This document describes improvements to control systems for electric winder motors. It discusses four control systems that take advantage of maximum feasible deceleration during normal operation by varying the deceleration based on the load on the motor. The control systems use various mechanisms, like lever arms, gear mechanisms, and generators, to delay braking initiation and vary the deceleration rate depending on the motor load. Diagrams and graphs are provided to illustrate how the control systems modify the deceleration profile to stop the winder cage closer to the stopping point with higher loads.
This document describes patent GB785188 (A) for improvements in linear motion drive devices. It provides background on the problem of positioning movable elements in industrial equipment from remote locations. The invention involves a linear motion drive device with an electric motor having a stator and rotor. A lead screw is secured against rotation and passes through the rotor bore. Rotor arms can engage and disengage a drive means from the lead screw to move it axially. Figures 1-4 illustrate one embodiment involving a reluctance motor, lead screw, and expanding nut drive means mounted on pivoted rotor arms.
Digital Simulation of VFT Applications between Power System Networksidescitation
The document discusses a digital simulation of variable frequency transformer (VFT) applications between power system networks. A VFT is a rotary transformer that can transfer power between asynchronous power grids by controlling the torque applied to its rotor. The paper presents a digital simulation model of a VFT and its control system developed in MATLAB Simulink. Simulation studies are carried out to analyze power transfer under various torque conditions. Waveforms are obtained showing voltage, current, torque and power transfer to verify the VFT concept and applications.
This document provides details of a bearing quality testing machine that tests roller thrust bearings for manufacturing inaccuracies. It includes diagrams of the machine and descriptions of its components. The machine applies a gradually increasing axial thrust to the bearing while it rotates to test the percentage of surface contact between its rollers and races under load. It measures the resulting torque on the driving motor to determine if the bearing meets quality standards.
This document provides an overview of induction motor drives and their speed control methods. It discusses the basic construction and operation of induction motors, their equivalent circuit model, and torque-speed characteristics. It then describes various speed control methods for induction motors including variable voltage constant frequency control, variable frequency control, and constant V/f control. It also introduces pulse width modulation inverters for implementing variable voltage variable frequency control of induction motors and discusses sinusoidal PWM control in detail. Finally, it presents a closed-loop constant V/f control implementation using a controlled rectifier, PWM inverter, and speed feedback loop.
This document summarizes a patent for an improved machine for electric machining of conductive materials. The machine uses spark discharges from a condenser to remove small amounts of material from a workpiece. To maintain a precise gap between the electrode and workpiece, the machine includes a servo-mechanism that uses an electromagnetic device subjected to the average voltage between them. This electromagnetic device actuates a hydraulic distributor controlling a hydraulic system that shifts the electrode position in response to changes in the voltage gap.
This document describes a machine for electric machining of conductive materials. It uses a servo-mechanism to control the distance between an electrode tool and the workpiece. The improved servo-mechanism uses an electromagnetic device tapped into the average voltage between the electrode and workpiece. This controls a hydraulic distributor and hydraulic system to shift the electrode position in response to changes in the voltage gap. It allows for very precise and rapid control of the electrode distance during machining.
The document provides information about Diesel Locomotive Works (DLW) in India. It discusses that DLW was established in 1961 in collaboration with American Locomotive Company to meet India's increasing transportation needs. DLW manufactures diesel-electric locomotives and components in-house. It has evolved into a fully integrated plant capable of manufacturing all locomotive parts. The document then covers advantages of diesel over steam locomotives, components of a diesel-electric locomotive like the diesel engine, alternator, traction motors, and their functioning. It also discusses bogies, rectifiers, cranes, and testing procedures for locomotives.
The velocity control of the electro hydraulic servo systemeSAT Journals
Abstract In general two basic methods are used for controlling the velocity of a hydraulic cylinder. First by an axial variable-displacement pump for controls flow to the cylinder. This configuration is commonly known as a hydrostatic transmission. Second by proportional valve powered by a constant-pressure source, such as a pressure compensated pump, drives the hydraulic cylinder. In this study, the electro-hydraulic servo system (EHSS) for velocity control of hydraulic cylinder is investigated experimentally and its analysis theoretically. Where the controlled hydraulic cylinder is altered by a swashplate axial piston pump or by proportional valve to achieve velocity control. The theoretical part includes the derivation of the mathematical model equations of combination system. Velocity control system for hydraulic cylinder using simple (PID) controller to get constant velocity range of hydraulic cylinder under applied external variable loads . An experimental set-up is constructed, which consists of the hydraulic test pump unit, the electro-hydraulic proportional valve unit, the hydraulic actuator unit , the external load control unit and interfacing electronic unit. The experimental results show that PID controller can be achieve good velocity control by variable displacement axial piston pump and also by proportional valve under external loads variations. Keywords: Velocity control, Swashplate, Proportional valve, Hydraulic cylinder, PID controller, Axial piston pump
This document describes patent GB785188 (A) for improvements in linear motion drive devices. It provides background on the problem of positioning movable elements in industrial equipment from remote locations. The invention involves a linear motion drive device with an electric motor having a stator and rotor. A lead screw is secured against rotation and passes through the rotor bore. Rotor arms can engage and disengage a drive means from the lead screw to move it axially. Figures 1-4 illustrate one embodiment involving a reluctance motor, lead screw, and expanding nut drive means mounted on pivoted rotor arms.
Digital Simulation of VFT Applications between Power System Networksidescitation
The document discusses a digital simulation of variable frequency transformer (VFT) applications between power system networks. A VFT is a rotary transformer that can transfer power between asynchronous power grids by controlling the torque applied to its rotor. The paper presents a digital simulation model of a VFT and its control system developed in MATLAB Simulink. Simulation studies are carried out to analyze power transfer under various torque conditions. Waveforms are obtained showing voltage, current, torque and power transfer to verify the VFT concept and applications.
This document provides details of a bearing quality testing machine that tests roller thrust bearings for manufacturing inaccuracies. It includes diagrams of the machine and descriptions of its components. The machine applies a gradually increasing axial thrust to the bearing while it rotates to test the percentage of surface contact between its rollers and races under load. It measures the resulting torque on the driving motor to determine if the bearing meets quality standards.
This document provides an overview of induction motor drives and their speed control methods. It discusses the basic construction and operation of induction motors, their equivalent circuit model, and torque-speed characteristics. It then describes various speed control methods for induction motors including variable voltage constant frequency control, variable frequency control, and constant V/f control. It also introduces pulse width modulation inverters for implementing variable voltage variable frequency control of induction motors and discusses sinusoidal PWM control in detail. Finally, it presents a closed-loop constant V/f control implementation using a controlled rectifier, PWM inverter, and speed feedback loop.
This document summarizes a patent for an improved machine for electric machining of conductive materials. The machine uses spark discharges from a condenser to remove small amounts of material from a workpiece. To maintain a precise gap between the electrode and workpiece, the machine includes a servo-mechanism that uses an electromagnetic device subjected to the average voltage between them. This electromagnetic device actuates a hydraulic distributor controlling a hydraulic system that shifts the electrode position in response to changes in the voltage gap.
This document describes a machine for electric machining of conductive materials. It uses a servo-mechanism to control the distance between an electrode tool and the workpiece. The improved servo-mechanism uses an electromagnetic device tapped into the average voltage between the electrode and workpiece. This controls a hydraulic distributor and hydraulic system to shift the electrode position in response to changes in the voltage gap. It allows for very precise and rapid control of the electrode distance during machining.
The document provides information about Diesel Locomotive Works (DLW) in India. It discusses that DLW was established in 1961 in collaboration with American Locomotive Company to meet India's increasing transportation needs. DLW manufactures diesel-electric locomotives and components in-house. It has evolved into a fully integrated plant capable of manufacturing all locomotive parts. The document then covers advantages of diesel over steam locomotives, components of a diesel-electric locomotive like the diesel engine, alternator, traction motors, and their functioning. It also discusses bogies, rectifiers, cranes, and testing procedures for locomotives.
The velocity control of the electro hydraulic servo systemeSAT Journals
Abstract In general two basic methods are used for controlling the velocity of a hydraulic cylinder. First by an axial variable-displacement pump for controls flow to the cylinder. This configuration is commonly known as a hydrostatic transmission. Second by proportional valve powered by a constant-pressure source, such as a pressure compensated pump, drives the hydraulic cylinder. In this study, the electro-hydraulic servo system (EHSS) for velocity control of hydraulic cylinder is investigated experimentally and its analysis theoretically. Where the controlled hydraulic cylinder is altered by a swashplate axial piston pump or by proportional valve to achieve velocity control. The theoretical part includes the derivation of the mathematical model equations of combination system. Velocity control system for hydraulic cylinder using simple (PID) controller to get constant velocity range of hydraulic cylinder under applied external variable loads . An experimental set-up is constructed, which consists of the hydraulic test pump unit, the electro-hydraulic proportional valve unit, the hydraulic actuator unit , the external load control unit and interfacing electronic unit. The experimental results show that PID controller can be achieve good velocity control by variable displacement axial piston pump and also by proportional valve under external loads variations. Keywords: Velocity control, Swashplate, Proportional valve, Hydraulic cylinder, PID controller, Axial piston pump
1) VVVF stands for Variable Voltage Variable Frequency and is the standard system used for controlling electric motors on trains. It allows for control of motor speed over a wide range.
2) The system has three main stages - a voltage chopper that variably controls voltage, a frequency inverter that converts DC to 3-phase AC and variably controls frequency, and the traction motor.
3) By variably controlling both the voltage and frequency supplied to the motor, its speed can be precisely controlled for acceleration, cruising, and braking. Pulse width modulation is used to variably control voltage through switching the supply on and off at varying time intervals.
This document discusses various motor control devices and circuits. It describes pilot devices such as push button switches and limit switches that are commonly used in motor control circuits. It also discusses basic motor control circuits including the control circuit that controls the load circuit using switches and coils, and the load circuit that causes the system to perform an action such as running a motor. The document provides examples of two-wire and three-wire control circuits along with ladder diagrams. It also discusses reverse motor starters, drum switches, and other pilot devices such as flow switches, level switches, and pressure switches. Diagrams and figures are included to illustrate the different components and circuit configurations.
ENERGY EFFICIENT VARIABLE SPEED HIGH POWER FACTOR THREE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR...Journal For Research
Paper presents a new energy efficient technique of three phase AC to AC voltage control using medium frequency pulse width modulation and extinction angle control. This technique is deployed to obtain independent control on speed and power factor of the three phase induction motor, using four semiconductor controllable switches. The technique has been realized using AC freewheeling switch. Power factor (PF) of induction motor reduces as it depends on the load parameters, thus induction motor draws more current, increase stator copper losses. Increased stator copper losses of induction motor causes depreciation of power factor and efficiency. Proposed drive maintains power factor of induction motor at unity for controllable speed of the motor. Thus reduces current consumption of the motor at low speeds. Stator copper losses also reduce and efficiency of the motor is improved. Advantage of proposed drive is its higher efficiency and unity power factor with simplicity of control. .If number of motors are driven using the proposed drive, plenty of power conservation is possible.
This document discusses speed control methods for DC motors. It begins by explaining that DC motors can achieve fine speed control through simple methods, which is their main advantage over AC motors. It then describes the three main speed control methods for DC motors as varying the flux, armature resistance, or applied voltage. Subsequent sections provide more details on speed control for shunt motors and series motors, including flux control, armature control, voltage control, and numerical examples. The document is intended to teach speed control of DC motors through lecture notes.
This document summarizes an experimental study on velocity control of a hydraulic cylinder using an electro-hydraulic servo system. The system uses either a variable displacement axial piston pump controlled by a swashplate, or a proportional valve, to control the velocity of the cylinder. Mathematical models of the pump, valve, cylinder and external loads are developed. A PID controller is implemented to achieve constant velocity control under varying external loads. Experimental results show the PID controller can achieve good velocity control using either the variable pump or proportional valve under changing load conditions.
This document summarizes a patent from 1957 regarding improvements to apparatus for cutting electrically conductive materials via electro-erosion or electrolysis. The apparatus features an electrode attached to a vertically slidable rack that is normally engaged by a pinion driven by an electric motor to automatically adjust the electrode position. A handle allows disengaging the pinion from the rack for manual adjustments of the electrode relative to the workpiece.
IRJET- Speed Governed Synchronous Generator Wind Power System with Remote Syn...IRJET Journal
This document describes a proposed speed governed synchronous generator wind power system with remote synchronization capabilities. Key points:
1. It introduces using a synchronous generator driven by a continuously variable transmission (CVT) to control generator speed, avoiding issues with induction generators.
2. A remote control system is also proposed to allow authorized users to monitor and control the remote wind power system, important as wind farms are often in remote areas.
3. The system aims to address disadvantages of conventional wind power systems like multiple conversion stages of synchronous generator systems and reactive power consumption in induction generator systems.
Simulation of VFT For Power Transfer Between Two NetworksDeepak Upadhyay
In present scenario, to fulfillment of the world energy demand, the renewable energy resource (RES) like photovoltaic generation systems and wind power generation systems has emerged as the better option and connected to the grid has been increasing as a way of reducing negative effects on the environment. The outputs of these RESs vary rapidly because of the influence of the weather and the conditions of the location. And also synchronization problem is arising due to lot of small RESs generating station. So that, very difficult to transmit asynchronous power on high voltage level. On the other hand due to the significant power demand increase, the transmission line operators are required to increase transmission line power transfer capability. So that to decrease the power losses and improve power transfer capability at high voltage level, HVDC transmission lines is used. But initially the cost of HVDC system is very high for short and medium distance transmission. To overcome this problem and reduce the cost of conventional method a new technology known as variable frequency transformer (VFT) has been developed for transmission interconnections. It is used as a flexible for both synchronous and asynchronous ac links to transfer power between power system networks
Speed control of three phase im by vf open and close loop methodeSAT Journals
This document presents a simulation of speed control for a three-phase induction motor using open-loop and closed-loop V/F control methods. In the open-loop method, a PWM inverter drives the motor and the torque is observed to remain constant with varying rotor speed. In the closed-loop method, a PI controller provides feedback to vary the supply frequency to maintain a constant V/F ratio. Simulation results in MATLAB Simulink show that closed-loop control provides superior speed regulation compared to the open-loop method.
The document describes experiments to be performed in a control systems lab. It includes 10 experiments related to studying different components of control systems like AC and DC servo motors, magnetic amplifiers, lead-lag compensators, PID controllers, and MATLAB simulations. For each experiment, it provides the aim, apparatus required, theory, procedure, observations table and discussion. The experiments aim to analyze characteristics and behavior of components, plot graphs, and understand control system design principles.
In recent advancements in electric machine and drives, wound rotor motor is extensively used. The merit of using wound rotor induction motor is to control speed/torque characteristics by inserting external resistance. Wound rotor induction motor can be used in the cases such as (a) low inrush current, (b) load requiring high starting torque, (c) lower starting current is required, (d) loads having high inertia, and (e) gradual built up of torque. Examples include conveyers, cranes, pumps, elevators, and compressors. This paper includes speed control of wound induction motor using MATLAB/Simulink for rotor resistance and slip power recovery method. The characteristics of these speed control methods are hence analysed.
Vocational training Report (Train Lighting)shovandey07
1. Train lighting systems have evolved over time, transitioning from axle-driven dynamos to various brushless alternator systems providing 110V DC power.
2. There are currently four main types of train lighting systems in use: axle-driven producing 110V DC, mid-on generation with 415V 3-phase generation and 110V utilization, and two end-on generation systems with either 415V or 750V 3-phase generation and 110V utilization.
3. All new coaches are being built with the 110V DC axle-driven system, which has proven more reliable and capable of meeting increasing load demands.
This paper investigated the performance of the sliding mode control technique for dc/dc converter using frequency response method. The applications of the step down type switching regulator) buck converter (are found in the devices that use batteries as power source like laptop, cell phones, electric vehicle, and recently, it has also been used in the renewable energy processing, as a maximum output power can be achieved at higher efficiency. In order to optimize the efficiency and for convenient power management, the issues like power on transients, the effect of load variation, Switching and Electromagnetic interference (EMI) losses has to be overcome for which controllers are used. In the proposed method, pulse width modulation (PWM) based on proportional-integral-derivative sliding mode voltage controller (PID SMVC) is designed for a buck converter and the response for appropriate control parameters has been obtained. The system stability has been examined and analyzed from the performance characteristics, which shows clearly that the buck converter controlled by the sliding mode controller has fast dynamic response and it’s very efficient for various applications.
Presentation on dragline cat8200 & dumper CAT MT4400 D AC used in sasan coal ...Rohit Raj
The document summarizes information about the Sasan coal mine in India and the heavy machinery used there, including a walking dragline and dump trucks. The dragline is an electric Cat 8200 AC model with a 61 m3 bucket and 100 m boom. It uses electric motors powered by a 6.6 kV supply to perform hoisting, dragging, swinging, and walking operations. The mine also uses Cat MT4400D AC dump trucks with 2700 HP engines and AC synchronous wheel motors to transport coal.
This document provides a training report from an internship at Western Railway Workshop in Lower Parel. It includes a preface describing the purpose and contents of the report. The report then summarizes various shops and processes observed during the training, including the battery room, alternator/SWG, armature windings, fan repair, internal fitting, power maintenance, compressor/WRAJ, control panel, motor/erru, and POH/testing of AC coaches including LHB coaches. It also includes an acknowledgement section thanking those involved in making the training possible.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Vector Control of Three-Phase Induction Motor with Two Stator Phases Open-Cir...IJPEDS-IAES
Variable frequency drives are used to provide reliable dynamic systems and
significant reduction in usage of energy and costs of the induction motors.
Modeling and control of faulty or an unbalanced three-phase induction motor
is obviously different from healthy three-phase induction motor. Using
conventional vector control techniques such as Field-Oriented Control (FOC)
for faulty three-phase induction motor, results in a significant torque and
speed oscillation. This research presented a novel method for vector control
of three-phase induction motor under fault condition (two-phase open circuit
fault). The proposed method for vector control of faulty machine is based on
rotor FOC method. A comparison between conventional and modified
controller shows that the modified controller has been significantly reduced
the torque and speed oscillations.
This training report summarizes information about Chittaranjan Locomotive Works (CLW) in India. CLW is one of the largest locomotive manufacturers in the world. It produces various types of electric locomotives for Indian Railways, including freight locomotives like the WAG-9 and WAG-7, and passenger locomotives such as the WAP-7, WAP-5, and WAP-4. The report describes the key components of electric locomotives, CLW's manufacturing process across its various shops, and provides specifications for different locomotive types.
IRJET- Vector Control of Three Phase Induction MotorIRJET Journal
This document discusses vector control of a three-phase induction motor. Vector control, also called field-oriented control, allows independent control of torque and flux in induction motors, similar to DC motors. The document describes:
1) How vector control works by transforming stator currents into orthogonal d-q components representing flux and torque.
2) The principle of field-oriented control which locks the d-q reference frame to the rotor flux vector for decoupled control of flux and torque.
3) The simulation model built in MATLAB/Simulink to test vector control, including blocks for Clarke/Park transformations, current control, and a PI speed controller.
This document describes a radiation detecting device for use in underground surveys such as oil well logging. It contains a scintillation crystal that detects gamma rays and converts them to light pulses, which are then converted to electrical pulses by a photomultiplier tube. The pulses are transmitted up the logging cable to the surface station, where they can be analyzed to determine the thickness and composition of underground formations. The device aims to provide highly sensitive and reliable radiation detection in a small physical size suitable for use in boreholes. It can also incorporate electric logging capabilities to analyze formations simultaneously.
This document describes an improved process for manufacturing vat dyestuffs and new vat dyestuffs. It involves reacting monoaryl-di-halogen-1,3,5-triazines with aminoanthraquinones to produce dyestuffs of a general formula. The improvement allows for easier accessibility of the necessary dihalogen-triazines reactants compared to previous methods. The new process and dyestuffs provide valuable dye properties that can now be utilized practically.
1) VVVF stands for Variable Voltage Variable Frequency and is the standard system used for controlling electric motors on trains. It allows for control of motor speed over a wide range.
2) The system has three main stages - a voltage chopper that variably controls voltage, a frequency inverter that converts DC to 3-phase AC and variably controls frequency, and the traction motor.
3) By variably controlling both the voltage and frequency supplied to the motor, its speed can be precisely controlled for acceleration, cruising, and braking. Pulse width modulation is used to variably control voltage through switching the supply on and off at varying time intervals.
This document discusses various motor control devices and circuits. It describes pilot devices such as push button switches and limit switches that are commonly used in motor control circuits. It also discusses basic motor control circuits including the control circuit that controls the load circuit using switches and coils, and the load circuit that causes the system to perform an action such as running a motor. The document provides examples of two-wire and three-wire control circuits along with ladder diagrams. It also discusses reverse motor starters, drum switches, and other pilot devices such as flow switches, level switches, and pressure switches. Diagrams and figures are included to illustrate the different components and circuit configurations.
ENERGY EFFICIENT VARIABLE SPEED HIGH POWER FACTOR THREE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR...Journal For Research
Paper presents a new energy efficient technique of three phase AC to AC voltage control using medium frequency pulse width modulation and extinction angle control. This technique is deployed to obtain independent control on speed and power factor of the three phase induction motor, using four semiconductor controllable switches. The technique has been realized using AC freewheeling switch. Power factor (PF) of induction motor reduces as it depends on the load parameters, thus induction motor draws more current, increase stator copper losses. Increased stator copper losses of induction motor causes depreciation of power factor and efficiency. Proposed drive maintains power factor of induction motor at unity for controllable speed of the motor. Thus reduces current consumption of the motor at low speeds. Stator copper losses also reduce and efficiency of the motor is improved. Advantage of proposed drive is its higher efficiency and unity power factor with simplicity of control. .If number of motors are driven using the proposed drive, plenty of power conservation is possible.
This document discusses speed control methods for DC motors. It begins by explaining that DC motors can achieve fine speed control through simple methods, which is their main advantage over AC motors. It then describes the three main speed control methods for DC motors as varying the flux, armature resistance, or applied voltage. Subsequent sections provide more details on speed control for shunt motors and series motors, including flux control, armature control, voltage control, and numerical examples. The document is intended to teach speed control of DC motors through lecture notes.
This document summarizes an experimental study on velocity control of a hydraulic cylinder using an electro-hydraulic servo system. The system uses either a variable displacement axial piston pump controlled by a swashplate, or a proportional valve, to control the velocity of the cylinder. Mathematical models of the pump, valve, cylinder and external loads are developed. A PID controller is implemented to achieve constant velocity control under varying external loads. Experimental results show the PID controller can achieve good velocity control using either the variable pump or proportional valve under changing load conditions.
This document summarizes a patent from 1957 regarding improvements to apparatus for cutting electrically conductive materials via electro-erosion or electrolysis. The apparatus features an electrode attached to a vertically slidable rack that is normally engaged by a pinion driven by an electric motor to automatically adjust the electrode position. A handle allows disengaging the pinion from the rack for manual adjustments of the electrode relative to the workpiece.
IRJET- Speed Governed Synchronous Generator Wind Power System with Remote Syn...IRJET Journal
This document describes a proposed speed governed synchronous generator wind power system with remote synchronization capabilities. Key points:
1. It introduces using a synchronous generator driven by a continuously variable transmission (CVT) to control generator speed, avoiding issues with induction generators.
2. A remote control system is also proposed to allow authorized users to monitor and control the remote wind power system, important as wind farms are often in remote areas.
3. The system aims to address disadvantages of conventional wind power systems like multiple conversion stages of synchronous generator systems and reactive power consumption in induction generator systems.
Simulation of VFT For Power Transfer Between Two NetworksDeepak Upadhyay
In present scenario, to fulfillment of the world energy demand, the renewable energy resource (RES) like photovoltaic generation systems and wind power generation systems has emerged as the better option and connected to the grid has been increasing as a way of reducing negative effects on the environment. The outputs of these RESs vary rapidly because of the influence of the weather and the conditions of the location. And also synchronization problem is arising due to lot of small RESs generating station. So that, very difficult to transmit asynchronous power on high voltage level. On the other hand due to the significant power demand increase, the transmission line operators are required to increase transmission line power transfer capability. So that to decrease the power losses and improve power transfer capability at high voltage level, HVDC transmission lines is used. But initially the cost of HVDC system is very high for short and medium distance transmission. To overcome this problem and reduce the cost of conventional method a new technology known as variable frequency transformer (VFT) has been developed for transmission interconnections. It is used as a flexible for both synchronous and asynchronous ac links to transfer power between power system networks
Speed control of three phase im by vf open and close loop methodeSAT Journals
This document presents a simulation of speed control for a three-phase induction motor using open-loop and closed-loop V/F control methods. In the open-loop method, a PWM inverter drives the motor and the torque is observed to remain constant with varying rotor speed. In the closed-loop method, a PI controller provides feedback to vary the supply frequency to maintain a constant V/F ratio. Simulation results in MATLAB Simulink show that closed-loop control provides superior speed regulation compared to the open-loop method.
The document describes experiments to be performed in a control systems lab. It includes 10 experiments related to studying different components of control systems like AC and DC servo motors, magnetic amplifiers, lead-lag compensators, PID controllers, and MATLAB simulations. For each experiment, it provides the aim, apparatus required, theory, procedure, observations table and discussion. The experiments aim to analyze characteristics and behavior of components, plot graphs, and understand control system design principles.
In recent advancements in electric machine and drives, wound rotor motor is extensively used. The merit of using wound rotor induction motor is to control speed/torque characteristics by inserting external resistance. Wound rotor induction motor can be used in the cases such as (a) low inrush current, (b) load requiring high starting torque, (c) lower starting current is required, (d) loads having high inertia, and (e) gradual built up of torque. Examples include conveyers, cranes, pumps, elevators, and compressors. This paper includes speed control of wound induction motor using MATLAB/Simulink for rotor resistance and slip power recovery method. The characteristics of these speed control methods are hence analysed.
Vocational training Report (Train Lighting)shovandey07
1. Train lighting systems have evolved over time, transitioning from axle-driven dynamos to various brushless alternator systems providing 110V DC power.
2. There are currently four main types of train lighting systems in use: axle-driven producing 110V DC, mid-on generation with 415V 3-phase generation and 110V utilization, and two end-on generation systems with either 415V or 750V 3-phase generation and 110V utilization.
3. All new coaches are being built with the 110V DC axle-driven system, which has proven more reliable and capable of meeting increasing load demands.
This paper investigated the performance of the sliding mode control technique for dc/dc converter using frequency response method. The applications of the step down type switching regulator) buck converter (are found in the devices that use batteries as power source like laptop, cell phones, electric vehicle, and recently, it has also been used in the renewable energy processing, as a maximum output power can be achieved at higher efficiency. In order to optimize the efficiency and for convenient power management, the issues like power on transients, the effect of load variation, Switching and Electromagnetic interference (EMI) losses has to be overcome for which controllers are used. In the proposed method, pulse width modulation (PWM) based on proportional-integral-derivative sliding mode voltage controller (PID SMVC) is designed for a buck converter and the response for appropriate control parameters has been obtained. The system stability has been examined and analyzed from the performance characteristics, which shows clearly that the buck converter controlled by the sliding mode controller has fast dynamic response and it’s very efficient for various applications.
Presentation on dragline cat8200 & dumper CAT MT4400 D AC used in sasan coal ...Rohit Raj
The document summarizes information about the Sasan coal mine in India and the heavy machinery used there, including a walking dragline and dump trucks. The dragline is an electric Cat 8200 AC model with a 61 m3 bucket and 100 m boom. It uses electric motors powered by a 6.6 kV supply to perform hoisting, dragging, swinging, and walking operations. The mine also uses Cat MT4400D AC dump trucks with 2700 HP engines and AC synchronous wheel motors to transport coal.
This document provides a training report from an internship at Western Railway Workshop in Lower Parel. It includes a preface describing the purpose and contents of the report. The report then summarizes various shops and processes observed during the training, including the battery room, alternator/SWG, armature windings, fan repair, internal fitting, power maintenance, compressor/WRAJ, control panel, motor/erru, and POH/testing of AC coaches including LHB coaches. It also includes an acknowledgement section thanking those involved in making the training possible.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Vector Control of Three-Phase Induction Motor with Two Stator Phases Open-Cir...IJPEDS-IAES
Variable frequency drives are used to provide reliable dynamic systems and
significant reduction in usage of energy and costs of the induction motors.
Modeling and control of faulty or an unbalanced three-phase induction motor
is obviously different from healthy three-phase induction motor. Using
conventional vector control techniques such as Field-Oriented Control (FOC)
for faulty three-phase induction motor, results in a significant torque and
speed oscillation. This research presented a novel method for vector control
of three-phase induction motor under fault condition (two-phase open circuit
fault). The proposed method for vector control of faulty machine is based on
rotor FOC method. A comparison between conventional and modified
controller shows that the modified controller has been significantly reduced
the torque and speed oscillations.
This training report summarizes information about Chittaranjan Locomotive Works (CLW) in India. CLW is one of the largest locomotive manufacturers in the world. It produces various types of electric locomotives for Indian Railways, including freight locomotives like the WAG-9 and WAG-7, and passenger locomotives such as the WAP-7, WAP-5, and WAP-4. The report describes the key components of electric locomotives, CLW's manufacturing process across its various shops, and provides specifications for different locomotive types.
IRJET- Vector Control of Three Phase Induction MotorIRJET Journal
This document discusses vector control of a three-phase induction motor. Vector control, also called field-oriented control, allows independent control of torque and flux in induction motors, similar to DC motors. The document describes:
1) How vector control works by transforming stator currents into orthogonal d-q components representing flux and torque.
2) The principle of field-oriented control which locks the d-q reference frame to the rotor flux vector for decoupled control of flux and torque.
3) The simulation model built in MATLAB/Simulink to test vector control, including blocks for Clarke/Park transformations, current control, and a PI speed controller.
This document describes a radiation detecting device for use in underground surveys such as oil well logging. It contains a scintillation crystal that detects gamma rays and converts them to light pulses, which are then converted to electrical pulses by a photomultiplier tube. The pulses are transmitted up the logging cable to the surface station, where they can be analyzed to determine the thickness and composition of underground formations. The device aims to provide highly sensitive and reliable radiation detection in a small physical size suitable for use in boreholes. It can also incorporate electric logging capabilities to analyze formations simultaneously.
This document describes an improved process for manufacturing vat dyestuffs and new vat dyestuffs. It involves reacting monoaryl-di-halogen-1,3,5-triazines with aminoanthraquinones to produce dyestuffs of a general formula. The improvement allows for easier accessibility of the necessary dihalogen-triazines reactants compared to previous methods. The new process and dyestuffs provide valuable dye properties that can now be utilized practically.
Este informativo semanal proporciona información sobre los requerimientos y actividades académicas para los estudiantes de 5° año básico "A" de la próxima semana en el Colegio Camilo Henríquez. Detalla los libros, materiales y tareas requeridos para cada asignatura, así como también los horarios de atención de los profesores y las evaluaciones programadas. Además, incluye información sobre nivelaciones académicas y el taller de psicopedagogía.
Laporan ini menganalisis efektivitas pelaksanaan Musrenbang Desa dalam meningkatkan pembangunan Desa Tanjung Jati, Kecamatan Binjai, Kabupaten Langkat. Musrenbang Desa diharapkan dapat mengidentifikasi program prioritas berdasarkan aspirasi masyarakat dan sumber daya yang dimiliki desa.
This document describes a patent application filed by Allen & Hanburys Limited for new diamine compounds and salts thereof. The compounds have a general formula shown, where a, b, and c can be integers from 1 to 3, and R is hydrogen or an alkyl group. The compounds are described as new organic bases that may have pharmaceutical applications.
Este documento es un informativo semanal enviado por el Colegio Camilo Henríquez a los apoderados del quinto año básico "B". Contiene información sobre los requerimientos y actividades de la próxima semana para cada asignatura, incluyendo libros, materiales y tareas que los estudiantes deben traer. También incluye detalles sobre las próximas pruebas, reuniones de apoderados y talleres de apoyo.
Akef Masood is seeking an opportunity to utilize his B.Tech degree in Computer Science and Engineering from Sikkim Manipal Institute of Technology. He has strong academic performance, maintaining a CGPA of 6.78, and technical skills including C++, C, Java, MATLAB, SQL, PL/SQL, Linux/Unix, and TCP/IP networking. His personal interests include reading, fitness training, and playing tennis competitively at the state level.
1) The document describes a patent for an improved flushing tank for water closets.
2) The flushing tank design aims to be simple, reliable, and able to be manufactured from corrosion-resistant synthetic materials.
3) It includes a trap tube, discharge pipe, and syphon tube arranged to create an automatic intermittent flushing action as water fills the tank and causes a bell and float mechanism to open and close.
Este documento proporciona información sobre los requerimientos y actividades académicas para los estudiantes de segundo año básico "B" durante la semana del 28 de marzo al 1 de abril. Se solicita a los estudiantes traer materiales específicos para cada asignatura y se informan los contenidos que se trabajarán en lenguaje, matemáticas, ciencias naturales e historia. También se incluye el horario de atención de profesores, el calendario de evaluaciones de la semana y enlaces de apoyo en el aula virtual
Federal criminal law is now codified in the commonwealth criminal code. The code, which now consists of eight chapters, ranging in subject matter from theft, through terrorism to sexual slavery, is prefaced by a comprehensive condition of the general principles of criminal responsibility.
Este documento proporciona información sobre los requerimientos académicos para la segunda semana de clases en el Colegio Camilo Henríquez para el tercer año básico "B". Detalla el horario de clases, los libros y materiales requeridos, así como los horarios de atención de los profesores.
Este documento presenta los requerimientos y evaluaciones para la próxima semana en el Colegio Camilo Henríquez para el 5° año básico "A". Se solicita que los estudiantes traigan los libros Ziemax marcados el miércoles, y que continúen con la lectura del libro "Las Aventuras de Tom Sawyer". También se recuerda el pago de $5.000 para la salida pedagógica del 15 de abril y la puntualidad en los horarios. Se detallan las evaluaciones y trabajos para cada asignatura, incl
Este documento proporciona información sobre las actividades escolares de la próxima semana para el sexto año básico de la sección A del Colegio Camilo Henríquez. Incluye detalles sobre una salida pedagógica al Parque Natural Aguas de San Ramón el viernes, celebraciones por el Día del Libro y de la Convivencia Escolar, horarios de las clases y profesores a cargo, materiales requeridos, y temas a cubrir en cada asignatura. También indica las fechas de evaluaciones y sesiones de
Resolucion 513 marzo_4_2016. [downloaded with 1st_browser]Vanesa Rivera
Este documento presenta un proyecto de reglamento para el Seguro General de Riesgos del Trabajo en Ecuador. El reglamento establece las normas para la prevención de riesgos laborales, la cobertura de accidentes de trabajo y enfermedades profesionales, y las prestaciones como subsidios, indemnizaciones y pensiones. El Consejo Directivo del Instituto Ecuatoriano de Seguridad Social aprueba este reglamento para regular las prestaciones del seguro de riesgos laborales de acuerdo con la ley.
Este documento presenta los requerimientos y objetivos de aprendizaje para la próxima semana en el Colegio Camilo Henríquez para el quinto año básico sección B. Los estudiantes deben traer sus libros forrados con su nombre y el libro de lectura diaria. También se solicita a los apoderados enviar certificados médicos y ser puntuales. Cada asignatura detalla los objetivos y materiales requeridos para la semana.
This document summarizes British patent GB780166 (A) filed in 1957 regarding improvements to electric voltage regulating apparatus. It describes a system using multiple booster transformers connected in series, with each transformer's primary connected to a single voltage regulator through switching means. This allows a single regulator to control voltage over a wide range by sequentially activating the boosters. The switching is designed to occur at near-zero voltage differences to minimize issues.
This document describes an improved speed controlling system for polyphase commutator motors. It aims to provide a motor that has both series and shunt characteristics, allowing it to operate at a wide speed range. This is achieved by connecting the primary winding of an intermediate transformer in series or parallel with the motor windings. In series connection, the motor operates as a typical series motor. In parallel connection, voltage is supplied to the rotor to make it run as a shunt motor. This allows the motor to hoist light loads at high or low speeds, as well as lower loads at an adequate speed through regenerative braking. Diagrams and characteristics curves are provided to illustrate how switching connections achieves variable speed control.
This document describes a patent application for improvements to regulating systems for dynamo-electric machines. Specifically, it describes a system that incorporates means to automatically prevent reduction of generator excitation below the stability limit. The system includes an automatic voltage regulator and overriding control means that prevent excitation from falling below a value determined by the magnitude of the generator load current.
This document describes a patent application from 1957 relating to regulating systems for synchronous generators. It aims to provide an improved system that can automatically prevent reduction of generator excitation below the stability limit. The system includes an automatic voltage regulator and overriding control means that prevent excitation from falling below a value determined by the magnitude of the generator load current. The overriding control means respond to electrical quantities relating to excitation and load current, and can boost excitation if needed to maintain stability.
This document describes a patent application for improvements to regulating systems for dynamo-electric machines. Specifically, it describes a system that incorporates means to automatically prevent reduction of generator excitation below the stability limit. The system includes an automatic voltage regulator and overriding control means that prevent excitation from falling below a value determined by the magnitude of the generator load current.
This document describes a device for rapidly braking two-stroke internal combustion engines that can operate in reversible directions. The device uses two contact breakers associated with different rotational directions. When the ignition switch is changed to the opposite direction, one contact breaker will open shortly before top dead center to provide an ignition spark, braking the engine. This allows the starting motor to be reversed without heavy loading before the engine fully stops.
This document describes a device for rapidly braking two-stroke internal combustion engines that can operate in reversible directions. The device uses two contact breakers associated with different rotational directions. When the ignition switch is changed to the opposite direction, one contact breaker will open shortly before top dead center to provide an ignition spark, braking the engine. This allows the starting motor to be reversed without heavy loading before the engine fully stops.
This document describes a device for rapidly braking two-stroke internal combustion engines that can operate in reversible directions. The device uses two contact breakers associated with different rotational directions. When the ignition switch is changed to the opposite direction, one contact breaker will open shortly before top dead center to provide an ignition spark, braking the engine. This allows the starting motor to be reversed without heavy loading before the engine fully stops.
This document provides a patent specification for improvements relating to the control and operation of change-speed gearing. It describes a system that allows for changing gears without interrupting the drive by partially engaging the clutch for the new gear while still engaged with the old gear, causing the old clutch to slip until speeds are equalized and the new clutch can fully engage. The system uses hydraulic means including valves and pistons to control frictional clutches, allowing downshifting without declutching the engine for acceleration.
This document describes an apparatus for automatically determining the magnitude and angular location of unbalance in a dynamically unbalanced body, such as a crankshaft, and means for automatically correcting the unbalance. It involves using vibration pickups mounted at nodal points along the crankshaft to detect imbalance signals. Circuitry including relays and contact mechanisms is used to determine the imbalance magnitude and location from the pickup signals and automatically position a drill stop to correct the imbalance through drilling. The apparatus allows for high-accuracy, automatic balancing of crankshafts without operator adjustment.
This document describes a variable speed gearbox that provides multiple forward and reverse speeds. It consists of juxtaposed gear units, each with two fixed ratio gear couples that can be selectively engaged to provide two speed stages. The gear couples have elements mounted on a common driving shaft and driven shaft. Clutches allow the elements to be selectively coupled to the shafts for unitary rotation. The gearbox arrangement allows for continuous shifting between gear ratios without delays between stages. It also allows for a compact transverse size suitable for agricultural tractors.
This document describes a variable speed gearbox that provides multiple forward and reverse speeds. It consists of juxtaposed gear units, each with two fixed ratio gear couples that can be selectively engaged to provide two speed stages. The gear couples have elements mounted on a common driving shaft and driven shaft. Clutches allow the elements to be selectively coupled to the shafts for unitary rotation. The gearbox arrangement allows for continuous shifting between gear ratios without delays between stages. It provides a compact transverse profile that is advantageous for applications like agricultural tractors.
This document summarizes research on controlling a doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) for variable-speed wind power generation. A DFIG allows power production at a constant voltage and frequency while the rotor speed varies, making it suitable for wind power applications. The control scheme uses stator flux orientation for the rotor side converter and grid voltage vector control for the grid side converter. Simulation and laboratory tests were performed to validate the control approach under different wind conditions.
This patent document describes an electromagnetic motor with a reciprocating armature. It includes a fixed magnetic field member with an opening for an iron armature to move through. Current rectifying means create a pulsating magnetic flux to drive the armature in one direction. A spring or additional magnetic field member drives it in the opposite direction. Adjusting the spring tension can match the natural frequency of the armature to the pulsating flux frequency for increased stroke length. The motor can power air compressors or pumps.
This patent document describes an electromagnetic motor with a reciprocating armature. It includes a fixed magnetic field member with an opening for an iron armature to move through. Current rectifying means create a pulsating magnetic flux to drive the armature in one direction. A spring or additional magnetic field member drives it in the opposite direction. Adjusting the spring tension can match the natural frequency of the armature to the pulsating flux frequency for increased stroke length. The motor can power an air compressor with pistons connected to the armature.
This document describes a fuel control system for gas turbine engines that aims to prevent compressor stall during acceleration. It does this by modulating the fuel flow to create pulsations in the compressor discharge pressure. As the engine accelerates, the amplitude of these pulsations diminishes as it approaches stall. The system uses sensors to detect changes in pulsation amplitude and control the fuel flow accordingly, allowing maximum acceleration without risk of stall.
This document provides a description of patent GB780010 (A) for improvements to electrical follow-up systems. The system uses a magnetic amplifier to amplify an error signal modulated at a sub-carrier frequency, which helps eliminate effects of datum instability in the amplifier. It then applies the amplified signal to a motor to reduce the error signal to zero and correctly indicate the measured value, such as liquid level.
This document provides a description of patent GB780010 (A) from 1957 regarding improvements to electrical follow-up systems. The system uses a magnetic amplifier to amplify an error signal modulated at a sub-carrier frequency to reduce effects of datum instability. It applies the system to a liquid contents gauge using capacitors, with the output from the magnetic amplifier applied to a motor to adjust the measured liquid level to match the actual level.
This document describes an invention for controlling fluid flow rates in systems with multiple fluid supplies. It allows for individual adjustment of each supply's flow rate, as well as collective adjustment where the ratio between any two supplies is maintained. Three embodiments of the control device are described, where rotation and axial movement of components can vary the width and length of metering orifices to control flow rates individually and collectively.
This document describes a tensioning device for coil winding machines that maintains consistent tension in the coil wire. It includes a pivoted arm connected to a wire guide and brake mechanism on the coil spool. A resilient link connects the arm to the brake and includes springs that compress under reduced wire tension. This allows the brake to gradually engage and disengage the spool to compensate for changes in winding speed and prevent over-tensioning of the wire. The tensioning device produces evenly wound coils regardless of starting and stopping of the machine.
This document provides a 3-sentence summary of GB784603 (A) which describes a fuel feeding apparatus for pressure burners. The apparatus includes a valve body with passages that selectively connect a mixture tube, air passage, and fuel passages. A stationary rubber disk member and rotatable disk valve member control the connections between passages for starting, running, and shutting off the burner. The valve members and passages allow the burner to be supplied with an air-fuel mixture for starting and then operated with vaporized liquid fuel from the fuel tank.
This document summarizes a patent for manufacturing oximes of cycloaliphatic ketones. It describes a process where salts of thiosulphuric acid or polythionic acids are used as reducing agents in aqueous solution to produce oximes from water-soluble salts of secondary nitro-compounds in the cycloaliphatic series. The ratio used is 1 mole of nitro-compound to 1-1.5 moles of reducing agent salt. Examples provided demonstrate producing cyclohexanone oxime from nitrocyclohexane using sodium thiosulphate or sodium trithionate as the reducing agent. Yields of up to 92% of the oxime product are achieved.
This document describes glyoxalidine corrosion inhibitors for use in hydrocarbon liquids like gasoline and diesel fuel. Specifically, it describes new chemical compounds that are salts of a glyoxalidine and an organic aliphatic dicarboxylic acid with at least 10 carbon atoms. These compounds are effective corrosion inhibitors for ferrous metals in contact with hydrocarbon liquids that contain small amounts of water. Test results show that reactions products of sebacic acid and certain glyoxalidines can inhibit corrosion in gasoline-water systems at low concentrations.
This document describes a patent for improvements in the production of the antibiotic griseofulvin under deep culture conditions. It finds that griseofulvin can be produced on a large scale through submerged aerobic culture of suitable organisms, such as Penicillium patulum, if the available nitrogen level in the culture medium is carefully controlled between 0.04-0.3% nitrogen. Optimum yields are obtained at nitrogen levels of 0.075-0.25%, with the specific optimum depending on factors like inoculum type and fermenter size.
The document describes new disazo dyes and copper complexes of those dyes. The dyes correspond to general formula 1, where R1 is the residue of an oxybenzene-ortho-carboxylic acid, R2 and R3 are benzene residues with the carbon atoms bound to the azo linkage and carboxamide group separated by at least one carbon atom, and R4 is a benzene residue containing a sulphonic acid, carboxylic acid, or carboxymethoxy group. The dyes can be prepared by coupling a diazo compound of an aminoazo dye with a phenylamino-8-oxynaphthalene compound. The resulting dyes and their copper complexes are
This document describes improvements to self-supporting containers made of carbon or graphite. It discusses how prior containers used ceramic linings that had poor thermal conductivity. The new containers described are built from interlocking carbon or graphite plates that form a self-supporting inner structure. This allows the container to be spaced within an outer metal or concrete vessel, improving heat transfer and accommodating different expansion rates of the materials. Diagrams show how the plates interlock at joints and are held together with cement.
The document describes improvements to the "oxo process" for producing oxygenated organic compounds from olefins using carbon monoxide, hydrogen, and a carbonylation catalyst. Specifically, it involves using a catalyst combination that is particularly effective for catalyzing the reaction. The oxo process typically involves three stages - an initial reaction of the olefin with carbon monoxide and hydrogen over a cobalt catalyst to produce aldehydes, removal of soluble metal compounds from the product, and then hydrogenation of the aldehydes to alcohols. The invention relates to improving the catalyst used in the first stage of the reaction.
1) The document describes improvements to packaging containers that provide reinforcement and strength.
2) The containers have a non-metallic shell and bottom each with a corrosion-resistant thin inner lining that is partly inside and partly outside the container.
3) The shell has an outer reinforcing metal covering that is folded together with the outer parts of the linings to seal the container while keeping the bottom and shell unfolded.
This document summarizes a patent for recovering cooking liquor from spent soda pulping liquors. It describes how traditional soda pulping processes are expensive and wasteful due to the loss of sodium hydroxide in washings and stack gases. The invention provides a practical method for regenerating the soda with minimal loss, eliminating hazards and allowing recovery of soda cooking liquor from waste liquors containing it.
This document describes a multi-tray clarifier system for clarifying liquids containing suspended solids. The system uses multiple compartments and a central feedwell system to evenly distribute incoming feed between compartments. This even distribution allows for simplification of the clarifier design by reducing the number of intermediate compartments needed compared to previous clarifier designs.
This document describes improvements to control means for electric current converters. It discusses providing control of discharge paths through respective control electrodes over a wide range, from rectifier to inverter operation. Each control electrode is connected to two inductive members (transformers or chokes) supplied with phase-displaced operating currents/voltages from AC busbars. There are means for imparting a commonly variable direct current premagnetization and means for imparting independently pre-settable direct current premagnetizations, allowing control of each electrode's feed to provide a control voltage during a portion of the converter's total control range.
The document describes improvements to a storage device for cylindrical objects like barrels. The storage device features an inclined rack with a gate at the lower end that retains the cylindrical objects. The gate has two angular portions - a first portion with an upstanding stop member, and a second portion that acts as a positive stop as long as an object is resting on the first portion. This allows objects to be released individually from the storage device when the gate is opened.
This document summarizes an invention for improvements in single-sideband radio transmission systems. It describes a system that uses band compression at the transmitter and band expansion at the receiver to transmit a single-sideband signal while reducing the required bandwidth. The system detects the signal envelope and uses it to amplitude modulate the compressed single-sideband signal before transmission. At the receiver, the system uses the detected envelope to reconstruct the original single-sideband signal from the received compressed signal. The document provides detailed descriptions and diagrams of transmitter and receiver embodiments.
This document summarizes a patent for an improved paper pattern that can be temporarily bonded to fabric. The pattern is made of thin, flexible paper with markings on top. The underside has a heat-sealable, lubricous resin that is non-adhesive at room temperature but becomes adhesive when heated. This allows the pattern to be temporarily bonded to fabric to facilitate needlework while maintaining lubricity for easy needle passage. The resin may be an ethylene polymer, vinyl chloride polymer, or other specified thermoplastic. Figures show applying multiple patterns to fabric with an iron, an enlarged cross-section, and joining cut fabric pieces with attached patterns.
This document describes improvements to gyroscope apparatus. It summarizes two different gyroscope designs that use air bearings to support a rotating gyroscope rotor. In the first design, the rotor is supported within a concentric casing on a spherical air bearing. The casing is driven by a tubular drive shaft connected to conventional bearings. In the second design, a wheel-shaped rotor is supported within a spherical casing on an air bearing. The casing is driven by electric motor integrated with the lower casing portion and supported by ball bearings. Both designs use pickoffs and electromagnetic means to apply torques to the rotor and counteract precession forces to keep the rotor axis aligned with the casing rotation axis.
This document describes improvements to telephone systems, specifically regarding private automatic branch exchanges (PABX) serving large numbers of subscribers across multiple locations. It details a system with a parent PABX connected via two-wire tie-lines to satellite automatic exchanges. The parent PABX operator can set up calls to subscribers on satellite exchanges and receive visual supervisory indications of call progress over the tie-lines. This is achieved through signals sent on a non-speaking conductor and distinctive signals involving potential reversals at the tie-line conductors.
This document describes a patent for improvements in reciprocating motors that are actuated by a fluid supplied at constant pressure. It involves a piston valve that moves alternately into two positions, connecting one side of the piston to the pressure fluid supply and the other side to exhaust. Plungers on each side of the piston can enter cylindrical spaces at the end of the piston's working stroke to build up pressure and cause the valve to switch positions for the return stroke. Optional features include non-return valves in ducts connecting the valve cavities to the spaces to control fluid flow. The invention is intended for hydraulic motors but not limited to that application or liquid as the working fluid.
This document provides details of GB784673 (A) and GB784674 (A), which are patent specifications for two inventions. GB784673 (A) describes a method of producing printed circuit master drawings by removing portions of a black layer on a board to define a circuit pattern. GB784674 (A) describes a mending plug for tubeless tires, specifically a hollow rubber cylindrical plug inserted into punctures using an insertion tool. The document outlines the techniques and provides figures to illustrate the methods.
This document summarizes a patent for a machine that applies rubber caps to containers. It describes a machine with fingers arranged in an annular form that can place a cap, and pistons that impart radial movement to the fingers. It also includes a rotary table to carry containers, a head carrying the fingers that can slide, and a piston to actuate the head. The machine applies caps by extending the fingers to stretch the cap over the container, then retracting the fingers to leave the cap in place.
This document describes a process for dyeing or printing textiles or foils made of cellulose esters or linear aromatic polyesters. Specifically, it involves using acid dyestuffs from the anthraquinone series that have a sulphonic acid group that can be split off by a reducing agent. This causes the dyestuff to become insoluble and bond to the textile or foil substrate. Examples are provided of dyeing various materials like polyester fibers, acetate rayon and cellulose triacetate fibers using different dyestuffs and reducing agents. The dyed materials exhibit good light and wash fastness according to the document.
Guide on the use of Artificial Intelligence-based tools by lawyers and law fi...Massimo Talia
This guide aims to provide information on how lawyers will be able to use the opportunities provided by AI tools and how such tools could help the business processes of small firms. Its objective is to provide lawyers with some background to understand what they can and cannot realistically expect from these products. This guide aims to give a reference point for small law practices in the EU
against which they can evaluate those classes of AI applications that are probably the most relevant for them.
Synopsis On Annual General Meeting/Extra Ordinary General Meeting With Ordinary And Special Businesses And Ordinary And Special Resolutions with Companies (Postal Ballot) Regulations, 2018
Lifting the Corporate Veil. Power Point Presentationseri bangash
"Lifting the Corporate Veil" is a legal concept that refers to the judicial act of disregarding the separate legal personality of a corporation or limited liability company (LLC). Normally, a corporation is considered a legal entity separate from its shareholders or members, meaning that the personal assets of shareholders or members are protected from the liabilities of the corporation. However, there are certain situations where courts may decide to "pierce" or "lift" the corporate veil, holding shareholders or members personally liable for the debts or actions of the corporation.
Here are some common scenarios in which courts might lift the corporate veil:
Fraud or Illegality: If shareholders or members use the corporate structure to perpetrate fraud, evade legal obligations, or engage in illegal activities, courts may disregard the corporate entity and hold those individuals personally liable.
Undercapitalization: If a corporation is formed with insufficient capital to conduct its intended business and meet its foreseeable liabilities, and this lack of capitalization results in harm to creditors or other parties, courts may lift the corporate veil to hold shareholders or members liable.
Failure to Observe Corporate Formalities: Corporations and LLCs are required to observe certain formalities, such as holding regular meetings, maintaining separate financial records, and avoiding commingling of personal and corporate assets. If these formalities are not observed and the corporate structure is used as a mere façade, courts may disregard the corporate entity.
Alter Ego: If there is such a unity of interest and ownership between the corporation and its shareholders or members that the separate personalities of the corporation and the individuals no longer exist, courts may treat the corporation as the alter ego of its owners and hold them personally liable.
Group Enterprises: In some cases, where multiple corporations are closely related or form part of a single economic unit, courts may pierce the corporate veil to achieve equity, particularly if one corporation's actions harm creditors or other stakeholders and the corporate structure is being used to shield culpable parties from liability.
Genocide in International Criminal Law.pptxMasoudZamani13
Excited to share insights from my recent presentation on genocide! 💡 In light of ongoing debates, it's crucial to delve into the nuances of this grave crime.
This document briefly explains the June compliance calendar 2024 with income tax returns, PF, ESI, and important due dates, forms to be filled out, periods, and who should file them?.
सुप्रीम कोर्ट ने यह भी माना था कि मजिस्ट्रेट का यह कर्तव्य है कि वह सुनिश्चित करे कि अधिकारी पीएमएलए के तहत निर्धारित प्रक्रिया के साथ-साथ संवैधानिक सुरक्षा उपायों का भी उचित रूप से पालन करें।
What are the common challenges faced by women lawyers working in the legal pr...lawyersonia
The legal profession, which has historically been male-dominated, has experienced a significant increase in the number of women entering the field over the past few decades. Despite this progress, women lawyers continue to encounter various challenges as they strive for top positions.
Receivership and liquidation Accounts
Being a Paper Presented at Business Recovery and Insolvency Practitioners Association of Nigeria (BRIPAN) on Friday, August 18, 2023.
The Work Permit for Self-Employed Persons in Italy
5071 5075.output
1. * GB785478 (A)
Description: GB785478 (A) ? 1957-10-30
Improvements in or relating to control systems for electric winder motors
Description of GB785478 (A)
PATENT SPEIFICATION 7
Inventor:-ERICH SIEGFRIED FRIEDLANDER.
Date of filing Complete Specification: April 27, 1956.
Application Date: April 28, 1955 No 12316155.
Complete Specification Published: Oct 30, 1957.
Index at Acceptance: -Class 38 ( 3), J 1 (B: H 2 A: N 1: N 2: U), J( 2
B 2 B 2 B 2 X: 5: 12 H 2), M( 22 B: 22 D 3: 23 B 2: 27 X: 28 A: 2 SB:
43 A: 43 D: 48: 56).
International Classification:-H 02 p.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in or relating to Control Systems for Electric Winder
Motors.
We, THE GENERAL ELECTRIC COMPANY LIMITED, of Magnet House, Kingsway,
London, W C 2, a British Company, do hereby declare the invention, for
which we pray that a patent may be granted to us, and the method by
which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by
the following statement:-
This invention relates to control systems for electric winder motors.
An object of the present invention is the provision of a control
system which takes full advantage of the maximum feasible deceleration
of the winder motor during normal operation.
According to the present invention, in a control system for an
electric winder motor and having a decelerating cam arranged to be
driven by said motor for controlling the deceleration of said motor as
a winder cage or the like approaches a stopping point, means is
provided for delaying the initiation of electric braking of said motor
under the control of said cam in dependence upon the load on the
motor, and the rate of deceleration of said motor also under the
control of said cam is arranged to be varied in dependence upon the
load on the motor.
2. The said means may be arranged to vary in effect the shape of the
decelerating cam and one such means comprises a first member
displaceable by the decelerating cam and a second member, for
actuating electric braking means, displaceable by displacement of the
first member, the ratio of the magnitudes of the displacements of the
two members being arranged to be varied in dependence upon the load on
the winder motor.
The said first and second members may comprise a pair of pivoted lever
arms interlPrice 3 s 6 d l connected by a pivoted link member having a
variable pivot point whose position relative to the link member is
arranged to be varied in dependence upon the load on the motor.
Alternatively the said means may be arranged to vary in effect the
shape of the decelerating cam by producing a displacement of the cam
relatively to the position of the winder cage or the like and by
altering, the speed ratio between the winder motor and the
decelerating cam The said means may therefore comprise a gear system
having two differential gear mechanisms, one, a differential
mechanism, for effecting the displacement of the cam and the other
mechanism for effecting the alteration in the speed ratio.
Further, in a control system particularly suited to alternating
current winder motors, the said means may comprise a tachometer
generator driven by the winder motor and whose field excitation is
arranged to be varied in dependence upon the load on the winder motor,
the output voltage of the generator being arranged in opposition to a
second voltage dependent on the position of the winder cage or the
like, electric braking of the winder motor being arranged to be
prohibited until said second voltage is less than said output voltage.
Four control systems for a winder motor and in accordance with the
present invention will now be described by way of example with
reference to the five figures of the diagrammatic drawings
accompanying the Provisional Specification and the single figure of
the accompanying drawing In the drawings accompanying the Provisional
Specification:0,478 - I_;' l ' ' 785,478 Figure 1 shows the essential
parts for enabling the working of the first system to be understood;
Figure 2 is an explanatory diagram to be read in conjunction with
Figure 1, Figure 3 shows the essential parts for enabling the working
of the second control system to be understood; Figure 4 is an
explanatory diagram to be read in conjunction with Figure 3; and
Figure 5 shows the essential parts for enabling the working of the
third system to be understood.
In the single figure of the accompanying drawing is shown the
essential parts for enabling the working of the fourth system to be
understood.
Referring now to Figure 1 of the drawings the control system for the
3. winder motor (not shown) comprises a load sensitive device which
measures the load on the winder motor and a decelerating control which
controls the deceleration of the winder motor as a winder cage
approaches a stopping point, the load sensitive device being
interconnected with and thus varying the decelerating control of the
winder motor in dependence upon the load of the winder motor.
The load sensitive device comprises two torque motors, having their
windings connected to a three phase a c supply having supply leads R,
Y, B which supply the winder motor The first torque motor 1 is a 3,5
power torque motor having a winding 2 connected to a current
transformer 3 which is in circuit with one of the leads, say R, of the
a c supply and a second winding 44 connected across the leads Y and B
of the a c supply A second torque motor 4 is a brake motor and has a
winding 5 connected across the leads Y and B of the a c supply and a
second winding 6 connected across the leads R and B of the a c supply
through an induction regulator 7 The induction regulator is connected
across the a c supply and has its armature 8 connected in series with
the winding 6 of the torque motor 4.
The two motors 1 and 4 have their rotors connected on a common shaft 9
and are so connected to the a c supply lines that they oppose one
another The shaft 9 has a worm 10 which drives a worm wheel 11, the
worm wheel 11 in turn driving a shaft 12 which rotates the armature 8
of the induction regulator 7 and a cam 13 through a torque amplifier
131 Since the motor 1 derives its torque from the supply voltage and
the winder motor current and the motor i> 4 derives its torque from
the supply voltage through the induction regulator 7, then for each
different load on the winder motor, the shaft 12 is rotated thus
setting the cam 13 and the armature 8 of the induction regulator M 7)
7 in a different position for each different load The cam 13 has a
feeler 14 in the form of a wheel which follows the surface of the cam
13 when the cam 13 is rotated.
The feeler 14 is fitted to one end of a lever which is pivoted at a
fixed pivot 16, the 70 other end of the lever 15 being provided with a
pin 17 which is connected into the decelerating control.
The decelerating control comprises basic.
ally a decelerating cam 18 which is driven 75 by the winder motor, a
pattern speed potentiometer 19 and interconnecting mechanism which
transmits movement of the cam 18 to the potentiometer 19 and thus
decelerates the winder motor according to 80 a certain pattern of
speed The interconnecting mechanism has a feeler 20 in the form of a
wheel which, when the cam 18 is rotated about its axis, follows the
surface of the cam 18 The feeler 20 is fitted to a lever 85 arm 21
which is pivoted at a fixed pivot point 22 A second lever arm 23 is
pivoted at a fixed pivot point 24, near the pivot point 22 and has a
4. contact 25 which moves over potentiometer 90 19 The two lever arms 21
and 23 are interconnected by a link member 26 which is pivoted at one
end to the lever 21 and is provided at its other end with a pin 27
fitted in a slot 28 in the lever 23 The pin 17 95 on the lever arm 15
is fitted in a circular slot 29 in the link member 26, the centre of
curvature of the slot being at the pivot 16.
The deceleration of the winder motor is 100 effected by moving the
contact 25 on the arm 23 over the segments of the potentiometer
between points "y" and "z" the pattern voltage derived from the
potentiometer being fed to the speed control circuit of the 105 motor
This movement of the contact 25 is derived from the rotation of the
cam 18 through the levers 21 and 23 and the line member 26 For
different loads on the winder motor the pin 17 is at different posi
110 tions in the slot 29 and since the link member 26 rotates about
the pin 17 on movement of the lever arm 21, the ratio of the distance
moved by the feeler 20 to the distance moved by the contact 25 is
varied for different loads 115 on the winder motor.
If, for example, a winder cage is ascending a mine shaft at its
maximum speed and carrying a load, the cam 13 is rotated to a position
dependent on the load When the 120 cage is at a predetermined position
in the mine shaft, which position is the same for all loads, the cam
18 which is driven by the winder motor rotates the lever arm 21 about
the pivot 22 and thus, moves the contact 25 125 over the potentiometer
19 At the initiation of movement of the arm 21 the contact 25 is
arranged to be somewhere between points "." and "y" on the
potentiometer, however until the contact 25 reaches the point "y" on
130 the change of speed with distance for minimum load, the curve "g"
representing the change of speed for maximum load and A d representing
the change in decelerating distance 70 Referring now to Figure 5,
which shows the third control system which is particularly suitable
for an alternating current winder motor, the load sensitive device is
again the same as that described with reference to 75 Figure 1 In this
system the load sensitive device varies the position of a contact arm
44 of a potentiometer having segments 45.
The potentiometer is connected across a direct current supply D C and
the field 80 winding 56 of a tachometer generator 47 is connected in
series with the potentiometer segments 45 A pattern speed
potentiometer 48 is also connected across the supply D C.
and has a fixed tapping point 49 and a vari 85 able tapping point 50,
the position of which is governed by the decelerating cam (not shown)
The two tapping points 49 and 50 are connected across the output
terminals of the tachometer generator 47, a torque con go trol winding
51 for the winder motor being connected between one output terminal of
the tachometer generator 47 and the variable tapping point 50.
5. The tachometer generator 47 is driven by 95 the winder motor at a
speed proportional to the speed of the winder motor and during the
deceleration period the variable tapping point 50 is arranged to be at
a position on the potentiometer 48 relative to the position 100 of the
winder cage in the mine shaft, the farther the winder cage is from the
stopping point, the greater the voltage across the tapping points 49
and 50 When the winder motor is running at full speed the tacho 105
meter generator voltage is arranged to be slightly less than the
maximum voltage derived from the potentiometer 48 so that the residual
current serves to keep the a c.
winder motor at full speed with its rotor re 110 sistance short
circuited.
If the tachometer generator output voltage corresponding to a certain
load is E 1, then as long as the voltage Ep between the tapping points
49 and 50 on the potentio 115 meter is greater than E, deceleration
cannot begin However when E, is greater than Ep the current between
the tapping points 49 and 50 reverses and deceleration can begin.
By varying the position of the potentiometer 120 arm 44 with change in
load the excitation of the field winding 46 and thus the output
voltage of the tachometer generator 47 is varied and thus the
initiation of electric braking or deceleration is varied 125 If for
instance, with increasing load the excitation of the winding 46 is
correspondingly reduced, the output voltage of the generator 47 is
reduced and the position of the winder cage when the potentiomneter
volt 130 Llie potentiometer, deceleration of the winder motor cannot
commence since between the points "x" and "y" there are no
potentiometer segments.
In Figure 1 of the drawings the lever arm is shown in the position for
minimum load, the position for maximum load being indicated by the
dotted line 30 Therefore the greater the load, the nearer the contact
to O is to the point "x" on the potentiometer at the initiation of
rotation of the lever arm 21 and the greater the speed of movement of
the contact 25 over the potentiometer 19.
Thus as can be seen from the graph of Figure 2 the greater the load,
the nearer the lift cage is to the stopping point before deceleration
and the greater the deceleration.
In Figure 2 the speed of the winder motor is plotted against distance
travelled, the point "b" indicating maximum speed, the curve "c"
indicating change of speed with distance for minimum load and the
curve "d" indicating the change of speed with distance for maximum
load By varying the position of the pin 17 with a change in load what
in effect has taken place is a change in the shape of the cam with a
change in load on the winder motor.
Referring now to Figure 3, which shows 330 the second control system,
6. a load sensitive device (not shown) which is the same as that
described with reference to Figure 1 is provided but instead of
varying the position of a cam it rotates a gear wheel 31 which drives
a shaft and a second gear wheel 33 The shaft 32 has a worm 34 which
drives a worm wheel 35, the wheel 35 in turn driving a worm 36 to
alter the gear ratio between a pair of conical gears 37 and 38 which
form a differential gear mechanism The gear wheel 3-3 drives a gear
wheel 39 of a differential mechanism which has three further gear
wheels 40, 41 and 42 The drive from the winder motor shaft is
transmitted to the decelerator cam 43 through the differential gear
mechanism and conical gears 37 and 38.
For each load on the winder motor the gear wheel 31 is rotated through
an angle thus altering the speed ratio between the conical gears 37
and 38 and thus between the winder motor shaft and the cam 43 and also
producing rotation of the gear wheel 39 thus producing rotation of the
cam 43 relatively to the winder motor shaft As in the first a
arrangement we have therefore changed the effective shape of the cam
43 so that the greater the load, the nearer the lift cage is to the
stopping point before deceleration and the greater the deceleration.
fi O The result of changing the effective shape of the cam is
illustrated in the graph of Figure 4 which shows speed of the winder
motor against distance travelled by the winder cage, the point "e"
representing maximum speed, the curve "f" representing 785,478 age is
equal to the tachometer generator voltage which is now, say E 2, will
be nearer to the stopping point Therefore the deceleration must take
place in a shorter period and the decelerating current is
automatically increased to satisfy the new condition At the same time
the minimum speed known as the creep speed at which the cage
approaches the stopping point will be slightly greater the greater the
load and this is favourable since it helps to compensate for the
greater deceleration available when a mechanical brake is applied.
If this system were used for a D C winder it would be necessary to
have an additional overriding speed limitation incorporated so as to
render the general characteristics of the D.C control comparable to
that of an induction motor operating near synchronous speed Without
this feature the reduction of excitation on the tachometer generator
would merely lead to increased speed of the winder motor.
In the three systems so far described the load sensitive device for
measuring the load on the motor has been that illustrated in Figure 1
of the drawings accompanying the Provisional Specification, and this
load sensitive device has been connected into the decelerating control
by various methods such as the pivoted lever 15, the gear mechanisms
31 to 42 and the potentiometer 44, 45 A further load sensitive device
is shown in the drawing accompanying this Specification.
7. As before current transformers 60 and 61 are connected in the supply
leads to the winder motor The current transformers 60 and 61 thus
serve to measure the load on the winder motor and are connected to
coils of a bi-phase wattmeter torque system 63 as shown which controls
a constant speed regulating motor 64 depending on the contact
operation of the relay controlled by the wattmeter torque system 63;
depending on whether the load is above or below a certain datum value,
either relay contacts 65 or relay contacts 66 are bridged by contact
67.
If relay contacts 65 are bridged a circuit from the supply 68 is
completed through rectifier 69 to operate relay 70 and open its
normally closed contacts 71 and 72 and close its normally open
contacts 73 and 74 This contact operation connects the supply 75 to
the motor 64 to rotate it in one direction If the relay contacts 66
are bridged a circuit from the supply 68 is completed through
rectifier 76 to operate relay 77 to open contacts 78 and 79 and close
contacts 80 and 81 and thus connect the supply 75 to the motor 64 to
rotate it in the reverse direction.
Rotation of the motor 64 rotates the contact arms of two face plate
controllers 82 and 83 to vary the deceleration control of the winder
motor as will be described.
Rotation of the motor 64 also rotates the rotor of an induction
regulator 84 through the gearing 85 The induction regulator 84 is so
connected to the supply 68 that two A.C voltages are produced, one of
which increases from zero to a maximum while the other decreases from
a maximum to zero.
Both these A C voltages are rectified by rectifiers 86 and 87 and
effect a control on the position of bridging contact 67 by being
connected to two equal but opposed wind j ing S 88 and 89 of the D C
polarised relay 90.
From the description above it will be seen that for any load producing
a torque by the bi-phase wattmeter system 63, either con So tacts 65
or 66 will be bridged to rotate the motor 64 in one direction or the
other Rotation of the motor will continue until the torque produced by
the coils 88 and 89 of the polarised relay 90 balances the torque of
S; the wattmeter system 63 so that neither of contacts 65 or 66 are
bridged When neither of the contacts 65 or 66 are bridged the motor is
brought to a quick standstill by reclosure of contacts 72 and 79 which
causes D.C brake excitation of the motor Thus the motor 64 is rotated
to a different position, determined by the induction regulator 84, for
each different load on the winder motor As previously stated, rotation
of the " motor 64 rotates the contact arms of face plate regulators 82
and 83 over their contact studs and for each load on the winder motor,
the contact arms are set in one position The pattern speed
8. potentiometer 91 10 ol as in the previous system is connected to a D.C
supply and a voltage signal for controlling the speed of the winder
motor is derived from between the negative pole and the movable
contact 92 The movable con 10 a tact 92 is driven by the decelerating
cam (not shown) and the greater the voltage signal, the greater the
speed of the winder motor.
The positive pole of the D C supply to the pattern speed potentiometer
91 is connected 11 it> teo the contact arm of the face plate regulator
82 The face plate regulator 82 has each of its stud contacts connected
to a different point on the potentiometer winding as shown so that on
the position of the con 11-5 tact arm depends the voltage per unit
length across the potentiometer and thus the change in voltage signal
per unit distance moved by the potentiometer contact 92 and thus the
rate of deceleration of the winder motor 12 ' The voltage signal is
actually developed across a winding 93 and as can be seen the circuit
is through the face plate regulator 83 The face plate regulator 83 has
each of its studs connected to a different point on the l '2
potentiometer as shown so that upon the position of the contact arm
depends the magnitude of the voltage signal for any given position of
the potentiometer contact 92.
Now the windinc 93 is the equivalent of the 113 ( 785,478 tern by said
cam and wherein means is pro 65 vided for varying in effect the shape
of said cam and thus said pattern in dependence upon the load on said
motor so that the initiation and rate of deceleration of said motor is
varied in dependence upon the load 70 on said motor.
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* GB785479 (A)
Description: GB785479 (A) ? 1957-10-30
Improvements in or relating to teflon hermetic seal
9. Description of GB785479 (A)
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION -Improvements in or relating to Teflon Hermetic
Seal.
WeX THE CONNECTICUT HARD RUBBER
COMPANY, a corporation organized under the laws of the State of
Connecticut, one of the
United States of America, of 407 East Street,
City of New Haven, State of Connecticut,
United States- of America, do hereby declare
the invention, for which we pray that a
patent may be granted to us, and the method
by which it is to be performed, to be par
ticularly described in and by the following
statement.
The present invention relates to a novel
method of sealing hollow metal fittings,
particularly of the type adapted to receive
electrical conducting elements inserted
through the wall of a housing for connec
tion with electrical apparatus hermetically
sealed therein.
Heretofore seals of the foregoing character
have only been partially effective because the
success and permanency of the seals has
necessarily depended upon the use of special
gaskets and clamping devices which are sub
ject to wear and deterioration in service.
According to the present invention a seal
for capacitor housings and similar vessels is
provided which eliminates the use of such
accessories and wherein characteristics of the
material employed are utilized to form a seal
permanently resistant to pressure fluctuations
within the housing and which will provide
a substantially permanent bond between the
conductors and the housing in the form of
an integral structure.
The foregoing objectives are advantage
ously secured according to the invention by
the use of a polymerized solid tetrafluoro
ethylene resinous material of the type, for
example, marketed by the duPont Company
10. under the trade name "Teflon," and which
is characterized especially by a high co
efficient of linear thermal expansion and
which is further characterized by a long
plastic memory and high electrical resistivity.
It is found that an unusually effective hermetic seal for electrical
connection may be achieved by a method using a substantially
cylindrical body or sleeve of a polymerized solid tetrafluoroethylene
resin, preferably including a central bore for a conducting element,
which is physically distorted to a diameter less than the minimum
inner diameter of the brass or other metal fitting attached to the
wall of the housing and then inserted into the fitting.
The assembly is then heated to instigate simultaneously radial
expansion and axial contraction of the resinous body into fluidtight
sealing engagement with the metal fitting.
The interior of the fitting is provided with a supplemental gasket
material consisting of a silicone rubber elastomer.
Referring to the drawing,
Fig. 1 shows an elevation of a complete unit;
Fig. 2 is a plan view of the unit illustrated in Fig. 1;
Fig. 3 shows a "Teflon" cylinder with central bore prior to
distortion;
Fig. 4 shows such a cylinder after distortion through a die or similar
drawing device; and
Fig. 5 illustrates the invention employing a seal of a silicone-
rubber condensation product.
Referring to the drawing, it will be observed that a fitting such as a
cast brass body or housing 10 is provided at the lower portion with an
annular flange 11 for attachment to the wall housing power capacitors
and other electrical apparatus. The housing 10 is customarily provided
with one or more central conducting pins 12 threaded at the opposite
ends and provided with clamping nuts 13 and 14. The housing 10 is
preferably formed with inwardly directed flanges or undercuts 15 and
16 at the upper and lower portions which cooperate functionally with
the " Teflon " resinous seal in a manner
presently to be described.
ReferyingNto Fig. 3, it will be observed that
a polymerized tetrafluoroethylene resinous
material is formed into the general shape of
a cylinder 17 and provided with a central
bore 18 for the reception of the electrical
conduit rod 12. The diameter of this cylin
drical body or sleeve 17 is initially somewhat
greater than the inside diameter defined by
11. the inner face of the flanges or lips 15 and 16
of the brass fitting 10. The polytetrafluoro-
ethylene cylinder is then drawn or extruded
through a die or similar device to cause it to
assume the general configuration and shape
indicated in Fig. 4, having a diameter some
what less than the inside diameter of the
flanges 15 and 16. The cylinder is then in
serted into the brass fitting 10 and the entire
assembly is heated to within a temperature range of between
approximately 400 and
600" F., and preferably around 500 F. This
heat treatment causes inherent lateral expansion of the material to an
extent beyond
the inner extremity of the upper and lower circumferential flanges 15
and 16, causing
the material to flow into molding engagement therewith, as illustrated
in Fig. 5.
It will be appreciated that, as a result of
the heat treatment, a substantially permanent
and impermeable hermetic seal is established
between the resinous body and the metal fitting 10. It is found that
this seal will withstand fluctuations in pressure coming from within
the housing and extreme conditions ofatmospheric change from the
exterior.
Referring to Fig. 5, it will be observed that the layer of silicone
rubber is positioned within the undercut before insertion of the
resinous body into the fitting. This provides
a security factor against leakage.
The application of heat to the extended or
distorted cylinder of resinous material evidently initiates a
molecular rearrangement in the resinous structure which tends to cause
the material to revert towards its original proportions. This tendency
to reshapement is impeded at the points of projection, namely, at the
circumferential flanges or lips
15 and 16 where the maximum sealing effect is desired. The resinous
body at these points tends to flow over and beyond the inner portions
of the flanges, thereby creating compression areas on their inner
surfaces.
The compressive stress in the seal areas continues to be exerted after
the body has cooled for an indefinite period, and the resulting
hermetic seal is essentially permanent.
The sealing effect is further achieved and augmented by virtue of the
fact that the central bore 18 of the cylinder 17 is of a size such
12. that following the heat treatment it is of smaller diameter than the
electrical conducting rod 12. Accordingly, after the cylinder has been
inserted into the fitting 10 and subjected to the heat treatment above
described, the conducting rod 12 is pressed
through the central opening 18, expanding
the resinous body 17 into close intimate
sealing engagement with the inner faces oi
the flanges or lips 15 and 16 and the silicone
rubber elastomer. The rod is then- secured
into position by tightening the nuts 13 and 14
on the threaded ends of the rod 12 to an
extent where additional endwise compression
is applied to the resinous body 17, further
enhancing the hermetic seal secured at the
indicated areas.
Optimum results are found to be obtain
able when the inside diameter of the brass fitting 10 is at least 5 5%
greater than the
inside diameter of the seal flanges 15 and 16.
Also it is found desirable to proportion the
fitting in such a manner that the length of
the undercut is greater than twice the width
of the seal flanges. It is further desirable
that the seal flanges 15 and 16 are thin
enough to cut intro the resinous cylinder without creating undue
stretching of the metal
body during the heat treatment of the
assembly.
In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the projection of the
resinous cylinder
beyond the ends of the fitting should be no
less than the width of the seal flanges or lips.
In the event of minor heat expansion, the
size or diameter of the conducting rod 12
should be sufficiently greater than the inside
diameter of the central bore 18 that, when
the rod is forced through the cylindrical
member, the circumferential extremity of the
resinous body is firmly pressed into sealing
engagement with the silicone rubber lining.
What we claim is:
1. The method of hermetically sealing an
inwardly flanged hollow metal fitting. which
comprises inserting a silicone rubber elasto
13. mer within the flange of the fitting physically
distorting a cylindrical body of polymerized
solid tetrafluoroethylene resin to a diameter
less than the minimum inside diameter of the
fitting, inserting the cylinder into the fitting.
and heating the assembly, thereby tending to
cause the resinous body to resume its original
shape and simultaneously expanding the
material into fluid-tight sealing engagement
with the flanged portion of the fitting and
the elastomer.
2. The method set forth in claim 1, wherein
the assembly is heated to a temperature
between 400" and 6O0F. preferably approxi
mately 500"F.
3. The method set forth in claim 1 or 2
wherein a hermetic seal is formed between a
central electrical conduit element and a concentral metallic fitting
having inwardly
flanged portions.
4. An inwardly flanged hollow metal fitting, a silicone rubber
elastomer within the range and a solid polytetrafluoroethylene
resinous body molded to the elastomer and
* GB785480 (A)
Description: GB785480 (A) ? 1957-10-30
Machine for abrading grains of wheat or other cereals
Description of GB785480 (A)
PATENT SPECIFICATION
735,480 Date of Application and filing Complete Specification: May 10,
1955.
No 13500155.
Application made in Germany on June 2, 1954.
Complete Specification Published: Oct,30, 1957.
14. Index at Acceptance:-Class 58, A 2, AH( 4 B 6 A).
International Classification:-BO 2 b.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION
Machine for Abrading Grains of Wheat or Other Cereals I, EDGARD
GRIMARD, of 90 rue Louvrex, Liege, Belgium, of Belgian Nationality, do
hereby declare the invention, for which I pray that a patent may be
granted to me, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be
particularly described in and by the following statement:-
The invention has for its main object to provide a self-balanced
machine for abrading grains of wheat or other cereals The grains are
abraded in this improved machine by their passage over abrasive
material lining the interior of tubular containers or cylinders, to
which an orbital movement is imparted, a plurality of containers being
disposed horizontally in the manner of cross-struts between two
connecting rods, on each side of the machine, the containers being
arranged in two groups working in opposition to one another and being
given their orbital motion from a common driving shaft, thus bringing
about an automatic balance of the moving parts, so that no
equilibrating mass is needed.
This great advantage is of primary importance in the construction of
high-speed machines from which large outputs can be obtained.
For this purpose, the improved abrading machine is characterized by
the fact that between parallel, vertical cheek-plates of substantially
rectangular shape, there are mounted a driving shaft disposed
horizontally and substantially centrally, and at the corners of the
cheek plates four secondary shafts, the central driving shaft having
on each end and outside of the cheek plates two eccentric discs
mounted thereon, in phase opposition and in parallel planes; the
periphery of each eccentric disc is engaged by a strap forming the
crosshead-of a V-shaped connecting rod at the junction of its two
arms, the two rods on each side of the -machine being thus also in
opposition but preferably in the same vertical working plane; the ends
of the arms of each connecting rod are articulated on lPrice 3 s 6 d l
crank-pins upon discs keyed on the outer ends of two of the secondary
shafts in such a manner that, on each side of the machine, there are
two opposed connecting rods, and each arm at the front of the machine
is con 50 nected to the corresponding arm at the back, through
openings in the cheek plates, by the tubular abrading containers or
cylinders, which act as cross-struts; these containers or cylinders
comprise internal means for abrading 55 the grains during their
passage through said containers, which inter-communicate at alternate
ends, the material to be treated entering at 6 ne end of each upper
container and passing downwards in zigzag paths to outlets 60 from the
lower containers.
15. The invention is hereinafter described with reference to the
accompanying drawings, representing by way of explanation, a form of
embodiment of the abrading machine in 65 accordance with the
invention.
In these drawings, Fig 1 represents a front elevation of the machine;
Fig 2 represents a plan view thereof; Fig 3 represents by way of
example a 70 longitudinal section of one of the several tubular
abrading containers or cylinders with which the machine is equipped;
and Fig 4 represents diagrammatically the zigzag path followed by the
material to be 75 treated in an assembly of four abrading containers
or cylinders.
Referring to Figs 1, 2 and 4, the numeral 1 represents the ground
support or base of the machine frame, provided with two vertical 80
cheek plates 2 and 2 a, which ate parallel to one another and of
substantially rectangular shape as seen in Fig 1 The numeral 3
represents a central driving shaft disposed between the cheek plates 2
and 2 a, upon 85 which shaft there is mounted a driving pulley 4 Upon
the ends 3 a of the shaft 3, outside of the cheek plates 2 and 2 a
which are joined by cross-struts 10, there are disposed two eccentric
discs 5, set in phase 90 opposition in one another and in parallel
vertical planes The eccentric discs 5, on the same side of the machine
in relation to the plane of symmetry marked at X-Y, are engaged
by-eccentric straps 8 and those on the other side are engaged by
eccentric straps 6 The strap 8 engaging each outer eccentric disc 5
forms the crosshead of a connecting rod 7 which is of V-shape, the
ends 8 a of the divergent arms of the rod being connected to
crank-pins 13 upon discs 12 carried on one side of the machine,
outside the cheek plates 2 and 2 a, by the ends of two secondary
shafts 11 Similarly the strap 6 engaging each inner eccentric disc 5
forms the crosshead of a connecting rod 9 which likewise is of
V-shape, the ends 9 a of the divergent arms -of this rod' being
connected to crank-pins 13 upon discs 12 carried on the other side of
the machine, outside the cheek plates 2 and 2 a, by the ends of two
secondary shafts 11 In the cheek plates 2 and 2 a, there are provided
openings 14 within which are disposed the tubular abrading containers
or cylinders, forming two groups on each side of the plane of symmetry
X-Y.
On the left of this plane (as viewed in Fig 1) are the group 16 a, 16
b, 16 c and 16 d, and the adjacent group 17 a, 17 b, 17 c and 17 d,
the two groups forming rigid assemblies connecting the rods 7 on this
side of the machine.
To the right of the plane of symmetry X-Y, there is seen the other
assembly, namely the group 18 a, 18 b, 18 c and 18 d and the adjacent
group 19 a, 19 b, 19 c and 19 d, connecting the rods 9 on the other
16. side of the machine.
The two upper containers 16 a and 17 a of the left-hand assembly and
the two upper containers 18 a and 19 a of the right-hand assembly are
individually supplied with the material to be treated which enters
them at one end by tubes such as 20 and passes at 21 from the other
end of each upper container into the container next beneath, then from
the latter through a duct 22 into the next lower container, and so on,
the last container being evacuated through a tube 23 into a collector
duct 24.
Fig 4 represents diagrammatically, by the broken line a, the zigzag
path of the material in one series of four tubular containers 16 a, 16
b, 16 c, 16 d for example, the entry of air into the containers being
indicated by the arrows b and the escape of air from their other ends
being indicated by the arrows c.
The procedure is similar for the other three series of containers.
In Fig 3, which represents a sectional elevation on a larger scale of
one of the several tubular containers or cylinders, for example the
container 16 a, this container, like all the others, comprises at one
end an apertured cover 25, provided with a gauze screen 26, and at the
other end another apertured cover 27, also provided with a gauze
screen 28, these screens serving to retain the grains in the container
The cover 27 is provided with a tubular mouthpiece 29 upon which there
may be fitted a flexible pipe (not shown) for connection to a suction
device, so that 70 atmospheric air can be made to enter throughl the
cover 25, as shown by the arrows b and to issue through the cover 27,
as shown by the arrows c; this air current takes -away the.
dust or other impurities resulting from the 75 abrasion of the grains
on an abrasive surface lining the interior of the tubular container,
which surface may be composed of interchangeably removable elements To
this end, the central bosses of the covers 25 and 27 of 80 the
container are connected by screw-threads to an axial strut 31 with
screw-threaded ends, upon which the covers 25 and 27 are screwed
respectively until their flanged rims make tight joints upon the ends
of the 85 container.
It will be observed that by the shape and arrangement of the
connecting rods 7 and 9 set in phase opposition and symmetrically in
relation to the plane X-Y, the machine is 90 self-balanced, which
permits, as already indicated above, of giving the driving motor 3 a
high speed of rotation, and of obtaining security of operation of the
mechanism for a machine of large output 95 In the example as
represented, sixteen abrading containers or cylinders have been shown,
but it would easily be possible to provide a larger number.
The operation takes place as follows: 100 With the driving shaft 3 in
rotation, an orbital movement is communicated to the connecting rods 7
17. and 9, moving in parallel vertical planes and thus the material to be
treated entering by the tubes 20 into the 105 upper abrading cylinders
such as 16 a 17 a, 18 a, 19 a, follows the zigzag path indicated at a
in Fig 4, in order finally to drop through the outlet tubes 23 into
the collectors 24, while the dust and impurities removed by 110
abrasion are carried off by the air current.
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* GB785481 (A)
Description: GB785481 (A) ? 1957-10-30
Improvements relating to fusible electrical cut-outs
Description of GB785481 (A)
PATENT SPECIFICATION
785,481 Inventors:-RONALD JOHN STANLEY POPE and JOHN WALTER GIBSON.
Date of filing Comnplete, Specification: May 8, 1956.
lpplication Date: May 11, 1955 No 13666155.
Comnplete Specification Publislhed: Oct 30, 1957.
Index at Acceptance:-Classes 38 ( 1), G 2 A 1 A, G 4 (A: B: H).
International Classification:-1102 d.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
Improvements relating to Fusible Electrical Cut-Outs.
We, ELECTRIC TRA Ns M Iss Io N LIMITED, a British Company, of Etruria,
Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire, England, do hereby declare the
invention, for which we pray that a patent may be granted to us, and
the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly
described in and by the following statement: -
This invention relates to fusible electric cut-outs and, more
specifically speaking, to cartridge fuses in which fusible units are
18. housed in an insulating casing and embedded in an inert arc-quenching
powdered material.
The object of the invention is to provide a fusible cut-out with a
relatively high current-carrying capacity in a compact compass and, to
that end, according to the invention, the cut-out has an insulating
body formed with a number of parallel bores each containing a fusible
unit which comprises a fusible conductor wound around and supported on
an insulating core of star-shaped cross-section and embedded in the
arc-quenching powdered material.
All the fusible conductors may then be connected in parallel between
metal terminal caps at opposite ends of the insulating body to form a
single fuse of relatively high current-carrying capacity.
It is preferred to support each fusible unit flexibly within its bore
by means of a wire extending between the unit and the end of the
insulating body Each insulating core, for example, may be encircled at
each end by a 100 D of wire which is then extended axially and is
secured at its end to a metal terminal cap of the fusible cut-out.
In order that the invention may be more clearly understood and readily
carried into effect, an example of construction of a cutout
constructed according to it will now be described in detail with
reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:lPrice 3 s 6 d l e 4
s Figure 1 is a central axial section of the fusible cut-out; Figure 2
is a cross-section on the line II-II in Figure 1; and Figure 3 is a
perspective view showing a detail of the construction.
In the example illustrated, the cut-out has a body or casing a of
porcelain and which is of cylindrical shape with a central axial bore
b and six further parallel bores bl b 6 passing from one end of the
body a to the other and spaced uniformly around the central bore b.
Each of the bores bl b 6 contains a fusible unit comprising a core c
of insulating material and star-shaped in crosssection and on which is
wound helically a fusible conductor d Each unit is flexibly supported
at each end by a copper wire e which is shaped with a loop encircling
closely the core c near the end and, in fact, engaging in shallow
notches f in the tips of the arms of the core c as best seen in Figure
3 The copper wires e have axial extensions at e' which pass out of the
bores bl b 6 between the wall of the bore and an asbestos plug g at
the left-hand end in Figure 1 and between asbestos plugs h and rings k
at the right-hand end The wires e are of such dimensions as to
maintain each fusible unit central in its bore The free end of each
wire e is then welded to a circular metal cap 1 fitting over the end
of the body a and pierced with circular holes to leave the ends of the
bores bl b 6 free The end of each fusible conductor d is secured to
the copper wire at m and then emnerges from the bore at N past the
asbestos plug g or h and is welded to the cap 1 separately from the
19. copper wire e.
At each end, a metal reinforcing plate o is pressed against the cap 1
and retained by an outer terminal cap p 7 which is pressed 785,481
over the end of the body a on the outside fusible conductor d and the
star core c and the walls of the bore bl b 6, are filled with the
finely divided arc-quenching powder q such as powdered quartz or
marble, which when a conductor fuses, acts to suppress any arcing
quickly.
In the example, some features already previously known are provided;
thus the central bore b contains a high resistance fusible conductor r
of coiled tungsten wire also embedded in arc-quenching powder s and
this bore b at the right-hand end contains an indicator casing t
containing a 15) striker-pin it in front of an explosive capsule v'
connected to the end of the tungsten wire r so then when the latter
fuses, the capsule v is fired and the striker-Din u forced out.
The pin u is provided with fins W which when the striker-Din u is
actuated, are engaged by prongs x struck in from the indicator casing
t so that the Din it is retained in the extended position to serve as
an indicator.
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* GB785482 (A)
Description: GB785482 (A) ? 1957-10-30
Improvements in cutting or shearing machines
Description of GB785482 (A)
PATENT SPECIFICATION
785,482 Date of Application and filing Complete Specification: -May
16, 1955 -
20. No 14089/55.
Application made in Italy on May 17,y 1954.
Complete-Specification Published: Oct 30, 1957.
Index at Acceptance:-Classes 31 ( 1), B 3 ( O: C: D: H 2: P 2); and 80
( 2), C 1 A( 3 A: 4:11 A).
International Classification:-B 42 c F 06 d.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION
Improvements in Cutting or Shearing Machines.
1 P ERNESTO SAROGLIA, an Italian citizen, of 51 Largo Brescia, Turin,
Italy, do hereby delare-the invention, for which I pray that a patent
may be granted to me and the method by which it is-to be performed, to
be:particularly described in and by the following statement:
The invention relates to cutting or shearing machines and especially
concerns such machines used in bookbinding work or the like'involving
the shearing of paper, cardboard; cloth or the like, Hitherto these
machines have been built solely fot hand operation and the original
type is that having a curved knife of scimitar-like shape, pivoted at
one end and provided with a handle at the opposite endyand adapted to
engage with a straight couilterknife In such machines the materials to
be cut had to be clamped for the cutting stroke by means of a foot
operated device.
An -object of -this invention is to -provide the means for obtaining,
in an automatic cutting machine -incorporating a straight edged
cutting knife and a counterknife, that type of cut in which the
portion of the blade in contact with the material to be cut alters as
the cutting or shearing stroke occurs, and which is similar to that
obtained by the use of a hand guillotine with a scimitar-shaped
cutting blade This type of cut will hereinafter be referred to as a
guillotine'cut.
According to the present invention a cutting or shearing machine
including a guillotine knife, a counterknife and a clamp, comprises
knife operating means for controlling a detachable coupling between a
motor and the guillotine knife and, further, clamp operating means for
controlling the clamp whereby it may be operated either manually or
automatically in conjunction with the guillotine knife Preferably the
detachable coupling comprises a worm positively driven by the motor
and driving a worm-wheel loose on a main shaft, a boss fixed to the
main shaft, a lPrice 3 s 6 d l spring-biassed pin adapted to couple
the boss to the worm-wheel and means for controlling the coupling or
uncoupling movement of the pin Preferably also the knife and clamp
operating means comprises treadle means 50 The coupling pin
controlling means is preferably activated by means of the knife
treadle and comprises -a disc which when engaging the coupling pin
prevents this from coupling together the boss and the worm 55 wheel
21. which-can then rotate iadependently A main shaft may be adapted to
drive the guillotine knife through cranks, connecting rods and
articulated knife cranks and may also be coupled to the clamp so that
this will 60 be operated in timed relationship to the guillotine
knife; means may also be provided so as to adjust the pressure exerted
by the clamp on the material The clamp may also be lowered manually 65
by means of a main clamp treadle, independently of any automatic
operating means.
Preferably means are provided releasably to lock the main clamp
treadle in its operating position and to release:the locking means 70
after a certain rotation of the main shaft has occurred.
A subsidiary clamp treadle may also be provided to release the clamp
independently of any automatic clamp operating means 75 Preferably the
clamp has a saw toothed edge and illuminating means are positioned
beneath the counterknife.
The lowering of the clamp may be obtained automatically and in advance
of the lowering 80 of the knife whilst the initial lifting of the
clamp may be achieved by means of the subsidiary clamp treadle if the
knife is in its rest position after the completion of a previous
operation whereafter the clamp is 85 lifted automatically after each
cut so long as the machine continues to work.
The rocking action of the knife, when performing its guillotine cut in
a multiplicity of successive operations, facilitates its penetra 90
tion into the materidl thereby, allowing a more exact cut to be made
and avoiding the ('i punebing-out " of the material.
An example of the invention will now be described with reference to
the accompanying drawings, in which:Figure 1 is a front elevation of a
cutting machine and illustrates the knife control mechanism, Figure 2
is a further front elevation illustrating the clamp operating
mechanisms, Figure 3 is a side elevation of the cutting machine,
Figure 3 a is a detail view showing the straight edge and support
means, Figure 4 is a detail view of the clamp treadle and linkage
therefor, and shows, by means of broken lines, the position of the
levers when the treadle is lowered, Figure 5 is a detail sectional
view of the coupling device, and Figure 6 illustrates the straight
edge when adjusted so that the machine will take only small cuts.
Referring to the drawings, a cutting machine includes a knife 9, a
counterknife 9 a and a clamp 20, the knife 9 being held in a holder 13
which is pivoted at each end thereof to an articulated crank 10 Each
articulated crank 10 is pivotally attached to both the body of the
cutting machine and, by means of a joint 12, to one end of one
connecting rod 11, the other end of which is attached to the main
shaft 4 by means of a crank 5.
The articulated cranks 10 and cranks 5 both individually, and in
22. phased co-operation, are so designed as to give to the knife 9 a
desired guillotine cut when operated by the connecting rods 11 and
joints 12.
The motor 42 (see Figure 3) is adapted to drive a worm 1 by means of
pulleys 40, 41 and a V-belt (not shown) The worm 1 engages with a
worm-wheel 2 which is free to revolve on the main shaft 4 A boss 3 is
splined onto the shaft 4 to rotate therewith and comprises a coupling
pin 6 which is spring-biassed by means of a spring 6 a towards a
corresponding recess in the wormwheel 2 A retaining disc 8 is adapted
to enter a tapered slot 8 a in the pin 6 and is so arranged that when
it is fully housed in said slot 8 a the coupling pin 6 is withdrawn
from the worm-wheel and is housed entirely within the boss 3 being
held therein against its bias.
The disc 8 is operated by a treadle 7 which is connected by means of
cranks and levers 14, 15 to the end of the disc 8 remote from the boss
3, the arrangement being such that when the treadle 7 is lowered
against the force exerted by a clamp action, the disc 8 is withdrawn
from the tapered slot 8 a in the pin 6, which pin then protrudes from
the boss 3 and engages with the worm-wheel 2 to couple this to the
boss 3 so that the latter and consequently the main shaft 4 rotate
with the worm-wheel 2 the cranks 5 connecting rods 11, articulated
cranks 10 and knife 9 being operated thereby.
After the completion of a revolution i e 70 after the required cut has
been performed.
the coupling pin 6 is withdrawn by means of the disc 8 which has
returned to its original position, acting in the tapered slot $a of
the pin 6 75 The clamp 20 is also caused to be raised and lowered in
synchronisation with the operation of the knife when the treadle 7 is
lowered This is achieved by means of an eccentric 21 fixed on the main
shaft 4 and 80 rotated therewith, which eccentric 21 works on one arm
22 a of a bell crank, the other arm 22 of which is adapted to slide a
clamp shaft 16 against the action of springs 33 by means of a
compression spring 31 acting on 85 a collar 32, which collar is
attached to the clamp shaft 16 When the shaft 16 is slidden it
actuates the clamp 20 by means of cranks 19 and 19 a and clamp control
rods 17 to which latter the clamp is connected 9 Q A crank 34 is
provided to regulate the pressure exerted by the clamp 20 and is so
arranged that it can alter the respective effective lengths of the two
arms 22 22 a-of the bell crank so that when these are operated 95 by
the eccentric 21 a different force ratio is exerted onto the clamp
shaft 16 and control rods 17.
Manual operation of the clamp is controlled by means of the treadle 18
which is 100 connected directly to one of the control rods 17 and to
the other by means of crank 19 and clamp shaft 16 When the treadle 18
23. is lowered a lever 24 actuated by a spring 26 is adapted to retain the
clamp treadle in its 105 lowered position by engagement with a slot 25
in the treadle 18 An eccentric 30 attached to the main shaft 4 is
adapted to work on one arm of a bell crank 28 the other arm of which
is frictionally engaged with an arm of 110 the lever 24, the
arrangement being such that when the eccentric 30 has been rotated
through a certain degree the bell crank 28 knocks the lever 24 out of
engagement with the treadle 18 releasing this and so allowing 115 the
clamp to return to its normal position.
The lever 24 has an extension 24 a forming a subsidiary clamp treadle
so that the clamp may be released independently of any automatic
operating means 120 Manual controls are normally used during the
"setting up" of a workpiece in the machine The workpiece is inserted
beneath the clamp and then held in position by the clamp on operation
of the treadle 18 If it 125is desired further to adjust the position
of the workpiece before it is cut, extension 24 a is used to release
the clamp After adjustment.
the workpiece is again clamped by means of the treadle 18 The machine
is then brought 130 785,482 in either claim 2 or claim 3, in which the
main shaft drives the guillotine knife through cranks, connecting rods
and articulated cranks, said articulated cranks being attached one to
each end of the guillotine knife and 70 imparting to said knife its
cutting motion.
A cutting or shearing machine as claimed in any of claims 2, 3 or 4,
-in which means are provided whereby the drive from the main shaft is
adapted automatically to 75 raise and lower the clamp in
synchronisation with the operation of the knife.
6 A cutting or shearing machine as claimed in claim 5, in which the
means comprises an eccentric adapted to operate on one 80 arm of a
bell crank, the other arm of which is attached to a clamp operation
shaft, the clamp being coupled to said operation shaft by means of
cranks and two clamp control rods 85 7 A cutting or shearing machine
as claimed in claim 6, in which means are provided to adjust the
respective operating lengths of the two arms of the bell crank, so
providing pressure control means for the clamp 90 8 A cutting or
shearing machine as claimed in any of the preceding claims, in which
the knife operating means comprises treadle means.
9 A cutting or shearing machine as claimed 95 in any of the preceding
claims, in which the clamp operating means comprises treadle means.
A cutting or shearing machine as claimed in claim 9, in which means
are pro 100 vided releasably to lock the clamp treadle in its
operating position.
11 A cutting or shearing machine as claimed in claim 10, in which an
eccentric on the main shaft engages with a crank to 105 release the
24. clamp treadle locking means after a certain rotation of the main shaft
has occurred.
12 A cutting or shearing machine as claimed in any of claims 9 to 11,
in which 110 there is provided a subsidiary press treadle to release
the clamp independently of any automatic operating means.
13 A cutting or shearing machine as claimed in any of the preceding
claims, in 115 which the clamp has a saw toothed edge to allow of
visual control of the material to be cut.
14 A cutting or shearing machine as claimed in any of the preceding
claims, in 120 which material illuminating means are positioned below
the counterknife.
A cutting or shearing machine as claimed in any of the preceding
claims, in which a straight edge rule device is provided 125 to assist
in the correct measurement of the material to be cut.
16 A cutting or shearing machine as claimed in claim 15, in which the
rule device comprises an endless belt positioned over 130 under
automatic control and in due course the clamp is released by means of
eccentric 30 acting on the bell crank lever 28.
A fluorescent lamp 39 is situated below the counterknife 9 a and is
protected by means of a shield 35; a special light spreading glass 37
is positioned above the lamp and is supported by means of the case 38
of the cutting machine A series of small openings are situated on the
front of the clamp giving it a saw toothed edge to allow a better and
more complete diffusion of the light onto that portion of the material
to be cut.
A straight edge 52 is connected by means of a post 47, toothed rack 46
and attachment means 50 to an endless belt 45, which belt is supported
by means of two wheels 44 pivoted on pivots 51 The endless belt 45 has
its outer surface 53 graduated to assist in the correct measurement of
the material to be cut.
The toothed rack 46 is driven by a hand wheel 49 pivoted on a-pivot 48
A lens 43 is provided to read the graduations of the upper surface 53
of the endless belt 45 to accurately position the straight edge 52 by
means of the hand wheel 49.
When thin sheets of material are to be cut they may be supported by
spring biassed pins 54 housed within the straight edge 52 but when a
very thin cut is to be made the straight edge 52 is brought extremely
close to the counterknife 9 a and the pins 54 are then retained within
the straight edge 52 against spring action.
-35 Due to the provision of the straight edge 52 sheets may have as
small an amount as 1 mm.
or less removed from their edges.
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