The document discusses the binomial system of scientific naming of species and the taxonomic classification of organisms. It provides guidance on classifying organisms into the three domains of life - Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya. Eukaryotes are further classified into kingdoms, phyla, classes, orders, families, genera, and species. Characteristics of common plant and animal phyla are outlined to allow identification. The construction of dichotomous keys is also discussed as a method for identifying organisms. Natural classifications help in identification of species and allow prediction of characteristics shared within taxonomic groups.
Guided notes covering material from Topic 5.3 of the updated IB Biology syllabus for 2016 exams. Notes sequence and prompts are based on the Oxford IB Biology textbook by Allott and Mindorff.
Guided notes covering material from Topics 5.1 and 5.2 of the updated IB Biology syllabus for 2016 exams. Notes sequence and prompts are based on the Oxford IB Biology textbook by Allott and Mindorff.
Guided notes covering material from Topic 5.3 of the updated IB Biology syllabus for 2016 exams. Notes sequence and prompts are based on the Oxford IB Biology textbook by Allott and Mindorff.
Guided notes covering material from Topics 5.1 and 5.2 of the updated IB Biology syllabus for 2016 exams. Notes sequence and prompts are based on the Oxford IB Biology textbook by Allott and Mindorff.
Guided notes covering material from Topic 5.4 of the updated IB Biology syllabus for 2016 exams. Notes sequence and prompts are based on the Oxford IB Biology textbook by Allott and Mindorff.
Guided notes covering material from Topic 5.4 of the updated IB Biology syllabus for 2016 exams. Notes sequence and prompts are based on the Oxford IB Biology textbook by Allott and Mindorff.
This article includes Basics classification like binomial nomenclature, Taxa hierarchic, Five kingdoms of Robert H. Whittaker, Levels of Organization, and Classificationa and features of Protozoa, Porifera and Coelenterata
Exam 2 Study Guide. All questions will be over these concepts, voc.docxSANSKAR20
Exam 2 Study Guide. All questions will be over these concepts, vocabulary, and facts
Chp 10:
Cell Cycle
Genome
Mitosis
Chp11:
Meiosis
Gamete
Haploid & Diploid cell
Sexual reproduction
Chp12:
Gregor Mendel
Traits
Genotype & Phenotype
Allele
Dominant Trait & Recessive trait
Homozygous & Heterozygous
Punnet Square (concept. You will not do one on the exam)
Predictable Genetic frequencies (pedigree, farming genetic disorders)
Wild Type
Law of Segregation
Law of Independent assortment
Chp14:
DNA
Backbone
Nucleic Acid
Nucleotides
Base
Base Pair
Codon
Gene
Chromosome
DNA Polymerase (concept, vocab word)
Helicase (concept, vocab word)
Okazaki Fragment (concept, vocab word)
Proof Reading
Telomeres
DNA bases (4) and which bind
RNA: Uracil
Steps of DNA Replication (just listing the steps: min 5 max 10, depending on word choice)
Chp 15:
The Central Dogma of Biology
Transcription (steps, concepts)
Translation (steps, concepts)
tRNA
Mutation
Biotechnology
Chp 18:
Evolution
Natural Selection
Charles Darwin & Alfred R. Wallace
“Survival of the fittest” is incorrect.
Adaptation
Species
Hybrid (species): Postzygotic & Prezygotic
Speciation
Allopatric Speciation
Sympatric Speciation
Adaptive Radiation
Gradual Speciation & Punctuated Equilibrium
Chp 19:
Evolution
Evolution cumulative functions of: (know each)
Mutation, Genetic Drift, Migration, Natural Selection
Chance (involved with Evolution): Fixation, Founder Effect, Population Bottleneck
Natural Selection: 3 conditions for occurrence; what it looks like; what it does/does not do
Convergent Evolution
Evolution’s influence over, but not its “purpose”
Species are the basic unit of Biodiversity
Chp 20:
Phylogeny
Phylogenetic Trees/models
Concept of “shared ancestry”
Taxonomy: concept, define, & list 8 hierarchical categories
Convergent Evolution
Molecular Systematics & DNA Homology
Compare Phylogeny verse the “species concept”
Chp 21-29:
Biodiversity
Flora, Fauna, Biota
Virus (concept, importance to Evolution by Natural Selection)
Importance of “Domain”
Prokaryotes: Define, importance/role in Nature
Stromatolites as evidence
Biofilms
Protists: define, importance/role in Nature
Fungi: Define, importance/role in Nature
3 descriptors of Fungi
Fungal DNA
Hyphae & Mycelium
Decomposer
Mycorrhizae
Plants:
Ancestry (phylogeny)
Plants: Define, importance/role in nature
3 defining descriptors of Plants
Specific adaptations for evolution to land
3 problems all plants (as a phylogenetic group) face
Non-vascular Plant
Vascular Plant
Vascular Seed Plant
Vascular Tissue: Xylem & Phloem
Roots, True leaves
Waxy Cuticle
Important role of Ecological Succession of Plants to Life
Seed Plants:
Seed: define, role/importance of to a plant, water & reproduction
Spermatophytes
Gymnosperm
Angiosperm,
Flower & Fruit
Flower: Stamen, Carpel, Petal, Ovary)
Herbivory
Pollination & Pollinators: Trickery, Bribery, coevolution of
Importance of Plants to Humans
Humans and Plants coevolution
The life of a bee is very different f ...
The binomial system of names for species is universal among biologists and has been agreed and developed at a series of congresses.
When species are discovered they are given scientific names using the binomial system.
All organisms are classified into three domains.
Taxonomists classify species using a hierarchy of taxa.
The principal taxa for classifying eukaryotes are kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus and species.
In a natural classification, the genus and accompanying higher taxa consists of all the species that have evolved from one common ancestral species.
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
DERIVATION OF MODIFIED BERNOULLI EQUATION WITH VISCOUS EFFECTS AND TERMINAL V...Wasswaderrick3
In this book, we use conservation of energy techniques on a fluid element to derive the Modified Bernoulli equation of flow with viscous or friction effects. We derive the general equation of flow/ velocity and then from this we derive the Pouiselle flow equation, the transition flow equation and the turbulent flow equation. In the situations where there are no viscous effects , the equation reduces to the Bernoulli equation. From experimental results, we are able to include other terms in the Bernoulli equation. We also look at cases where pressure gradients exist. We use the Modified Bernoulli equation to derive equations of flow rate for pipes of different cross sectional areas connected together. We also extend our techniques of energy conservation to a sphere falling in a viscous medium under the effect of gravity. We demonstrate Stokes equation of terminal velocity and turbulent flow equation. We look at a way of calculating the time taken for a body to fall in a viscous medium. We also look at the general equation of terminal velocity.
1. Understandings, Applications and Skills (This is what you may be assessed on)
Statement Guidance
5.3 U.1 The binomial system of names for species is
universal among biologists and has been agreed
and developed at a series of congresses.
5.3 U.2 When species are discovered they are given
scientific names using the binomial system.
5.3 U.3 Taxonomists classify species using a hierarchy of
taxa.
.
5.3 U.4 All organisms are classified into three domains. Archaea, eubacteria and eukaryote
should be used for the three
domains. Members of these
domains should be referred to as
archaeans, bacteria and
eukaryotes. Viruses are not
classified as living organisms.
5.3 U.5 The principal taxa for classifying eukaryotes are
kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus and
species.
5.3 U.6 In a natural classification, the genus and
accompanying higher taxa consist of all the species
that have evolved from one common ancestral
species.
5.3 U.7 Taxonomists sometimes reclassify groups of
species when new evidence shows that a previous
taxon contains species that have evolved from
different ancestral species.
5.3 U.8 Natural classifications help in identification of
species and allow the prediction of characteristics
shared by species within a group.
2. Understandings, Applications and Skills (This is what you may be assessed on)
Statement Guidance
5.3 A.1 Classification of one plant and one animal species
from domain to species level.
5.3 A.2 Recognition features of bryophyta, filicinophyta,
coniferophyta and angiospermophyta.
Students should know which plant
phyla have vascular tissue, but
other internal details are not
required.
5.3 A.3 Recognition features of porifera, cnidaria,
platylhelmintha, annelida, mollusca, arthropoda and
chordata.
. Recognition features expected for
the selected animal phyla are those
that are most useful in
distinguishing the groups from
each other and full descriptions of
the characteristics of each phylum
are not needed.
5.3 A.4 Recognition of features of birds, mammals,
amphibians, reptiles and fish.
5.3 S.1 Construction of dichotomous keys for use in
identifying specimens.
.
5.3 U.1 The binomial system of names for species is universal among biologists and has been
agreed and developed at a series of congresses.
1. Who is known as the "Father of Taxonomy"? (Slide 108)
2. What is a species and how do new species develop? (Slide 108)
3. . Why are common names a problem for scientists? (Slide 109)
3. 5.3 U.2 When species are discovered they are given scientific names using the binomial
system.
4. What is binomial nomenclature? (Slide 110)
5. List the rules for writing a scientific name. (Slide 110)
5.3 U.3 Taxonomists classify species using a hierarchy of taxa.
6. Using the classification system, circle the scientific name that is LEAST like the other 2
in the 3 groups listed below.
a. Canis familiaris Canis lupis Felis domesticus
b. Felis domesticus Mus domesticus Felis concolor
c. Acer rubrum Acer saccarum Reseda odorata
5.3 U.4 All organisms are classified into three domains.
7. What is domain? (Slide 114)
8. Fill in the chart below, giving a brief description of each domain.
4. 5.3 A.1 Classification of one plant and one animal species from domain to species level. (Slide
115)
5.3 U.5 The principal taxa for classifying eukaryotes are kingdom, phylum, class, order, family,
genus and species.
9. In the table below, list the seven levels in the hierarchy of taxa and design
an acronym to help you remember them. Using two examples from different kingdoms
give all seven levels. Fill in the missing categories (Slide 115)
Hierarchical
level
ACRONYM PLANT Example: ANIMAL Example:
Most
diverse
Kingdom King Plantae Animalia
Phylum Phillip Magnoliophyta
Came
Came
Mammalia
Order Over Malvales
Family For Malvaceae Hominid
Most
Specific
Genus
Good
species Spaghetti
rosa
Common
Name
Beach Beauty Human
5. Use the following table to answer questions 9-12:
Kingdom Animalia Animalia Animalia Animalia
Phylum Chordata Chordata Chordata Chordata
Class Mammalia Mammalia Mammalia Mammalia
Order Cetacea Carnivora Carnivora Carnivora
Family Mysticeti Mustelidae Felidae Felidae
Genus Balaenoptora Mustela Felis Felis
Species B. physalus M. furo F. domesticus F. rufus
Common Name Blue Whale Ferret Domestic cat Bobcat
9. How does the table indicate that a cat is more closely related to a bobcat
than a ferret?
10. At what level does the relationship between a blue whale and a ferret
separate?
11. Which two animals are most closely related? Explain.
12. What kind of animal is Balaenoptora borealis? How do you know?
6. 5.3 A.2 Recognition features of bryophyta, filicinophyta, coniferophyta and angiospermophyta.
13. Describe the identifying features of members of the plantae Kingdom
(Slide 118)
Leaves, roots &
stems
Vascular tissue Reproduction
Structure
Bryophyta
(mosses)
• No roots, but
structures
similar to root
hairs called
rhizoids
• Mosses have
simple leaves
and stems
• Liverworts
have a
flattened
thallus
Flicinophyta
(Ferns)
• Roots
present
• Short non-
woody stems.
• Leaves
usually
divided into
pairs of
leaflets
Coniferophyta
(Conifers/Pines)
Seeds develop from ovules
in female cones. Male
cones produce pollen.
Angiospermophyta
(Flowering Plants)
Seeds develop from ovules
in ovaries, inside flowers.
Seeds are dispersed by
fruits which develop from
the ovaries.
.
7. 5.3 A.4 Recognition of features of birds, mammals, amphibians, reptiles and fish. (Slide 120)
Limbs Gas
Exchange
Reproduction Other features
Mammals 4 Pentadactyl
limbs
Lungs with
alveoli
• Internal
fertilization
•
•
• Hairs growing
from the skin
• Teeth including
living tissue
Birds 4 Pentadactyl
limbs, 2 limbs
modified as
wings
Lungs with
parabronchial
tubes
• Internal
fertilization
•
• Feathers
growing from
skin
• Beak but no
teeth
Reptiles 4 Pentadactyl
limbs
Lungs with
extensive
folding
•
• Soft shells
around eggs
•
• Simple teeth –
no living
tissue
Amphibians 4 Pentadactyl
limbs
• External
fertilization in
water
• Protective jelly
around eggs
• Larval stage lives
in water
• Soft moist
permeable
skin
Fish Fins Gills • External
fertilization in
most species
• Scales grow
from the skin
• with a single
gill slit
• Swim bladder
for buoyancy
8. 5.3 U.6 In a natural classification, the genus and accompanying higher taxa consist of all the
species that have evolved from one common ancestral species.
14. Homologous structures has evolved through ‘adaptive radiation’. Explain this term.
(Slides 132-133)
5.3 U.7 Taxonomists sometimes reclassify groups of species when new evidence shows that a
previous taxon contains species that have evolved from different ancestral species.
15. Explain some of the new evidence being used today to help re-classify species.
https://www.yorkshiresdna.com/dna/mitochondrial-dna (Slide 130)
16. Outline the uses of the Y Chromosomes in Humans https://www.dnalc.org/view/15092-
Studying-the-Y-chromosome-to-understand-population-origins-and-migration-Michael-
Hammer.html
9. 5.3 S.1 Construction of dichotomous keys for use in identifying specimens
Introduction:
Many types of organisms can be identified using a dichotomous key. In this lab, you will identify
salamanders.
Procedure:
1. Use the dichotomous key provided to identify the salamanders in Figure 2.
2. Write the correct name for the salamander on the line below each picture on the next
page.
11. 5.3 A.3 Recognition features of porifera, cnidaria, platylhelmintha, annelida, mollusca,
arthropoda and chordata. Distinguish between the following phyla of animals, using external
recognition features and giving examples. (Slide 136)
Symmetry Segmentation Digestive
tract
Other features
porifera
(sponges)
None • Porous
• attached to
rocks
• Filter feeder
cnidaria
(corals,
jellyfish)
None Mouth but
no anus
• Stinging cells
• Tentacles
platylhelmintha
(flatworms)
None Mouth but
no anus
• Flattened body
annelida
(earthworms,
leeches)
Bilateral Very
segmented
• bristles often
present
Mollusca
(oyster,snails,
octopus)
Bilateral Non-visible
segmentation
Mouth and
anus
• Most have shell
made of
CaCO3
Arthropoda
(ant, scorpion,
crab)
Bilateral Segmented Mouth and
anus
• Exoskeleton
•
Chordata
(fish, birds,
mammals)
Bilateral Segmented Mouth and
anus
•
• hollow dorsal
nerve cord
• (some have )
pharyngeal slits
12. 5.3 U.8 Natural classifications help in identification of species and allow the prediction of
characteristics shared by species within a group
18. Natural classifications help in identification of species, provide an
example. (Slide 137)