This study was presented during the conference “Production and Carbon Dynamics in Sustainable Agricultural and Forest Systems in Africa” held in September, 2010.
Factors affecting profit efficiency among smallholder beef producers in BotswanaILRI
Botswana’s livestock sector provides about two thirds of national agricultural value added and beef production is a vital part of the rural economy as a source of income and employment. However, throughout the beef value chain, high costs of Sanitary and Phyto-sanitary (SPS) compliance are apparent, and on the demand side, reductions in EU beef support prices have adversely affected competitiveness and the country is unable to utilise fully its preferential access to EU import markets. This poster presents information on a study to measure competitiveness in Botswana's beef value chain and identify the factors affecting it, so as to advocate change in Botswana’s smallholder livestock systems.
Can improved food legume varieties increase technical efficiency in crop prod...africa-rising
Presented by Girma T. Kassie, Aden Aw-Hassan, Seid A. Kemal, Luleseged Desta, Peter Thorne, Kindu Mekonnen and Mulugeta Yitayih, ILRI, Addis Ababa, 29 September 2016
Determinants of profit efficiency among smallholder beef producers in BotswanaILRI
Presented by Sirak Bahta and Derek Baker at the International Food and Agribusiness Management Association (IFAMA) annual meeting, Cape Town, South Africa, 16-17 June 2014.
Factors affecting profit efficiency among smallholder beef producers in BotswanaILRI
Botswana’s livestock sector provides about two thirds of national agricultural value added and beef production is a vital part of the rural economy as a source of income and employment. However, throughout the beef value chain, high costs of Sanitary and Phyto-sanitary (SPS) compliance are apparent, and on the demand side, reductions in EU beef support prices have adversely affected competitiveness and the country is unable to utilise fully its preferential access to EU import markets. This poster presents information on a study to measure competitiveness in Botswana's beef value chain and identify the factors affecting it, so as to advocate change in Botswana’s smallholder livestock systems.
Can improved food legume varieties increase technical efficiency in crop prod...africa-rising
Presented by Girma T. Kassie, Aden Aw-Hassan, Seid A. Kemal, Luleseged Desta, Peter Thorne, Kindu Mekonnen and Mulugeta Yitayih, ILRI, Addis Ababa, 29 September 2016
Determinants of profit efficiency among smallholder beef producers in BotswanaILRI
Presented by Sirak Bahta and Derek Baker at the International Food and Agribusiness Management Association (IFAMA) annual meeting, Cape Town, South Africa, 16-17 June 2014.
Land constraints and agricultural intensification in Ethiopia: A village leve...essp2
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) and Ethiopian Development Research Institute (EDRI) in collaboration with Ethiopian Economics Association (EEA). Eleventh International Conference on Ethiopian Economy. July 18-20, 2013
Sources of Inefficiency and Growth in Agricultual Output in Subsistence Agric...essp2
Ethiopian Development Research Institute (EDRI) and International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI, Seventh International Conference on Ethiopian Economy, EEA Conference, June 26, 2010
Understanding the adoption of multiple packages of system of rice intensifica...CGIAR
This presentation was given by Poornima Varma (Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad), as part of the Annual Scientific Conference hosted by the University of Canberra and co-sponsored by the University of Canberra, the Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR) and CGIAR Collaborative Platform for Gender Research. The event took place on April 2-4, 2019 in Canberra, Australia.
Read more: https://www.canberra.edu.au/research/faculty-research-centres/aisc/seeds-of-change and https://gender.cgiar.org/annual-conference-2019/
Factors Affecting Adoption of Value Addition Practices among Smallholder Iris...Premier Publishers
In Kenya, value addition in Irish potatoes provides farmers with substantial income. However, the adoption of value addition practices is still low among farmers. Currently, there is a dearth of information on the factors affecting the adoption of value addition practices among smallholder Irish potato farmers in Bomet County. Using single cross-sectional data from 200 randomly selected respondents, the study determined factors affecting the uptake of value addition practices using the Binary logistic regression model. Descriptive statistics show that the majority of the Irish potato farmers (62.5%) adopted value addition practices. It was also found that the majority of the farmers did not attend training, and were not accessing agricultural extension services and credit facilities. Logistic regression results show that group membership (P = 0.013), cost per unit of potatoes (P = 0.041), and total land size (P = 0.058) were key variables that significantly influenced adoption of value addition. From the results, it is critical for farmers to join farmer groups and increase acreage under Irish potato production to reduce cost per unit. Farmers should also adopt modern value addition technologies to be encouraged to reduce post-harvest losses of potatoes and to improve smallholder farmers’ income.
Technical Efficiency of Soya Beans Production in Mubi North Local Government ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— The study was conducted to evaluate the technical efficiency of soya bean production in Mubi North Local Government Area of Adamawa State, Nigeria. The objective of the study was to examine the inputs and output relationship of soya bean production in the study area. A multi stage random sampling techniques was used to select 80 respondents in the study area who were noted for soya beans production. Primary data were collected from the respondents with the aid of structured questionnaire and were analyzed using stochastic frontier function. It was therefore recommended that inputs such as seeds, fertilizers and agrochemicals which were the major inputs that increase the output of soya bean production in the study area should be made available on time, in right amounts and at affordable prices to the farmer's stakeholders in agriculture. Proper orientation and knowledge should be given to people willing to go into the cultivation of soya beans on the appropriate time of planting. Extension services should also be rendered effectively.
Economic Analysis of Chickpea Production in Damot Gale District, Southern Eth...Premier Publishers
The study examined determinants, resource use efficiency and profitability of smallholder chickpea production in Damot Gale district. The study employed multistage sampling to collect relevant primary data and used secondary data to substantiate the findings. A total of 146 producers selected from two administrative kebeles. Both qualitative and quantitative data were used for the study. Descriptive statistics, production function, resource use efficiency index and budgetary technique were the analytical methods employed in the study. The finding revealed that output of chickpea was influenced by plot size, fertilizer, pesticide, oxen days, level of education of the producer and the type of chickpea seed used positively and significantly. Resource use efficiency index of plot size (4.1), seed (1.3), pesticide (15.7) and oxen power (2.8) indicated the resources were underutilized while labor (-0.5) was the only over utilized resource. The study revealed the production is profitable even with resource use inefficiency. The average net revenue obtained by the typical chickpea producer was 20,377.87 birrs/ha with benefit cost ratio of 2.7. Shortage of land, pest and disease, high price of fertilizer, grain price fluctuation, high prices of improved seed and sudden drought were among important constraints of chickpea production in the study area. Thus, concerned bodies should work on policy relevant significant variables to improve the productivity, resource use efficiency and profitability of the production.
LIVES poultry value chain development interventions: Approaches and scalable ...ILRI
Presented by Abule Ebro, Yoseph Mekasha, Solomon Gizaw, Yayneshet Tesfay, Zeleke Mekuriaw, Gemeda Dhuguma, Berhanu Gebremedhin, Dirk Hoekstra and Azage Tegegne at the Workshop and Exhibition on Promoting Productivity and Market Access Technologies and Approaches to Improve Farm Income and Livelihoods in Ethiopia: Lessons from Action Research Projects, ILRI, Addis Ababa, 8-9 December 2016
Value addition after production would involve enhancements or additions to a product that result in higher returns to the commodity seller, who is often the smallholder farmer. This study was undertaken with the aim of analysing determinants of intensity of value addition to coffee by smallholders. A multi-stage stratified and simple random sampling technique was employed; and a total of 152 smallholder farmers from six kebeles were sampled. Data were collected from primary sources through a semi-structured interview schedule. Tobit econometric model was employed to identify the underlying determinants of coffee value addition. The result revealed that sex, literacy status, coffee farming experience, active family labour force, perception of farmers towards the adequacy of extension service on value addition, access to credit, ownership of sufficient drying facilities, perception of farmers towards price of dry cherry, and non- and off-farm income were significantly affected coffee value addition. The finding stress that policy aiming at offering farmers a fair price, providing adequate credit and other extension services, providing drying facilities, building capacity of farmers with knowledge, improving farmer’s business diversification besides coffee farming, and targeting gender inclusive strategy (paying attention to women) were recommended to increase coffee value addition at farm level.
Abstract— The study examined the cost and return of local chicken marketing in Mubi north local government area of Adamawa state. Data were collected from 120 respondents with aid of structured questionnaire using purposive and random sampling technique. Descriptive statistics, net income analysis, marketing efficiency (ME) were the analytical tools employed. The result revealed that local chicken marketing in the study area is mostly undertaken by the male gender (85%) who were in their active age between the age of 30-60 years. Majority of them had one form of formal education or the other and have marketing experience of more than five years. On the profitability of the enterprise a total variable cost ₦7887.00 was estimated using 2014 price of input and output. Cost of transportation accounting for 72.84%. The total revenue from the enterprise was estimated ₦13, 100 given the net income of ₦5213 an indication that the enterprise is profitable. A high marketing efficiency of 160% was computed an indication that the profit maximization motive of local chicken marketing is assured. It is recommended that the marketers should be motivated and encouraged with soft loans so as to expand their production.
Indonesia’s deforestation: Setting reference emission levels and understandin...CIFOR-ICRAF
This presentation examines the complex issue of determining reference emission levels for REDD+ in Indonesia, including competing historical, modeling and forward-looking approaches.
The study examined the efficiency of sorghum production in Maharashtra State, India. The technical, allocative and economic efficiencies of farmers producing sorghum were analysed from 100 randomly selected sorghum farmers. The maximum likelihood estimates of the stochastic frontier production function was used for the analysis, and the result revealed that farm size, labour, fertilizer and chemicals were significantly and positively related to sorghum output. The technical efficiency (TE) scores ranged from 0.28-0.94 with a mean TE of 0.67, implying that there is a scope for increasing technical efficiency in sorghum production by 33% in the short-run. The allocative efficiency index ranged from 0.11-0.90 with a mean of 0.54, implying that the average farm has the scope of increasing allocative efficiency by 46% in the short-run. The economic efficiency index ranged from 0.09-0.75 with a mean of 0.37, indicating wide efficiency differential between average farmers and the economically efficient farmers. The result of the stochastic frontier production function analysis showed that the variance parameters that is the sigma squared (ɗ2) and the gamma (ϒ) were statistically significant at 1% level of sorghum production
Software CrashLocator: Locating the Faulty Functions by Analyzing the Crash S...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
In recent years, studies have been dedicated mainly in the analysis, of crashes in real-world related to large-scale software systems. A crash in terms of computing can be termed as a computer program such as a software application that stops functioning properly. Software crash is a serious problem in production environment. When crash happens, the crash report with the stack trace of software at time of crash is sent to the developer team. Software development team may receive hundreds of stack traces from all deployment sites and many stack traces may be due to same problem. If the developer starts analyzing each trace, it may take a longer duration of time and redundancy many happen in terms of two developers fixing the same problem. This motivates us to present the solution to analyze the stack traces and find the important functions responsible for crash and rank them, so that development resources can be optimized. In this paper we have proposed the solution to solve the problem by developing Software CrashLocator.
Genetic Variability, Heritability and Genetic Advance in Potato (Solanum Tube...Premier Publishers
Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) used as fresh products and commercially processed foods such as French fries and chips.The objective of the experiment was to assess the nature and magnitude of variability in potato genotypes for tuber quality, yield and yield-related traits. Twenty four potato genotypes were evaluated at Holetta Agricultural Research Centre using a randomized complete block design with three replications during the growing season of 2017. The results of the analysis of variance indicated there was highly significant differences among the genotypes for all traits excepted peel content. The phenotypic (PCV) and genotypic (GCV) coefficient of variation ranged between 0.90 to 46.43% and 0.75 to 40.0%. Heritability in the broad sense (H2) and genetic advance as percent of the mean (GAM) ranged from 38.13 to 91.64% and 1.28 to 73.50%. High phenotypic coefficients of variation and genotypic coefficients of variation coupled with high heritability and genetic advance as percent of mean were observed for shoot dry mass weight, average tuber number, average tuber weight, unmarketable tuber yield, small size tuber and large size tubers. Therefore, selection for these characters would be effective for the emerging processing industry and could be selected as parents for future crossing program in Ethiopia.
Dairy Production System in Lowland Areas of Gambella, EthiopiaAI Publications
The objective of this study was to identify and assessing the different types of dairy cattle production systems, management practices, marketing and its constraints that exist in the Itang district. A total of 120 households were selected from four kebeles using simple random selection method after identifying the dairy owner from the community using purposive sampling method. Descriptive statistics, one way ANOVA, chi-square and ranking were analysed using SPSS statistical package. The majority of producers (63.3%) in the pastoral system produced milk for home consumption, while the majority of mixed crop–livestock producers (40.0%) produced milk for selling purpose. In the mixed crop–livestock system, mostly cereal crop based grazing is the major feed resource but these feed resources were managed in a traditional ways. Almost all respondents in the mixed crop-livestock system (96.5%) and pastoral system (100%) did not supplement their lactating cow with additional feeds. More than 400 cattle herds from 2-3 villages graze together between 10 am to 4 pm daily. The majority of households (68.3%) in the mixed crop–livestock system kept their cattle separately in barn, while other 8.3% of the households did the same in pastoral areas. Constraints for dairy development in the area are diseased condition, thieves, lack of veterinary services, lack of credit, feed and feeding and poor extension services. It can be concluded dairy cattle production in the mixed crop-livestock system was economical and based on mixed agriculture (crops plus livestock) with some fishing activity, mining and wild food collection.
Farmers’ uptake of improved feed practices and reasons for adoption/ non adop...ILRI
Presented by Gregory Ndwandwa Sikumba at the CLEANED Project East Africa Stakeholder Consultation on Dairy and Environment Nairobi, Kenya, 18 September 2013
Land constraints and agricultural intensification in Ethiopia: A village leve...essp2
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) and Ethiopian Development Research Institute (EDRI) in collaboration with Ethiopian Economics Association (EEA). Eleventh International Conference on Ethiopian Economy. July 18-20, 2013
Sources of Inefficiency and Growth in Agricultual Output in Subsistence Agric...essp2
Ethiopian Development Research Institute (EDRI) and International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI, Seventh International Conference on Ethiopian Economy, EEA Conference, June 26, 2010
Understanding the adoption of multiple packages of system of rice intensifica...CGIAR
This presentation was given by Poornima Varma (Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad), as part of the Annual Scientific Conference hosted by the University of Canberra and co-sponsored by the University of Canberra, the Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR) and CGIAR Collaborative Platform for Gender Research. The event took place on April 2-4, 2019 in Canberra, Australia.
Read more: https://www.canberra.edu.au/research/faculty-research-centres/aisc/seeds-of-change and https://gender.cgiar.org/annual-conference-2019/
Factors Affecting Adoption of Value Addition Practices among Smallholder Iris...Premier Publishers
In Kenya, value addition in Irish potatoes provides farmers with substantial income. However, the adoption of value addition practices is still low among farmers. Currently, there is a dearth of information on the factors affecting the adoption of value addition practices among smallholder Irish potato farmers in Bomet County. Using single cross-sectional data from 200 randomly selected respondents, the study determined factors affecting the uptake of value addition practices using the Binary logistic regression model. Descriptive statistics show that the majority of the Irish potato farmers (62.5%) adopted value addition practices. It was also found that the majority of the farmers did not attend training, and were not accessing agricultural extension services and credit facilities. Logistic regression results show that group membership (P = 0.013), cost per unit of potatoes (P = 0.041), and total land size (P = 0.058) were key variables that significantly influenced adoption of value addition. From the results, it is critical for farmers to join farmer groups and increase acreage under Irish potato production to reduce cost per unit. Farmers should also adopt modern value addition technologies to be encouraged to reduce post-harvest losses of potatoes and to improve smallholder farmers’ income.
Technical Efficiency of Soya Beans Production in Mubi North Local Government ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— The study was conducted to evaluate the technical efficiency of soya bean production in Mubi North Local Government Area of Adamawa State, Nigeria. The objective of the study was to examine the inputs and output relationship of soya bean production in the study area. A multi stage random sampling techniques was used to select 80 respondents in the study area who were noted for soya beans production. Primary data were collected from the respondents with the aid of structured questionnaire and were analyzed using stochastic frontier function. It was therefore recommended that inputs such as seeds, fertilizers and agrochemicals which were the major inputs that increase the output of soya bean production in the study area should be made available on time, in right amounts and at affordable prices to the farmer's stakeholders in agriculture. Proper orientation and knowledge should be given to people willing to go into the cultivation of soya beans on the appropriate time of planting. Extension services should also be rendered effectively.
Economic Analysis of Chickpea Production in Damot Gale District, Southern Eth...Premier Publishers
The study examined determinants, resource use efficiency and profitability of smallholder chickpea production in Damot Gale district. The study employed multistage sampling to collect relevant primary data and used secondary data to substantiate the findings. A total of 146 producers selected from two administrative kebeles. Both qualitative and quantitative data were used for the study. Descriptive statistics, production function, resource use efficiency index and budgetary technique were the analytical methods employed in the study. The finding revealed that output of chickpea was influenced by plot size, fertilizer, pesticide, oxen days, level of education of the producer and the type of chickpea seed used positively and significantly. Resource use efficiency index of plot size (4.1), seed (1.3), pesticide (15.7) and oxen power (2.8) indicated the resources were underutilized while labor (-0.5) was the only over utilized resource. The study revealed the production is profitable even with resource use inefficiency. The average net revenue obtained by the typical chickpea producer was 20,377.87 birrs/ha with benefit cost ratio of 2.7. Shortage of land, pest and disease, high price of fertilizer, grain price fluctuation, high prices of improved seed and sudden drought were among important constraints of chickpea production in the study area. Thus, concerned bodies should work on policy relevant significant variables to improve the productivity, resource use efficiency and profitability of the production.
LIVES poultry value chain development interventions: Approaches and scalable ...ILRI
Presented by Abule Ebro, Yoseph Mekasha, Solomon Gizaw, Yayneshet Tesfay, Zeleke Mekuriaw, Gemeda Dhuguma, Berhanu Gebremedhin, Dirk Hoekstra and Azage Tegegne at the Workshop and Exhibition on Promoting Productivity and Market Access Technologies and Approaches to Improve Farm Income and Livelihoods in Ethiopia: Lessons from Action Research Projects, ILRI, Addis Ababa, 8-9 December 2016
Value addition after production would involve enhancements or additions to a product that result in higher returns to the commodity seller, who is often the smallholder farmer. This study was undertaken with the aim of analysing determinants of intensity of value addition to coffee by smallholders. A multi-stage stratified and simple random sampling technique was employed; and a total of 152 smallholder farmers from six kebeles were sampled. Data were collected from primary sources through a semi-structured interview schedule. Tobit econometric model was employed to identify the underlying determinants of coffee value addition. The result revealed that sex, literacy status, coffee farming experience, active family labour force, perception of farmers towards the adequacy of extension service on value addition, access to credit, ownership of sufficient drying facilities, perception of farmers towards price of dry cherry, and non- and off-farm income were significantly affected coffee value addition. The finding stress that policy aiming at offering farmers a fair price, providing adequate credit and other extension services, providing drying facilities, building capacity of farmers with knowledge, improving farmer’s business diversification besides coffee farming, and targeting gender inclusive strategy (paying attention to women) were recommended to increase coffee value addition at farm level.
Abstract— The study examined the cost and return of local chicken marketing in Mubi north local government area of Adamawa state. Data were collected from 120 respondents with aid of structured questionnaire using purposive and random sampling technique. Descriptive statistics, net income analysis, marketing efficiency (ME) were the analytical tools employed. The result revealed that local chicken marketing in the study area is mostly undertaken by the male gender (85%) who were in their active age between the age of 30-60 years. Majority of them had one form of formal education or the other and have marketing experience of more than five years. On the profitability of the enterprise a total variable cost ₦7887.00 was estimated using 2014 price of input and output. Cost of transportation accounting for 72.84%. The total revenue from the enterprise was estimated ₦13, 100 given the net income of ₦5213 an indication that the enterprise is profitable. A high marketing efficiency of 160% was computed an indication that the profit maximization motive of local chicken marketing is assured. It is recommended that the marketers should be motivated and encouraged with soft loans so as to expand their production.
Indonesia’s deforestation: Setting reference emission levels and understandin...CIFOR-ICRAF
This presentation examines the complex issue of determining reference emission levels for REDD+ in Indonesia, including competing historical, modeling and forward-looking approaches.
The study examined the efficiency of sorghum production in Maharashtra State, India. The technical, allocative and economic efficiencies of farmers producing sorghum were analysed from 100 randomly selected sorghum farmers. The maximum likelihood estimates of the stochastic frontier production function was used for the analysis, and the result revealed that farm size, labour, fertilizer and chemicals were significantly and positively related to sorghum output. The technical efficiency (TE) scores ranged from 0.28-0.94 with a mean TE of 0.67, implying that there is a scope for increasing technical efficiency in sorghum production by 33% in the short-run. The allocative efficiency index ranged from 0.11-0.90 with a mean of 0.54, implying that the average farm has the scope of increasing allocative efficiency by 46% in the short-run. The economic efficiency index ranged from 0.09-0.75 with a mean of 0.37, indicating wide efficiency differential between average farmers and the economically efficient farmers. The result of the stochastic frontier production function analysis showed that the variance parameters that is the sigma squared (ɗ2) and the gamma (ϒ) were statistically significant at 1% level of sorghum production
Software CrashLocator: Locating the Faulty Functions by Analyzing the Crash S...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
In recent years, studies have been dedicated mainly in the analysis, of crashes in real-world related to large-scale software systems. A crash in terms of computing can be termed as a computer program such as a software application that stops functioning properly. Software crash is a serious problem in production environment. When crash happens, the crash report with the stack trace of software at time of crash is sent to the developer team. Software development team may receive hundreds of stack traces from all deployment sites and many stack traces may be due to same problem. If the developer starts analyzing each trace, it may take a longer duration of time and redundancy many happen in terms of two developers fixing the same problem. This motivates us to present the solution to analyze the stack traces and find the important functions responsible for crash and rank them, so that development resources can be optimized. In this paper we have proposed the solution to solve the problem by developing Software CrashLocator.
Genetic Variability, Heritability and Genetic Advance in Potato (Solanum Tube...Premier Publishers
Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) used as fresh products and commercially processed foods such as French fries and chips.The objective of the experiment was to assess the nature and magnitude of variability in potato genotypes for tuber quality, yield and yield-related traits. Twenty four potato genotypes were evaluated at Holetta Agricultural Research Centre using a randomized complete block design with three replications during the growing season of 2017. The results of the analysis of variance indicated there was highly significant differences among the genotypes for all traits excepted peel content. The phenotypic (PCV) and genotypic (GCV) coefficient of variation ranged between 0.90 to 46.43% and 0.75 to 40.0%. Heritability in the broad sense (H2) and genetic advance as percent of the mean (GAM) ranged from 38.13 to 91.64% and 1.28 to 73.50%. High phenotypic coefficients of variation and genotypic coefficients of variation coupled with high heritability and genetic advance as percent of mean were observed for shoot dry mass weight, average tuber number, average tuber weight, unmarketable tuber yield, small size tuber and large size tubers. Therefore, selection for these characters would be effective for the emerging processing industry and could be selected as parents for future crossing program in Ethiopia.
Dairy Production System in Lowland Areas of Gambella, EthiopiaAI Publications
The objective of this study was to identify and assessing the different types of dairy cattle production systems, management practices, marketing and its constraints that exist in the Itang district. A total of 120 households were selected from four kebeles using simple random selection method after identifying the dairy owner from the community using purposive sampling method. Descriptive statistics, one way ANOVA, chi-square and ranking were analysed using SPSS statistical package. The majority of producers (63.3%) in the pastoral system produced milk for home consumption, while the majority of mixed crop–livestock producers (40.0%) produced milk for selling purpose. In the mixed crop–livestock system, mostly cereal crop based grazing is the major feed resource but these feed resources were managed in a traditional ways. Almost all respondents in the mixed crop-livestock system (96.5%) and pastoral system (100%) did not supplement their lactating cow with additional feeds. More than 400 cattle herds from 2-3 villages graze together between 10 am to 4 pm daily. The majority of households (68.3%) in the mixed crop–livestock system kept their cattle separately in barn, while other 8.3% of the households did the same in pastoral areas. Constraints for dairy development in the area are diseased condition, thieves, lack of veterinary services, lack of credit, feed and feeding and poor extension services. It can be concluded dairy cattle production in the mixed crop-livestock system was economical and based on mixed agriculture (crops plus livestock) with some fishing activity, mining and wild food collection.
Farmers’ uptake of improved feed practices and reasons for adoption/ non adop...ILRI
Presented by Gregory Ndwandwa Sikumba at the CLEANED Project East Africa Stakeholder Consultation on Dairy and Environment Nairobi, Kenya, 18 September 2013
Presentation given by Mauro Vigani at the recent ICAE conference in Milan.
The aim of the work is to provide a comprehensive analysis on the impact of maize technologies at household level in Tanzania, disentangling the effect of improved maize seeds and inorganic fertilizers on each of the four dimensions of food security
By: Dawit Mekonnen, Elizabeth Bryan, TekieAlemu, and Claudia Ringler
Presented by Elizabeth Bryan (e.bryan@cgiar.org)
Poverty and Applied Micro Seminar
The World Bank
Wednesday, October 7, 2015
Importance of livestock manure in crop production in TanzaniaILRI
Presented by Luke Korir, Nils Teufel and Henry Kiara at the Tropentag 2020: Food and Nutrition Security and its Resilience to Global Crises, Virtual Conference, 9–11 September 2020
Gender perspectives in estimation of rates and determinants of adoption of th...CGIAR
This presentation was given by Jumba Humphrey (ILRI/LIVESTOCK), as part of the Annual Gender Scientific Conference hosted by the CGIAR Collaborative Platform for Gender Research. The event took place on 25-27 September 2018 in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, hosted by the International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) and co-organized with KIT Royal Tropical Institute.
Read more: http://gender.cgiar.org/gender_events/annual-conference-2018/
Gender perspectives in vaccination against East Coast fever in Kenyackmtraining
Presented by Humphrey Jumba, Henry Kiara and George Owuor at the CGIAR Collaboration Platform for Gender Research Second Annual Scientific Conference, ILRI, Addis Ababa, 25-28 September 2018.
Smallholder demand for and access to chemical fertilizers in Ethiopiaessp2
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) and Ethiopian Development Research Institute (EDRI) in collaboration with Ethiopian Economics Association (EEA). Eleventh International Conference on Ethiopian Economy. July 18-20, 2013
The role of mixed crop-livestock farming systems in ensuring food securityILRI
Presented by Philip Thornton and Mario Herrero at the 67th Annual Meeting of the European Federation of Animal Science, Belfast UK, 29 August –2 September 2016
Trends and Determinants of Cereal Productivity: Econometric ANalysis of Natio...essp2
Ethiopian Development Research Institute (EDRI) and International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), Seventh International Conference on Ethiopian Economy, June 24, 2010
Analysis of milk production, butter marketing and household use of inputs in ...ILRI
Presented by Berhanu Gebremedhin, Kaleb Shiferaw, AzageTegegne and Dirk Hoekstra at Workshop on the 30th International Conference of Agricultural Economists (ICAE), Vancouver, British Columbia, 28 July-2 August 2018
Towards climate smart livestock systems in Tanzania: assessing opportunities to meet the triple win
Poster presented at the 3rd Global Science Conference on Climate-Smart Agriculture in Montpellier.
Read more: http://ccafs.cgiar.org/3rd-global-science-conference-%E2%80%9Cclimate-smart-agriculture-2015%E2%80%9D#.VRurLUesXX4
Feed Resources for Animals in Asia: Issues, Strategies for Use, Intensificati...copppldsecretariat
The availability and efficient use of the feed resources in Asia are the primary drivers of performance to maximise
productivity from animals. Feed security is fundamental to the management, extent of use, conservation and intensification for
productivity enhancement. The awesome reality is that current supplies of animal proteins are inadequate to meet human requirements in
the face of rapidly depleting resources: arable land, water, fossil fuels, nitrogenous and other fertilisers, and decreased supplies of cereal
grains. The contribution of the ruminant sector lags well behind that of non-ruminant pigs and poultry. It is compelling therefore to shift
priority for the development of ruminants (buffaloes, cattle, goats and sheep) in key agro-ecological zones (AEZs), making intensive use
of the available biomass from the forage resources, crop residues, agro-industrial by-products (AIBP) and other non-conventional feed
resources (NCFR). Definitions are given of successful and failed projects on feed resource use. These were used to analyse 12 case
studies, which indicated the value of strong participatory efforts with farmers, empowerment, and the benefits from animals of
productivity-enhancing technologies and integrated natural resource management (NRM). However, wider replication and scaling up
were inadequate in project formulation, including systems methodologies that promoted technology adoption. There was overwhelming
emphasis on component technology applications that were duplicated across countries, often wasteful, the results and relevance of which
were not clear. Technology delivery via the traditional model of research-extension linkage was also inadequate, and needs to be
expanded to participatory research-extension-farmer linkages to accelerate diffusion of technologies, wider adoption and impacts. Other
major limitations concerned with feed resource use are failure to view this issue from a farming systems perspective, strong disciplinary
bias, and poor links to real farm situations. It is suggested that improved efficiency in feed resource use and increased productivity from
animals in the future needs to be cognisant of nine strategies. These include priorities for feed resource use; promoting intensive use of
crop residues; intensification of integrated ruminant-oil palm systems and use of oil palm by-products; priority for urgent, wider
technology application, adoption and scaling up; rigorous application of systems methodologies; development of adaptation and
mitigation options for the effects of climate change on feed resources; strengthening research-extension-farmer linkages; development of
year round feeding systems; and striving for sustainability of integrated farming systems. These strategies together form the challenges
for the future.
[ Originally posted on http://www.cop-ppld.net/cop_knowledge_base ]
Pollination knowledge exchange for food, nutrition and livelihood security in...SIANI
Pollination knowledge exchange for food, nutrition and livelihood security in South and Southeast Asia. Lotta Fabricius Kristiansen, National Competence Centre for Advisory Services, SLU Råd/nu.
Inclusive market development for urban and rural prosperitySIANI
Inclusive market development for urban and rural prosperity. Elisabet Montgomery, Senior Policy Specialist for Employment and Market Development at Swedish Agency for Development Cooperation, Sida
Fair and just food systems enabling local midstream businesses? What does it ...SIANI
Fair and just food systems enabling local midstream businesses? What does it take? Romina Cavatassi, Lead Economist with the Research and Impact Assessment division of IFAD
Agroecology as an approach to design sustainable Food SystemsSIANI
Agroecology as an approach to design sustainable Food Systems. Marcos Lana, Senior Lecturer at the Department of Crop Production Ecology (SLU) and General Secretary of Agroecology Europe (AEEU)
UN Food Systems Summit: Swedish National Dialogue Presentations (Morning Sess...SIANI
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Farming with Organic Fertiliser: Crop-Livestock Integration for Sustainable Resource Management in Ethiopia
1. Farming with organic fertilizer: crop-livestock integration for
sustainable resource management in Ethiopia
Hailemariam Teklewold Belayneh, University of Gothenburg, Dpt of Economics. E-mail:
hailemariam.teklewold@economics.gu.se Tel: +46-76-262-7814
ABSTRACT
In the mixed farming system where low soil organic matter content and soil nutrient depletion
stifles crop productivity and livestock feed availability, the emphasis on intensification focusing
crop-livestock integration is important for harnessing nutrient recycling. This study suggests an
econometric model to estimate the increase of organic fertilizer production due to livestock
technology adoption and the crossover effect of crop production, identify the critical factors
constrained the taking up of livestock technology and suggest policy recommendations towards
the strengthening of crop-livestock synergies aiming to sustainable use of natural resources.
Analysis is made on a cross section of 493 farm households in the central highlands of Ethiopia.
The result shows that adoption of crossbred-cow technology depends positively on nearness of
the farm households to the extension service and access to complementary inputs and
negatively on her risk preference. Adopting crossbreeding technology induces an expected
increase of farm household’s organic fertilizer production of 3.93 tons. The positive cross over
effect of crop technology on organic fertilizer production is significantly higher for crossbred-
cow technology adopter than the effect on non-adopter. Hence, crop-livestock integration as
explained by the product-product relationship is strong due to joint application of crop and
livestock technologies.
2. Motivation
Soil fertility depletion is one of the problem causing declining
food production in developing countries
(Amare etal 2005; Girmay etal, 2008).
In Ethiopia:
National estimates of input, extraction and balance:
• Inorganic: 8.5 N kg/ha and 9.8 P kg/ha
• Organic: 29 N kg/ha and 7.2 P kg/ha
Extraction: harvested crop, erosion, leaching, etc
• Balance: -122 N kg/ha and -13 P kg/ha
- negative soil nutrients balance
- mining of the soil
3. This is mainly due to constraints:
– Inorganic fertilizers (DAP and urea) = 14% area
• due to continuous rise of prices (Croppenstedt et al (2003); Amare
et al (2005); Teklewold et al 2006).
– Organic fertilizers (manure) = 15% area
• Allocation problem: source of energy and selling
(Mekonnen and Kohlin, 2008; Girmay etal 2008; Amare etal,
2005; Fitsum etal 1999; Erkossa and Teklewold (2009) ).
• Availability constraints: the past few decades have
witnessed:
• Increasing population densities
• Decreasing availabilities of arable land
• Conversion of grazing land for cultivation
• Declining of soil fertility
• Traditional production system (limited intensification)
4. • The problem:
– Low livestock productivity and dwindling of
manure supply
– Low agriculture productivity (partly due to little
organic fertilizer produced)
– Interventions do not take into account crop-
livestock interactions.
5. The questions:
• How can the system of crop-livestock are
further integrated for organic fertilizer in terms
of:
• technological,
• managerial and
• institutional considerations?
6. Fig. 1. Farm yard manure under crop-livestock system
Farm
Yard
Manure
Farm land
(size,
productivity)
Technology
Biomass
(Straw)
Traction
Grazing
land
Farm
inputs
Market
(cash, off-
farm)
Livestock
Crop
(Grain)
Household
(consumption,
labor)
7. Objectives of the study:
• suggest an econometric model to estimate the effect of the
non-allocable livestock technology adoption and the crossover
effect of crop technology on FYM production,
• identify the critical factors constrained the taking up of
livestock technology and
• suggest policy recommendations towards the strengthening of
crop-livestock synergies aiming to sustainable use of natural
resources in the mixed crop-livestock system
8. • H1: average farm household FYM production is higher for
livestock technology adopters (those owned cross-bred cow)
than non-adopter farm households:
• H2: the cross over effect of crop technology (area covered with
modern crop seeds) on FYM production is higher for those
farm households who integrate livestock technology in their
farming system than the non-adopters
• H3: livestock technology adoption influenced
+ by access to other complementary inputs
+ by effective communication
• the innovation-diffusion model or transfer-of-technology
(Roger, 1962)
- by risk aversion behavior
( ) ( )u
m
b
m yy Ε>Ε
9. Method of analysis:
- endogenous switching regression
Livestock
Technology
Adopters
Non-Adopters
( ) ( )( ) u
mi
b
mimi yhyhy α−+α= 1
bibbi
b
mi uXy +β′=
uiuui
u
mi uXy +β′=
10. The data and study areas
• The data for this study originates from a farm
household survey conducted by the EIAR in
2006.
• conducted in three different zones of the
central highlands of Ethiopia.
• The total sample consists of 491 farm
households.
• Multi-stage random sampling technique was
employed for selecting districts and
households from each area.
11. • The data provides a unique opportunity for the analysis
requiring different:
– household characteristics,
– crop and livestock system components.
– Manure production and various utilization
• contains information such as:
– household and farm characteristics (sex, age, education,
labor, etc);
– social organization (cooperatives, associations);
– resource endowments (land, livestock, credit, off-farm,
etc);
– agricultural technologies (crops, livestock);
– information (extension, training) and
– farmer’s risk preference
12. Descriptive statistics
Variables Definition Non-binded Binded
Location
westshoa West shoa zone = 1 0.177 0.123
eastshoa East shoa zone = 1 0.316 0.247
Crop effect
improvedarea Modern crop variety grown (ha) 1.049 (0.747) 1.052 (0.764)
cultivated Cultivated land area (ha) 2.152 (1.528) 2.538 (1.876)
Livestock effect
traindairy Training on dairying = 1 0.049 0.300
privatgraz Private grazing land (ha) 0.477 (0.454) 0.656 (0.809)
comunalgraz Access to communal grazing land = 1 0.342 0.370
dungprice1 Price of FYM (Birr/100 kg) 64.992 (19.131) 66.471 (21.907)
TLU1 Livestock size (Tropical Livestock Unit) 5.823 (3.009) 7.815 (4.864)
coopmilk Cooperatives member = 1 0.083 0.207
zerograz Cut and feeding system = 1 0.034 0.097
concentrate concentarte feeding = 1 0.068 0.758
veternairy veterniary service = 1 0.075 0.722
13. . . . continued decriptive statistics
Variables Definition Non-binded Binded
Location
westshoa West shoa zone = 1 0.177 0.123
eastshoa East shoa zone = 1 0.316 0.247
Market/information
distanceda Distance to extension agent (hours) 0.515 (0.449) 0.452 (0.431)
offarm Off-farm work = 1 0.361 0.471
Household characterstics
age Age in years 45.748 (12.937) 46.590 (12.862)
sex Male = 1 0.865 0.907
education Years of education 3.297 (3.721) 4.991 (4.353)
adultEquvalent Family size (in adult equivalent) 4.565 (1.778) 4.843 (1.810)
equib Rotating credit and saving club = 1 0.421 0.467
Risk Farmer’s risk preference (Rank)
1=Neutral to prefering 0.165 0.211
2=Slight to neutral 0.098 0.154
3=Moderate 0.203 0.189
4=Intermediate 0.180 0.185
5=Severe 0.120 0.079
6=Extreme averse 0.233 0.181
N Number of cases 265 226
14. Switching regression: FYM production differentials
)()( uiuui
u
mibibbi
b
mi uxyuxy +β′=>+β′=
- It is found that:
- But the difference is due to:
- technological
- observed characterstics
Unconditional Non-binded Binded
Conditional on Conditional on
Adopter, Non-Adopter, Binding Non-binding Binding Non- Binding
8.98 (0.15) 5.05(0.07) 4.79 (0.11) 5.36 (0.10) 10.37 (0.26) 7.81 (0.14)
Average differences in FYM production under different regimes
3.93(0.17) 2.49 (0.18) 2.55 (0.29)
0.57(0.16) 5.58 (0.29)
5.01 (0.27)
Table 5. Average FYM production (ton/annum) under different regimes
( )b
myE ( )u
myE ( )0=hyE u
m( )1=hyE u
m ( )1=hyE b
m ( )0=hyE b
m
( ) ( )u
m
b
m yEyE − ( ) ( )00 =−= hyEhyE b
m
u
m
( ) ( )10 =−= hyEhyE u
m
u
m
( ) ( )01 =−= hyEhyE b
m
b
m
( ) ( )11 =−= hyEhyE u
m
b
m
( ) ( )01 =−= hyEhyE u
m
b
m
17. Conclusions and implications
• The major constraint in smallholder farms in many
developing countries is the negative soil nutrient
balance.
• Jointness of crops and livestock production is often
considered as an opportunity towards sustainable
agricultural production
– because of the associated organic matter and
nutrient recycling.
• In further support of the idea, this study employed an
endogenous switching model:
– To show joint intensification on technologies for increasing
crop-livestock synergies for sustainable soil mgt.
18. • It is clear that a considerable amount of component
research, along disciplinary lines has been
undertaken.
– however, many technological innovations have suffered
from limited uptake due to a wide range of cultural,
economic and technical reasons;
– and a lack of appreciation of the wider impacts of
technologies in the other system of components may often
be ignored
– this might be due to the underestimation by policy makers
and planners of the importance of farming system approach
that consider each system as an integral and significant
component of the mixed farming system, affecting the
sustainable management of resources.