Presented by Sirak Bahta and Derek Baker at the International Food and Agribusiness Management Association (IFAMA) annual meeting, Cape Town, South Africa, 16-17 June 2014.
Factors affecting profit efficiency among smallholder beef producers in BotswanaILRI
Botswana’s livestock sector provides about two thirds of national agricultural value added and beef production is a vital part of the rural economy as a source of income and employment. However, throughout the beef value chain, high costs of Sanitary and Phyto-sanitary (SPS) compliance are apparent, and on the demand side, reductions in EU beef support prices have adversely affected competitiveness and the country is unable to utilise fully its preferential access to EU import markets. This poster presents information on a study to measure competitiveness in Botswana's beef value chain and identify the factors affecting it, so as to advocate change in Botswana’s smallholder livestock systems.
Measurement of competitiveness in smallholder livestock systems and emerging ...ILRI
Presented by S. Bahta (ILRI) and P. Malope (BIDPA) at the Conference on Policies for Competitive Smallholder Livestock Production, Gaborone, Botswana, 4-6 March 2015
Measuring competitiveness of beef and sheep production on national and intern...ILRI
Presented by Claus Deblitz (Thünen Institute of Farm Economics) and Sirak Bahta (ILRI) at the Conference on Policies for Competitive Smallholder Livestock Production, Gaborone, Botswana, 4-6 March 2015
Trade liberalization and regional dietary patterns in rural indiaExternalEvents
Cherry Law, University of Kent
Expert consultation on trade and nutrition
15-16 November 2016, FAO Headquarters, Rome
http://www.fao.org/economic/est/est-events-new/tradenutrition/en/
Analyze Production Efficiency and Scale Efficiency of Rice Farming Households...ijtsrd
Data Envelopment Analysis DEA was used in this study to evaluate the production efficiency of rice farming households in Hau Giang Province. Research data were collected from 250 rice farming households. DEA method was used in the studyto measure the cost effectiveness based on aggregating the technical efficiency and allocative efficiency. Besides, the study estimated and compared the scale efficiency of rice farming households. The research results indicated that rice farmers in Hau Giang achieved technical efficiency at a pretty good level whereas the allocative efficiency was at a fairly goodlevel, and the cost efficiency was at an average level. The results also showed that the majority of rice farming households reached high scale efficiency, particularly, many households got the optimal scale efficiency. Nguyen Quoc Nghi | La Nguyen Thuy Dung "Analyze Production Efficiency and Scale Efficiency of Rice Farming Households in Hau Giang Province" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-5 , August 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31887.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/economics/development-economics/31887/analyze-production-efficiency-and-scale-efficiency-of-rice-farming-households-in-hau-giang-province/nguyen-quoc-nghi
Factors affecting profit efficiency among smallholder beef producers in BotswanaILRI
Botswana’s livestock sector provides about two thirds of national agricultural value added and beef production is a vital part of the rural economy as a source of income and employment. However, throughout the beef value chain, high costs of Sanitary and Phyto-sanitary (SPS) compliance are apparent, and on the demand side, reductions in EU beef support prices have adversely affected competitiveness and the country is unable to utilise fully its preferential access to EU import markets. This poster presents information on a study to measure competitiveness in Botswana's beef value chain and identify the factors affecting it, so as to advocate change in Botswana’s smallholder livestock systems.
Measurement of competitiveness in smallholder livestock systems and emerging ...ILRI
Presented by S. Bahta (ILRI) and P. Malope (BIDPA) at the Conference on Policies for Competitive Smallholder Livestock Production, Gaborone, Botswana, 4-6 March 2015
Measuring competitiveness of beef and sheep production on national and intern...ILRI
Presented by Claus Deblitz (Thünen Institute of Farm Economics) and Sirak Bahta (ILRI) at the Conference on Policies for Competitive Smallholder Livestock Production, Gaborone, Botswana, 4-6 March 2015
Trade liberalization and regional dietary patterns in rural indiaExternalEvents
Cherry Law, University of Kent
Expert consultation on trade and nutrition
15-16 November 2016, FAO Headquarters, Rome
http://www.fao.org/economic/est/est-events-new/tradenutrition/en/
Analyze Production Efficiency and Scale Efficiency of Rice Farming Households...ijtsrd
Data Envelopment Analysis DEA was used in this study to evaluate the production efficiency of rice farming households in Hau Giang Province. Research data were collected from 250 rice farming households. DEA method was used in the studyto measure the cost effectiveness based on aggregating the technical efficiency and allocative efficiency. Besides, the study estimated and compared the scale efficiency of rice farming households. The research results indicated that rice farmers in Hau Giang achieved technical efficiency at a pretty good level whereas the allocative efficiency was at a fairly goodlevel, and the cost efficiency was at an average level. The results also showed that the majority of rice farming households reached high scale efficiency, particularly, many households got the optimal scale efficiency. Nguyen Quoc Nghi | La Nguyen Thuy Dung "Analyze Production Efficiency and Scale Efficiency of Rice Farming Households in Hau Giang Province" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-5 , August 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31887.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/economics/development-economics/31887/analyze-production-efficiency-and-scale-efficiency-of-rice-farming-households-in-hau-giang-province/nguyen-quoc-nghi
Farming with Organic Fertiliser: Crop-Livestock Integration for Sustainable R...SIANI
This study was presented during the conference “Production and Carbon Dynamics in Sustainable Agricultural and Forest Systems in Africa” held in September, 2010.
Analysis of milk production, butter marketing and household use of inputs in ...ILRI
Presented by Berhanu Gebremedhin, Kaleb Shiferaw, AzageTegegne and Dirk Hoekstra at Workshop on the 30th International Conference of Agricultural Economists (ICAE), Vancouver, British Columbia, 28 July-2 August 2018
Can improved food legume varieties increase technical efficiency in crop prod...africa-rising
Presented by Girma T. Kassie, Aden Aw-Hassan, Seid A. Kemal, Luleseged Desta, Peter Thorne, Kindu Mekonnen and Mulugeta Yitayih, ILRI, Addis Ababa, 29 September 2016
Yichen Que - Evaluation of the Impact of Errors in the Sorting of Pigs for Ma...John Blue
Evaluation of the Impact of Errors in the Sorting of Pigs for Market on Sort Loss and Optimal Market Weight at a Range of Marketing Ages - Yichen Que, from the 2017 Allen D. Leman Swine Conference, September 16-19, 2017, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA.
More presentations at http://www.swinecast.com/2017-leman-swine-conference-material
"Agricultural Biodiversity, Dietary Diversity, and Nutritional Outcomes: Empirical Evidence from Tajikistan" presented by Kamiljon Akramov, Mehrab Malek, at Regional Research Conference “Agricultural Transformation and Food Security in Central Asia”, April 8-9, 2014, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
This presentation was made by Dr. Mathieu Ouédraogo, Participatory Action Research specialist/CCAFS West Africa at the WASCAL Science Symposium, 19-21 June 2018, Tang Palace Hotel, Accra, Ghana
Farming with Organic Fertiliser: Crop-Livestock Integration for Sustainable R...SIANI
This study was presented during the conference “Production and Carbon Dynamics in Sustainable Agricultural and Forest Systems in Africa” held in September, 2010.
Analysis of milk production, butter marketing and household use of inputs in ...ILRI
Presented by Berhanu Gebremedhin, Kaleb Shiferaw, AzageTegegne and Dirk Hoekstra at Workshop on the 30th International Conference of Agricultural Economists (ICAE), Vancouver, British Columbia, 28 July-2 August 2018
Can improved food legume varieties increase technical efficiency in crop prod...africa-rising
Presented by Girma T. Kassie, Aden Aw-Hassan, Seid A. Kemal, Luleseged Desta, Peter Thorne, Kindu Mekonnen and Mulugeta Yitayih, ILRI, Addis Ababa, 29 September 2016
Yichen Que - Evaluation of the Impact of Errors in the Sorting of Pigs for Ma...John Blue
Evaluation of the Impact of Errors in the Sorting of Pigs for Market on Sort Loss and Optimal Market Weight at a Range of Marketing Ages - Yichen Que, from the 2017 Allen D. Leman Swine Conference, September 16-19, 2017, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA.
More presentations at http://www.swinecast.com/2017-leman-swine-conference-material
"Agricultural Biodiversity, Dietary Diversity, and Nutritional Outcomes: Empirical Evidence from Tajikistan" presented by Kamiljon Akramov, Mehrab Malek, at Regional Research Conference “Agricultural Transformation and Food Security in Central Asia”, April 8-9, 2014, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
This presentation was made by Dr. Mathieu Ouédraogo, Participatory Action Research specialist/CCAFS West Africa at the WASCAL Science Symposium, 19-21 June 2018, Tang Palace Hotel, Accra, Ghana
On December 8 and 9, a Dairy Expert Roundtable Meeting on “Competitive Dairy Value Chains in Southeast Asia” was held in Muak Lek, Thailand. In this regional meeting, participants from six countries in Southeast Asia discussed how the relatively small dairy value chains could be more competitive and sustainable.
Technical efficiency in beef cattle production in Botswana: a stochastic meta...ILRI
Presented by Sirak Bahta at the Tropentag 2014 Conference on Bridging the gap between increasing knowledge and decreasing resources, Prague, 17−19 September 2014
Dr. Ken Stalder - Industry Productivity AnalysisJohn Blue
Industry Productivity Analysis - Dr. Ken Stalder, Iowa State University, from the 2013 World Pork Expo, June 5 - 7, 2013, Des Moines, IA, USA.
More presentations at http://www.swinecast.com/2013-world-pork-expo
En Italie, la nouvelle PAC vise notamment l’amélioration des conditions d’élevage et la réduction du recours aux antibiotiques. Un écorégime spécifique est introduit, avec deux niveaux de paiement selon l’engagement des éleveurs. Il est atteignable uniquement par l’inscription dans la démarche ClassyFarm, développée par le ministère de la santé.
Characterizing adopters of sustainable intensification innovations: Evidence ...africa-rising
Poster prepared by Beliyou Haile (IFPRI) Carlo Azzarri, Cleo Roberts, Zhe Guo and Maria Comanescu for the International Conference on Integrated Systems Research, Ibadan, Nigeria, 3-6 March 2015
Dr. Ken Stalder - Pork Industry Productivity AnalysisJohn Blue
Pork Industry Productivity Analysis - Dr. Ken Stalder, Iowa State University, from the 2014 World Pork Expo, June 4 - 6, 2014, Des Moines, IA, USA.
More presentations at http://www.swinecast.com/2014-world-pork-expo
Small ruminant keepers’ knowledge, attitudes and practices towards peste des ...ILRI
Presentation by Guy Ilboudo, Abel Sènabgè Biguezoton, Cheick Abou Kounta Sidibé, Modou Moustapha Lo, Zoë Campbell and Michel Dione at the 6th Peste des Petits Ruminants Global Research and Expertise Networks (PPR-GREN) annual meeting, Bengaluru, India, 28–30 November 2023.
Small ruminant keepers’ knowledge, attitudes and practices towards peste des ...ILRI
Poster by Guy Ilboudo, Abel Sènabgè Biguezoton, Cheick Abou Kounta Sidibé, Modou Moustapha Lo, Zoë Campbell and Michel Dione presented at the 6th Peste des Petits Ruminants Global Research and Expertise Networks (PPR-GREN) annual meeting, Bengaluru, India, 29 November 2023.
A training, certification and marketing scheme for informal dairy vendors in ...ILRI
Presentation by Silvia Alonso, Jef L. Leroy, Emmanuel Muunda, Moira Donahue Angel, Emily Kilonzi, Giordano Palloni, Gideon Kiarie, Paula Dominguez-Salas and Delia Grace at the Micronutrient Forum 6th Global Conference, The Hague, Netherlands, 16 October 2023.
Milk safety and child nutrition impacts of the MoreMilk training, certificati...ILRI
Poster by Silvia Alonso, Emmanuel Muunda, Moira Donahue Angel, Emily Kilonzi, Giordano Palloni, Gideon Kiarie, Paula Dominguez-Salas, Delia Grace and Jef L. Leroy presented at the Micronutrient Forum 6th Global Conference, The Hague, Netherlands, 16 October 2023.
Food safety research in low- and middle-income countriesILRI
Presentation by Hung Nguyen-Viet at the first technical meeting to launch the Food Safety Working Group under the One Health Partnership framework, Hanoi, Vietnam, 28 September 2023
Presentation by Hung Nguyen-Viet at the first technical meeting to launch the Food Safety Working Group under the One Health Partnership framework, Hanoi, Vietnam, 28 September 2023
Reservoirs of pathogenic Leptospira species in UgandaILRI
Presentation by Lordrick Alinaitwe, Martin Wainaina, Salome Dürr, Clovice Kankya, Velma Kivali, James Bugeza, Martin Richter, Kristina Roesel, Annie Cook and Anne Mayer-Scholl at the University of Bern Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences Symposium, Bern, Switzerland, 29 June 2023.
Assessing meat microbiological safety and associated handling practices in bu...ILRI
Presentation by Patricia Koech, Winnie Ogutu, Linnet Ochieng, Delia Grace, George Gitao, Lily Bebora, Max Korir, Florence Mutua and Arshnee Moodley at the 8th All Africa Conference on Animal Agriculture, Gaborone, Botswana, 26–29 September 2023.
Ecological factors associated with abundance and distribution of mosquito vec...ILRI
Poster by Max Korir, Joel Lutomiah and Bernard Bett presented the 8th All Africa Conference on Animal Agriculture, Gaborone, Botswana, 26–29 September 2023.
Practices and drivers of antibiotic use in Kenyan smallholder dairy farmsILRI
Poster by Lydiah Kisoo, Dishon M. Muloi, Walter Oguta, Daisy Ronoh, Lynn Kirwa, James Akoko, Eric Fèvre, Arshnee Moodley and Lillian Wambua presented at Tropentag 2023, Berlin, Germany, 20–22 September 2023.
DERIVATION OF MODIFIED BERNOULLI EQUATION WITH VISCOUS EFFECTS AND TERMINAL V...Wasswaderrick3
In this book, we use conservation of energy techniques on a fluid element to derive the Modified Bernoulli equation of flow with viscous or friction effects. We derive the general equation of flow/ velocity and then from this we derive the Pouiselle flow equation, the transition flow equation and the turbulent flow equation. In the situations where there are no viscous effects , the equation reduces to the Bernoulli equation. From experimental results, we are able to include other terms in the Bernoulli equation. We also look at cases where pressure gradients exist. We use the Modified Bernoulli equation to derive equations of flow rate for pipes of different cross sectional areas connected together. We also extend our techniques of energy conservation to a sphere falling in a viscous medium under the effect of gravity. We demonstrate Stokes equation of terminal velocity and turbulent flow equation. We look at a way of calculating the time taken for a body to fall in a viscous medium. We also look at the general equation of terminal velocity.
Nucleophilic Addition of carbonyl compounds.pptxSSR02
Nucleophilic addition is the most important reaction of carbonyls. Not just aldehydes and ketones, but also carboxylic acid derivatives in general.
Carbonyls undergo addition reactions with a large range of nucleophiles.
Comparing the relative basicity of the nucleophile and the product is extremely helpful in determining how reversible the addition reaction is. Reactions with Grignards and hydrides are irreversible. Reactions with weak bases like halides and carboxylates generally don’t happen.
Electronic effects (inductive effects, electron donation) have a large impact on reactivity.
Large groups adjacent to the carbonyl will slow the rate of reaction.
Neutral nucleophiles can also add to carbonyls, although their additions are generally slower and more reversible. Acid catalysis is sometimes employed to increase the rate of addition.
BREEDING METHODS FOR DISEASE RESISTANCE.pptxRASHMI M G
Plant breeding for disease resistance is a strategy to reduce crop losses caused by disease. Plants have an innate immune system that allows them to recognize pathogens and provide resistance. However, breeding for long-lasting resistance often involves combining multiple resistance genes
Toxic effects of heavy metals : Lead and Arsenicsanjana502982
Heavy metals are naturally occuring metallic chemical elements that have relatively high density, and are toxic at even low concentrations. All toxic metals are termed as heavy metals irrespective of their atomic mass and density, eg. arsenic, lead, mercury, cadmium, thallium, chromium, etc.
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptxMAGOTI ERNEST
Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvementIshaGoswami9
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...University of Maribor
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intelligent Systems.
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
The Evolution of Science Education PraxiLabs’ Vision- Presentation (2).pdfmediapraxi
The rise of virtual labs has been a key tool in universities and schools, enhancing active learning and student engagement.
💥 Let’s dive into the future of science and shed light on PraxiLabs’ crucial role in transforming this field!
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Travis Hills' Endeavors in Minnesota: Fostering Environmental and Economic Pr...Travis Hills MN
Travis Hills of Minnesota developed a method to convert waste into high-value dry fertilizer, significantly enriching soil quality. By providing farmers with a valuable resource derived from waste, Travis Hills helps enhance farm profitability while promoting environmental stewardship. Travis Hills' sustainable practices lead to cost savings and increased revenue for farmers by improving resource efficiency and reducing waste.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
Unveiling the Energy Potential of Marshmallow Deposits.pdf
Determinants of profit efficiency among smallholder beef producers in Botswana
1. Determinants of profit efficiency among
smallholder beef producers in Botswana
Sirak Bahta, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI)
Derek Baker, University of New England ARMIDALE , Australia
International Food and Agribusiness Management Association (IFAMA) annual meeting
Cape Town, South Africa
16-17 June 2014
2. Outline
Background
Objective of the study
Literature review
Methodological approach
Results and discussion
Conclusion and policy implications
1
3. Agriculture in Botswana:
The main source of income and employment in Rural
areas (42.6 percent of the total population)
30 percent of the country’s employment
More than 80 percent of the sector’s GDP is from
livestock production
Cattle production is the only source of agricultural
exports
Background
2
7. Growing domestic beef demand and on-going shortage of beef for
export:
Beef export quota has been declining sharply (e.g. from 86
percent in 2001 to 34 percent in 2007 (IFPRI, 2013 ))
Problems in production and marketing into export channels
• High transaction costs
• Farmers’ preferences for keeping animals to an advanced age
• Lack of understanding of the various markets’ quality requirements
Not clear as to whether beef production is competitive
Studies have relied on household budget analysis and limited
household data
Others have concentrated on productivity of agriculture
Background
(Cont.)
6
8. Objective of the study
To derive a statistical measure of profit efficiency, thus
competitiveness, of different herd size smallholder farmers
using a stochastic profit frontier approach
Specifically the study seeks to:
• Identify the determinants of profitability and efficiency
drivers
• Measure overall efficiency score of beef producers
• Testing for the effects of farm size on efficiency both
within and between size classes
• Come up with policy recommendations to improve
competitiveness of beef production 7
9. Competitiveness relate in one way or another to
profitability
Sustained ability to profitably gain and maintain
market share (Agriculture Canada, 1991)
• Competitiveness can be measured at three levels,
macro; meso and micro-levels
• “the ability to sell products that meet demand
requirements in terms of price, quality & quantity
and at the same time ensure profits”
Literature review
8
10. • Productivity and efficiency : often cited as indicators or measures of
competitiveness or profitability.
• Measuring efficiency: potential input reduction or potential output
increase relative to a reference (Latruffe, 2010).
– Technically defined by non-parametric and parametric methods
• The non-parametric approach uses mathematical programming
techniques –Data envelope analysis (DEA)
• The parametrical analysis of efficiency uses econometric techniques
to estimate a frontier function - Stochastic frontier analysis (SFA)
Methodological Approach
9
11. • Household data, collected by survey
• More than 600 observations
Methodological Approach
Study Area
10
12. Methodological Approach
Cobb-Douglas Profit frontier function
𝜋𝑖 = 𝑓(𝑝𝑖, 𝑍) 𝑒𝑥𝑝(𝑉𝑖 − 𝑈𝑖 )𝑖 = 1, 2, … . . 𝑛
Dependent variable = profit normalized by output price
Independent variable = Input prices normalized by output
price(feed, veterinary and Labor), Fixed costs per beef equivalent
(Fixed capital, family labor and Land)
Efficiency drivers: household characteristics (Age, Education,
Gender, non-farm income, access to crop farm income) and
transaction cost variables (distance to markets, access to
agriculture/market information) and location variable (FMD
zone)
11
13. Results and discussion
Descriptive statistics
Variables
HZ1
(N=238)
HZ2
(N=140)
HZ3
(N=178)
Pooled
(N=556)
F-
statistics
Value of beef Cattle output (Pula
per year)
2,076.4 58,60.1 11,215.8 5,955.0 0.000
Average Beef cattle price (Pula) 1,772.3 2,081.4 2,218.7 1,993.0 0.000
Feed cost (Pula per year) 264.6 782.71 922.18 605.6 0.002
Veterinary cost (Pula per year) 296.0 565.92 1,192.2 650.9 0.000
Paid labour cost (Pula per year) 1,450.5 2,765.83 4,797.8 2,853.3 0.000
Cost of other inputs (Pula per
year)
3,53.9 725.36 1158.0 704.9
Value of fixed capital (Pula) 22,170.9 48,869.9 343,544.6 131,779.5 0.006
Total crop land area (Hectares) 4.9 6.88 7.30 6.19 0.198
Family labour (hours per month) 201.5 226.85 209.17 210.3 0.585
12
14. Variables
HZ1
(N=238)
HZ2
(N=140)
HZ3
(N=178)
Pooled
(N=556)
F-
statistics
Age of household head (Years) 58.9 59.9 60.9 59.8 0.440
Gender (% female farmers) 31.1% 22.1% 10.1% 22.1% 0.000
Education of Household head
(years)
4.1 4.24 6.62 4.95 0.000
Household Off farm income (Pula
per year)
41,372.6 48,535.9 77,728.8 54,815.6 0.000
Distance to market(Km) 28.9 29.58 61.83 39.7 0.000
Herd size (Beef cattle equivalent) 5.3 14.45 55.99 23.9 0.000
Information access (Yes=1, No=2) 73.5% 79.3% 79.2% 76.8% 0.288
FMD disease zone (Yes=1, No=2) 36.6% 39.3% 53.9% 42.8% 0.001
Crop income (Yes=1, No=2) 43.3% 52.9% 51.7% 48.4% 0.112
Credit access 1.3% 2.9% 3.4% 2.3% 0.333
Note: 1 Pula = 0.1159 USD (FNB, 2013)
Results and discussion
Descriptive statistics(Cont.)
13
18. • In general the mean efficiency of 0.58 (for the pooled
sample) implies that there is a substantial loss of profit due
to inefficiency.
• Profits could be increased through reduction in inputs costs
and improved access to crop land
• Examination of the influence of scale on profitability
yielded mixed results : details of how boundaries are drawn
between size classes are important and should be
examined in further research
• Presence of inefficiency in the study reminds that
production models that assume absolute efficiency could
lead to misleading conclusions.
Conclusion and policy implications
17
19. • Policies to improve farm profit should be directed at
Reducing input prices (encouraging farmers to engage in
feed production and extend LACs services to large farmers
with efficient control mechanism)
Improving access to crop land
Improving infrastructure such as roads (Currently only 45
percent of farmers have access to roads (IFPRI 2013) and
collection points of livestock
Encouraging farmers to engage in crop farming, particularly
in feed production
Training of farmers especially in marketing
Encouraging young farmers in beef production
Conclusion and policy implications
18