5203 Disaster and Climate Resilience, Occupational Health and Safety

Occupational Health and Safety Chapter 1
1.1 Occupational health
1.1.1 Occupational safety and health
1.1.2 Principles of occupational Health and Safety
1.1.3 Occupational disease
1.1.4 Occupational / workplace hazard
1.1.5 Most Common Hazards in a Workplace
1.2 Biological hazard
1.3 Chemical hazard
1.4 Physical hazard
1.5 Safety hazard
1.6 Ergonomic hazard
1.7 Psychosocial hazard
2.3 Importance of risk assessment in workplace
2.4 Points to consider when doing a hazard assessment
1.1 Occupational health and Safety
1.1.1 Occupational safety and health
According to WHO (1995), occupational safety and health can be defined as a multidisciplinary activity aiming at:
• Protection and promotion of the health of workers by eliminating occupational factors and conditions that are hazardous to health
and safety at work
• Enhancement of physical, mental and social well-being of workers and support for the development and maintenance of their
working capacity, as well as professional and social development at work
• Development and promotion of sustainable work environments and work organizations
The ILO/WHO definition of occupational health is “The promotion and maintenance of the highest degree of physical, mental social
wellbeing of workers in all occupation” and the WHO considers occupational health service to be responsible for the total of worker
and, if possible, his or her family.
According to a statement by occupational health institutes collaborating with the WHO (1995) the most important challenges for
occupational health for the future will be:
• Occupational health problems linked to new information technologies and automation;
• New chemical substances and physical energies;
• Health hazards associated with new biotechnologies;
• Transfer of hazardous technologies;
• Aging working populations;
• Special problems of vulnerable and underserved groups (e.g. Chronically ill and handicapped), including migrants and the
unemployed; and,
• Problems related to growing mobility of worker populations and occurrence of new occupational diseases of various origins.
1.1.2 Principles of occupational Health and Safety
The basic principles for the development of occupational health and safety services are as follows:
a) The service must be preventive oriented and multidisciplinary.
b) The service should integrate and complement the existing public health service.
c) The service should address environmental considerations
d) The service should involve, participation of social partners and other stakeholders
f) The service should base up to date information, education, training, consultancy, and advisory services
g) The service should be considered as an investment contributing positively towards ensuring productivity and profitability.

DSM 5203: 5203 Disaster and Climate Resilience, Occupational Health and Safety
1.1.3 Occupational disease
An occupational disease is any illness or disorder a person develops primarily as a result of their occupation.
An occupational disease is a disease or disorder that is caused by the work or working conditions. This means that the disease must
have developed due to exposures in the workplace.
Any illness associated with a particular occupation or industry. Such diseases result from a variety of biological, chemical, physical,
and psychological factors that are present in the work environment or are otherwise encountered in the course of employment.
Examples of occupational diseases include:
▪ Asbestosis is a lung disease that is caused primarily by prolonged inhalation of asbestos fibres. It occurs mainly among workers
whose occupations involve exposure to asbestos and people who live near mines, factories, and construction sites.
▪ Coal worker's pneumoconiosis, from inhaling too much coal dust working in a coal mine.
▪ Leukemia, potentially as a result of being exposed to benzene at work.
1.1.4 Occupational / workplace hazard
Occupational hazards are risks of illnesses or accidents in the workplace. In other words, hazards that workers
experience in their place of work. An occupational hazard is something unpleasant that a person experiences or suffers as
a result of doing their job.
Every workplace has hazards. As an employer, you have a legal responsibility to look after your employees’ safety and
protect them against health and safety hazards at work.
In order to manage workplace health and safety and help prevent accidents and sickness absence, it’s important to
identify, monitor and reduce the risk associated with workplace hazards.
Some of the most common health risks associated with workplace hazards include:
▪ breathing problems;
▪ skin irritation;
▪ damage to muscles, bones and joints;
▪ hearing damage;
▪ reduced wellbeing.
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How to perform workplace hazard Identification?
Failure to identify hazards can often lead to serious injuries and dangers in the workplace. All safety and health
programs must consistently identify and assess hazards to ensure that all workers are safe and protected.
A hazard identification procedure is done through a collaborative effort of employers and workers. A step-by-step
procedure could be as follows:
1. Gather information about existing hazards that are likely to be present in the workplace.
2. Perform regular site walk throughs to identify new hazards.
3. Review accidents and near-miss logs to further investigate the root causes and program shortcomings.
4. Identify similar trends across all incidents, illnesses and hazards recorded. Also, consider hazards that are present on
non-routine jobs
5. Determine the level of risk, significance, and frequency of each hazard to know which needs to be prioritized.
Most Common Hazards in a Workplace
The words ‘risk’ and ‘hazard’ are often used interchangeably. However, if you are responsible for managing the health
and safety in your workplace, it’s important that you understand the difference between them. The rest of this article
focuses on hazards, including where they might be found in different workplaces. We also provide you with a range of
further resources to make your risk assessment process as smooth as possible.
The six main categories of hazards are:
1. Biological hazard
2. Chemical hazard
3. Physical hazard
4. Mechanical hazard
5. Safety hazard

Chapter-1: Occupational Health and Safety 3
6. Ergonomic hazard
7. Psychosocial hazard
1.2 Biological hazard
Biological hazards include viruses, bacteria, insects, animals, etc., that can cause adverse health impacts. These health
impacts can range from skin and respiratory system irritation, to the transmission of infections.
For example, mould, blood and other bodily fluids, harmful plants, sewage, dust and vermin.
Biological hazards can be transmitted to a person through:
▪ Inhalation
▪ Injection
▪ Ingestion
▪ Contact with the skin
Some biological hazards include:
a) Blood-borne diseases, including HIV, hepatitis B and C, and malaria
Blood-borne diseases are viruses or bacteria that can be transmitted through contact with infected blood or bodily
fluids. Those most at risk from blood-borne diseases are those working in the healthcare sector, for example,
doctors, nurses and dentists. However, many other professions can be at risk, such as cleaners, waste and refuse
collectors (someone who collects of rubbish and waste), street cleaners, park keepers and tattoo artists. Simply put,
anyone who might encounter sharps at work is at risk. Incidents that pose a risk for blood-borne disease transmission
can have serious health and psychological impacts.
b) Bacteria, moulds and fungi
Improperly managed work environments can make your work premises the ideal environment for bacteria, moulds and
fungi to thrive, such as Legionella bacteria. Exposure to bacteria, moulds and fungi can result in severe health impacts,
such as Legionnaire’s disease (a severe form of pneumonia caused by inhaling the bacteria from water or soil) and
respiratory disorders, and could exacerbate allergies. Workplaces most at risk include spa pools (small, heated and
jetted pools that are built into the ground), textile and print industries, and paper manufacturing, however any humid work
environment can be at risk.
c) Flour, milk powder or grain dusts
Exposure to organic dusts can result in severe health impacts, including respiratory irritation and occupational asthma.
Those at risk include individuals working in food manufacturing and preparation, such as in a bakery.

d) Other organic dusts
The deterioration of building materials, as well as building construction and agricultural activities, can expose
workers to a range of organic dusts, moulds and bacteria – including clay and straw dust. Exposure to these
can result in exacerbation of allergies, respiratory and skin irritation, among other health impacts.
e) Exposure to animals and vegetation
For example, those working in agriculture or horticulture, people working in zoos or as dog handlers, are at
risk of encountering bacteria, fungi, viruses and mites off the animals and vegetation they work around. If
not properly controlled, this exposure can result in a range of health impacts, including allergic diseases such
as farmer’s lung.
Farmer's lung is a disease caused by an allergy to the mold in certain crops. Farmers are most
likely to get it because it's usually caused by breathing in dust from hay, corn, grass for animal
feed, grain, tobacco, or some pesticides. Not everyone gets farmer's lung after breathing in these
things.
f) Research Laboratory
Health personnel such as laboratory technicians and scientists working on biological specimens are at risk
with biological hazards in the laboratory. Specimen such as blood, pus, stool and other tissue samples may
expose the workers to hazards such as HIV, Hepatitis, etc.
g) Health care facilities
Many potential biological agents exist in hospital environment. These are bacterial infection and viral
agents. Those working in laundry, housekeeping, laboratory, central supply, nursing station and dietary are
highly exposed to biohazard from the patient they handle, from the specimen they collect and from the cloth,
needle and pans they handle and from their general day to day activities.
i. Laundry
Workers in laundry are exposed to discharges from patients by virtue of the fact that contact with linen (bed
sheet), nightdresses and washable articles that are sent to the laundry for cleaning every day.
Control of infection or exposure is possible only if workers and hospital administration adhere to the
following:
􀂃 All linen should be placed in plastic or other bags at the bed side rather than carried carelessly across the
corridor or through the halls to where collection bags or the laundry is collected.
􀂃 Laundry bags should be color coded in order to alert laundry workers that, what is contained in the bags is
potentially hazardous.
􀂃 When the soiled laundry item reached the laundry the contents of the bags should be emptied directly into
the washing basin, machine or trough.
􀂃 Employees responsible for sorting and folding linens can also be sources of infection as a result of poor
personal hygiene.
Thorough hand washing and the use of rubber gloves are essential and basic infection control methods.
ii. Housekeeping
Housekeepers in hospitals are the single highest group exposed to infectious biological agents.
The areas and condition of contamination are:
􀂃 Contact with discarded contaminated disposable materials during all general cleaning activities.
􀂃 Widespread use of disposable materials, especially those used in intravenous administration and blood
collection.
􀂃 Contaminated hypodermic needles and intravenous catheters
􀂃 Dry sweeping of the floor does not remove many microbes. It rather pushes dust and other materials from
one area to the other. When mops and brooms are improperly treated dust is dispersed back into the air.
iii. Central Supply
The most serious problem in this department is the cleansing of surgical instruments. Grossly contaminated
materials should be sterilized in an autoclave before any handling or rinsing.

Scrubbing action is much more efficient than soaking, but it is during scrubbing that exposure to biohazard
is the greatest. Direct injection of microorganisms is possible if the skin is punctured with dirty instruments
or if the skin has a lesion that comes into contact with contaminated instruments.
iv. Health care staff
The possibility of exposure to infection of health care professionals that have direct contact with patients is
always present. Infection can be spread in health care facilities through:-
• Patient to patient
• Patient to other staff
• Patient to his/her own family
• Patient to visitors especially if consulting with family members of the patient
Health care workers are not the only person to spread infection.
Others are
• Patient
• Waste handlers, transporters
• Laundry staffs
Poor health care waste management system hazardous to:-
• Health care workers
• Patients
• Visitors
• Community
• Environment
To avoid such contamination health care workers should:
􀂃 Dispose of contaminated equipment properly so that no health hazard is exposed to infect others.
􀂃 Hands should be thoroughly washed with soap and water after visiting each patient to minimize the
chance of spreading harmful infection or organisms from patient to patient.
􀂃 Gowns, masks and caps must be worn whenever necessary and removed before entering clean areas such
as rest areas and lunchrooms.
v. Dietary
Staffs involved in food preparation are exposed to infection from infectious agents such as salmonella,
botulism, amoeba and staphylococcus, which can result from contact with raw fish, meat, and some
vegetables contaminated by sewage or human waste or dirty water.
Primary prevention against infection or contamination of the food include:
􀂃 Proper handling of food products (raw or cooked)
􀂃 Use clean hands and garments in the food processing areas
􀂃 No skin lesion of the food handlers
􀂃 Refrigeration of the food products at a safe temperature level in order to prevent growth of bacteria.
􀂃 Adequate cooking of foods.
The problem of biological hazard in health care delivery system is increasing because of:
1. Inadequate sanitation, disinfection and sterilization methods.
2. Increase in drug as well as chemical resistant strains of microbes.
3. Increase of high-risk patients (HIV/AIDS and TB).
h) Agriculture
Occupational exposures to biohazard also occur in agriculture.
There are three types of relationships in terms of disease transmission between humans and animals. These
are:
􀂃 Disease of vertebrate animals transmissible to human and other animals (Zoonosis)

􀂃 Disease of humans transmissible to other animals (Anthropozooonois)
􀂃 Disease of vertebrate animals chiefly transmissible to humans (Zooanthroponosis)
Biohazard Control Program
1. Employee health.
􀂃 Pre-placement examination for new employee.
􀂃 Periodic physical examination as part of a surveillance program.
􀂃 Vaccination.
2. Laboratory safety and health.
􀂃 Employee training
􀂃 Avoid if possible entering into a biohazard areas.
􀂃 Avoid eating, drinking, smoking and gum chewing in biohazard areas
􀂃 Wearing personal protective equipment is always advisable.
3. Biological safety cabinet
􀂃 To protect workers from exposure to aerosols especially when there is contact with biohazards in laundry
activities.
4. Animal care and handling
􀂃 Periodic examination, disposal of manure, cleanliness, collection of medical history and treatment.
1.3 Chemical hazard
Chemical hazards are hazardous substances that can cause harm. These hazards can result in both health and physical
impacts, such as skin irritation, respiratory system irritation, blindness, corrosion and explosions.
Chemical hazards are dependent on their:
• Amount
• Concentration
• Time of exposure
• Mode of entry to the body
• Age
• Sex
• Health status
• Resistance of the exposed workers
Examples of substances that pose a chemical hazard include:
a) Cleaning chemicals
Cleaning chemicals are used in almost every workplace to maintain good hygiene standards. Incorrect use of cleaning
chemicals can have serious impacts, including allergic reactions, asthma and respiratory irritation, dermatitis and
skin or eye burns.
b) Hair dye, shampoos, conditioners and henna/color products
These are all substances that we safely use at home without considering the risks. However, hair dye, shampoos,
conditioners and henna products, among other substances regularly found in hair and beauty salons, can have serious
health impacts if you don’t take the proper precautions.
In a hair salon, hazardous substances are likely to include:
• Aerosols.
• Shampoos and conditioners.
• Hair dye.
• Hairspray.
• Henna products.
• Cleaning chemicals and disinfectants.

In a hair salon, the effects are likely to include:
• Skin irritation or dermatitis from direct contact with the substance.
• Asthma from exposure to dusts or vapours.
• Infection from bacteria.
However, it is not just direct contact with the shampoo, dye or hairspray that can cause the
problem.
The main routes of entry for hazardous substances are:
• Inhalation – for example, breathing in hairspray.
• Skin absorption – for example, from wearing contaminated gloves.
• Injection – for example, coming into contact with contaminated sharp objects.
• Direct contact – for example, splashes or vapours in the eyes or on the skin.
• Ingestion – for example, swallowing chemicals or eating contaminated food.
What Causes Dermatitis in a Hair Salon?
Dermatitis can affect all parts of the body but most commonly it just affects the hands. People
that work with irritants in their job, or those whose work involves a lot of water, are more at
risk of suffering from dermatitis than others – which is why hairdressers need to be extra
careful.
In a hair salon, dermatitis is likely to be caused by:
• Frequent contact with water.
• Contact with the chemicals in hairdressing products, e.g. shampoo, bleach or hair
colour.
• Contact with cleaning chemicals or detergents.
If your work involves a lot of contact with water, then you are more at risk of developing
dermatitis. For example, if you wash the hair of 10+ customers throughout the day. The other
main cause is contact with the chemicals in hairdressing products when you’re shampooing,
dyeing, bleaching or cleaning up afterwards.
There are many ways in which your hands may come into contact with water and chemical
products.
For example:

• Washing or colouring hair with bare hands.
• Handling equipment left to soak in cleaning chemicals.
• Touching contaminated surfaces or clothing.
• Splashing chemicals on to your skin when mixing or handling them.
• Aerosols, such as hairspray, settling on your skin.
How to Prevent Dermatitis in a Hair Salon
Although dermatitis is an unpleasant condition to have, the good news is that it’s easily
preventable. There are a few simple things you can do to help prevent dermatitis:
• Wear disposable, non-latex gloves for shampooing, colouring and bleaching etc.
• Dry your hands thoroughly with a disposable paper towel.
• Moisturize your hands as often as possible with fragrance-free moisturiser. Make sure
that you moisturise all of your hands, wrists and fingers.
• Wear a new pair of gloves for every customer.
• Check your skin regularly for early signs of skin problems.
The Health and Safety Executive (HSE) recommends that skin creams are paraffin-based or
aqueous moisturising creams. These should be in a form that can be used without cross-
contamination
between users – so ensure each worker has their own supply. Skin creams are important as
they help to remove contamination from the skin and replace lost oils.
The HSE also provides a fun dermatitis myths fact sheet that you can download and
display in the workplace.
Checking for Dermatitis
You should check your skin for signs of damage every day – look out for areas of soreness,
redness or dryness on your hands, wrists and arms. Display the HSE picture sheet in your
workplace to encourage everyone to do this regularly.

PPE for Hairdressers
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) is recommended as a hair salon health and safety
measure. Protective gloves help to keep water and hair products off your skin and thus
prevent dermatitis.
The HSE recommends that the gloves you use at work are: single use, all-round smooth,
powder-free, non-latex gloves, ideally around 300mm length (top to tail). These are available
in different
sizes and it is important to use the size that fits properly. Choose long-length gloves with
folded cuffs to prevent water running down your arm where possible.
You should throw away single-use gloves every time they are taken off – instil a ‘new
customer new gloves’ mantra in the workplace to make sure people comply with this. This is
important because the gloves will be contaminated with products and water and may cause
dermatitis if re-used.
You should be sure to always dry your hands thoroughly after any wet work, even when you
are simply washing your hands with soap and water.

c) Nail glue, nail polish remover, primers and artificial nails, etc.
Incorrect use and storage of these substances can result in a range of serious health and safety risks. For example, skin
and respiratory irritation, headaches, dizziness, sickness, occupational asthma, cancer and fire hazards.
d) Welding fumes
Welding activities pose many hazards, including exposure to invisible gaseous fumes. These fumes include ozone,
nitrogen oxides, chromium and nickel oxides, and carbon monoxide. Exposure to these gases can cause serious health
impacts, including Pneumonia, occupational asthma, cancer, metal fume fever and respiratory irritation. If not
properly controlled, the fumes can impact the welder and anyone working in the vicinity.
e) Dangerous chemical substances
Many dangerous substances are used in industry, commerce, agriculture, research activities, hospitals and teaching
establishments.
The following terms are used in the classification of dangerous substances in the classification, packing and labeling
of dangerous substances regulations 1984.
A. Corrosion
B. Oxidizing
C. Harmful
D. Very toxic and toxic

E. Irritant
F. Highly flammable
G. Explosive
A. Corrosive
Hazard: Living tissues as well as equipment are destroyed on contact with these chemicals.
Caution: Do not breathe vapors and avoid contact with skin eyes, and clothing
B. Oxidizing
Hazard: ignite combustible material or worsen existing fire and thus make fire fighting more difficult.
Caution: Keep away from combustible material. Restrict smoking in that area.
C. Harmful
Hazard: Inhalation and insertion of or skin penetration by these substances is harmful to heath.
Caution: Avoid contact with the human body, including inhalation of vapors and in cases of malaise consult doctor.
D. Very toxic and toxic
Hazard: The substances are very hazardous to health whether breathed, swallowed or in contact with the skin and may
even lead to death.
Caution: Avoid contact with human body, and immediately consult a doctor in case of malaise.
E. Irritant
Hazard: May have an irritant effect on skin, eyes and respiratory organs
Caution: Do not breathe vapors and avoid contact with skin and eye
F. Highly Flammable
Hazard: Substances with flash point less than 60 0 C or 140 0F
Caution: keep away source of ignition.
G. Explosive
Hazard: Substances which may explode under certain condition
Caution: Avoid shock, friction, sparks and heat.
1.4 Physical hazard
Physical hazards are environmental factors that can harm an employee without necessarily touching them, including
heights, noise, radiation and pressure.
Examples of physical hazards include:
a) ELECTRICITY
Exposure to electrical live parts can result in serious injuries and fatalities, including electric shocks, burns, explosions
and falls from height. The risk is increased in wet conditions, where a worker’s equipment and surroundings can also
become live.
b) FIRES
Every workplace is at risk of fire. However, some workplaces are at an increased risk – either due to the work activities or
types or employees/residents. For example, care homes, schools, hotels, organisations that carry out hot work, food
manufacturers and restaurants. Fires can be devastating, both to the organisation and to the people impacted, they can
cause serious injuries, such as burns, asphyxiation and fatalities. A risk assessment is an essential precaution in fire safety
procedures; our free template will help you complete one for your premises.

c) CONFINED SPACES
Working in confined spaces poses serious hazards to employees. They can be especially dangerous because of the
reduced oxygen levels and potential build-up of gases, which can result in fires, explosions, asphyxiation and loss of
consciousness. Further risks include collapse and flooding. Examples of people at risk include anyone working in mines,
cold storage, tunnels, wells, ship holds, air ducts and manholes.
d) EXTREME TEMPERATURES
Exposure to freezing or extreme cold conditions can result in serious health impacts, including hypothermia, reduced
mental alertness, chilblains, trench foot and reduced dexterity. Those at risk include anyone required to work outdoors in
colder months, or in refrigerated warehouses, including construction workers, emergency response staff, fishermen, and
food manufacturers. Conversely, exposure to extreme heat can result in health impacts such as dehydration, heat
exhaustion and dizziness. Workers at risk include restaurant staff, launderers, smelters, welders and bakers.
Effects of hot temperature in work place include:
i. Heat Stress
Heat stress is a common problem in workplace because people in general function only in a very narrow temperature
range as seen from core temperature measured deep inside the body. Fluctuation in core temperature about 2°C below or
3°C above the normal core temperature of 37.6°C impairs performance markedly and a health hazard exists. When this
happens the body attempt to counteract by:
▪ Increasing the heart rate
▪ The capillaries in the skin dilate to bring more blood to the surface so that the rate of cooling is increased.
▪ Sweating to cool the body
ii. Heat stroke
Heat stroke is caused when the body temperature rises rapidly in a worker who is exposed to a work environment in
which the body is unable to cool itself sufficiently. Predisposing factors for heat stroke is excessive physical exertion in
extreme heat condition. The method of control is therefore, to reduce the temperature of the surrounding or to increase the
ability of the body to cool itself.
iii. Heat Cramp
Heat cramp may result from exposure to high temperature for a relatively long time particularly if accompanied by heavy
exertion or sweating with excessive loss of salt and moisture from the body.
iv. Heat Exhaustion
This also results from physical exertion in hot environment. Signs of the problem include:
▪ 􀂃 Mildly elevated temperature
▪ 􀂃 Weak pulse

▪ 􀂃 Dizziness
▪ 􀂃 Profuse sweating
▪ 􀂃 Cool, moist skin, heat rash
v. Cold Stress
Cold stress could mainly be defined as the effect of the external working environment (Very low
temperatures i.e. less than 6 0 C) and the resultant inability of the body to maintain a constant internal body
temperature. High airflow is a critical factor here, as it will increase cold stress effects considerably. This is
commonly referred to as the wind chill factor.
Special condition that occur in cold weather
▪ Trench Foot
An injury which result from long exposure of the feet to continued wet condition at temperature of freezing 10ºC with
little movement causes changes in the circulation of blood in the feet.
Result: loss of toes or part of the feet.
Treatment: keep foot dry and worm, do exercise for good circulation.
▪ Immersion foot
Immersion of foot in water that is below 10C, for a prolonged time, usually in excess of 24 hours
▪ Frostbite
Injury of tissue from exposure to intense cold, body parts most easily frostbitten is cheeks, nose, ears, chin forehead,
wrists, hands and feet.
Prevention
▪ Wearing the proper amount warm, loose, dry clothing.
▪ Massaging the face, hand, and feet periodically to promote good circulation.
▪ Troops travelling in cold weather by, particularly in the rear of trucks should be allowed to dismount and exercise
periodically to restore circulation.
▪ If clothing become wet, it should be dried or change at once.
e) VIBRATION MOTION CONDITIONS
Vibration causes vascular disorders of the arms and bony changes in the small bones of the wrist. Vascular changes
can be detected by X-ray examination of the wrist. The most common findings is rarefaction of the lunate bone.
f) PRESSURE –ATMOSPHERIC (HIGH AND LOW)
Exposure to increased atmospheric pressure (under water) leads to aseptic bone necrosis around the knee, hip and
shoulder that can be detected by X-ray examination
g) NOISE
Noise is defined as unwanted sound. Sound is any pressure variation or a stimulus that produces a sensory response in the
brain. The compression and expansion of air created when an object vibrates.
Magnitude
Approximately 30 million workers are exposed to hazardous noise on the job and an additional 9 million are at risk for
hearing loss from other agents such as solvents and metals. Noise-induced hearing loss is one of the most common
occupational disease and the second most self-reported occupational illness or injury.
Industry specific studies reveal:
• 44% of carpenters and 48% of plumbers reported that they had a perceived hearing loss.
• 49% of male, metal/non-metal miners will have a hearing impairment by age 50 (vs. 9% of the general population)
rising to 70% by age 60.
While any worker can be at risk for noise-induced hearing loss in the workplace, workers in many industries have higher
exposures to dangerous levels of noise. Industries with high numbers of exposed workers include: agriculture; mining;
construction; manufacturing and utilities; transportation; and military.
General Class of Noise Exposure
There are three general classes into which occupational noise exposure may be grouped.

1. Continuous noise: Normally defined as broadband noise of approximately constant level and spectrum to which an
employee is exposed for a period of eight hours per day or 40 hours a week.
2. Intermittent Noise: This may be defined as exposure to a given broadband sound pressure level several times during
a normal working day
3. Impact (impulse) type Noise: is a sharp burst of sound. A sophisticated instrumentation is necessary to determine
the peak levels for this type of noise.
Effects of noise exposure
Noise is a health hazard in many occupational settings. Effects of noise on humans can be classified into various ways.
For example, the effect can be treated in the context of health or medical problems owing to their underlying biological
basis. Noise induced hearing loss involves damage to the structure of the hearing organ.
The effects of noise on humans can be classified into two types:
􀂃 Non auditory effect
􀂃 Auditory effect
Non-auditory effects
This consists of fatigue, interference with communication, decreased efficiency and annoyance.
Auditory effects
Auditory effects consist of permanent or temporary hearing loss. The ear is especially adapted and most responsive to the
pressure changes caused by airborne sound or noise. The outer and middle ear structures are rarely damaged by exposure
to intense sound energy except explosive sounds or blasts that can rupture the ear drum and possibly dislodge the
ossicular chain. More commonly, excessive exposure produces hearing loss that involves injury to the hair cells in the
organ of corti within the cochlea of the inner ear.
Noise-induced hearing loss
Work-related hearing loss continues to be a critical workplace safety and health issue. The National Institute for
Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) and the occupational safety and health community named hearing loss as one
of the 21 priority areas for research in the next century. Noise-induced hearing loss is 100 percent preventable but once
acquired, hearing loss is permanent and irreversible. Therefore, prevention measures must be taken by employers and
workers to ensure the protection of workers' hearing.
Prevention of noise exposure
OSHA requires a five phase hearing conservation program for industry:
1. Noise Monitoring
2. Audiometric (Hearing) Testing
3. Employee Training
4. Hearing Protectors
5. Recordkeeping
1.4 Mechanical Hazards
Mechanical factors include unshielded machinery, unsafe structures at the workplace and dangerous unprotected tools are
among the most prevalent hazards in both industrialized and developing countries. They affect the health of a high
proportion of the workforce. Most accidents could be prevented by applying relatively simple measures in the work
environment, working practices, and safety systems and ensuring appropriate behavioural and management practices.
This would significantly reduce accident rates within a relatively short period of time. Accident prevention programmes
are shown to have high cost-effectiveness and yield rapid results. However, ignorance of such precautions, particularly in
sectors where production has grown rapidly, has led to increasing rates of occupational accidents.
Workers who use hand tools such as picks, hammers, shovels, or who habitually kneel at their work may suffer from
“beat" condition of the hand, knee or elbow. Beat hand is subcutaneous cellulites, which occurs among miners and stoker
caused by infection of tissues devitalized by constant bruising.

Figure .2-1. Moving part of machinery is securely fenced
1.5 Safety hazard
These are hazards that create unsafe working conditions. For example, exposed wires or a damaged carpet might result in
a tripping hazard. These are sometimes included under the category of physical hazards.
These are hazards that create unsafe working conditions. For example, safety hazards include:
a) Trailing power cords, loose or frayed carpets and rugs, spills, ice, etc.
These could all cause a slip, trip or fall in the workplace, and result in physical and mental impacts on an injured
employee.
b) Unguarded machinery
Unguarded moving machinery parts pose a safety hazard as employees can sustain serious injury and fatalities if they
were to accidentally come into contact with them. For example, clothes, lanyards, hair or body parts could become
entangled in unguarded machinery and can result in bruising, broken bones, loss of limbs, head injuries and death.
c) Frayed and faulty cords, wiring or cables
These could pose a risk of electric shock, burns and fires. Exposure to live electricity can also result in a fall from
height. For example, if an employee sustained an electric shock while using a ladder.
1.6 Ergonomic hazard
Ergonomic hazards are a result of physical factors that can result in musculoskeletal injuries. For example, a poor
workstation setup in an office, poor posture and manual handling.
Discussed later……
1.7 Psycho-social hazard
Psychosocial hazards include those that can have an adverse effect on an employee’s mental health or wellbeing. For
example, sexual harassment, victimisation, stress and workplace violence.
Psychosocial hazards include hazards that can have an adverse effect on an employee’s mental health or wellbeing, and
are closely linked with all the other categories of hazards. For example:
a) Health impacts
Health impacts as a result of biological, chemical, physical, safety and ergonomic hazards can have significant impacts
on an individual’s wellbeing. For example, exposure to a blood-borne virus as a result of a sharps injury can result in
months of stress and anxiety for the individual involved and their family. Therefore, almost all of the hazards outlined
in this article could also result in psychosocial impacts.
b) Harassment

Harassment is a result of someone acting in a way that makes you feel intimated, humiliated, offended or otherwise
distressed, and can have serious impacts on a person’s health and wellbeing. For example, bullying in the workplace is
surprisingly common and can pose a serious psychosocial hazard. Bullying behaviour can result in the bullied
individual experiencing several psychosocial symptoms, including stress, anxiety and sleep deprivation, loss of
appetite and a sense of vulnerability.
c) Workplace aggression and abuse
Whether it’s from a colleague, client or someone else, workplace aggression and abuse can have serious effects on
someone’s mental and physical health, resulting in symptoms such as stress, anxiety and sleep deprivation. Managers
can take steps to reduce sexual harassment in the workplace and encourage employees to speak out if they witness or
experience it.
What are Common Workplace Hazards?
OSHA identifies the 6 most common hazards in the workplace as follows:
1. Safety hazards
2. Biological hazards
3. Chemical and dust hazards
4. Ergonomic hazards
5. Work organization hazards
6. Physical hazards
These are discussed below:
1. Safety Hazards
These are the most common and
will be present in most
workplaces at one time or
another. They include unsafe
conditions that can cause injury,
illness and death. Safety
Hazards include:
▪ Spills on floors or tripping
hazards such as blocked
aisles or cords running
across the floor
▪ Working from
heights including ladders,
scaffolds, roofs, or any
raised work area
▪ Unguarded machinery and
moving machinery parts;
guards removed or moving
parts that a worker can
accidentally touch
▪ Electrical hazards like frayed cords, missing ground pins, improper wiring
▪ Confined spaces
▪ Machinery-related hazards (lockout/tagout, boiler safety, forklifts, etc.)
2. Biological Hazards
Associated with working with animals, people, or infectious plant materials. Workers most at-risk of biological hazards
include those who work in schools, daycare facilities, colleges and universities, hospitals, laboratories, emergency
response, nursing homes, outdoor occupations.
Types of biological hazards workers may be exposed to:
▪ Blood and other body fluids
▪ Fungi/mold

▪ Bacteria and viruses
▪ Plants
▪ Insect bites
▪ Animal and bird droppings
3. Chemical Hazards
Are present when a worker is exposed to any chemical preparation in the workplace in any form (solid, liquid or gas).
Some are safer than others but, to some workers who are more sensitive to chemicals, even common solutions can cause
illness, skin irritation, or breathing problems.
Beware of:
▪ Liquids like cleaning products, paints, acids, solvents – ESPECIALLY if chemicals are in an unlabeled container!
▪ Vapors and fumes that come from welding or exposure to solvents
▪ Gases like acetylene, propane, carbon monoxide and helium
▪ Flammable materials like gasoline, solvents, and explosive chemicals
▪ Pesticides
4. Ergonomic Hazards
Occur when the type of work, body positions, and working conditions put strain on the body. They are the hardest to spot
since you don’t always immediately notice the strain on the body and the harm that these hazards pose. Short term
exposure may result in “sore muscles” the next day or in the days following exposure while long-term exposure can result
in serious long-term illnesses.
Ergonomic Hazards include:
▪ Improperly adjusted workstations and chairs
▪ Frequent lifting
▪ Poor posture
▪ Awkward movements, especially if they are repetitive
▪ Repeating the same movements over and over
▪ Having to frequently use too much force
▪ Vibration
5. Work Organization Hazards
Hazards or stressors that cause stress (short term effects) and strain (long-term effects). These are the hazards associated
with workplace issues such as workload, lack of control and/or respect, etc.
Examples of work organization hazards include:
▪ Workload demands
▪ Workplace violence
▪ Intensity and/or pace
▪ Respect (or lack of)
▪ Flexibility/Control or say about things
▪ Social support/relations
▪ Sexual harassment
6. Physical Hazards
Are factors within the environment that can harm the body without necessarily touching it.
Physical Hazards include:
▪ Radiation: including ionizing, non ionizing (EMF’s, microwaves, radio waves, etc.)
▪ Prolonged exposure to sunlight/ultraviolet rays
▪ Temperature extremes – hot and cold
▪ Constant loud noise
1.3 Working at height
What is working at height?
Working at height is the act of performing a task or a job that involves working on a surface where falling from an edge,
opening, or a hole could cause injury. Working at height is one of the biggest causes of work-related injury and fatality
that could be prevented with the proper precautions.
The Importance of Risk Assessments and Safety Inspections for Working at Heights

Performing risk assessments and safety inspections can help reduce risks associated with working at heights. There are
regulations that require employers and self-employed contractors to conduct an assessment of risks involved with
working at heights and prepare a plan to be implemented in order to prevent injuries and fatalities.
In this article, we discussed (1) strategic planning when working at heights that you can use for conducting risk
assessments; (2) safety tips for working at height; (3) technology to identify working at height risks; and (4) a
compilation of 7 best practice working at height templates that employers and contractors can use to improve safety when
working at heights.
Strategic Planning When Working At Heights
Working At Heights Decision Making
The flow diagram above can be used when conducting a risk assessment for working at height to determine the
appropriate safety measures to use when working at heights. It also provides recommendations on the type of fall
protection equipment and systems to use if fall hazards are uncontrollable.
It is best to avoid working at heights unless necessary. Encourage your workers to use extended or long handled tools for
hard to reach locations. If the work requires working at heights, first determine if falls and accidents are preventable. If
so, proper equipment (i.e. Mobile Elevated Work Platforms, scaffolds, ladders, PPE) should be used and inspected at all
times. If falls and accidents are not preventable or at risk of occurring then safety harnesses and fall protection landing
gear should be installed.
General Safety Tips for Working at Height
a) Avoid working at heights when possible
b) Use an existing safe place of work
c) Minimize fall distance and consequences by using the right type of equipment
d) Select quality PPE which is regularly inspected
e) Always use the rails and fall protection barriers
f) Be mindful of the fall distance. Never overload and overreach
g) Determine the best anchor point to support you
h) Select the correct gear when working at heights (scaffold, lift, ladder)
i) Consider emergency and rescue procedures
j) Train your team to be safety conscious
Machine Guarding Safety Tips
Employers should strive to keep their workplace and workers safe particularly when working with machinery. Here are
some safety reminders when working with machine guards:
▪ Always check if guards are properly installed before commencing work.
▪ Machine guards must be placed in proper position and prevent physical contact with the operator.
▪ Ensure machine guards are secure and strong.

▪ Ensure workers cannot bypass, remove, or tamper machine guards.
▪ When installing machine guarding ensure that no objects can fall into moving parts of the machine.
▪ Ensure employees are trained on a specific machine guard.
▪ Machine guards should not obstruct the operator’s view.
▪ If possible, the machine should be lubricated without removing machine guards.
▪ A competent person must correct the machine guard immediately if defects were detected.
▪ Machine operators should be trained on the hazards associated with particular machines.
▪ Employees should be aware of emergency protocols.
▪ Lockout the machine before removing guard when performing maintenance.
1.4 Electrical Hazards
Electrical Hazards: Know Your Limits!
Electrocution is one of the most common hazards across construction sites according to OSHA. Identifying electrical
hazards can help raise awareness of the risks, their severity, and how it can harm workers.
Here are 7 of the most common electrical hazards in the workplace and tips on what you can do to mitigate these risks:
1. Overhead Power Lines
Overhead powered and energized electrical lines have high voltages which can cause major burns and electrocution to
workers. Remember to maintain a minimum distance of 10 feet from overhead power lines and nearby equipment.
Conduct site surveys to ensure that nothing is stored under overhead power lines. Also, safety barriers and signs must be
installed to warn nearby non-electrical workers of the hazards present in the area.
2. Damaged Tools and Equipment
Exposure to damaged electrical tools and equipment can be very dangerous. Do not fix anything unless you are qualified
to do so. Thoroughly check for cracks, cuts or abrasions on cables, wires, and cords. In case of any defects, have them
repaired or replaced. Lock Out Tag Out (LOTO) procedures should be performed at all times before commencing
electrical maintenance and repairs. LOTO procedures are there to protect all workers on a worksite.
3. Inadequate Wiring and Overloaded Circuits
Using wires with inappropriate size for the current can cause overheating and fires to occur. Use the correct wire suitable
for the operation and the electrical load to work on. Use the correct extension cord designed for heavy-duty use. Also, do
not overload an outlet and use proper circuit breakers. Perform regular fire risk assessments to identify areas at risk of of
bad wiring and circuits.
4. Exposed Electrical Parts
Examples of exposed electrical parts include temporary lighting, open power distribution units, and detached insulation
parts on electrical cords. These hazards can cause potential shocks and burns. Secure these items with proper guarding
mechanisms and always check for any exposed parts to be repaired immediately.
5. Improper Grounding
The most common OSHA electrical violation is the improper grounding of equipment. Proper grounding can eliminate
unwanted voltage and reduce the risk of electrocution. Never remove the metallic ground pin as it is responsible for
returning unwanted voltage to the ground.
6. Damaged Insulation
Defective or inadequate insulation is a hazard. Be aware of damaged insulation and report it immediately. Turn off all
power sources before replacing damaged insulation and never attempt to cover them with electrical tape.
7. Wet Conditions
Never operate electrical equipment in wet locations. Water greatly increases the risk of electrocution especially if the
equipment has damaged insulation. Have a qualified electrician inspect electrical equipment that has gotten wet before
energizing it.
Knowing your limits and applying the best electrical safety practices can help reduce the risk of electrical shock and
death. It is safer to work within your scope of expertise instead of taking the risk of working beyond your capacity. If you
are not confident to do the job, don’t hesitate to call for help from an authorized person.
Instead of relying on your memory, use a checklist when applying electrical safety practices in your workplace. A
digital checklist is a powerful tool that can serve as a guide for performing work near electrical equipment and hazards.
What are the Steps in Lock Out Tag Out Procedure?

Machines and equipment are different in multiple industries and having to maintain or repair them, however, could be
potentially dangerous if not done properly and without following the recommended lock out tag out procedures. Here are
5 steps that safety officers and assigned employees can follow to help ensure that LOTO is done properly.
Step 1: Prepare a lock out tag out procedure checklist
▪ To prepare a lock out tag out procedure checklist, a risk assessment is ideally conducted to be aware of the risks with
operating and being around the machine or equipment.
▪ Determine specific steps for identifying and isolating energy sources of the machine and other mitigation to contain
risks.
Step 2: Inform all affected workers
▪ Employees should be made aware if a machine or equipment is about to be serviced and that lock out tag out is
being conducted.
▪ Be very specific with the lock out tag out steps such as shutting down the equipment of affected employees.
Step 3: Proceed with the shut down of the machine or equipment
▪ Primary and possible secondary sources of energy should be identified and de-energized.
▪ Isolate all energy sources and ensure there is no danger of harming the employees.
Step 4: Lock out and tag out
▪ Lock out and tag out the machine or equipment, ensure that shut off is verified, and make sure that employees are
aware that it is out of service at the moment.
Step 5: Turn the machine or equipment back on
▪ Ensure that there are no tools or unintended items left during the maintenance of the machine.
▪ Remove all the LOTO items and follow the steps to turn the machine back online.
▪ Inform all the affected employees that the machine or equipment is back in operation.
The steps above ideally should be conducted with the use of a lock out tag out procedure checklist to help ensure that all
steps are followed and nothing is overlooked to maintain the safety in the workplace.
1.5 Fire Risk Assessment
What is a Fire Risk Assessment?
A fire risk assessment template is a tool used by trained safety officials to identify fire hazards and risk in any site. It
helps evaluate if fire protection measures are sufficient to ensure fire safety. All businesses in all industries must carry out
regular fire risk assessments as compliance to the Regulatory Reform (Fire Safety) Order 2005. These records should be
kept up to date so that precautionary measures are adequate at all times. Failure to comply can result in fines, criminal
charges, irreparable damage to business assets, or worse, cost lives.
5-Step Guide to Effectively Perform a Fire Risk Assessment
A fire risk assessment reduces the probability of fire incidents from occurring and ensures the safety of people using the
premises. Easily perform fire risk assessments by following the steps below provided by the County Durham &
Darlington Fire & Rescue Service:
Step #1: Identify Fire Hazards
A fire usually starts when heat comes into contact with anything that burns. Three things you need to look for in
identifying fire hazards: 1) source of ignition; 2) fuel; and 3) oxygen. Take measures to avoid these three coming together
to reduce the chances of fire occurring.
Step #2: Identify People at Risk
If a fire occurs, who are the people at risk? Identify who and where they are likely to be found around the premises. This
step may require evaluating people with disabilities to discuss individual needs. These people could be:
▪ Employees
▪ Visitors/contractors
▪ People with disabilities, elderly customers, or parents with children; and
▪ Other persons in the immediate vicinity of the premises.
Step #3: Evaluate, remove, reduce, and protect from risk
Using the information gathered from steps 1 and 2, begin evaluating the management of the premises. Examine the
premises and identify situations and any acts or omissions that may present an opportunity for a fire incident to start. It is
also essential to evaluate fire escapes and other fire precautions to ensure if they are up to date or adequate. Once you’ve

evaluated the risks, you now have to remove or reduce the hazards you’ve identified by recommending actions and
preventive measures.
Step #4: Record, plan, inform, instruct, and train
This step involves documenting all the significant findings and actions you’ve taken or will take when you perform the
fire risk assessment. Significant findings refer to fire hazards, actions taken or preventive measures. Having a good
recordkeeping program for your fire risk assessments is good practice and will be helpful to management and safety
officials in case of fire incidents. This step also involves giving staff and employers clear and relevant information and
appropriate instructions on fire safety arrangements.
Step #5: Review
Review your current assessment to determine if fire safety systems implemented are effectively controlling fire hazards
and risks in the premises. If you find that your fire risk assessment process is no longer suitable for your premises during
your review, revise it accordingly.
What is a Chemical Safety Audit Checklist?
A chemical safety audit checklist is a tool used in evaluating systems in place that manages hazardous chemicals.
Performing chemical safety audits ensure that systems in place follow best practices and are adequate and effective. This
tool can also be used to ensure compliance with local regulations in the proper handling of hazardous chemicals.
Why Proper Management of Hazardous Chemicals is Important
Proper handling, storage and disposal of hazardous chemicals in the workplace can help reduce exposure to toxic
materials and related workplace incidents. Without proper controls and training in place, exposure to chemicals can cause
burns, respiratory illnesses, and cancer as well as fire and explosion-related injuries. Any industry that handles hazardous
chemicals needs to be aware of safety practices and common harmful chemicals including (but is not limited to) paints,
disinfectants, glues, heavy metals, pesticides, and petroleum products. Regular chemical safety audits can help identify
gaps in the handling, storage, and disposal of hazardous chemicals and help prevent incidents before they occur.
Chemical Safety Best Practices
Overexposure to chemical substances may cause acute or chronic health damages. Follow these general tips to protect
yourself from chemical hazards.
▪ Ensure chemical containers are clearly labeled.
▪ Inspect containers for leaks or damage.
▪ Keep containers tightly closed when not in use.
▪ As much as possible minimize your exposure to a chemical substance.
▪ Read the label and follow instructions carefully.
▪ Ensure emergency equipment are readily available.
▪ Ensure proper ventilation.
▪ Wear appropriate Personal Protective Equipment (PPE).
▪ Proper training for chemical handling.
▪ Be cautious of health symptoms.
▪ Be aware of first aid procedures.
▪ Do not return contaminated or unused material to the original container.
▪ Use proper tools to open chemical containers to prevent spillage
▪ When pouring chemical substance handle with care to avoid splashing and spurting.
▪ Keep the working area clean.
1.6 Ergonomics in the Workplace
Ergonomic hazard
An ergonomic hazard in the workplace is any condition which has the potential to cause harm to a worker's
musculoskeletal system. An ergonomic hazard may be caused by the physical condition of the workplace or the physical
demands of a particular job. When there is a poor fit, a worker may suffer injuries or trauma, sometimes referred to as
ergonomic disorders or musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs). Whenever a situation has the potential to cause stress or strain
on an employee's body, it is an ergonomic hazard.
An ergonomic hazard is a situation or behaviour that can lead to any number of musculoskeletal disorders. Ergonomic
hazards are usually repetitive and long-lasting actions that lead to painful injuries or conditions over time.
Musculoskeletal disorders (MSD’s) are injuries and disorders of the musculoskeletal system. They may be caused or
aggravated by various hazards or risk factors in the workplace.

MSDs can occur in:
• Muscles
• Tendons and tendon sheathes
• Nerves
• Bursa
• Blood vessels
• Joints/spinal discs
• Ligaments
A number of medical diagnoses are covered by the term MSD, including:
• Carpal tunnel syndrome (wrist/hand)
• Epicondylitis (tennis or golfer’s elbow)
• Muscle strain
• Rotator cuff disorder or syndrome (shoulder)
• Tension neck syndrome
• Tendonitis or tenosynovitis (anywhere in the body)
• Back pain
Ergonomics in the Workplace
Around two million work-related musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) occur yearly in the United States alone ( source).
Many of these are caused by ergonomic work-related injuries like carpal tunnel syndrome alone, tendinitis, rotator cuff
injuries, muscle strains, and low back injuries due to risk factors like high task repetition, forceful exertions, and
repetitive awkward postures. Ergonomics in the workplace help ensure that objects and movements are comfortable and
safe for all employees. Conduct regular ergonomic safety inspections to reduce work-related injuries and improve quality
of work-life and employees’ productivity.
What are the methods of hazard control? or,
What are the main ways to control a hazard?
HIERARCHY OF CONTROLS
OSHA considers this hierarchy a way to determine what controls would be feasible and most effective. Once you have
established the priorities, the organization can decide on ways to control each specific hazard. Hazard control methods
(the main ways to control a hazard) are often grouped into the following categories:
1. Eliminate – This is the preferred method and most effective solution. It is controlling the hazard at the source. It
remove the hazard from the workplace.
2. Substitute – If elimination is not possible, consider substituting or replacing the known hazard with a material,
process, or equipment that is less hazardous. It substitute (replace) hazardous materials or machines with less
hazardous ones.
3. Engineer – A strategy involving denying access to the hazard by installing physical barriers. This could be a redesign
or modifications of equipment, ventilation systems, and work processes to reduce the frequency of performing
dangerous tasks. Or the isolation of the hazard by installing screens or barriers around hazardous areas.
4. Administrative – When exposure to the risk is not, or cannot, be minimized by other means, you should introduce safe
work practices to reduce the risk. Controls that alter the way the work is done, including timing of work, policies and

other rules, and work practices such as standards and operating procedures (including training, housekeeping, and
equipment maintenance, and personal hygiene practices).
5. Personal Protective Equipment – Introduce PPE to increase protection and when other measures are not practical. It is
the equipment worn by individuals to reduce exposure such as contact with chemicals or exposure to noise.
What are the main ways to control ergonomics hazard?
1. Engineering controls
When looking at ergonomic issues that cannot be eliminated or substituted, engineering controls are the most desirable
way to control hazards. Consider the following examples:
▪ Redesign workstations and tools to best accommodate all workers.
▪ Modify workstation lighting.
▪ Control or remove worker exposure to harmful vibrations.
▪ Automate processes to reduce worker exposure to repetitious movements.
▪ Install mechanical lifting devices that limit workers’ physical stresses on the body.
▪ Avoid situations where employees must use a pinch grip to handle material. If manual material handling must be
performed, provide lift points that give workers an easier grasp.
▪ Reduce the weight of a load to limit force exertion.
▪ Reposition a work table to eliminate a long/excessive reach and enable working in neutral postures.
2. Administrative and work practice controls
Where engineering controls are unable to be implemented, it may be appropriate to consider administrative or work
practice controls which establish efficient processes and procedures. Consider the following examples:
▪ Require a two person lift when materials exceed a certain weight, or are awkward in shape/size.
▪ Establish a job rotation system so workers are rotated away from tasks to minimize the duration of continual
exertion, repetitive motions, and awkward postures, allowing the employee to use different muscle groups.
▪ Properly use and maintain pneumatic and power tools.
3. Personal protective equipment
Though they have limited effectiveness in controlling ergonomic hazards, personal protective equipment is another
control that can be utilized. Consider the following examples:
▪ Use padding to reduce contact stress with hard, sharp, or vibrating surfaces, such as padded gloves, elbow pads, and
knee pads.
▪ Wear good fitting thermal gloves to help with cold conditions while maintaining the ability to grasp items easily.
▪ Wear proper fitting, slip-resistant footwear that will ensure solid footing and prevent slips, trips, and falls.
General Ways to Prevent Ergonomic Hazards
Ergonomic hazards can be prevented by following these safety measures:
Workstation improvements
▪ Redesign workstations to eliminate awkward postures.
▪ Provide adjustable equipment that can be used by workers to allow neutral postures.
▪ Maintain good body posture.
When transporting and handling
▪ Be knowledgeable about body limitations.
▪ Provide carts for transporting materials to eliminate lifting.
▪ Require all loads to be labeled with their weight.
▪ When lifting, keep your back straight and lift with your legs.
▪ Assign two or more staff to lift heavy objects depending on weight.
▪ Lift slowly and carefully.

▪ Don’t twist or turn your spine while carrying the load.
▪ Use shoulder pads to cushion loads carried on the shoulder.
▪ Use knee pads for kneeling tasks.
▪ Store materials at waist height to minimize reaching.
▪ Design containers with handles for easy gripping.
Staff scheduling and training
▪ Rotate workers among different tasks to avoid repetitive motions.
▪ Improve the work schedule to minimize excessive overtime that causes fatigue.
▪ Increase staff to reduce individual workloads.
▪ Provide sufficient employee breaks.
▪ Adequate recovery time can reduce fatigue.
▪ Provide workers with training on ergonomics policies and procedures.
General housekeeping
▪ Follow good housekeeping practices.
▪ Keep floors free of obstruction.
▪ Use tools in good condition that fits the hand.
▪ Properly maintain power tools to reduce exposure to vibration.
▪ Use gloves to protect against vibration and rough surfaces.
▪ Always practice proper machine handling.
10 Simple Ergonomic Principles to Follow
Follow these 10 ergonomic principles to help reduce injuries and improve productivity tasks in the workplace.

1. Joints must be in a neutral position
In the neutral position the muscles and ligaments, which span the joints, are stretched to the
least possible extent
2. Keep work close to the body
If the work is too far from the body, the arms will be outstretched and the trunk bent over
forwards
3. Avoid bending forward
The further the trunk of the upper body is bent forward, the harder it is for the muscles and
ligaments of the back to maintain the upper body in balance.
4. A twisted trunk strains the back
Twisted postures of the trunk cause undesirable stress to the spine.
5. Alternate posture as well as movements
No posture or movement should be maintained for a long period of time. Prolonged postures
and repetitive movements are tiring.
6. Avoid excessive reaches
It is necessary to limit the extent of forward and sideways reaches to avoid having to bend
over or twist the trunk
7. Avoid carrying out tasks above shoulder level
The hands and elbows should be well below shoulder level when carrying out a task
8. Limit the weight of a load that is lifted
Be guided on weight limits

9. Avoid carrying loads with one hand
When only one hand is used to carry a load, the body is subject to mechanical
10. Use mechanical aids
Many lifting accessories are available to help lift and move loads
What are Ergonomic Assessment Checklists?
Ergonomic assessment checklists are tools used by competent professionals to identify risks of ergonomic injuries in the
workplace. Used during ergonomic assessments, ergonomic assessment checklists are designed to help ensure workers
and their environments are maximized for comfort and productivity with minimal risk of a work-related injury.
How to Conduct an Ergonomic Assessment
Whether the job entails long hours at a workstation, out in the field, or operating machinery, ergonomic risk assessments
can be conducted to help ensure that routine movements and physical activities (or lack thereof) do not cause injuries to
workers. Here are 5 basic steps for conducting ergonomic assessments in the workplace:
1. Review incident reports and records of past injuries in the workplace
Incident reports can provide information on what caused workplace injuries and whether there were ergonomic issues
that contributed to the injuries.
2. Get employee input regarding how tasks are performed
Ask employees to describe how tasks are done, what equipment are used, and how they operate the equipment. Ask
them what is their normal routine on the job and if they have any aches and pains while performing tasks. The actual
performance of tasks and use of equipment may be different from what was taught during training.
3. Use an ergonomic assessment checklist
Using an ergonomic checklist can help make sure that all aspects of the work area, the actual routine of doing the job,
and the use of tools and equipment are checked for possible ergonomic risks. Urgent issues found should be recorded
and fixed immediately to prevent injuries.
4. Analyze the information gathered
Analyze the gathered information to uncover sources of ergonomic risks and discover areas for improvement on how
tasks are performed and come up with an action plan.
5. Implement changes to improve workplace ergonomics
Cascade directives for changes to be implemented in the workplace. Ensure that the workplace is ergonomic for the
employees and provide trainings to encourage proper posture, use of equipment, and execution of tasks.
Technology to Capture Risks of Ergonomic Injuries
Conducting ergonomic assessments help identify possible causes of ergonomic injuries and help come up with the right
action plan. iAuditor, the world’s most powerful inspection app, can help record issues found in the workplace and allows
ease of information gathering and immediate action of urgent ergonomic risks.
▪ Mobile ergonomic assessment tool
Use mobile devices when conducting paperless ergonomic assessments with digital ergonomic assessment checklists
▪ Take photos and make notes
Easily take photos and include notes to explain the ergonomic risks found
▪ Quick action
Immediately assign actions to the responsible person to correct any high risks found in the workplace.
▪ Digital reports
Submit paperless reports via weblink or PDF document
▪ Analytics
Watch out for trends using iAuditor’s analytics and observe possible recurring issues or if changes implemented
actually improved workplace ergonomics.

10 Tips for Radiation Safety
An estimated total of 23 million workers are exposed to artificial and natural radiation globally. This exposure can result
in acute injuries like burns and long term health problems such as cancer and hereditary diseases. Safety inspections help
ensure that critical preventive measures are in place to reduce the risk of overexposure. There should be visible warning
signs, contamination surveys conducted, and device tests for all radiation-producing equipment. All workers must be
trained to limit time of exposure, use radiation shields, and increase the distance of contact with radioactive devices and
materials.
Rules to Remember When Working With Radiation
Everyone must take radiation overexposure seriously. Hence, preventive measures and rules must be strictly followed to
avoid critical health conditions.
1. Acquire adequate training to better understand the nature of radiation hazards.
2. Reduce handling time of radioactive materials and equipment.
3. Be mindful of your distance from sources of radiation. Increase distance as much as possible.
4. Use proper shielding for the type of radiation.
5. Isolate or contain harmful radioactive materials properly.
6. Armor yourself with appropriate protective clothing and dosimeters.
7. Conduct contamination surveys in the work area.
8. Do not eat, drink, smoke, or apply cosmetics in an area where unsealed radioactive substances are handled.
9. Observe proper radioactive waste disposal
10. Conduct regular radiation safety self-inspections

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