and AC Hourly Output for the
Month of March
61
Month of May
62
Month of May
62
Month of November
63
Figure6.6.1 Optical losses in solar cell 69

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Figure 7.2.1 The layout of the “Solar Power
Estimation” software.
71
Figure 7.4.1 Latitude, Longitude and Locate
Automatically portion of the “Solar
Power Estimation” software.
73
Figure 7.6.1 Power input and “Estimate” button. 74
Figure 7.9.1 “Optimum Angle”, “Area” and
“Cost” Output.
75

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CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Renewable Energy Scenario in Bangladesh
Bangladesh has enormous potential in developing renewable energy from different
sources, i.e., solar energy, biomass and biogas. Other renewable energy sources
include wind, bio-fuel, geothermal, wave and tidal energy, which are expected to be
explored in future. In line with the international trend, the Government of
Bangladesh has a systematic approach towards renewable energy development. As
part of its initiatives, the Government of Bangladesh has adopted Renewable Energy
Policy (REP) in 2008 and formed focal point called Sustainable and Renewable
Energy Development Authority (SRDEA) for coordinating the activities related to
the development of renewable energy technologies and financing mechanisms. The
policy envisions 5% of total power generation from renewable energy sources by
2015 and 10% by 2020. Bangladesh Bank has created a revolving fund of BDT
2billion for refinancing of renewable energy projects, e.g- solar energy, biogas etc.
through commercial banks and financial institutions at concessionary terms and
conditions. [1]
1.2 Infrastructure Development Company Limited (IDCOL)
Infrastructure Development Company Limited (IDCOL) is a government owned
non-bank financial institution engaged in bridging the financing gap for developing

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medium and large-scale infrastructure and renewable energy projects in
Bangladesh.
1.2.1 IDCOL Solar Home System (SHS) Program
This program is one of the largest and fastest growing off-grid electrification
programs in the world. According to the annual report (2014-2015) of IDCOL, till
July 2015, about 3.74 million SHSs have been installed under the program in the
off-grid rural areas of Bangladesh. As a result, 17 million beneficiaries are getting
solar electricity which is around 11% of total population in Bangladesh. IDCOL has
a target to finance 6 million SHS by 2018, with an estimated generation capacity of
198 MW of electricity. Every month, more than 50,000 new houses come out of
darkness using solar home systems of the program.
Positive Impact: The program replaces 179,520 tons of kerosene having an
estimated value of USD 153 million per year. The program has contributed annual
CO2 reduction of 424,008 ton. It has relieved the government from opportunity cost
of more than USD 1.3 billion as otherwise would be required to extend grid
connection to the households.
Negative Impacts and Solutions:
•Impacts
-Improper management of expired batteries may lead to environmental pollution and
health safety concern.
-During manufacturing of lead-acid battery, there is a significant risk of
environmental and safety hazards.

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•Mitigation measures taken by IDCOL
-IDCOL has prepared “Policy Guidelines on Disposal of Warranty Expired Battery”.
-They have introduced the tracking mechanism of proper disposal of expired battery.
-IDCOL has deployed 12 solar inspectors spreading over in 12 regional offices with
coverage of the entire country to exclusively monitor the management of expired
battery.
-There is a financial incentive for recycling the expired battery properly.
1.2.2 IDCOL Solar Irrigation Program
Solar based irrigation system is an innovative, economic and environment friendly
solution for the agro-based economy of Bangladesh. The program is intended to
provide irrigation facility to off-grid areas and thereby reduce dependency on fossil
fuel. According to the annual report (2014-2015) of IDCOL, IDCOL has approved
445 solar irrigation pumps of which 168 are already in operation. The remaining
pumps will come into operation shortly. IDCOL has a target to finance 50,000 solar
irrigation pumps by 2025.
Positive Impacts:
This project replaced 513 tons of diesel burn shallow pumps; therefore reduces 1,232
tons of CO2 each year.

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•Impacts
-Adverse impact on ecosystem will not occur in general circumstances. However,
moderate change in land use including tree clearing maybe required depending on
the project site.
-Excessive water use may cause impact on hydrology.
-IDCOL has introduced a special environmental and social screening template,
which covers most of the relevant aspects.
- IDCOL has emphasized the project to prepare a proper way to pump-up water and
use plan reference from experience in the surrounding areas and results from
hydrological surveys.
-IDCOL has conducted survey by an expert about the water availability in various
potential areas.
1.2.3 IDCOL Solar Mini-Grid Projects
Solar PV based mini-grid project is installed in remote areas of the country where
possibility of grid expansion is remote in near future. The project provides grid
quality electricity to households and nearby village markets and thereby encourages
commercial activities in the project areas. So far, IDCOL has approved financing for
16 mini-grid projects of which 4 are already in operation and 3 would be going into
operation shortly. IDCOL has a target to finance 50 solar mini-grid projects by 2017.

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•Impacts
-Mini grid requires a considerable piece of land, there is a scope of disturbances to
site specific ecosystem in the project area.
-Due to operation of diesel fueled back-up generator, there could be temporal noise
and SOx emissions concern.
To address the possible adverse impacts, IDCOL has made mandatory for project
sponsor to prepare a detailed environmental impact assessment (ESIA).
1.2.4 IDCOL Solar Powered Telecom BTSs
IDCOL has financed solar powered solution for 138 telecom BTSs in off-grid areas
of Bangladesh.
1.3 200 MW Solar Power Project by SunEdison
The Cabinet Purchase Committee of Bangladesh approved a proposal for setting up
a 200MW solar park in Teknaf of Cox's Bazar, the largest in the country, on a build-
own-operate (BOO) basis with the private sector.[2]

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SunEdison Energy Holding (Singapore) Private Ltd, a subsidiary of American solar
power giant SunEdison, will carry out the project as an independent power producer
(IPP), as part of the government's mega plan to increase production.
The state-owned Power Development Board (PDB) will buy electricity from the
project at 17 cents or Taka 13.26 per kilowatt hour (each unit) for 20 years. The
government will have to spend about $1.1 billion, or Tk 8,595 crore. The plant would
be set up on about 1,000 acres of non-agricultural land in the tourist district of Cox's
Bazar. PDB will purchase electricity from the project on a “No Electricity, No
Payment” basis. [3]
1.4 2 GW of Solar Energy Projects by SkyPower
During the 70th United Nations General Assembly in New York, SkyPower, the
world’s largest developer and owner of utility-scale solar projects, made a historic
announcement with Prime Minister of Bangladesh, unveiling its plans to build 2 GW
of utility-scale solar energy over the next five years in Bangladesh, representing an
investment of US $4.3 billion.[4] SkyPower also announced it will be gifting 1.5
million SkyPower Home solar kits to people of Bangladesh over the course of the
next five years. The SkyPower Home solar kits consist of a solar panel, battery, LED
lights, radio, and USB port to charge mobile phones designed to allow families to
harness the power of the sun. The high quality home solar kits are durable, portable
and IEC certified.

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Figure1.4.1: Year-wise installation of SHC under IDCOL program
1.5 Manufacturers of Solar Panel in Bangladesh
Four leading manufacturers of solar panel in Bangladesh are:
1) Rahimafrooz Renewable Energy Ltd. (RREL)
2) ELECTRO SOLAR POWER LTD
3) Parasol Energy
4) Radiant Alliance Ltd.

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1.5.1 Rahimafrooz Renewable Energy Ltd. (RREL)
Rahimafrooz Renewable Energy Ltd. (RREL)[5], is one of the foremost and
pioneering solar companies, with more than 25 years of experience of Solarizing
Bangladesh. At RREL, they have established our own fully automated PV module
manufacturing plant with a capacity of 18MW. RREL has so far installed more than
25MWp of solar system in forms of Solar Home System (SHS), solar pumping
solutions, telecom solutions, and on-grid roof-top solutions and decentralized solar
community electrification projects etc.
Products & Services
•Solar Home System (SHS)
•Rooftop Solar Power System
•Solar Telecom Solutions
•Solar Powered Pumps
Major Works
•Installation of more than 0.4million Solar Home Systems in different rural off-grid
areas of Bangladesh under IDCOL managed worldâ€™s largest micro financing
based SHS program.
•Installation of more than 120 solar irrigation pumps, so far the maximum in the
country.
•Installation of the largest on-grid power project of 50.4KWp at Independent
University, Dhaka.

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•Rooftop projects at key government installations like Bangladesh bank, Rural
Electrification Board (REB), WAPDA, BPDB amongst others.
•Working with international agencies like UNDP, UNHCR and others to provide
solar solutions and systems.
•Providing street-light in refugee camps in Africa to ensure movability and security.
1.5.2 ELECTRO SOLAR POWER LTD
Electro Solar Power Ltd.[6] a sister concern of Electro Group comes as the first Solar
PV Module manufacturer in Bangladesh. Electro Solar adds a new era in solar power
sector in Bangladesh. Electro Solar Power Ltd is established in 2009 with 1200
square meters of manufacturing plant area at Ashulia and Savar.
All solar accessories like charge controller, inverters are already developed in their
R&D center. They are fully capable of solar panel deployment for home system of
couple of 10W capacity of large commercial/ industrial system ranging up to couple
of kilowatt capacity.
1.5.3 Parasol Energy
Parasol Energy Limited [7] is a leading manufacturer of quality solar panels in
Bangladesh. It is founded in 2010. It is a Dutch-Bangladesh Joint Venture.
They usually reach module efficiencies up to about 14.3%.
20, 25,30,40,50,60,65,75,85,100,150,250 and 300Wp poly-crystalline modules are
available by them.

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Products & Services:
•manufacturing and supplying solar modules
•installing, testing and commissioning renewable energy projects (Solar mini-grid,
Irrigation and water pump, Solar off-grid, on grid and hybrid system, Rooftop and
Solar home system).
•quality checking and testing of solar module
•assembling and supplying LED light
1.5.4 Radiant Alliance Ltd.
RAL has 5.2KWp solar powered system for its own utility support. RAL
manufactures solar PV module of different capacity (10W-300W) according to the
need of customers. Each panel has an efficiency of around 14%-16%.[8]
Major Works:
•Installation of 36 KWp Solar System at World Trade Center, Chittagong Chamber
of Commerce & Industry.
•Installation of 18KWp solar system at City Scape Tower, Dhaka. It is first “green
building” of Bangladesh.
•1KW project at Mohakhali Clean Fuel and CNG filling station.
•1KW project at Chittagong Oil Complex.

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Other products & services:
•RAL provides solar energy solutions as products along with selling PV modules.
•Different solutions for government and it’s angencies including solar power plants
•In telecom sector, they provide solar powered BTS solutions for off-grid sites.
•Solar home system
•Solar water pump
•Solar mini grid
1.6 Cost Estimate:
System Battery Load
InGen
Sales
Price
Material
Cost
Transport,
Installation
&
Warranty
VAT/TAX
Total
Cost
Margin
20WP 20AH 3 10000 6300 880 900 8080 19%
20WP 30AH 3 11500 7550 880 1035 9465 18%
30WP 30AH 3 12500 8200 880 1125 10205 18%
40WP 40AH 4 16800 10500 980 1512 12992 23%
50WP 60AH 5 20000 12500 980 1800 15280 24%
65WP 80AH 6 24500 16300 980 2205 19485 20%
85WP 100AH 8 30000 21500 980 2700 25180 16%
100WP 100AH 9 34500 22500 980 3105 26585 23%
100WP 130AH 10 38000 25200 980 3420 29600 22%
130/135WP 130AH 10 41500 30100 980 3735 34815 16%
Table1.6.1: Cost Sheet of a new company named InGen

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1.7 Bright Sunshine Hours of Dhaka:
Figure1.7.1: Bright sunshine hours measured at Dhaka station in 2014
Figure1.7.2: Variation of bright sunshine hour in Dhaka through 2014
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

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Figure1.7.4: Bright sunshine hours measured at Dhaka station in 2013
Figure1.7.5: Variation of bright sunshine hour in Dhaka through 2013
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

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CHAPTER TWO
INNOVATIVE USES OF SOLAR PANEL
WORLDWIDE
2.1 Solar road
2.1.1 In Netherland
A bike path that services 2,000 cyclists per day as they travel between the suburbs
of Krommenie and Wormerveer in Amsterdam is dotted with solar panels. The path,
which the local government plans to extend to 100 meters in 2016, cost €3m
(AUD$4.3m) to build, says Philip Oltermann from The Guardian. Named the
SolaRoad, it was made using rows of crystalline silicon solar cells, which were
embedded into the concrete of the path and covered over by a thick, tempered glass.
The surface of the road has been treated with a special non-adhesive coating, and the
road itself was built to sit at a slight tilt in an effort to keep dust and dirt from
accumulating and obscuring the solar cells. [9]
SolaRoad's 70-meter test track near the town of Krommenie outside Amsterdam has
generated over 3,000 kilowatt-hours over its first six months of operation. It is
enough to provide a single-person household with electricity for a year. That
translates to 70 kWh per square meter of solar road per year, which the designers
predicted as an "upper limit" during the planning process.
The team behind the bike path, Netherlands’ TNO Research Institute, is now looking
into extending the technology to some of the country’s 140,000 km of public road.
Having already performed tests on how much weight - say, a tractor and a semitrailer

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- these embedded solar cells can withstand, engineer Sten de Wit from the institute
told Oltermann that up to 20 percent of the Netherlands’ roads would be suitable for
a solar upgrade.The current version can support vehicles of up to 12 metric tonnes
(the average U.S. car is just under 2 tonnes), but is not yet ready for use with even
heavier vehicles like buses and cargo trucks. [10]
Inhabitant also reported up to 20% of the Netherlands' nearly 87,000 miles of road
could potentially be adapted into SolaRoads, which would amount to an additional
400 to 500 square kilometer (154 to 193 square miles) of energy-generating PV.
The anti-slip coating began to peel away due to long-term sun exposure and
temperature fluctuations, but researchers told that they are already at work
developing an improved version. The roads have the additional advantage of
generating electricity locally, as well as potentially helping to power sensors that
improve traffic management, or even allow automatic vehicle guidance.
2.1.2 In America
While the Netherlands has been the fastest country to embrace the technology of
solar roads, scattered projects around the world are following suit - most notably a
couple of American engineers, Julie and Scott Brusaw, who earlier this year replaced
their parking lot with solar panels. The pair, whose company Solar Roadways has
received millions in funding from the US Federal Highway Administration, are now
working on getting their designs out to the country’s public roads.
If all the roads in the US were converted to solar roadways, the Solar Roadways
website claims, the country would generate three times more energy than it currently
uses and cut greenhouse gases by 75 percent,” says Oltermann at The Guardian.

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2.1.3 In France
France's government has announced plans to pave 1,000 km (621 miles) of road with
durable photovoltaic panels over the next five years, with the goal of supplying
renewable energy to 5 million people - around 8 percent of France's population.
The project is the result of five years of research between French roads Construction
Company, Colas, and the National Institute of Solar Energy. And although a lot of
solar experts have been pretty vocal about the downfalls of 'solar freaking roadways'
(they're expensive, potentially unsafe, and inefficient compared to regular rooftop
panels), it's pretty incredible to see a government get behind new renewable energy
technology in such a big way.
The French definitely aren't the first to embrace solar roads, though. Back in 2014,
a US husband-and-wife team raised more than US$2million with their crowd-
funding campaign to develop road-ready photovoltaic panels. And the Netherlands
installed the first test-path using solar panels, which performed better than expected
with light bike traffic.
Another benefit comes in the construction of the 15-cm photovoltaic panels, which
are made of a thin film of polycrystalline silicon, coated in a resin substrate to make
them stronger. The whole thing is just 7 mm thick. According to Colas, this unique,
layered structure gives the panels a lot more grip than other solar road panels, and
can reduce the risk of accidents for trucks and cars.
The panels are apparently also weather-proof - the silicon cells are safely
encapsulated to keep them dry in the rain, and the material is so thin that it can adapt
to thermal dilation in the pavement.
Based on the assumption that roads are only covered by vehicles roughly 10 percent
of the time - and during the rest of the sunny hours they'll be soaking up rays - the

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company estimates that 20 square metres of Wattway panels will provide enough
electricity to power a single French home, excluding heating.
But there are still a lot of concerns that solar road concepts in general are never going
to be cost effective, efficient, and safe enough to be a real contender in the renewable
energy game - especially when stacked up against regular rooftop panels.
Solar is cost effective when it is well set up (orientation, shading, ventilation, and so
on), not required to be a structural element (hence a standard module is sufficient),
not displacing economic assets, and there is an electricity demand it can directly
supplement. These conditions are often well met by rooftop solar systems and small
scale solar farms, they are not well met by most roadways. [11]
"If we can additionally incorporate solar cells in road pavements, then a large extra
area will become available for decentralized solar energy generation without the
need for extra space and just part of the roads which we build and use anyway," says
Sten de Wit from the SolaRoad consortium in an interview with Fast Co.
The team plans to build on the experience they gained through the pilot program.
The initial prototype was pricey. However, the team is looking for a solar road to
pay for itself within 15 years of use. As technologies improve, cost goes down.
Elon Musk has demonstrated this kind of product planning with his Tesla series. He
has already stated that Tesla will be moving into the third stage of its development
plan, producing a mass-market car. It's expected to be priced at $35,000 and roll out
before 2020.
2.2 Floating Solar Plants
Kyocera TCL Solar and joint-venture partner Century Tokyo Leasing Corp.
(working together with Ciel et Terre) already have three sizable water-based
installations in operation near the city of Kobe, in the island of Honshu’s Hyogo
Prefecture. Now they’ve begun constructing what they claim is the world’s largest

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floating solar plant, in Chiba, near Tokyo. The 13.7-megawatt power station, being
built for Chiba Prefecture’s Public Enterprise Agency, is located on the Yamakura
Dam reservoir, 75 kilometers east of the capital. It will consist of some 51,000
Kyocera solar modules covering an area of 180,000 square meters, and will generate
an estimated 16,170 megawatt-hours annually. [12]
• Kyocera says, “That is enough electricity to power approximately 4,970 typical
households”. That capacity is sufficient to offset 8,170 tons of carbon dioxide
emissions a year, the amount put into the atmosphere by consuming 19,000 barrels
of oil.
•Three substations will collect the generated current, which is to be integrated and
fed into Tokyo Electric Power Company’s (TEPCO) 154-kilovolt grid lines.
•The mounting platform is supplied by Ciel ET Terre. The support modules making
up the platform use no metal; recyclable, high-density polyethylene resistant to
corrosion and the sun’s ultraviolet rays is the material of choice.
•In addition to helping conserve land space and requiring no excavation work, these
floating installations, Ciel et Terre says, reduce water evaporation, slow the growth
of algae, and do not impact water quality.
•To maintain the integrity of the Yamakura Dam’s walls, Kyocera will anchor the
platform to the bottom of the reservoir. The company says the setup will remain
secure even in the face of typhoons, which Japan experiences every year.
Kyocera, a Kyoto-based manufacturer of advanced ceramics, has branched out into
areas like semiconductor packaging and electronic components, as well
manufacturing and operating conventional solar-power generating systems. Now,

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several Kyocera companies are working together to create a niche industry around
floating solar installations. The parent company supplies the 270-watt,
multicystalline 60-cell solar modules (18.4-percent cell efficiency, 16.4-percent
module efficiency); Kyocera Communications Systems undertakes plant
engineering, procurement and construction; Kyocera Solar Corp. operates and
maintains the plants; and, as noted above, the Kyocera TCL Solar joint-venture runs
the overall business. [13]
“Due to the rapid implementation of solar power in Japan, securing tracts of land
suitable for utility-scale solar power plants is becoming difficult,” Toshihide
Koyano, executive officer and general manager of Kyocera’s solar energy group told
IEEE Spectrum. “On the other hand, because there are many reservoirs for
agricultural use and flood-control, we believe there’s great potential for floating
solar-power generation business.”He added that Kyocera is currently working on
developing at least 10 more projects and is also considering installing floating
installations overseas. The cost of the Yamakura Dam solar power station is not
being disclosed.The Yamakura Dam plant is due to begin operation by March 2018.
2.3 Solar-powered drone or unmanned aerial vehicles
Earlier this year one of the SINOVOLTAICS team members was involved in the
development of a remotely controlled solar powered drone. By encapsulating the
solar cells directly on the wings, the weight was reduced to a minimum while
maintaining the right aerodynamics. Their exercise proved that the flight range of
electric planes and UAV's can easily be extended with the use of high efficiency
solar cells on the wings. [14]

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Solar energy is playing an increasingly important role in the development of UAV
technology. Right now there are over a dozen of tech and aviation companies
working intensely on the development of solar powered drones.
2.3.1 Airbus
Airbus, with its subsidiary Astrium, has been working on High Altitude Pseudo
Satellites (HAPS) since 2008. In 2013 Astrium acquired the Zephyr solar powered
UAV assets from British defense technology company QinetiQ. Zephyr is a High
Altitude Pseudo Satellite (HAPS) UAV running exclusively on solar power.
The Zephyr has a track record of breaking 3 world records in 2010, including:
1) Longest endurance flight for UAV (336hrs)
2) Highest altitude reached (18,805m)
3) Longest flight (23hrs, 47min)
Zephyr has evolved through the years with different models. Airbus is currently
working on Zephyr 8.
Some Zephyr 8 specs:
Wingspan: 28 meters
Altitude: approximately 21,000 meters
Cruising speed: 55km/h
PV: amorphous silicon
Batteries: lithium-sulfur (Zephyr 7)
Electric motors: 2x 450 Watt electric motors (Zephyr 7)

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Payload: 5-10kg
Weight:60kg
2.3.2 Boeing Phantom
Boeing SolarEagle (Vulture II) is a solar powered unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV).
Unique about this drone is that it’s built to eventually remain airborne for over 5
years, and therefore is considered a High Altitude, Long Endurance (HALE) plane.
SolarEagle specs:
Wingspan: 120 meters
Cruising speed: <80km/h
PV: 5kw
2.3.3 Google (Titan Aerospace)
Google got into the business of solar-powered drones with the acquisition of Titan
Aerospace, a high-altitude, long endurance (HALE) solar-powered UAV
manufacturer in April 2014.
Titan Aerospace developed drones called Solara 50 and Solara 60 capable of flying
at a reported altitude of 20km for impressive periods of over 5 years. That period is
an estimate, however at these altitudes there’s few that can disturb a plane to
continue its steady path in the air.
Solara 50 specs:

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Wingspan: 60 meters
Cruising speed: 105 km/h
PV: 3000 solar cells, producing 7kw
Launch: with a catapult
Project Skybender :The latest solar powered drone project from Google is called
the Skybender.[15] Google’s been secretly trialing a drove of 5G Internet-
compatible drones out in New Mexico that have the potential to transmit gigabits of
data every second - that’s 40 times more data than the world's fastest wireless
services.Codenamed Skybender, the project aims to take advantage of high
frequency millimeter waves - a specific region on the electromagnetic spectrum that
can theoretically transmit data far more efficiently than the frequencies our phones
and wireless Internet have well and truly clogged up.
2.3.4 Facebook (Ascenta)
Facebook got involved with solar powered drone technology with the acquisition of
UK based Ascenta in March 2014.
2.3.5 AeroVironment / NASA
AeroVironment, the Pentagon's top supplier of small drones, has an impressive
portfolio of UAV’s.
Gossamer Penguin: Gossamer Penguin – was a solar powered aircraft designed by
Paul MacCready, who’s the founder of Aerovironment. The Gossamer Penguin was
inspired by another plane, the Gossamer Albatross II. Some specs: weight without

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pilot of 68 lb (31 kg), 71 ft.(21.64 meter) wingspan and 541W of solar panels
powered a Astro-40 electric motor.
Solar Challenger: This solar powered plane is the improved version of the
Gossamer Penguin. Interesting is that this solar powered plane didn’t carry any
batteries and was capable of long distance flight. It flew 262 km (163 miles) from
Paris to UK solely on solar power.
NASA Pathfinder (Plus): NASA Pathfinder and Pathfinder Plus are both UAV’s
fully powered on solar energy. The drones were built by AeroVironment as part of
NASA’s ERAST program. The main objective of building both solar powered
UAV’s was to develop the technologies to allow long term, high altitude aircrafts to
serve as “atmospheric satellites”.
NASA Centurion: The NASA Centurion UAV incorporated several improvements
based on model Pathfinder Plus. The wingspan was extended to 63m (206 feet) and
the solar powered UAV was designed to carry more payloads.
NASA Helios: The fourth and final solar powered unmanned aerial vehicle
developed by AeroVironment for NASA is the Helios. This solar powered drone
evolved from the Pathfinder into the Helios, a long term, high altitude atmospheric
satellite. The Helios was built with two objectives in mind:
1. Sustained flight at altitudes around 30,000m (100,000 feet)
2. Fly for at least 24hours, including 14 hours above 15,000m (50,000 feet).
2.3.6 Lockheed Martin (Hale-D)
The HALE-D is a remotely-controlled solar-powered UAV that is designed by
Lockheed Martin to float above the jet stream at 18,000 meters.

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Hull volume: 500,000 ft3
Length: 240ft
Diameter: 70ft
Propulsion Motors: 2kw electric
Energy storage: 40 kWh Li-ion Battery
Solar array: 15 kW thin-film
Cruise Speed: 20 kts at 60 kft
Station-keeping Altitude: 60,000 ft
Payload Weight: 50 lbs
Payload Power: 500 watts
Recoverable: yes
Silent Falcon UAV: Bye Aerospace assists Silent Falcon UAS Technologies with
the design, research and engineering support of the Silent Falcon UAV. The Silent
Falcon is a small, solar powered UAV with battery storage. The drone is powered
with thin film solar PV panels and carries a 6 blade propulsion system.
Silent Falcon specs:
Wingspan: 4.27 meters
Length:2 meters
Weight:13.5 kg
Endurance: up to 7+ hours in optimum conditions

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PV: Ascent Solar Thin Film Photovoltaic
Battery: Li-Ion Battery
Range: up to 100 km
Launch and recovery: Catapult launch, parachute recovery
2.3.8 Atlantik Solar
Atlantik Solar is headed by ETH Zurich’s Autonomous Systems Lab. The company
has developed an autonomous, solar powered drone (UAV) with a wingspan of 5.6
meters that can fly up to 10 days continuously.
Atlantik Solar UAV specs:
Wingspan: 5.6 meters
Mass: 6.3kg
Structure: lightweight carbon fibre & kevlar structure
Power system: 1.4m2
of solar panels with Li-Ion batteries
Payload: Digital HD-camera, live-image transmission
Launch: hand launch-able
2.4 Solar Powered Bus
2.4.1 In Australia
The world’s first completely electric solar-powered bus was introduced in Adelaide,
Australia in 2007. There are no solar panels on the bus itself. Instead, the bus

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receives electric power from solar panels located on the city’s main bus station. The
Tindo bus is expected to save over 70,000 kg of carbon and 14,000 liters of diesel
fuel in its first year alone. [16] Due to its unique solar photovoltaic charging system
and ability to travel over 200 kilometres between recharges, this vehicle has received
a great deal of attention from the wider green community.
2.4.2 In China
China's first solar hybrid buses were put in operation in July 2012 in the city of
Qiqihar. Its engine is powered by lithium-ion batteries which are fed by solar panels
installed on the bus roof. It is claimed that each bus consumes 0.6 to 0.7 kilowatt-
hours of electricity per kilometer and can transport up to 100 persons. [17] The buses
are powered by solar panels, which are expected to increase the life of the lithium
batteries used in the bus by 35 years. Recently, the government directed the car
manufacturers to increase annual production capacity of clean cars to 2 million by
2020. [18]
2.4.3 In Austria
Austria's first solar-powered bus was put in operation in the village of
Perchtoldsdorf. Its powertrain, operating strategy, and design specification were
specifically optimized in view of its planned regular service routes. It has been in
trial operation since autumn 2011.The tribrid bus is a hybrid electric bus developed
by the University of Glamorgan, Wales, for use as student transport between the
University’s different campuses. It is powered by hydrogen fuel or solar cells,
batteries and ultra-capacitors [16].

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2.4.4 In Uganda:
Kiira Motors' Kayoola prototype electric bus was shown off at a stadium in Uganda's
capital, Kampala. It is Africa’s first solar bus has been driven in public one of its
two batteries can be charged by solar panels on the roof. Its range is 80km (50 mile).
[19]
2.5 Some Negative Impact of Solar Plant on Environment
According to the National Energy Administration website, China added 15.1 GW of
new solar last year, bringing the total to 43.2 GW. China’s solar capacity has surged
almost 13-fold since 2011, according to data from Bloomberg New Energy
Finance.[41] Germany had 39,698 megawatts of power supply from the sun at the
end of 2015, while the U.S. had 27.8 GW, according to BNEF. Japan has produced
23,300 MW and Italy has produced 18,460 MW of power supply from solar.
Growth of solar energy is doing a great job in reducing carbon emission and air
pollution. And we must be more dependent on renewable energy as fossil fuels, gas
and other sources will end one day as their amount is limited. But with all those
benefits of solar energy, there are some negative impacts also.
Probable Environmental impacts of utility-scale solar energy systems [20]
1)Proximate impacts on biodiversity
2) Indirect and regional effects on biodiversity
3)Water use and consumption
4) Land-use and land-cover change

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2.5.1 Chemical Pollution
According to IDCOL, in case of solar home system, there is an environmental issue
of Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) and other gaseous substances during operation phase.
There is an issue of significant emission of Lead Oxide (PbO2), Hydrogen Sulfide
(H2S) and other gaseous substances during battery manufacturing and recycling
process. Maintenance free battery is used for mini-grid project, there is no air
pollution during operation phase, but during recycling- there is risk of pollution.
Ensuring proper disposal of expired PV panel (which contained aluminum,
hydrochloric acid, silicon and phosphine) is also appearing as a prime requirement
for environmental and health safety. The possibility of Green House emission during
manufacturing, operation and recycling of lead-acid batteries could be a matter of
concern.
2.5.1.1 Pollution at time of solar panel production
The majority of solar cells today start as quartz. Quartz is the most common form of
silica (silicon dioxide), which is refined into elemental silicon. It is extracted from
mines, putting the miners at risk of the lung disease silicosis.[21]
The initial refining turns quartz into metallurgical-grade silicon, a substance used
mostly to harden steel and other metals. This requires lot of energy. But the levels
of the resulting emissions (mostly carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide) can’t do much
harm to the people working at silicon refineries or to the immediate environment.
The next step is turning metallurgical-grade silicon into a purer form called
polysilicon—creates the very toxic compound silicon tetrachloride. The refinement
process involves combining hydrochloric acid with metallurgical-grade silicon to
turn it into what are called trichlorosilanes. The trichlorosilanes then react with

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added hydrogen, producing polysilicon along with liquid silicon tetrachloride. Three
or four tons of silicon tetrachloride is produced for every ton of polysilicon.
Most manufacturers recycle this waste to make more polysilicon. Capturing silicon
from silicon tetrachloride requires less energy than obtaining it from raw silica, so
recycling this waste can save manufacturers money. But the reprocessing equipment
can cost tens of millions of dollars. So some operations have just thrown away the
by-product. If exposed to water, the silicon tetrachloride releases hydrochloric acid,
acidifying the soil and emitting harmful fumes.
According to Greenpeace and the Chinese Renewable Energy Industries
Association, some two-thirds of the country’s solar-manufacturing firms are failing
to meet national standards for environmental protection and energy consumption.
In 2011, fluoride concentrations in the Mujiaqiao River near a solar-panel factory in
Haining City, eastern China, were more than ten times higher than permitted, killing
fish and raising concerns about human health.
Improved waste treatment, environmental monitoring and education are essential to
avoid the undesirable impacts of these otherwise valuable technological advances.
2.5.2 Thin-film Cells
Although more than 90 percent of photovoltaic panels made today start with
polysilicon, there is a newer approach: thin-film solar-cell technology. The thin-film
varieties will likely grow in market share over the next decade, because they can be
just as efficient as silicon-based solar cells and yet cheaper to manufacture, as they
use less energy and material. Makers of thin-film cells deposit layers of
semiconductor material directly on a substrate of glass, metal, or plastic instead of
slicing wafers from a silicon ingot. This produces less waste and completely avoids

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the complicated melting, drawing, and slicing used to make traditional cells.
Moving to thin-film solar cells eliminates many of the environmental and safety
hazards from manufacturing, because there’s no need for certain problematic
chemicals—no hydrofluoric acid, no hydrochloric acid. But that does not mean you
can automatically stamp a thin-film solar cell as green.
Today’s dominant thin-film technologies are cadmium telluride and a more recent
competitor, copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS). In the former, one
semiconductor layer is made of cadmium telluride; the second is cadmium sulfide.
In the latter, the primary semiconductor material is CIGS, but the second layer is
typically cadmium sulfide. So, these technologies uses compounds containing the
heavy metal cadmium, which are both a carcinogen and a genotoxin, meaning that
it can cause inheritable mutations.
2.5.3 Land Use
Researchers from Stanford University and the University of California’s Riverside
and Berkeley campuses identified 161 planned or proposed large-scale utility solar
and applied an algorithm to determine how compatible they are with their location
[22]. The results found that only 15 percent of sites were on compatible land. About
48 percent of the land sited for photovoltaic projects and 43 percent of the land for
concentrating solar power (CSP) projects were on shrub or scrublands. The second
most common area for utility-scale solar was on agricultural land.

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CHAPTER THREE
CALCULATING OPTIMUM ANGLE OF DHAKA
3.1 Calculating optimum angle using geographical location
The estimation of solar radiation in most practical solar energy application can be
conducted on the basis of standard atmosphere. Moreover, the daily total
extraterrestrial radiation intercepted on a south facing surface, tilted by an angle to
the horizon, can be expressed as
Id=(24/)I0[1+0.034cos(2n/365)]×[cos()cos()sin(hss)+hsssin()sin()]
…..(1)
where,
=-23.45cos[(n+10.5)(360/365)]……(2)
hss=cos-1
[-tan()tan()]…….(3)
here,
=latitude of location
=tilt angle
=declination angle
hss=sunset angle
Referring to Eq. (1), at a certain location on a particular day n, all the parameters are
considered constant except . For optimum tilt angle at that particular day (opt,d),

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the derivative of Id with respect to b must equal zero, i.e. dId/d= 0, from which we
find:
opt,d=-tan-1
[(hss/sinhss)×tan()] ………(4)
where  and hss are defined in equation (2) and (3)[23]
It is not practical to design a solar collector for which the tilt angle changes every
day.
We calculated optimum angle for Dhaka using the software MATLAB. At first,
using equation 2,3 and 4, we calculate the value of optimum angle for 365 days.
Then, we consider total yearly radiation for a particular angle (considering that this
angle is kept fixed for 365 days). The angle which gives highest yearly radiation is
optimum tilt angle. From MATLAB simulation we find 25.110
as optimum angle,
when considering only geographical position (latitude).

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3.2 Results:
Figure 3.2.1: Variation of optimum tilt angle with days of years
Figure 3.2.2: Variation of solar radiation with module tilt

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We can calculate the incident solar insolation, the horizontal solar insolation and the
solar insolation on a titled surface from these formulas [24] [25]:
Local Standard Time Meridian ,
LSTM= 150
 TGMT ………….(5)
TGMT= difference of Local Time (LT) from Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) in hours.
The equation of time (EoT) (in minutes) is an empirical equation that corrects for
the eccentricity of the Earth's orbit and the Earth's axial tilt.
EoT=9.87sin (2B) - 7.53cosB-1.5sin (B)………. (6)
The net Time Correction Factor (in minutes) accounts for the variation of the Local
Solar Time (LST) within a given time zone due to the longitude variations within
the time zone and also incorporates the EoT above.
TC=4(longitude-LSTM) + EoT………… (7)
The Local Solar Time (LST) can be found by using the previous two corrections to
adjust the local time (LT).
LST=LT+(TC/60)………(8)
Twelve noon local solar time (LST) is defined as when the sun is highest in the sky.
Local time (LT) usually varies from LST because of the eccentricity of the Earth's
orbit, and because of human adjustments such as time zones and daylight saving.
The Hour Angle converts the local solar time (LST) into the number of degrees
which the sun moves across the sky. By definition, the Hour Angle is 0° at solar
noon. Since the Earth rotates 15° per hour, each hour away from solar noon
corresponds to an angular motion of the sun in the sky of 15°. In the morning the

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hour angle is negative, in the afternoon the hour angle is positive.
HRA=150
(LST-12)………(9)
The zenith angle is the angle between the sun and the vertical. The zenith angle is
similar to the elevation angle but it is measured from the vertical rather than from
the horizontal, thus making the zenith angle = 90° - elevation.
if zenith angle is 
cos sinsin+coscoscosHRA……… (10)[26]
The Air Mass is the path length which light takes through the atmosphere normalized
to the shortest possible path length (that is, when the sun is directly overhead). The
Air Mass quantifies the reduction in the power of light as it passes through the
atmosphere and is absorbed by air and dust. The Air Mass is defined as [27]:
AM= 1/ cos
The intensity of the direct component of sunlight throughout each day can be
determined as a function of air mass from the experimentally determined equation
Id=1.353(0.7(AM^0.678)
)………(12)
The elevation angle (used interchangeably with altitude angle) is the angular height
of the sun in the sky measured from the horizontal. The elevation is 0° at sunrise and
90° when the sun is directly overhead. As Dhaka is in northern hemisphere,
elevation angle, =90-+ The equations relating Imodule, Ihorizontal and Id are:
Ihorizontal= Id sin
Imodule= Id sin (
By applying the formulas from equation (5) to (15), we draw curves of incident solar
radiation, solar radiation on horizontal panel, solar radiation on

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100



and 300.
We observe that area under the curve for 
is
maximum in this day vs solar radiation (KW/m2
) curve. Horizontal panel gives worst
result. But for solar power plants, horizontal panel has some advantage, as it does
not create ‘shadowing effect”. We determined optimum angle for stand-alone PV
panel. We need to consider shadowing effect and space efficiency while calculating
optimum angle for solar plants.
Figure3.2.3: Total incident solar radiation and solar radiation on 100
, 200
, 230
, 25.110
and 300
tilted PV module

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Result:
Optimum Angle For Dhaka is 230
Total incident solar radiation = 1759 KWh/m2
Total solar irradiance on horizontal panel= 1551.7 KWh/m2
Total solar irradiance on 100
tilted panel= 1643 KWh/m2
tilted panel= 1684.3 KWh/m2
Total solar irradiance on 25.110
To calculate these, we have used average bright sunshine hour of Dhaka at 2014,
which was provided by Bangladesh Meteorological Department.

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CHAPTER FOUR
ADVANTAGES OF OPTIMUM ORIENTED SOLAR
PANEL
4.1 Maximum Power with Different Panel Orientation
To get the most from solar panels, we have to point them in the direction that
captures the most sun. But there are a number of variables in figuring out the best
direction. We assume that the panel is fixed, or has a tilt that can be adjusted
seasonally.
It is simplest to mount your solar panels at a fixed tilt and just leave them there. But
because the sun is higher in the summer and lower in the winter, it is possible to
capture more energy by adjusting the tilt of the panels. Adjusting the tilt four times
a year is often a good compromise between optimizing the energy on solar panels
and optimizing the time and effort spent in adjusting them. From our calculation in
the previous chapter we learn to know that the best orientation would be 23.5o
.
Therefore we calculate the power of a full year assuming the panels totally
horizontally fixed, with optimum oriented angel and 1-axis tracking system. The
result are shown below:
4.1.1 Horizontally Fixed Solar Panel (1 KW)
With the solar panels horizontally fixed the maximum energy we can get is estimated
about 1750 KWh in a whole year. Here some loss factors are taken into account such
as soiling, shading, wiring etc. This total loss is estimated somewhat 17% of the total
generated power. The result we get is similar to the figure given below:

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Fig. 4.1.1 Total Output of Horizontally Fixed Solar Panel (1 KW)

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4.1.2 Optimum Tilt angled Solar Panel (1 KW):
With optimum tilt angle maximum power increases as expected but we can further
improve its efficiency by adjusting it twice or thrice a year. Keeping the angle of tilt
set for winter may not be best. For example, we may need more energy in the
summer to pump irrigation water. If we have a photovoltaic system connected to the
grid, we probably want to generate the most power over the whole year. The resultant
power that we get from the 23.5o
orientated solar panels is given below:
Fig. 4.1.2 Total Output of Optimum Tilted Solar Panel (1 KW) (Contd.)

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Fig. 4.1.2 Total Output of Optimum Tilted Solar Panel (1 KW)
4.1.3 1-Axis Tracking Solar Panel (1 KW):
For flat-panel photovoltaic systems, trackers are used to minimize the angle of
incidence between the incoming sunlight and a photovoltaic panel. This increases
the amount of energy produced from a fixed amount of installed power generating
capacity. This not only increases the output power but also increases the generation
cost per unit.

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Fig. 4.1.3 Total Output of 1-Axis Tracking Solar Panel (1 KW)

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4.2 Monthly Output Power Comparison:
To get the most from solar panels, we need to point them in the direction that
direction. It is simplest to mount the solar panels at an optimum tilt and just leave
them there. But because the sun is higher in the summer and lower in the winter, we
can capture more energy during the whole year by adjusting the tilt of the panels
according to the season.
4.2.1 The Output Power:
The output power of an axis tracking solar panel is more than the optimum tilted
solar panel. From the experimental data available we have plotted the monthly AC
and DC output Power for 1-axis tracking solar panel in Figure 4.2.1 and optimum
tilted (23o
) solar panel in Figure 4.2.2.
Figure 4.2.1 AC and DC Output according to Month
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
KWh
Month
AC and DC Output vs Month
AC Output DC Output

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Figure 4.2.2 AC and DC Output according to Month
From the figures 4.1.2, 4.1.3, 4.2.1 and 4.2.2 we came to know that the output power
of a 1-Axis tracking solar panel is more than the output power of the optimum angled
or 23o
solar panel. But the installation and maintenance cost up to a certain limit is
very high for an axis tracking solar panel and solar trackers are slightly more
expensive than their stationary counterparts, due to the more complex technology
and moving parts necessary for their operation.
The annual output power difference is about (1598-1392) KWh= 206 KWh. Which
cost about less than 1000tk in our country. So for a small scale production such as
for some residential uses or in a small firm optimum tilted solar panel is more
effective than the tracking system.
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
1 2 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
KWh
Month
AC and DC Output vs Month
AC Output DC Output

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4.2.2 The Area Requirement:
The following factors should be considered while estimating the land area required
for solar power plants:
 Apart from the panels themselves, area will have to be used up for the control
and service rooms for the inverter and monitoring systems.
 Shading of the panels by obstacles in and around can drastically affect the
output from it. Hence, the entire area chosen will not be available for power
generation. The panels have to be placed after a shading analysis of the region
is done in order to minimize the shading effect by any obstacle.
If trackers are to be employed for the power plants, an additional 1 to 2 acres of land
will be required per MW of the plant. Additional land area will be required for the
storage rooms and workers’ rooms, in the case of solar power plants .This however
is usually very insignificant.
1 kW of solar panels require approximately 100 sqft, or 10 sqm., when used on
rooftops and in small ground mounted installations. This becomes approximately
double when we use same capability axis tracking solar panel.

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Figure 4.2.3 Land Requirements by Mounting Structures Type and module
conversion Efficiency
In Bangladesh it will be very difficult to manage that much of land let alone the extra
land for tracking system. As a result for a dense populated country such as
Bangladesh it highly impractical to use tracking system solar panel.
4.2.3 Method for more Effective Fixed Solar Panel:
To get the most from solar panels, we need to point them in the direction that
direction. A compromise between fixed and tracking arrays is the adjustable tilt
array, where the array tilt angle is adjusted periodically (usually seasonally) to
increase its output. This is mostly done manually.
These calculations are based on an idealized situation. They assume that you have
an unobstructed view of the sky, with no trees, hills, clouds, dust, or haze ever
blocking the sun. The calculations also assume that you are near sea level. At very
high altitude, the optimum angle could be a little different.
If we are going to adjust the tilt of the solar panels four times a year to get the most
energy over the whole year, then angle should be adjusted as below:
Table 4.2.1 Time for changing the tilt angle
Season Date
Adjust to summer angle
on
April 18

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Adjust to autumn angle on August 24
Adjust to winter angle on October 7
Adjust to spring angle on March 5
Mechanism of changing tilt angle for seasonal changes:
For achieving better output from a solar panel, tilt angle can be changed with the sun
position due to change of season. From the above analysis, we can see that tilt angle
should be changed in the months of March, May, August and November for the
maximum outcome.
The optimum angle of tilt for the spring and autumn is the latitude times 0.98 minus
2.3°. The optimum angle for summer is the latitude times 0.92 minus 24.3°.
We can calculate the tilt angle for the above stated months using this process:
March 21.5°
May 23°
August 22.5°
November 22°
To change the angle, we can use a bar of variable length as the support of the panel.
The length of the bar can be changed by sliding pieces using screw system. A
diagram regarding the process is also provided here.

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Figure 4.2.4 Mechanism of changing tilt angle for seasonal changes
4.3 Result:
From the discussion of this topic we can conclude with the fact that, for a country
with very limited landscape and huge population the axis tracking system is not cost
effective. It will be more cost effective and can be easily implemented installed if
we use optimum fixed angle solar panel which is about 23o
.

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CHAPTER FIVE
Monthly Analysis of the Output of an Optimum
Oriented Solar Panel for Different Areas in
Bangladesh
With current trends leaning toward the use of renewable energy, solar power is
growing popularity across developing countries. Like all renewable power
generation sources, it is essential to collect and analyze quality data in regular
intervals to determine feasibility and the future reliability of the project. With solar
energy, the supply of sunlight varies, which can result in the uncertainty of a solar
power site’s performance. And so, the solar energy industry must collect and
efficiently communicate data for success.
5.1 Monthly Analysis of Data:
Monthly global solar insolation at different cities of Bangladesh and daily average
Bright Sunshine hour at Dhaka city are presented in Table 7.1and 7.2 respectively.

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Table 5.1 Monthly global solar insolation at different cities of Bangladesh
Month Dhaka
23.7000°
N,
90.3667° E
Rajshahi
24.3667°
N,
88.6000° E
Sylhet
24.9000°
N,
91.8667° E
Bogra
24.8500°
N,
89.3667° E
Barisal
22.7000°
N,
90.3667° E
Jessore
23.1700°
N,
89.2000° E
January 4.03 3.96 4.00 4.01 4.17 4.25
February 4.78 4.47 4.63 4.69 4.81 4.85
March 5.33 5.88 5.20 5.68 5.30 4.50
April 5.71 6.24 5.24 5.87 5.94 6.23
May 5.71 6.17 5.37 6.02 5.75 6.09
June 4.80 5.25 4.53 5.26 4.39 5.12
July 4.41 4.79 4.14 4.34 4.20 4.81
August 4.82 5.16 4.56 4.84 4.42 4.93
September 4.41 4.96 4.07 4.67 4.48 4.57
October 4.61 4.88 4.61 4.65 4.71 4.68
November 4.27 4.42 4.32 4.35 4.35 4.24
December 3.92 3.82 3.85 3.87 3.95 3.97
Average 4.73 5.00 4.54 4.85 4.71 4.85

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Table 5.2 Daily average Bright Sunshine hour at Dhaka city
Month Daily Mean Maximum
(Using 23 degree as
tilt angle)
Minimum
January 8.7 9.9 7.5
February 9.1 10.7 7.7
March 8.8 10.1 7.8
April 8.9 10.2 7.8
May 8.2 9.7 5.7
June 4.9 7.3 3.8
July 5.1 6.7 2.6
August 5.8 7.1 4.1
September 6.0 8.5 4.8
October 7.6 9.2 6.5
November 8.6 9.9 7.0
December 8.9 10.2 7.4
Average 7.55 9.13 6.03
If we analyze the data which includes the years 2012, 2013 and 2014 then we get the
figure 7.1.1. In this figure we showed the solar radiation and the cloud coverage and

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the sunshine over the six divisions in Bangladesh. With the help of these data we can
estimate the available solar power which we ca convert into electrical energy.
Moreover this helps in the sense that we also have the angle tilted in which time of
the year.
If we compare and plot the Average Solar Radiation, Cloud Coverage and Sunlight
Hour in six divisions over three years we get the Figure 5.1.1.
Figure 5.1.1 Average Solar Radiation, Cloud Coverage and Sunlight Hour in six
divisions over three years

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5.2 Hourly Data Analysis of AC and DC Output:
In this section we analyze the data collected from the PV Watts Calculator. By
analyzing the data we can compare that how the output from the optimum tilted
solar panel is varied over the hours in each month. This helps us to measure the
angle in each of the four seasons mentioned in the section 6.2.3. We have
calculated the data using the sunrise hour, the midpoint between the sunrise time
and the end of the time step is used for the sun position calculation. Similarly, the
midpoint between the beginning of the time step and sunset time is used for the
sunset hour.
To get the maximum efficiency we have to change the angle four times a year. For
that reason we analyzed the data of seasonal variations for the month of March,
May, August and November.
Figure 5.2.1 DC and AC Hourly Output for the Month of March
-100
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
0 5 10 15 20 25
OutputPower
Hour
DC and AC Output
DC Output AC Output

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Figure 5.2.2 DC and AC Hourly Output for the Month of May
Figure 5.2.3 DC and AC Hourly Output for the Month of May
-100
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
0 5 10 15 20 25
OutputPower
Hour
DC and AC Output
DC Output AC Output
-100
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
0 5 10 15 20 25
OutputPower
Hour
DC and AC Output
DC Output AC Output

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Figure 5.2.4 DC and AC Hourly Output for the Month of November
Resource forecasting is becoming increasingly more important as more solar
power is being used throughout electric grids across the continent. By collecting
data, an accurate forecast can be created and used to increase profits by optimizing
energy dispatch according to time periods of greatest value.
From the figures 5.2.1-5.2.4 we can see the little variation in the output power. To
get the maximum efficiency we have adjusted the angle seasonally. We can adjust
the angle using only simple tools. Because of the adjustment the power increased
in the respective season by almost 4%.
-100
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
0 5 10 15 20 25
OutputPower
Hour
DC and AC Output
Series1 Series2

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CHAPTER SIX
ENVIRONMETAL IMPACT ON SOLAR PANEL
The output of PV is rated by manufacturers under Standard Test Conditions
(STC), temperature = 25C; solar irradiance (intensity) = 1000 W/m2, and solar
spectrum as filtered by passing through 1.5 thickness of atmosphere. These
conditions are easily recreated in a factory but the situation is different for outdoor.
With the increasing use of PV systems it is vital to know what effect active
meteorological parameters such as humidity, dust, temperature, wind speed; etc has
on its efficiency.
6.1 Impact of Environmental Dust on PV Performance:
The PV application all over the world is facing many problems. One of the most
important problems is the accumulation of atmospheric dust on the solar panels
surface which causes decreasing its performance sharply. This atmospheric dust
have several effects on the use of photovoltaic power systems, including decreasing
of the amount of sunlight reaching the surface and this leads to the decrease of the
performance efficiency.
The energy from the sun that hits the Earth in a single hour could power the planet
for an entire year, according to the US Department of Energy (DOE). One of the best
places to harness that free, abundant, and environmentally friendly energy is a desert,
but deserts, it turns out, come with a nemesis to solar panels: sand. The particulate
matter that constantly blows across deserts settles on solar panels, decreasing their
efficiency by nearly 100 percent in the middle of a dust storm.

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Dust storms have cut power production by 40 percent at a large, 10-megawatt solar
power plant in the United Arab Emirates.
Al-Sudany in (2009) studied the effect of natural deposition of dust on solar panels
under Baghdad environment, it was noted that the transmittance during one month,
as an average decreased to, approximately, 50%.
6.2 Dust Removal Methods
Dust is probable to stick on to the array by Van der Waals adhesive forces. These
forces are very strong at the dust particle sizes expected. Cleaning method must be
overcome these forces. There are four ways classified to remove dust the surface of
solar panel [38]-
a) Natural dust removal
b) Electrostatic dust removal
c) Mechanical dust removal
d) electro-dynamic dust removal
6.2.1 Natural dust removal
The simplest removal methods are the natural dust removal. The natural dust
removal methods are rainfall and wind clearing. They can be made possible by
simply choosing an array orientation other than horizontal. In Bangladesh, normally
natural dust removal is maintained as we have adequate rainfall here. Niaz Ahmed
from In-Gen Solar said that they instruct the buyer to wash the panel with distil
water. But as distil water is not available in rural area, so people depend on natural

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method. Conventional washing with water, for example, works well enough for a
large collection of rooftop solar panel systems operated by Southern California
Edison, the utility says.
6.2.2 Electrostatic dust removal
The electrostatic dust removal is another method of dust removal. When the array
surface is charged, the array will attract particles of opposite charge, and repel
particles of the same charge.
6.2.3 Mechanical dust removal
By vibrating the solar panel, dust can be removed from solar panel.
6.2.4 Electro-dynamic dust removal
A transparent electrodynamics system (EDS), is a self-cleaning technology that can
be embedded in the solar device or silkscreen-printed onto a transparent film adhered
to the solar panel or mirror. The EDS exposes the dust particles to an electrostatic
field, which causes them to levitate, dipping and rising in alternating waves (the way
a beach ball bounces along the upturned hands of fans in a packed stadium) as the
electric charge fluctuates.[39]
6.3 Impact of Humidity on PV Performance:
The effect of humidity on the Solar panels is to create obstacles for drastic variation
in the power generated, indirectly making the device work less efficient than it could
have without it. The cities where in the humidity level is above the average range of

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30 actually results in the minimal layer of water on the top of the Solar panel which
results in decreasing of the efficiency. As per the facts when the light consisting of
energy/Photon strikes the water layer which in fact is denser, Refraction appears
which results in decreasing of intensity of the light which in fact appears the root
cause of decreasing of efficiency. Additional there appears minimum components of
Reflection which also appears on the site and in that, there appears light striking is
subjected to more losses which after the experiments conducted resulted
approximately in 30% loss of the total energy which is not subjected to utilization
of Energy for the Solar panel. AS far as the efficiency of the Solar cell is concerned,
Efficiency is termed as the amount of the light that can be converted into usable
format of electricity. Because of the efficiency depends upon the value of Maximum
Power Point of the Solar cell , due to the above effect of humidity ,the maximum
power point is deviated and that indirectly results in decreasing of the Solar cell
Efficiency[41]
6.4 Impact of Temperature on PV Performance:
Different solar panels react differently to the operating ambient temperature, but in
all cases the efficiency of a solar panel decreases with increases in temperature. The
impact of temperature on solar panel efficiency is known as the temperature
coefficient.
The output power of a crystalline solar cell decreases only 0.4% when the
temperature increase is equal to 1 K. [42]
Physical aspects of deterioration of the output power and the conversion efficiency
of solar cell and PV module with increasing temperature are:

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—increase of the thermal lattice vibrations, leading to electron-phonon scattering,
—decrease of charge carrier’s mobility,
—reduction of the p–n junction built-in voltage and junction ability to separate
electrons from holes in the photo generated pairs.
The efficiency of a solar cell is important because it allows the device to be assessed
economically in comparison to other energy conversion devices. The solar cell
efficiency invariably refers to the fraction of incident light energy converted to
electrical energy. For a given solar spectrum, this conversion efficiency depends on
the semiconductor material properties and device structure.
6.5 Optical losses
Optical losses chiefly effect the power from a solar cell by lowering the short-circuit
current. Optical losses consist of light which could have generated an electron-hole
pair, but does not, because the light is reflected from the front surface, or because it
is not absorbed in the solar cell. For the most common semiconductor solar cells, the
entire visible spectrum (350 - 780 nm) has enough energy to create electron-hole
pairs and therefore all visible light would ideally be absorbed. [43]

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Figure6.6.1: Optical losses in solar cell
Reflection of incident light from the surface of the solar cell is one of the major
optical loss mechanisms seriously affecting the solar cell efficiency. Nearly 90% of
commercial solar cells are made of crystalline Si because silicon based
semiconductor fabrication is now a mature technology that enable cost effective
devices to be manufactured. Typically Si based solar cell efficiency range from
about 18 for polycrystalline to22%-24% in high efficiency single crystal devices that
have special structures to absorb as many of the incident photons as possible. A
polished Si surface reflects as much as 37% light when averaged over all angles of
incidence 0° –90° and range of wavelengths of the solar spectrum that can be
absorbed by Si 400–1100 nm.

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CHAPTER SEVEN
SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT FOR SOLAR
POWER ESTIMATION
7.1 Introduction
In Bangladesh most people are not aware of the equipment cost, optimum angle and
area required for the establishment of a solar power system. So, to promote the usage
of solar power in Bangladesh we developed a software which user friendly. By using
this software even an average person can get the necessary information about setting
up a solar power system. In this software one inputs his. By location it means latitude
and longitude. As output we get the optimum angle, area required for setting up the
solar panels and the cost for installing these instrument in Taka. This gives us the
basic information required for installing a solar power system.
7.2 Latitude Input
Latitude is the angular distance of a place north or south of the earth's equator, or of
a celestial object north or south of the celestial equator, usually expressed in degrees
and minutes. It along with longitude is used to determine the location of a thing on
earth. It has also great significance in solar power and installation of solar panel.
Normally the optimum angle of the solar panels is approximately equal to the
latitude of the area where the solar panels are set up.

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In this software we take latitude as an input. The input can be taken either manually
or automatically. To take manual input one has to just write the latitude of the
location in the text box beside the label named “Latitude”. For automatic input one
has to press the button named “Locate Automatically”. Then the latitude of the place
is automatically shown in the text box beside the “Latitude” label.
Software Layout:
Figure 7.2.1: The layout of the “Solar Power Estimation” software.

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7.3 Longitude Input
Longitude is the angular distance of a place east or west of the meridian at
Greenwich, England, or west of the standard meridian of a celestial object, usually
expressed in degrees and minutes. It is another parameter along with latitude which
defines the location in the globe. Longitude has a really small effect on the solar
energy system. As it is necessary for defining the location of plant we also
considered it as an input. Normally latitude is sufficient for the calculation of tilt
angle or the optimum angle.
In this software we take longitude as an input. The input can be taken either manually
or automatically. To take manual input one has to just write the longitude of the
location in the text box beside the label named “Longitude”. For automatic input one
has to press the button named “Locate Automatically”. Then the longitude of the
place is automatically shown in the text box beside the “Longitude” label.
7.4 Locate Automatically Button
This is a button the software interface. When a user has little knowledge about
latitude and longitude he cannot input it manually. So, by pressing this button
location of the area is automatically shown in the text box.
When user presses the “Locate Automatically” button the text beside the labels
“Latitude” and “Longitude” changes automatically, which can be used for further
estimation.

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Figure 7.4.1: Latitude, Longitude and Locate Automatically portion of the “Solar
Power Estimation” software.
7.5 Power Input
The amount of required power plays a significant role in the cost of solar power
installation. Here in “Solar Power Estimation” software we take power as an input.
The text box beside the label “Power” is used for that. User just has to write down
the required power in that text box. Then he has to press the button named
“Estimate”. Then the software will automatically estimate the cost.
7.6 Estimate Button
This is the final button which is used for calculation. When inputs regarding
“Latitude”, “Longitude” and “Power” are in their respective text boxes pressing of
this button will start the calculation. Then the required out puts will be shown in the
text boxes beside the labels named “Optimum Angle”, “Area” and “Cost”.

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Figure 7.6.1: Power input and “Estimate” button.
7.7 Optimum Angle Output
This shows the optimum angle or tilt angle required for the given set of data. If the
solar panels are installed in this angle we will get the maximum output power. It is
given in degree which is the most popular unit in angle calculation. It is shown in
the text box beside the label named “Optimum Angle”.

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7.8 Area Output
This gives the area required for the installation of solar panels for the given input
data. The output is shown in a text box beside the label named “Area”. It is given in
square meter which is the international unit of area.
7.9 Cost Output
Cost for setting up the given system is shown here. The currency that is used in this
system is Taka which is the currency of Bangladesh. It is shown in a text box beside
the label named “Cost”.
Figure 7.9.1: “Optimum Angle”, “Area” and “Cost” Output.

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APPENDIX A
MATLAB code for determining optimum tilt angle of solar panel in
Dhaka:
clc;
close all;
clear all;
I0=1.353;
phi=23.7;
n=1:1:365;
for i=1:length(n)
del(i)=-23.45*cosd((n(i)+10.5)*(360/365));
hss(i)=acosd(-tand(24)*tand(del(i)));
Bopt(i)=24-atand((((hss(i)*pi)/180)*tand(del(i)))/(sind(hss(i))));
end
mat1=[n' Bopt']
figure(2)
plot(n,Bopt)
xlabel('days')
ylabel('Optimum angle')
Title('Variation of optimum angle(Yearly)')
for i=1:length(Bopt)
for j=1:length(n);
Id(j)=(24*I0/pi)*(1+0.034*cosd(2*pi*n(j)/365))*((cosd(phi-
Bopt(i))*cosd(del(j))*sind(hss(j)))+(hss(j)*(pi/180)*sin(phi-
Bopt(i))*sin(del(j))));
end
Itotal(i)=sum(Id);
end
mat=[Bopt' Itotal']
figure(1)
plot(Bopt,Itotal,'b')
xlabel('optimum angle')
ylabel('Solar radiation')
Title('Solar radiation for different optimum angle(yearly)')
Imax=max(Itotal)

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MATLAB code for comparing incident solar radiation on earth and
solar radiation on horizontal panel, panels tilted at 100
, 200
, 230
,
25.110
, 300
angle
clc;
close all;
clear all;
phi=23.7;
n=1:1:365;
LSTM=90;
for i=1:length(n)
del(i)=((n(i)-81)*(360/365));%degree
EOT(i)=9.87*sind(2*del(i))-7.53*cosd(del(i))-1.5*sind(del(i));% unit of EOT
is minute
Tc(i)=4*(90.3667-LSTM)+(EOT(i));
LST(i)=12+(Tc(i)/60);
HRA(i)=15*(LST(i)-12);
delta(i)=-23.45*cosd((n(i)+10.5)*(360/365));
A(i)=sind(phi)*sind(delta(i))+cosd(phi)*cosd(delta(i))*cosd(HRA(i));
AM(i)=1/(A(i));
Id(i)=(1.353*0.7^(AM(i)^0.678))*5.279
alpha(i)=90+delta(i)-phi;
Ihori(i)=Id(i)*sind(alpha(i));
Imodule(i)=Id(i)*sind(alpha(i)+23);
Imodule1(i)=Id(i)*sind(alpha(i)+10);
Imodule2(i)=Id(i)*sind(alpha(i)+25.11);
end
plot(n,Id,'k')
hold on
plot(n,Ihori,'r')
hold on
plot(n,Imodule,'g')

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hold on
plot(n,Imodule1,'y')
hold on
plot(n,Imodule2,'m')
hold on
plot(n,Imodule3,'c')
hold on
plot(n,Imodule4,'b')

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APPENDIX B
Days Optimum Angle
1 54.82049
2 54.72947
3 54.63085
4 54.5246
5 54.41073
6 54.28922
7 54.16008
8 54.02328
9 53.87882
10 53.7267
11 53.56689
12 53.39941
13 53.22422
14 53.04134
15 52.85073
16 52.65241
Days Optimum Angle
17 52.44635
18 52.23254
19 52.01099
20 51.78167
21 51.54458
22 51.29971
23 51.04705
24 50.7866
25 50.51834
26 50.24227
27 49.95839
28 49.66669
29 49.36717
30 49.05982
31 48.74464
32 48.42164

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Days Optimum Angle
33 48.09081
34 47.75215
35 47.40568
36 47.05139
37 46.6893
38 46.31942
39 45.94176
40 45.55634
41 45.16317
42 44.76228
43 44.35369
44 43.93742
45 43.51352
46 43.08202
47 42.64294
48 42.19635
Days Optimum Angle
49 41.74228
50 41.28078
51 40.81192
52 40.33575
53 39.85234
54 39.36176
55 38.86409
56 38.35941
57 37.84781
58 37.32938
59 36.80423
60 36.27246
61 35.73419
62 35.18954
63 34.63863
64 34.0816

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Days Optimum Angle
65 33.51859
66 32.94976
67 32.37525
68 31.79523
69 31.20987
70 30.61935
71 30.02386
72 29.42359
73 28.81873
74 28.20951
75 27.59612
76 26.9788
77 26.35777
78 25.73327
79 25.10555
80 24.47484
Days Optimum Angle
81 23.8414
82 23.2055
83 22.56739
84 21.92736
85 21.28567
86 20.64261
87 19.99845
88 19.35349
89 18.70802
90 18.06233
91 17.41671
92 16.77147
93 16.1269
94 15.48329
95 14.84096
96 14.2002

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Days Optimum Angle
97 13.56131
98 12.92458
99 12.29032
100 11.65881
101 11.03036
102 10.40524
103 9.783749
104 9.166162
105 8.552758
106 7.94381
107 7.339586
108 6.74035
109 6.14636
110 5.557865
111 4.975114
112 4.398344
Days Optimum Angle
113 3.827789
114 3.263675
115 2.706221
116 2.155641
117 1.61214
118 1.075916
119 0.547161
120 0.026059
121 -0.48721
122 -0.99248
123 -1.48959
124 -1.97838
125 -2.4587
126 -2.93041
127 -3.39337
128 -3.84746

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Days Optimum Angle
129 -4.29255
130 -4.72853
131 -5.15529
132 -5.57272
133 -5.98073
134 -6.37922
135 -6.7681
136 -7.1473
137 -7.51674
138 -7.87635
139 -8.22605
140 -8.56579
141 -8.89551
142 -9.21516
143 -9.52467
144 -9.82402
Days Optimum Angle
145 -10.1131
146 -10.392
147 -10.6606
148 -10.9189
149 -11.1667
150 -11.4043
151 -11.6313
152 -11.848
153 -12.0542
154 -12.2499
155 -12.4352
156 -12.6099
157 -12.7741
158 -12.9277
159 -13.0708
160 -13.2033

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Days Optimum Angle
161 -13.3253
162 -13.4367
163 -13.5375
164 -13.6277
165 -13.7073
166 -13.7762
167 -13.8346
168 -13.8824
169 -13.9196
170 -13.9461
171 -13.962
172 -13.9674
173 -13.962
174 -13.9461
175 -13.9196
176 -13.8824
Days Optimum Angle
177 -13.8346
178 -13.7762
179 -13.7073
180 -13.6277
181 -13.5375
182 -13.4367
183 -13.3253
184 -13.2033
185 -13.0708
186 -12.9277
187 -12.7741
188 -12.6099
189 -12.4352
190 -12.2499
191 -12.0542
192 -11.848

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Days Optimum Angle
193 -11.6313
194 -11.4043
195 -11.1667
196 -10.9189
197 -10.6606
198 -10.392
199 -10.1131
200 -9.82402
201 -9.52467
202 -9.21516
203 -8.89551
204 -8.56579
205 -8.22605
206 -7.87635
207 -7.51674
208 -7.1473
Days Optimum Angle
209 -6.7681
210 -6.37922
211 -5.98073
212 -5.57272
213 -5.15529
214 -4.72853
215 -4.29255
216 -3.84746
217 -3.39337
218 -2.93041
219 -2.4587
220 -1.97838
221 -1.48959
222 -0.99248
223 -0.48721
224 0.026059

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Days Optimum Angle
225 0.547161
226 1.075916
227 1.61214
228 2.155641
229 2.706221
230 3.263675
231 3.827789
232 4.398344
233 4.975114
234 5.557865
235 6.14636
236 6.74035
237 7.339586
238 7.94381
239 8.552758
240 9.166162
Days Optimum Angle
241 9.783749
242 10.40524
243 11.03036
244 11.65881
245 12.29032
246 12.92458
247 13.56131
248 14.2002
249 14.84096
250 15.48329
251 16.1269
252 16.77147
253 17.41671
254 18.06233
255 18.70802
256 19.35349

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Days Optimum Angle
273 30.02386
274 30.61935
275 31.20987
276 31.79523
277 32.37525
278 32.94976
279 33.51859
280 34.0816
281 34.63863
282 35.18954
283 35.73419
284 36.27246
285 36.80423
286 37.32938
287 37.84781
288 38.35941
Days Optimum Angle
289 38.86409
290 39.36176
291 39.85234
292 40.33575
293 40.81192
294 41.28078
295 41.74228
296 42.19635
297 42.64294
298 43.08202
299 43.51352
300 43.93742
301 44.35369
302 44.76228
303 45.16317
304 45.55634

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Days Optimum Angle
305 45.94176
306 46.31942
307 46.6893
308 47.05139
309 47.40568
310 47.75215
311 48.09081
312 48.42164
313 48.74464
314 49.05982
315 49.36717
316 49.66669
317 49.95839
318 50.24227
319 50.51834
320 50.7866
Days Optimum Angle
321 51.04705
322 51.29971
323 51.54458
324 51.78167
325 52.01099
326 52.23254
327 52.44635
328 52.65241
329 52.85073
330 53.04134
331 53.22422
332 53.39941
333 53.56689
334 53.7267
335 53.87882
336 54.02328

P a g e 89 | 106
Days Optimum Angle
337 54.16008
338 54.28922
339 54.41073
340 54.5246
341 54.63085
342 54.72947
343 54.82049
344 54.90389
345 54.9797
346 55.0479
347 55.10852
348 55.16155
349 55.207
350 55.24487
351 55.27516
352 55.29788
Days Optimum Angle
353 55.31302
354 55.32059
355 55.32059
356 55.31302
357 55.29788
358 55.27516
359 55.24487
360 55.207
361 55.16155
362 55.10852
363 55.0479
364 54.9797
365 54.90389

P a g e 90 | 106
APPENDIX C
Optimum Angle Total Solar
Irradiance (KW/m2
)
54.82049 3141.136
54.72947 3137.934
54.63085 3134.869
54.5246 3132.108
54.41073 3129.848
54.28922 3128.321
54.16008 3127.788
54.02328 3128.533
53.87882 3130.857
53.7267 3135.064
53.56689 3141.442
53.39941 3150.247
53.22422 3161.673
53.04134 3175.825
52.85073 3192.694
52.65241 3212.122
Irradiance
(KW/m2
)
52.44635 3233.783
52.23254 3257.164
52.01099 3281.557
51.78167 3306.075
51.54458 3329.678
51.29971 3351.227
51.04705 3369.562
50.7866 3383.6
50.51834 3392.454
50.24227 3395.554
49.95839 3392.775
49.66669 3384.529
49.36717 3371.832
49.05982 3356.303
48.74464 3340.088
48.42164 3325.702

P a g e 91 | 106
Irradiance(KW/m2
)
48.09081 3315.782
47.75215 3312.771
47.40568 3318.561
47.05139 3334.139
46.6893 3359.302
46.31942 3392.495
45.94176 3430.836
45.55634 3470.367
45.16317 3506.541
44.76228 3534.894
44.35369 3551.838
43.93742 3555.42
43.51352 3545.906
43.08202 3526.018
42.64294 3500.716
42.19635 3476.458
Irradiance (KW/m2
)
41.74228 3460.038
41.28078 3457.147
40.81192 3470.981
40.33575 3501.22
39.85234 3543.711
39.36176 3591.052
38.86409 3634.08
38.35941 3664.023
37.84781 3674.823
37.32938 3665.019
36.80423 3638.58
36.27246 3604.283
35.73419 3573.619
35.18954 3557.652
34.63863 3563.656
34.0816 3592.581

P a g e 92 | 106
Irradiance(KW/m2
)
33.51859 3638.258
32.94976 3688.819
32.37525 3730.133
31.79523 3750.315
31.20987 3743.869
30.61935 3713.975
30.02386 3671.916
29.42359 3633.57
28.81873 3613.979
28.20951 3621.844
27.59612 3656.001
26.9788 3705.379
26.35777 3752.719
25.73327 3780.88
25.10555 3779.426
24.47484 3748.915
Irradiance(KW/m2
)
23.8414 3701.046
23.2055 3654.384
22.56739 3627.184
21.92736 3630.093
21.28567 3661.717
20.64261 3708.953
19.99845 3752.098
19.35349 3772.753
18.70802 3761.304
18.06233 3720.886
17.41671 3666.163
16.77147 3617.379
16.1269 3592.144
15.48329 3598.324
14.84096 3630.963
14.2002 3674.412

P a g e 93 | 106
Irradiance(KW/m2
)
13.56131 3708.74
12.92458 3717.712
12.29032 3695.117
11.65881 3646.958
11.03036 3588.803
10.40524 3539.528
9.783749 3514.048
9.166162 3517.867
8.552758 3545.412
7.94381 3582.551
7.339586 3612.079
6.74035 3619.989
6.14636 3600.201
5.557865 3556.221
4.975114 3499.402
4.398344 3444.711
Irradiance(KW/m2
)
3.827789 3405.637
3.263675 3390.014
2.706221 3397.988
2.155641 3422.553
1.61214 3452.195
1.075916 3474.6
0.547161 3480.203
0.026059 3464.589
-0.48721 3429.207
-0.99248 3380.443
-1.48959 3327.529
-1.97838 3279.99
-2.4587 3245.354
-2.93041 3227.64
-3.39337 3226.858
-3.84746 3239.474

P a g e 94 | 106
Irradiance(KW/m2
)
-4.29255 3259.575
-4.72853 3280.35
-5.15529 3295.529
-5.57272 3300.483
-5.98073 3292.837
-6.37922 3272.569
-6.7681 3241.685
-7.1473 3203.596
-7.51674 3162.392
-7.87635 3122.133
-8.22605 3086.286
-8.56579 3057.357
-8.89551 3036.729
-9.21516 3024.686
-9.52467 3020.577
-9.82402 3023.062
Irradiance(KW/m2
)
-10.1131 3030.386
-10.392 3040.645
-10.6606 3052.006
-10.9189 3062.869
-11.1667 3071.968
-11.4043 3078.415
-11.6313 3081.696
-11.848 3081.63
-12.0542 3078.313
-12.2499 3072.051
-12.4352 3063.287
-12.6099 3052.54
-12.7741 3040.358
-12.9277 3027.271
-13.0708 3013.766
-13.2033 3000.268

P a g e 95 | 106
Irradiance(KW/m2
)
-13.3253 2987.136
-13.4367 2974.656
-13.5375 2963.047
-13.6277 2952.471
-13.7073 2943.037
-13.7762 2934.817
-13.8346 2927.85
-13.8824 2922.153
-13.9196 2917.73
-13.9461 2914.578
-13.962 2912.691
-13.9674 2912.062
-13.962 2912.691
-13.9461 2914.578
-13.9196 2917.73
-13.8824 2922.153
Irradiance(KW/m2
)
-13.8346 2927.85
-13.7762 2934.817
-13.7073 2943.037
-13.6277 2952.471
-13.5375 2963.047
-13.4367 2974.656
-13.3253 2987.136
-13.2033 3000.268
-13.0708 3013.766
-12.9277 3027.271
-12.7741 3040.358
-12.6099 3052.54
-12.4352 3063.287
-12.2499 3072.051
-12.0542 3078.313
-11.848 3081.63

P a g e 96 | 106
Irradiance(KW/m2
)
-11.6313 3081.696
-11.4043 3078.415
-11.1667 3071.968
-10.9189 3062.869
-10.6606 3052.006
-10.392 3040.645
-10.1131 3030.386
-9.82402 3023.062
-9.52467 3020.577
-9.21516 3024.686
-8.89551 3036.729
-8.56579 3057.357
-8.22605 3086.286
-7.87635 3122.133
-7.51674 3162.392
-7.1473 3203.596
Irradiance(KW/m2
)
-6.7681 3241.685
-6.37922 3272.569
-5.98073 3292.837
-5.57272 3300.483
-5.15529 3295.529
-4.72853 3280.35
-4.29255 3259.575
-3.84746 3239.474
-3.39337 3226.858
-2.93041 3227.64
-2.4587 3245.354
-1.97838 3279.99
-1.48959 3327.529
-0.99248 3380.443
-0.48721 3429.207
0.026059 3464.589

P a g e 97 | 106
Irradiance(KW/m2
)
0.547161 3480.203
1.075916 3474.6
1.61214 3452.195
2.155641 3422.553
2.706221 3397.988
3.263675 3390.014
3.827789 3405.637
4.398344 3444.711
4.975114 3499.402
5.557865 3556.221
6.14636 3600.201
6.74035 3619.989
7.339586 3612.079
7.94381 3582.551
8.552758 3545.412
9.166162 3517.867
Irradiance(KW/m2
)
9.783749 3514.048
10.40524 3539.528
11.03036 3588.803
11.65881 3646.958
12.29032 3695.117
12.92458 3717.712
13.56131 3708.74
14.2002 3674.412
14.84096 3630.963
15.48329 3598.324
16.1269 3592.144
16.77147 3617.379
17.41671 3666.163
18.06233 3720.886
18.70802 3761.304
19.35349 3772.753

P a g e 98 | 106
Irradiance(KW/m2
)
19.99845 3752.098
20.64261 3708.953
21.28567 3661.717
21.92736 3630.093
22.56739 3627.184
23.2055 3654.384
23.8414 3701.046
24.47484 3748.915
25.10555 3779.426
25.73327 3780.88
26.35777 3752.719
26.9788 3705.379
27.59612 3656.001
28.20951 3621.844
28.81873 3613.979
29.42359 3633.57
Irradiance(KW/m2
)
30.02386 3671.916
30.61935 3713.975
31.20987 3743.869
31.79523 3750.315
32.37525 3730.133
32.94976 3688.819
33.51859 3638.258
34.0816 3592.581
34.63863 3563.656
35.18954 3557.652
35.73419 3573.619
36.27246 3604.283
36.80423 3638.58
37.32938 3665.019
37.84781 3674.823
38.35941 3664.023

P a g e 99 | 106
Irradiance(KW/m2
)
38.86409 3634.08
39.36176 3591.052
39.85234 3543.711
40.33575 3501.22
40.81192 3470.981
41.28078 3457.147
41.74228 3460.038
42.19635 3476.458
42.64294 3500.716
43.08202 3526.018
43.51352 3545.906
43.93742 3555.42
44.35369 3551.838
44.76228 3534.894
45.16317 3506.541
45.55634 3470.367
Irradiance(KW/m2
)
45.94176 3430.836
46.31942 3392.495
46.6893 3359.302
47.05139 3334.139
47.40568 3318.561
47.75215 3312.771
48.09081 3315.782
48.42164 3325.702
48.74464 3340.088
49.05982 3356.303
49.36717 3371.832
49.66669 3384.529
49.95839 3392.775
50.24227 3395.554
50.51834 3392.454
50.7866 3383.6

P a g e 100 | 106
Irradiance(KW/m2
)
51.04705 3369.562
51.29971 3351.227
51.54458 3329.678
51.78167 3306.075
52.01099 3281.557
52.23254 3257.164
52.44635 3233.783
52.65241 3212.122
52.85073 3192.694
53.04134 3175.825
53.22422 3161.673
53.39941 3150.247
53.56689 3141.442
53.7267 3135.064
53.87882 3130.857
54.02328 3128.533
Irradiance(KW/m2
)
54.16008 3127.788
54.28922 3128.321
54.41073 3129.848
54.5246 3132.108
54.63085 3134.869
54.72947 3137.934
54.82049 3141.136
54.90389 3144.34
54.9797 3147.441
55.0479 3150.356
55.10852 3153.026
55.16155 3155.409
55.207 3157.477
55.24487 3159.213
55.27516 3160.606
55.29788 3161.653

P a g e 101 | 106
Appendix D
Code of frmMain.cs Form
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.ComponentModel;
using System.Data;
using System.Drawing;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Windows.Forms;
namespace Solar_Power_Estimation
{
public partial class frmMain : Form
{
public frmMain()
{
InitializeComponent();
}
private void autInp_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
txtLat.Text = "23.70";
txtLon.Text = "90.3667";
}
private void button1_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
txtTilt.Text = Convert.ToString(1.01 *
Convert.ToDouble(txtLat.Text));

P a g e 102 | 106
txtAre.Text = Convert.ToString(0.092903 *
Convert.ToDouble(txtPow.Text) / 20);
txtCos.Text = Convert.ToString(43.13 *
Convert.ToDouble(txtPow.Text));
}
}
}
Code of Program.Designer.cs Form
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Windows.Forms;
namespace Solar_Power_Estimation
{
static class Program
{
static void Main()
{
Application.EnableVisualStyles();
Application.SetCompatibleTextRenderingDefault(false);
Application.Run(new frmMain());
}
}
}

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