5351 5355.output

* GB785759 (A)
Description: GB785759 (A) ? 1957-11-06
Improvements in and relating to electro-magnetic motors
Description of GB785759 (A)
PATENT SPECIFICATION
Inventor: TADEUSZ NOWAK Date of filing Complete Specification Nov 9,
1955.
Application Date Aug 11, 1954.
785,759 No 23333/54.
Complete Specification Published Nov 6, 1957.
Index at acceptance: -Classes 8 ( 1), C 2 (A 1 G 1 A 4: H); 35, A 132
(B: C: K: P); and 102 ( 1), A 1 (A 7:
B 7: C 3), A 3 A 1 A.
International Classification: -FO 4 c F 05 b H 02 k.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION
Improvements in and relating to Electro-Magnetic Motors We, FEDERATED
FOUNDRIES LIMITED, a British Company, of 75, Hawthorn Street, Glasgow,
N, Scotland, do hereby declare the invention, for which we pray that a
patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it is to be
performed, to be particularly described in and by the following
statement: -
This invention has reference to electro-magnetic motors with
reciprocating armatures.
In electromagnetic motors as heretofore constructed the stroke of the
armature is relatively short and its movement may be described as
vibratory.
The present invention has for its object to provide an electromagnetic
motor with reciprocating armature wherein the stroke of the armature
is long in comparison with the vibrating movement of the
electromagnetic motors as heretofore constructed, say up to 2 " or
more.
According to the present invention, an electro-magnetic motor with
reciprocating armature assembly comprises a fixed unidirectional
magnetic field member having an opening extending therethrough, a soft

iron armature passing through said opening so that it is free to move
axially in both directions, current rectifying means whereby a
unidirectional pulsating magnetic flux can be set up within the field
member to impart impulses to the armature by which the armature is
driven in one direction, means to drive the armature in the other
direction when the field member is de-energized, said means being in
the form of a spring or in the form of a further unidirectional
magnetic field member likewise having an opening therethrough and
provided with current rectifying means whereby it is energized when
the first mentioned field member is de-energized, and means tending to
return the armature to a neutral position, such means being capable of
regulation so that the natural frequency of the armature assembly can
be adjusted to be equal to and in phase with the frequency of
pulsation lPri of the flux whereby when the machine is operating at
100 % rated output a condition of near resonance is created by which
the stroke of the armature is amplified in length, the length of the
stroke remaining constant under full load conditions and automatically
decreasing with decrease or increase of load below or above full load
stroke.
Alternatively the core may be provided with two coils which are
energised so that the pulsating flux drives the armature in opposite
directions alternately.
The invention further consists in an electromagnetic motor having two
magnetic field members as set forth in the preceding paragraph wherein
the electric circuit includes two rectifiers to which A C is supplied
and by which each magnetic field member is alternately energised and
the combination of coils, core and armature is such that the mutual
induction between the energised magnetic field member and the
non-energised magnetic field member at any instant causes a back E M F
to be induced in the non-energised magnetic field member in opposition
to the supply voltage, thereby reducing the resisting voltage required
by the rectifiers whereby the number of plates in each rectifier is
reduced in comparison with the number which would be required to
resist the full voltage of the supply.
The armature may be loaded with oppositely acting compression springs
at least one of which is adjustable to obtain the condition of
resonance.
The invention further consists in an air compressor or pump comprising
an electro-magnetic motor as set forth in any of the four preceding
paragraphs and at least one piston and cylinder assembly, the piston
or pistons being operated by and in unison with the armature.
The invention will now be described with reference to the annexed
drawings wherein: Figure 1 is a sectional elevation of one
construction of electromagnetic motor and air 785,759 compressor in

accordance with the invention; Figure 2 is a section on the line 2-2
of Figure 1; Figures 3, 4 and 5 illustrate diagrammatically the core
and the soft iron armature, the latter being shown in three positions;
Figure 6 symbolises by sine waves the alternating supply current and
the shaded portions represent the rectified current; Figure 7 shows
diagrammatically the electric circuit; Figure 8 is a sectional
elevation of another construction of electromagnetic motor and air
compressor in accordance with the invention; Figure 9 is a section on
the line 9-9 of Figure 8; and Figure 10 shows diagrammatically the
electric circuit.
In the construction of electro-magnetic motor and air compressor shown
in Figures 1 and 2 the core 11 is formed of a multiplicity of
laminations enclosed by side plates 12, the whole being secured in the
assembled position by rivets 13 to form a complete unit The core forms
a coil casing which houses an energising coil 14 the laminations being
cut to enable the coil to be inserted in the coil casing The
laminations are also bored to form an axially extending cylindrical
opening into which is fitted a soft iron armature 15 which is free to
move axially through the coil and core The armature is formed with a
cylindrical bore open at one end and in said bore is fitted a
non-magnetic sleeve 16 The core, coil and armature are housed in a
casing formed by end plates 17 and 18 and central annular closure 19
which is mounted on a supporting base 20 and is provided with a handle
21 to facilitate transport.
The end plate 17 carries a bearing 22 which supports and guides the
sleeve 16.
Screwed on a boss 23 extending from the end plate 17 is a cover 24
with internally screw threaded opening into which is screwed an air
supply duct 25 carrying at its outer end an air filter 26 Within the
sleeve is a helical compression spring 27 the compression in which is
regulated by turning the air supply duct 25 so that it extends more or
less into the sleeve 16, a lock nut 28 securing the duct in its
adjusted position The closed end of the armature is provided with a
central tapped hole into which is threaded the screw threaded end of a
tubular piston rod 29 having a collar 30 which bears on the armature A
nut 31 is screwed on the end of said rod to secure the piston rod to
the armature and the inner end of the compression spring bears on said
nut.
The piston rod carries a piston 32 which works within a cylinder 33
formed integral with or secured to the side plate 18 The cylinder is
provided with a fluid discharge connection 34 provided with a
non-return valve, not shown, and is formed with heat radiating fins 35
Further the piston is provided with a non-return or flap valve 36
which permits air to pass freely through the piston rod into the

cylinder.
Located between and bearing on the closed end of the armature and a
flanged disc 37 70 fitted on the inner end of the piston cylinder is a
further compression spring 38 which opposes the action of the spring
27.
The coil is supplied with current through a half wave rectifier 39 as
shown in Figure 75 7.
When the electromagnetic motor is connected to a source of A C supply
and the current switched on the rectifier functions to permit a
pulsating unidirectional current to ener 80 gise the coil This is
shown diagrammatically in Figure 6 wherein the sine waves denote the A
C supply, the hatched rectangles represent the pulsating
unidirectional current, and the spaces therebetween denote the
intermit 85 tent intervals wherein the coil is not energised.
Normally the armature occupies the position relative to the core as is
shown in Figure 3 At each energising impulse the poles of the core are
energised and the magnetic flux formed go thereby moves the armature
into a central position with respect to the core as shown in Figure 4
That is, it is moved to the right and in doing so compresses the
spring 27 The piston 32 moves in unison with the armature and dur 95
ing such movement air which has passed through the filter 26 into the
interior of the sleeve 16 passes through the piston rod and through
the non-return valve 36 into the outer end of the cylinder 33 During
the next half 100 cycle the core 11 is de-energized and the piston 32
then moves to the left under the action of the compression spring 27
The air in the outer end of the cylinder is then compressed and forced
through the discharge con 10 o nection 34 The armature then commences
its movement to the right, the initial movement being assisted by the
spring 38 Such movement is completed by the magnetic flux of the core
which is energized during the next half 110 cycle, such movement being
also assisted by the spring 38 During each complete reciprocation of
the armature air is drawn into the cylinder and thereafter compressed
and discharged 115 The natural frequency of the reciprocating armature
and piston assembly due to the opposed springs acting thereon can be
adjusted by adjusting the compression in the spring 27 and the
adjustment must be made to 120 bring such frequency into phase with
the frequency of the pulsating flux in the core to ensure maximum
length of stroke and maximum efficiency when the machine is delivering
% rated output When such adjustment is 125 made the length of the
stroke remains a maximum so long as the machine is delivering % rated
output and when the load decreases or increases below or above 100 %
full load the length of stroke automatically 130 decreases The machine
is, therefore, selfgoverning.
The adjustment of the spring 27 has the effect that the two springs 27

and 38 nullify the inertia of the armature so that it is free to
follow the pulsations of the magnetic flux.
In lieu of the armature serving to compress the spring 2,7 and such
spring driving the piston to compress the air the armature may drive
the piston to compress the air and the return stroke effected by the
spring.
In the construction of electro-magnetic motor shown in Figures 8 to 10
the core 40 is formed of a multiplicity of laminations enclosed by
side plates 41 and encircling cylindrical casing 43 The laminations
and side plates are secured to their assembled position by rivets 41
a.
The core with its side plates and encircling casing is fitted within a
cylindrical housing 43 b which is supported by a hollow base member 43
a and is provided with a handle 44.
The core forms two coil casings into which are introduced the two
coils 45 and 46, the laminations being cut to enable the coils to be
inserted in the coil casings and to form three poles, namely a central
pole 47 and two outer poles 47 a and 47 b.
The core is drilled to form a bore 48 and mounted to reciprocate
within the core is a soft iron armature 49 supported by two piston
rods 50 and 51 which carry the pistons 52 and 53 which work in
cylinders 54 and 55 respectively Each cylinder is externally threaded
and at its inner end is screwed within an internally threaded boss 54
a formed integrally with a side of the housing 43 b Screwed on the
outer end of each cylinder is a cover 56 having a central discharge
port 57 connected by a conduit 58 to the handle 44 which latter is
hollow and is provided with a discharge branch 59 Sandwiched between
the outer end of each cylinder and its cover is a disc 60 provided
with a central opening with non-return valve 61.
Loosely mounted on each piston rod is a flanged disc 62 Encircling
each piston rod and bearing on disc 62 and the opposed face of the
soft iron armature 49 is a helical compression spring 63 The two
springs 63 tend to maintain the armature centrally of the core.
Adjustably screwed on to each cylinder is a sleeve 64 which bears on
radially projecting pins 65 carried by the flange of the corresponding
disc 62 and extending through axially extending slots 66 formed in the
cylinders By rotating the sleeves 64 on the cylinders the discs 62,
through the pins 65, can be adjusted to adjust the compression in the
opposed springs 63 The discs 62 are provided with orifices 66 a and
the pistons are provided with ports 67 covered by non-return valves
68.
A spindle 69 extends centrally through the armature 49, the piston
rods and pistons and nuts screwed on the ends of the spindle serve to
secure the pistons, piston rods and armature so that they form a

unitary reciprocating assembly.
The electric circuit is shown in Figure 10 wherein one of the
terminals 70 for connection 70 to a source of A C is shown connected
to a terminal 71 common to the two coils 45 and 46 The other terminal
72 for connection to the A C supply is connected to a terminal 73
which is connected through a half wave recti 75 fier 74 to the other
end of coil 45 and through a further half wave rectifier 75 to the
other end of coil 46 A condenser 76 is connected across the terminals
71 and 73.
The said terminals 70 and 72 are connected 80 to a source of A C
supply and when the current is switched on a pulsating current, due to
the rectifiers 74 and 75, is supplied to each of the two coils so that
when one coil is energised the other is de-energised When coil 45 85
is energised the flux between the poles 47 and 47 a results in the
armature being moved to the left and when the coil 46 is energised the
flux between the poles 47 and 47 b results in the armature being moved
to the right The arma 90 ture is thereby reciprocated and a like
movement is imparted to the two pistons When moved to the left the
piston 52 compresses air in its cylinder and forces it past the
non-return valve 61 and through the discharge port 57 95 and conduit
58 on the left hand side of the motor into the hollow handle from
which it passes through the outlet branch to an air accumulator or
other device.
During the aforesaid stroke air which has 100 entered the other
cylinder through the slots 66 passes through the orifices 66 a to the
rear of the right hand piston 53 and then through the ports and
non-return valve 61 of that piston so that such air will be compressed
when the 105 armature is moved to the right Thus as the armature
reciprocates air is drawn into one cylinder and compressed in the
other cylinder during each stroke.
The compression in the two springs should 110 be adjusted so that the
natural frequency of the armature is brought into phase with the
frequency of the pulsating flux as in the previously described
electro-magnetic motor.
Likewise in this construction the length of 115 the stroke will vary
in accordance with the output demand.
Further in this construction the mutual induction between the
energised coil and the non-energised coil at any instant causes a back
120 E.M F to be induced in the non-energised coil in opposition to the
supply voltage This reduces the resisting voltage required by the
rectifiers whereby the number of plates in each rectifier is reduced
in comparison with the 125number which would be required to resist the
full voltage of the supply.
In both constructions of electromagnetic motor described the coil, or

coils, may be energised by D C a suitable mechanical inter 130 785,759
rupter being provided to supply the current thereto in the form of a
series of pulses and in such case provision is made whereby the
duration of each pulse and the intervals between the pulses can be
regulated as may be desired.
Although the improved electromagnetic motor has been described as
applied to an air compressor it will be understood that the
reciprocating armature may be connected mechanically to a pump or to a
tool, for example a percussion tool, the pump, tool or the like and
armature constituting an assembly.
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* 5.8.23.4; 93p
* GB785760 (A)
Description: GB785760 (A) ? 1957-11-06
Process for the production of cyclopentadiene compounds of transition
elements
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amongst the following family members:
FR1108869 (A)
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The EPO does not accept any responsibility for the accuracy of data
and information originating from other authorities than the EPO; in

particular, the EPO does not guarantee that they are complete,
up-to-date or fit for specific purposes.
AMENDED SPECIFICATION
Reprinted as amended in accordance with the decision of the
Superintending Examiner acting for the Comptroller-General, dated the
twentysecond day of -December, 1959, under Section 14, of the Patents
Act, 1949.
NO DRAWINGS Date of Application and filing Complete Specification:
Sept 15, 1954,
No 26703/54.
Application made in United States of America on Sept 23, 1953.
Complete Specification Published: Nov 6, 1957.
785760 Index at acceptnnce:-Classes 1 ( 3), AID( 7:10:16:24), A 1 G 9
D( 7:10:16:24), A 1 G 1 OD'( 7:10:16:
24), A 1 G 13 D( 7:10:16:24), AIGI 9 D( 7:10:16:24), A 1 G 20 D(
7:10:16:24), A 1 G 21 D( 7: 10 t:16:24), Al G 22 D( 7: 10:16:24), A 1
G 23 D( 7:10:16:24), AIG 25 D( 7:10:16:24), A 1 G 2 '6 D( 7:
10:16:24), AIG 27 D( 7:10:16:24), Al G 28 D( 7:10:16:24), A 1 G 29 D(
7:10:16:24), A 1 G 32 D( 7:10:16:24), A 1 G 34 D( 7:10:16:24), A 1 G
37 D( 7: 10:16:24), A 1 G 38 D( 7:10:16:24), A 1 G 4 OD( 7:10:16:24),
A 1 G 41 D( 7:10:16:24), A 1 G 42 D( 7:10:16:24), AG 552 D(
7:10:16:24), A 1 G 53 D( 7:10:16:24); and 2 ( 3), I( 4:7 C:11:13:
14).
International Classification:,-C 1 g c O 7 f.
Proces's' for the Production of Cyclopentadiene Compounds of
Transition Elements We, UNION CARBIDE CORPORATION (formerly Union
Carbide and Carbon Corporation), of 30, East 42nd Street, New York,
State of New York, United States of America, a Corporation organised
under the laws of the State of New York, United States of America
(assignee of MAURICE ALEXANDER LYNCH, Jr, jointly with JOHN CALVIN
BRANTLEY), do hereby declare the invention, for which we pray that a
patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it is to be
performed, to be particularly described in and by the following
statement: -
This invention relates to a process for the production of
organo-metallic compounds.
More particularly, it pertains to the preparation of organo-metallic
compounds which contain a transition element as hereinafter defined as

the metal component and includes correlated improvements and
discoveries whereby the production of such compounds is markedly
enhanced.
It is a principal object of the present invention to provide an
improved process for producing organo-metallic compounds containing a
transition element as hereinafter defined as the metal component.
A particular object of the invention is the provision of a new and
improved process for production of bis cyclopentadienyl-transition
element compounds as hereinafter defined.
Other objects of the invention will in part be obvious and will in
part appear hereinafter.
Two methods for the preparation of bis(cyclopentadienyl)iron have been
described 35 One method (Nature, Volume 168, December 15, 1951, page
1039) involves reaction of a Grignard reagent of cyclopentadiene with
ferric chloride This process results in low yields The other method (J
Chem Soc, 40 1952, pages 632-5) involves passage of cyclopentadiene in
nitrogen at 3000 C and atmospheric pressure over reduced iron in the
form of what is termed a "doubly promoted synthetic ammonia catalyst"
(containing reduced 45 iron, alumina and potassium oxide and in one
case also molybdenum oxide) Those experiments resulted in low yield
and in rapid decline of reactivity of the reduced iron.
By contrast, when the present invention is 50 applied to production of
bis(cyclopentadienyl)iron, yields as high as 95 % of the theoretical
(based on cyclopentadiene) are obtainable and inhibition or failure of
reactivity is not a factor The present invention provides an 55
effective and economical method for the production of
bis(cyclopentadienyl)iron It also provides a means for producing
organometallic compounds containing transition elements which are
either not obtainable 60 by the two above noted methods for the
production of bis(cyclopentadienyl)iron or are obtainable thereby only
in disadvantageously small yields Moreover, the present invention
enables the production of non-halogenated organo-metallic compounds
containing a transition element whereas the Grignard reagent method
generally results in a halogenated compound Also, when halogenated
organometallic compounds are prepared according to this invention they
are derivatives of a single halogen rather than the mixed halogen
compounds often produced by the Grignard method In addition, the
present invention generally obviates the necessity for hydrolysis of
the reaction mixture which is often found a requisite to recovery of
the product from Grignard reaction mixture This is of importance since
some of the products are unstable under conditions required in
hydrolysis.
This invention provides a new process for producing such
organo-metallic compounds In the process of this invention an organic

compound containing a five carbon ring, alicyclic in character,
comprising a methylene group (CH 2), or a substituted methylene group,
wherein the methylene or substituted methylene group contains an
acidic replaceable hydrogen and the methylene carbon atom is linked by
single bonds to each of two carbon atoms which in turn are linked by
double bonds to each of two other carbon atoms which are linked
together by a single bond, is first converted into its alkali metal
derivative wherein the alkali metal substituent replaces a replaceable
hydrogen on the methylene carbon atom.
Then, the organo-alkali metal compound thus formed is reacted in the
medium of a dialkyl ether of an alkylene glycol with a halide or
oxyhalide of a transition element as hereinafter defined, to form a
compound which may be represented as having the general empirical
formula:
R 2 MXZ wherein R represents a residue of an organic compound of the
type referred to above, M is a transition element as hereinafter
defined, X is halogen and z may be 0, 1, 2 or 3.
This empirical formula is not intended to represent the structural
formula nor the actual valence bonds or forces nor the exact
intramolecular arrangement by which the transition element is bound to
the alicyclic organic residues Moreover, the above formula is to be
understood as including the cationic or ionized form.
The above described five carbon ring, alicyclic in character and
containing an acidic replaceable hydrogen, has the following
structure, hereinafter designated "alicyclic cyclopentadienyl ring
structure":
-C = C C-1 I -C= C The alicyclic character of the ring structure is
essential for purposes of this invention For example, both
cyclopentadiene and indene contain an alicyclic cyclopentadienyl ring
structure; cyclopentadiene having no double bond coordinately shared
with an aromatic ring and indene having only one double bond of the
cyclopentadienyl ring coordinately shared with an aromatic ring In
contrast, the five carbon ring in fluorene, where each of the double
bonds in such ring is coordinately shared with an aromatic ring, is
not alicyclic in character and fluorene thus does not contain an
alicyclic cyclopentadienyl ring structure.
Apart from the requirement that the ring be alicyclic and contain on
the methylene carbon atom an acidic replaceable hydrogen, pursuant to
the above definition of alicyclic cyclopentadienyl ring structure, the
type and character of substituents attached on the bonds indicated at
open valence bonds in the above formula are unimportant to operability
Thus, included among organic compounds having the requisite alicyclic
cyclopentadienyl ring structure are cyclopentadiene, its alkyl or
alkenyl derivatives as for example methyl, ethyl, butyl, allyl and

vinyl cyclopentadiene, its aryl or aralkyl derivatives as for example
phenyl and benzyl cyclopentadiene, its acyl derivatives as for example
acetyl cyclopentadiene, and indene and its comparable derivatives.
It will be noted that in the empirical formula R 2 M 1, given above, R
is a radical of an organic compound, containing an alicyclic
cyclopentadienyl ring structure, the radical containing the same ring
structure as the compound less one replaceable hydrogen on the
methylene carbon atom.
Reference herein to "transition elements" means those elements of the
periodic system characterized by atoms having an inert d level of
electrons which is partially occupied but not filled to capacity,
namely, Sc, Ti, V, Cr., Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Tc, Ru., Rh,
Pd, La, Hf, Ta, W, Re, Os, Ir, Pt., and Ac as well as the so-called
inner transition elements comprising the rare earth or lanthanide and
the actinide series.
The invention is particularly well adapted to production of
organo-metallic compounds of the type described in which M in the
above emperical formula is a transition element of the fourth period,
viz, those elements having an atomic number 21-28 inclusive, namely,
Sc., Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, and Ni This group of the transition
elements is character785,760 ammonia at -33 C to give good yields of
the alkali metal derivative Diethyl ether, ethylene glycol methyl
phenyl ether, propylene glycol dimethyl ether, diethyl acetal, dibutyl
65 acetal, methyl phenyl ether, methyl morpholine, triethylamine and
benzene may also be employed, but these solvents, although operable,
result in a slower reaction and considerably smaller yields of the
sodium derivative, prob 70 ably because of the insolubility therein of
the sodium derivative In contrast to the suboptimal results with such
solvents, it has been found that alkylene and polyalkylene glycol
diakyl ethers, such as the ethylene glycol 75 dimethyl and diethyl
ethers and the di-, triand tetra-ethylene glycol dialkyl ethers, as
for example diethylene glycol dimethyl ether and tetraethylene glycol
dimethyl ether, hereinafter referred to as glycol dialkyl ethers, and
also 80 certain cyclic ethers such as dioxane and tetrahydro furan,
are admirably adapted as solvents for these reactions, giving rapid
and satisfactory reaction The glycol lower dialkyl ethers such as
dimethyl, diethyl, dibutyl and 85 dipropyl ethers of ethylene and
diethylene glycols are preferred One form of finely divided alkali
metal which may be designated alkali metal and is obtained by
agitation of alkali metal in a non-reactive liquid at a tem 90
perature above the melting point of the alkali metal Glycol dialkyl
ethers are suitable liquids for accomplishing this dispersion.
Diethylene glycol dimethyl ether which has a boiling point of 1620 C
is particularly well 95 adapted for provision of finely divided sodium

or potassium according to this procedure Other forms of alkali metal
as, for example, alkali metal swool or powdered alkali metal compound
or alkali metal dispersions may also be 100 used.
Glycol dialkyl ethers are also peculiarly well adapted to the reaction
between the organic compound and alkali metal hydroxide In this
reaction, liquid ammonia and ethers other than 105 glycol dialkyl
ethers result in poor yields and sluggish reaction while with glycol
dialkyl ethers the reaction is satisfactorily rapid at room
temperature to produce good yields of the sodium derivative 110 The
desired reactions in formation of the organo-alkali metal compounds
take place within a wide ratio of reactants but for high yields, when
employing alkali metal or alkali metal amide as the alkali metal
material, an 115 excess of the organic reagent is preferred The excess
of organic reagent may extend from slightly above to twice the
theoretical molar ratio and even greater However, when alkali metal
hydroxide is employed, the presence of 120 an excess of alkali metal
hydroxide, over the stoichiometric amount of 50 % to 300 % should be
used and an excess of about 100 % is preferred The temperature may be
varied, although temperatures at which there is sub 125 stantial
polymerization of the organic comized by having an inner 3 d level
which is partially occupied but is not filled to capacity.
Consequently, this group of the transition elements may be designated
the 3 d orbital series of transition elements.
The process of the present invention involves two phases The first
comprises formation of an alkali metal e g sodium, potassium or
lithium derivative of an organic compound containing a
cyclopentadienyl ring structure as defined above and the second phase
comprises reaction of this alkali metal derivative with a halide of a
transition element Both reactions are essentially reactions in
solution, wherein the employment of suitable solvents greatly
facilitates the conduct of the desired reaction in each of the phases
Furthermore, any of the halogens, viz chlorine, bromine, iodine and
fluorine, may comprise the halogen portion of the transition element
halide.
In the first phase, the organic compound having the cyclopentadienyl
ring structure is reacted in a suitable solvent with an alkali metal,
or an alkali metal compound in which the alkali metal component is
reactively available, as for example alkali metal amide or alkali
metal hydroxide The specific reaction employing cyclopentadiene and
metallic sodium may be taken as illustrating the first phase reaction,
designating cyclopentadiene as C 4 H,4 -CH, In this instance the
reaction is:
C 4 II 4-CH:, + Na-+C 4 H 4-CH Na + -t-H:l Sodium may similarly be
employed as the source of sodium to produce the same desired sodium

organic derivative, CH 11,-CH Na, but in place of H-, the by-product
is NEI, It has also been found that alkali metal hydroxide may be
reacted with a compound containing a cyclopentadienyl ring structure
to produce the desired organo-alkali metal compound In the case of
cyclopentadiene and sodium hydroxide, the reaction is:
C,11,-CH,2 + Na OH->-C 41,4-CHI Na + I 120 In this reaction,
inactivation of water by binding or removal from the sphere of action
is desirable in order to permit the reaction to go to completion It
has been found that this may be accomplished by using an excess of
alkali metal hydroxide, with formation of an alkali metal hydroxide
hydrate presumably having the formula in the case of sodium hydroxide,
Na OH x H 20 A substantial excess of alkali metal hydroxide is
required; at least 1.5 times the stoichiometric requirement should be
used.
A number of solvents may be employed for the reactants forming the
alkali metal derivative of the organic compound having a
cyclopentadienyl ring structure The reaction of alkali metal or alkali
metal amide with the organic compound proceeds readily in liquid
785,760 pound are not desirable and, at extremely low temperatures,
the rate of reaction is, of course, relatively slow In general
temperatures between about 30 O and the boiling point of the organic
reagent may be employed Temperatures from about 100 to 500 C are
preferred.
Several types of reactions may take place in the second phase,
depending on such factors as the state of oxidation of the transition
metal halide, temperature, relative concentration of reactants and
relative stability of different forms of the organo-metallic compound
of the different transition elements In any case the product is an
organo-metallic compound containing a transition element as the
metallic component and an organic radical containing an alicyclic
cyclopentadienyl ring structure.
Types of reactions obtained in the second phase may be shown in
general terms by the following reactions where A is an alkali metal,
AR is an alkali metal derivative of an organic compound containing an
alicyclic cyclopentadienyl ring structure, M is a transition element
and X is halide Under conditions in which no reduction occurs the
reactions may be represented as:
2 AR + M Xz->-R 2 M + 2 AX 2 AR + MX ->-R 2 MX + 2 AX 2 AR + MX 1-R 2
MX 2 + 2 AX H.owever under reducing conditions the products may be in
a lower station of oxidation:
3 AR + MX,->-R 2 M + 3 AX + organic products 3 AR + MX,4 RMX + 3 AX +
organic products The organo-transition element monohalide R 2 MX which
results from reaction of the organo-alkali metal compound with either
a trivalent transition element halide under nonreducing conditions of

a tetravalent transition element halide under reducing conditions may,
where the transition element M has a stable valence state of 4, be
converted by hydrolysis under oxidizing conditions to the dihalide R 2
MX 2.
One type of reaction taking place in the second phase may be further
illustrated by the reaction between cyclopentadienyl sodium and
ferrous chloride:
2 CH Na + Fe CL 2-+(C H)2 Fe + 2 Na Cl If, instead of ferrous
chloride, ferric chloride is employed, particularly with an excess of
C 5 H Na and at higher temperatures, the same organo-metallic compound
is obtained and the reaction appears to take the following course:
3 CH Na + Fe Ql,->(CQHJ)2 Fe + 3 Na Cl + organic products one mole of
the sodium derivative being utilized in reducing the iron from Fe(III)
to Fe(II) Under non-reducing conditions the following reactions may
occur to some extent:
2 G 5 H Na + Fe Cl,-> (C HJ)2 Fe Cl + 2 Na CI (CQHJ)2 Fe Cl + Fe Cl,->
l(C HI)2 Fel Fe CI 1 The (CQ Hz)2 Fe CI may be regarded as comprising
(C H)2 Fe+ and Cl ions Similarly l(C HJ)2 FelFe Cl, may be regarded as
comprised of (C HI)2 Fe+ and Fe CL ions.
When a tetravalent transition element halide is employed, an
organo-metallic dihalide may result Reaction with titanium
tetrachloride may be taken as illustrative:
2 CH 3 Na + Ti Cl, (CQ 1 H,)2 Ti C 12 + 2 Na CI However, in the
presence of an excess of CIHI Na and at 25 C there is reaction
yielding a lower valence halide:
3 Na Cs H, + Ti C Ij->(CQ H)2 Ti CI + organic products Reaction with
trivalent transition element halides may also result in production of
an organo-metallic dihalide.
The glycol dialkyl ethers, and preferably the glycol lower dialkyl
ethers, are peculiarly well adapted for employment in the two phases
of production of organo-metallic compounds according to the present
invention because, being efficient and satisfactory solvents for
reactions of both phases, the alkali metal derivative formed in the
first phase in the presence of a glycol dialkyl ether may be subjected
to the second phase reaction without removal from the solvent When
liquid ammonia is used as the solvent in the first phase, recovery of
the organo-alkali metal compound from the liquid ammonia and its
dispersion in a dialkyl ether of an alkylene glycol is a prerequisite
to carrying out the second phase reaction of the organo-alkali metal
compound with the transition element halide Thus peculiar, significant
and unexpected advantages have been found to reside in employment of
glycol dialkyl ethers as solvents in the reactions of this invention.
Moreover, the dimer of cyclopentadiene, dicyclopentadiene, may be
employed directly in lieu of cyclopentadiene if the reaction

temperature is sufficiently high to effect substantial
depolymerization Glycol dialkyl ethers boiling at or above 1500 C are
admirably suited as solvents for this purpose At their boiling points
substantial depolymerization of dicyclopentadiene takes place.
The metal halide reactant used in the process of the invention may
have the metal portion thereof in a higher or lower state of
oxidation.
In order to conserve on the amount of the 785,760 Hydrolysis with
dilute H Cl of the product obtained with a 2: 1 reactant ratio results
in a mixture of (CH 1),Fe and l(CH 1)2 Fel+ The l(C Hl,),Fel + ion may
be reduced to (C Hj),Fe by zinc and H Cl, SO, and Na SO, among others
It is preferred that the proportion of the organo-alkali metal
compound be at least equal to the theoretically required proportion
The proportion of organo-alkali metal compound to transition element
halide may however, without departing from the invention, be from
about 0 5 to 5 times the stoichiometric.
The product produced is considerably affected by the ultimate or final
ratio of reactants An excess of the transition element halide tends to
result in non-reducing conditions and an excess of the alkali metal
derivative of the organic compound tends to result in reducing
conditions Moreover, when there is a stoichiometric excess of a higher
valence transition element halide, as for example Fe CI,, there is a
tendency for organo-metallic ions and halide ions to form a complex
with the metal halide, for example l(CHI,),FelFe Cl,
bis(cyclopentadienyl)iron tetrachloroferrate which may be dissolved in
dilute aqueous HC 1 to yield the cationic compound l(CIHI),Fel + which
may be reduced to (C Hj),Fe Also, an excess of higher oxidation state
transition element halide tends to oxidize non-halogenated
organo-metallic compound to the cation Table I shows the effect with
cyclopentadienyl sodium and ferric chloride on formation of the
non-ionic and the cationic organo-metallic compounds.
cyclopentadienyl reactant consumed in the reaction process, it is
preferred that the metal portion of the metal halide be in the lower
oxidative state When ferric chloride is employed one molecule of the
alkali metal derivative of the organic compound may be utilized in
reducing each molecule to the ferrous state and hence becomes
unavailable to form the organo-metallic compound but when ferrous
chloride is utilized, none of the alkali metal derivative of the
organic compound is thus expended in reducing iron to a lower state of
oxidation.
Controllable factors affecting the reaction of the alkali metal
derivative of the organic compound with the transition element halide
as, for example, ratios of reactants, oxidation state of the
transition element in the halide, temperature of reaction and mode of

addition may be varied without departing from this invention.
Although the ratio of reactants may be varied without departing from
this invention that ratio has some effect on the particular
composition of the product In general a stoichiometric excess of a
transition metal halide in which the transition metal is in a higher
oxidation state tends to present oxidising conditions and to favour
the production of a halogenated product For example in the case of the
reaction of cyclopentadienyl sodium and ferric chloride in which the
theoretical molar ratio of the former to the latter is 2:1 or 3:1, a
3:1 or 4:1 ratio results primarily in a non-halogenated product while
a 2: 1 ratio results in a substantial amount of the lower valence
cation, l(GQ Hj),Fel +.
TABLE I
Proportions of (C 5 H 1)2 Fe and (C 5 H 1)2 Fe+ Mole Ratio Na CH 5 To
Fe CQ, Order of Addition Wt % as Wt % as (C 5 H 5)2 Fe (C 5 H 5 ( 2
Fe+ 3:1 Fe C 3-+Na CGH 5 92 5 7 5 2:1 Na CH 5->Fe Cl 3 69 6 30 4 2:1
Fe C 13-Na C 5 H 5 62 0 38 0 While a metal halide with the metal in
any of its possible oxidation states may be used without departing
from this invention, the oxidation state of the transition element
halide employed has an effect both on utilization of the reactants as
described above, and on preferential formation of the non-halogenated
or halogenated organo-metallic compound.
Generally speaking, employment of a metal halide in which the
transition element is in divalent state results in production of a
nonhalogenated compound Employment of a halide in which the transition
element is in trivalent state results in a non-halogenated compound or
in a halogenated compound or the cationic form depending largely on
ratio of reactants and reaction temperature Employment of a halide in
which the transition ele785,760 ment component is in tetravalent state
ordinarily results in production of an organo-metallic dihalide
although a monohalide or a nonhalogenated form may result under
reducing conditions.
The temperature at which the reaction is conducted may be varied
without departing from our invention The reaction has been conducted
at temperatures between about 700 C and 2700 C The maximum temperature
reached may be governed by the boiling point or reflux temperature of
the solvent used Temperature, of course, should be selected with
relation to the solvent employed in order that the reaction may take
place in liquid solvent The temperature at which the reaction is
carried out may affect the character of the desired product Generally
speaking higher reaction temperatures tend to increase the effect of
reducing conditions e g an excess of the organo-alkali reactant while
lower temperatures tend to favor formation of halogenated compounds
This tendency becomes marked at reaction temperatures below 0 C.

The reaction is exothermic and and the temperature of reaction should
be controlled within the desired limits Desired temperature control
and prevention of local overheating may be obtained by useful external
cooling, or by controlling the addition of reagents, or by a
combination of -both means To achieve a desirable reaction rate and to
maintain satisfactory temperature control, it is preferred to conduct
the reaction at a temperature of between 200 C and 350 C In the latter
stages of the reaction when the manifestations of the exothermic
nature of the reaction are not so pronounced, the temperature may be
carried considerably higher, as for example up to the reflux
temperature of the solvent to bring the reaction to substantial
completion.
The stability of organo-metallic compounds produced according to this
invention varies.
For example, the iron compound exhibits marked stability in air below
400 C whereas the nickel and chromium compounds are somewhat unstable
in air at room temperature The halogenated and non-halogenated
compounds produced according to this invention show similar variance
in respect to their affinity for oxygen In the iron compounds, R 2 Fe
is relatively more stable than the ionized form (R 2 Fe)+ while in the
case of cobalt the ionized form (R 2 Co)+ shows greater stability than
R 2 Co.
The reaction mixture containing the organometallic compound may be
purified in a number of ways It may be purified by concentrating the
reaction solution in vacuo to a concentration allowing crystallization
of the desired product, or to dryness In the latter case the dry
residue containing the desired product may be further purified by
sublimation under high vacuum and recovery of the sublimed product in
crystalline form The desired organo-metallic compound may also be
purified by recrystallization from solvents, for example, from
saturated hydrocarbons, ethers, alcohols, chloroform, acetone,
petroleum ether, benzene, toluene or water, as well as from various
mixtures of these solvents Purification may also be accomplished by
solvent partition or by distillation or steam distillation as well as
by other purification methods The organometallic compound may also be
purified and recovered by adding water to a solution of the compound
in an organic solvent in which water is soluble, whereby the product
is "salted out " In some instances it may be desirable to hydrolyze
the reaction product either prior to or during the course of
purification Such hydrolysis may facilitate subsequent purification
and eliminate unreacted alkali metal derivative of the organic
compound However, in some instances hydrolysis is to be avoided.
For example, non-halogenated and nonionized organo-metallic products
containing cobalt as the transition element cannot readily be obtained

from a hydrolyzed reaction mixture In these instances hydrolysis tends
to form the cationic product lR 2 Ml + or the halogenated compound.
Hydrolysis may be accomplished in known manner and is preferably
conducted at lower than room temperature Dilute acidic aqueous
solutions are generally preferred for example aqueous solutions of
ammonium chloride or hydrochloric acid will serve as a hydrolyzing
media.
As indicated above, the employment of transition element halides
wherein the transition element is in a higher state of oxidation may
be wasteful of one mole of the relatively expensive organo-alkali
metal compound which is expended in reducing the transition metal to a
lower state of oxidation For example, only two moles of the
organo-alkali metal derivatives are required per mole of Fe CI 2
whereas three moles are required per mole of Fe Cl, From the above,
the desirability of using Fe Cl 2 is obvious, but available Fe
CI,,produced from Fe Cl, by reduction with iron or hydrogen at
elevated temperatures, is not sufficiently reactive for purposes of
this invention.
We have found however, that reactive Fe CI 2 may be prepared by
reduction of Fe Cl, with iron or other active reducing metal such as
aluminium or zinc in glycol dialkyl ethers It has also been found that
this reduction in that particular class of solvents is generally
applicable to reduction of the metal in transition element halides to
a lower attainable state of oxidation short of the elemental state In
view of the elevated temperature formerly believed to be required for
reduction of the metal of such halides to a lower state of oxidation,
it is surprising that reduction in these solvents proceeds so readily
and yields a metal halide which is reactive as compared to the
un785,760 that it obviates the necessity for separation of the reduced
transition element halide from the reduction solvent prior to
employment of the metal halide.
The glycol dialkyl ethers, preferably glycol lower dialhyl ethers, are
thus distinctively adapted as solvents for the reactions of this
invention since they alone have been found optimally suited as
solvents for production of the organo-alkali metal compounds and for
their reaction with a transition element halide as well as for
reduction of the metal element of the halide to a lower state of
oxidation.
This uniquely satisfactory suitability of the glycol ethers as
solvents for reactions of this invention greatly facilitates carrying
out the process of this invention.
During reactions for formation of alkali metal derivative of the
organic compound and during reactions of the organo-alkali metal
compound with a transition element halide as well as in the reduction

of a transition element halide in glycol dialkyl ether, it is
desirable to maintain an inert atmosphere over the reactants and
reaction mixtures Employment of such an inert atmosphere increases
yields and tends to minimize occurrence of objectionable side
reactions Suitable inert atmospheres include nitrogen, argon, helium
and other inert gases.
As illustrative embodiments of a manner in which the invention may be
practised, the following examples are presented In each of these
examples inert atmospheres were maintained during all stages of the
procedure except where otherwise specifically noted.
EXAMPLE I
Preparation of Cyclopentadienyl Sodium Sodium in finely divided
condition, referred to as sand, may be prepared by heating 114 grams
of massive sodium in 1300 ml of xylene at a temperature of about 1200
C with stirring for about one minute at a high speed The mixture is
then permitted to cool to about room temperature followed by filtering
and removal of the xylene by washing with ethylene glycol dimethyl
ether The sodium sand thus prepared was suspended in about one liter
of ethylene glycol dimethyl ether and redistilled cyclopentadiene was
added slowly to the suspension with vigorous stirring It may be noted
that the reaction is exothermic until about 2/3 of the cyclopentadiene
has been added with the temperature being held to from about 300 to
about 400 C.
by the slow addition and external cooling Thereafter the remainder of
a total of 365 grams of the cyclopentadiene was added rapidly, which
amount is approximately 12 % in excess of the stoichiometric
requirement Additional solvent was added during the reaction in order
to maintain the reaction mixture in a more liquid condition with the
final volume being about 1800 ml.
There is a vigorous evolution of hydrogen reactivity of the reduced
compounds produced by prior methods Indeed the reduction is so rapid
and effective in these solvents that it is self-sustaining at room
temperature Taking the reduction of Fe CI, as illustrative, a solution
of two moles of Fe Cl, in 600 millilitres of ethylene glycol dimethyl
ether are slowly added to a suspension of 2 moles of finely divided
iron, e g 325 mesh, in 600 millilitres of the same solvent The amount
of iron is % in excess of the stoichiometric amount required, the
excess being used to make the reaction proceed more rapidly The
addition of the Fe Ql, solution should be slow and cautious to prevent
a violent reaction As addition of the Fe CI, nears completion, the
reaction mixture may be heated to ensure completion of the reaction
The resulting Fe CI 2 is admirably suited to employment as the metal
halide in this invention The more concentrated the solution of Fe Cl,
the more readily the reduction proceeds to completion, and with such

solutions of Fe Cl, only a slight excess of iron powder is required
The reaction involved is:
Fe + 2 Fe CGI 3-> 3 Fe Cl G Other glycol dialkyl ethers, as for
example ethylene glycol diethyl ether and dialkyl ethers of
polyalkylene glycols, are also efficacious.
The volume of the solvent employed influences the character of the
reaction, it having been found that when a dilute solution of ferric
chloride was used heating was necessary to complete the reaction even
when the iron powder was employed in considerable excess, whereas when
a concentrated solution of ferric chloride was introduced, there was
an exothermic reaction with the iron powder Further, when using a
concentrated solution of ferric chloride, only a slight excess of iron
powder is required Moreover, the addition should be made slowly and
cautiously in order to obviate violent reaction Glycol lower dialkyl
ethers are preferred.
In like manner reduced halides of other transition elements may be
prepared Thus Cr Cl, may be produced by addition of a solution of Cr
Cl, in ethylene glycol dimethyl ether to a suspension of chromium
powder in the ether In this instance there is no apparent reaction at
room temperature but on refluxing the reaction mixture Cr Cl, is
formed In instances where the reaction is slow at the reflux
temperature of the alkylene or polyalkylene glycol lower dialkyl
ether, a small amount of other active reducing metal such as aluminium
powder may be added to increase the rate of reduction.
It will thus be seen that glycol dialkyl ethers have definitive and
unexpected advantages as solvent media for such reductions in that
they permit production of reduced halides which are reactive for
purposes of the present invention Moreover, their use in the
production of reduced halides is distinctly advantageous in 785,760
during the reaction and by diluting the mixture the reaction may be
completed without the necessity of applying heat A reaction mixture
was thus produced which contained 21 5 % cyclopentadienyl sodium, Na
CH, by weight The dimethyl ether of ethylene glycol dissolves the
cyclopentadienyl sodium giving a colorless solution when the solvent
is free of water or air However, the presence of small amounts of
water cause the solution to be deep red Further, the solubility of
cyclopentadienyl sodium in the dimethyl ether of ethylene glycol is
about 3 grams per 100 ml.
EXAMPLE II
Bis(cyclopentadienyl)iron A slurry of ferrous chloride was prepared by
stirring 2 moles of ferric chloride in 1200 ml of ethylene glycol
dimethyl ether and adding thereto 2 moles of finely divided iron
powder over a one and one-half hour period.
The mixture was held at room temperature during this addition and was

then heated at reflux for three hours To the ferrous chlorideiron
mixture, 6 moles of sodium cyclopentadiene slurry in 2 liters of
ethylene glycol dimethyl ether were slowly added with stirring at room
temperature over a period of one-half hour Subsequent operations were
carried out without an inert atmosphere The reaction slurry was
filtered, the filter cake was extracted with petroleum ether and the
filtrate was partially evaporated to crystallize the desired product
Recovery of the product by crystallization and recrystallization from
the petroleum ether extract of the precipitate and by crystallization
from the filtrate yielded 477 grams of pure (CQ Hj),Fe and 40 grams of
less pure tailings (C 1 H,)2 Fe is soluble in various organic solvents
such as saturated hydrocarbons, ethers, alcohols, acetone, chloroform,
aromatic solvents as benzene and toluene, and with some decomposition
in dilute H 25 O and HNO,, but it is insoluble in water, dilute
alkalis and in dilute HC 1 in absence of oxygen.
The melting point of the iron compound was found to be 1730 C and the
refractive index as determined by the optical microscope method is 2 1
+ 0 2 Further, the iron compound is strongly birefringent.
EXAMPLE III
Bis(cyclopentadienyl)zirconium dichloride 79.4 grams of
cyclopentadiene was added to 25.2 grams of sodium sand in 300 ml of
ethylene glycol dimethyl ether To this slurry of sodium
cyclopentadiene a solution of 116 grams of Zr CI 4 in 500 ml of
ethylene glycol dimethyl ether was added dropwise at 250 C.
The color changed to green and finally became yellow The reaction was
slightly exothermic.
The resulting reaction mixture was filtered and the filtrate
concentrated under reduced pressure Without a protective atmosphere,
the crystals formed in the concentrated filtrate were recrystallized
from benzene The pure white crystals obtained were (CH,)z Zr C 12.
They had a melting point of 242-243 C.
with no decomposition and could be sublimed under high vacuum at
180-2000 C.
EXAMPLE IV
Bis(cyclopentadienyl)manganese Anhydrous manganese dibromide was
prepared by reaction between 27 4 grams of manganese powder and 79 9
grams of bromine in 400 ml of dimethyl ether of ethylene glycol.
The temperature was maintained between 25 and 300 C by means of an ice
bath and a red solution was obtained Thereafter a slight excess of
manganese was added and the mixture was refluxed, a pale yellow
solution containing a pale yellow solid resulting A suspension of
cyclopentadienyl sodium was prepared from 23 grams of sodium and 98 ml
of cyclopentadiene in 900 ml of dimethyl ether of ethylene glycol This
suspension was added to the manganese dibromide suspension with a

smooth reaction taking place yielding a yellow solution and a tan
solid Following evaporation of the supernatant liquid under an argon
atmosphere, pale yellow crystals were obtained which were recovered by
filtration and washing with petroleum ether in a nitrogen atmosphere.
A portion of the resulting yellow crystalline material was sublimed
under a vacuum about 1 mm Hg and at about 600 C There was formed
colourless crystals These colourless crystals were sensitive to air,
turning pink in argon or nitrogen containing traces of oxygen.
An analysis of the colourless crystals indicated a compound in which
one molecule of bis(cyclopentadienyl) manganese was associated with
one molecule of dimethyl ether of ethylene glycol having the probable
formula (CQ Hj)2 Mn CHO O C 2 H 40 CH 1, this is an etherate of
bis(cyclopentadienyl)manganese.
EXAMPLE IVA
Bis(cyclopentadienyl)manganese bromide The remaining portion of the
yellow crystalline material obtained in Example IV above were heated
in an evacuated tube at 900 to 1000 C Well-formed red-brown crystals
collected at one end of the tube These redbrown crystals being a
mixture of (C 5 HJ)2 Mn and (GH,)2 Mn Br were extremely sensitive to
oxygen and detonated when heated in the presence of oxygen.
EXAMPLE V
Bis(cyclopentadienyl)chromium The compound was prepared by reaction
between cyclopentadienyl sodium and chromous chloride in dimethyl
ether of ethylene glycol with the chromous chloride being prepared by
reaction between 5 grams of chromium powder and 6 02 grams of chromic
chloride in 175 ml of the dimethyl ether The reaction mixture was
refiuxed with agitation with the colour first being a red-violet 5
grams of chromium powder were then added and after 785,760 EXAMPLE VII
Bis(cyclopentadienyl)titanium dichloride This compound was prepared by
reaction between cyclopentadienyl sodium and titanium tetrachloride 16
grams of sodium wire, prepared by extrusion through a die with 0 5 mm.
diameter holes, was suspended in 400 ml of ethylene glycol dimethyl
ether 50 5 grams of cyclopentadiene was added dropwise at 250 C.
and the mixture was allowed to stand overnight under the inert
atmosphere At the end of this time the reaction appeared to be
complete A suspension of 52 6 grams of Ti C 14 in 150 ml of ethylene
glycol dimethyl ether was prepared and added to the sodium
cyclopentadiene suspension at room temperature.
The reaction mixture became a red-brown color This mixture was
filtered and the filtrate evaporated under reduced pressure The
residue from this evaporation was sublimed at about 1700 C under high
vacuum The sublimate was (CH 5)2 Ti C 12 It is soluble in dilute acid
solutions and in chloroform, slightly soluble in benzene but insoluble
in water and aqueous sodium hydroxide or ammonium hydroxide However,

on standing in these alkaline media it is decomposed to give titanium
hydroxide The melting point of the dichloride is 2800 C with some
decomposition and it was found to be monomeric and diamagnetic
Further, it has been found to react with sodium ethoxide, ethanol plus
ammonia, phosphoric acid and glacial acetic acid to give yellow
gelatinous products, and when reacted with methyl lithium and phenyl
lithium, it gave yellow solids which were complex mixtures.
The dichloride prepared as above may be converted, if desired, to the
difluoride in the following manner:
Bis(cyclopentadienyl)titanium difluoride.
The following procedure was carried out in air There was dissolved 20
grams of bis(cyclopentadienyl)titanium dichloride in 400 ml of
distilled water, 50 ml of 48 % hydrofluoric acid, and 200 mnl ethylene
glycol dimethyl ether This solution was warmed on the steam bath for
one hour After filtering, the solution was cooled in an ice bath and
yielded yellow needles which were removed by filtration and
recrystallised from a 1:1 mixture by volume of benzene and chloroform.
The yellow crystalline product was identified as (C 6 H,)2 Ti F 2,
bis(cyclopentadienyl) titanium difluoride The aqueous layer was
extracted with chloroform and the chloroform solution evaporated to
give an additional amount of (CG 5 H)2 Ti F 2.
EXAMPLE VIII
Bis(cyclopentadienyl) titanium One mol of C 1 H 1 is added dropwise to
a stirred suspension of finely-divided sodium in 500 ml of ethylene
glycol dimethyl ether, the temperature of the reaction mixture being
refluxing for about 2 hours the reaction was accelerated by the
addition of 2 6 grams of aluminium powder Additional refluxing for
about one hour yielded a solution having a pale green colour A
solution of cyclopentadienyl sodium was prepared by reaction between 2
6 grams of sodium sand in 360 ml.
of dimethyl ether of ethylene glycol and 18 ml of cyclopentadiene; the
reaction going to completion in about one hour at room temperature
This solution was added to the chromous chloride solution with
stirring at 00 C The reaction mixture was brown with a brown solid and
the solvent containing the soluble portion was removed by filtration
under nitrogen and was evaporated under reduced pressure leaving a
dark reddish residue.
The residue was sublimed at a temperature of about 800 C under vacuum
and a reddish purple compound obtained Analysis of the compound as
well as its solubility in organic solvents and volatility indicates
that it has the composition (CI-I,)Cr.
EXAMPLE VI
Bis(indenyl)iron Indenyl sodium was prepared from indene and sodium in
dimethyl ether of ethylene glycol For this purpose, sodium sand in a

finely divided state was produced by placing 23 grams of sodium in
xylene in a flask, heating to about 1200 C with moderate stirring and
when the sodium had melted, the mix was subjected to high speed
stirring for about one minute The flask was then cooled to room
temperature and the xylene replaced by dimethyl ether of ethylene
glycol whereupon 128 grams of indene were slowly added thereto.
The reaction mixture was heated under reflux until there was no
further evolution of gas.
A suspension of 54 grams of ferric chloride in 700 ml of dry dimethyl
ether of ethylene glycol was prepared, and 20 grams of 325 mesh iron
powder were introduced into the suspension under a nitrogen atmosphere
and at room temperature with reduction being complete in about 40
minutes The indenyl sodium solution was transferred to a dropping
funnel and added to the ferrous chloride suspension under nitrogen
with stirring at room temperature The reaction mixture became purple
and upon addition of 2500 ml of distilled water there was a separation
of bis(indenyl) iron which was removed by filtering.
The fitter cake was sensitive to air and, hence, was stored under
nitrogen with the final product being obtained through extraction of
the filter cake with petroleum ether in a Soxhlet extractor and
crystallization from the extract.
While the product is easily oxidized when in solution, it is quite
stable in dry crystalline form Bis(indenyl)iron has a melting point of
about 1700 C, and is soluble in most organic solvents with which it
yields purple solutions.
The solid can be sublimed under high vacuum at about 1300 C.
785,760 maintained at 300 C to 400 C A suspension of 59 5 g of Ti CI 2
in ethylene glycol dimethyl ether is added at room temperature to the
resulting Na CHI slurry A slightly exothermic reaction immediately
occurred to give a dark green mixture which was filtered.
The clear filtrate was evaporated to dryness in vacuum By fractional
sublimation, a homogeneous dark green deposit, (CQHJ)2 Ti, is obtained
at a temperature of 1500 C and about 1 mm of mercury, pressure This
compound is very unstable in air.
The (CQHJ)2 Ti in benzene solution when treated with anhydrous H Br
undergoes rapid reaction to give a red solution from which red
crystals of (CH,)2 Ti Br, can be crystallised.
EXAMPLE IX
Bis(methylcyclopentadienyl)cobalt tribromide One mole sodium sand in
600 ml of ethylene glycol dimethyl ether was prepared according to
Example I Then 88 grams of methylcyclopentadiene was added over a
period of 20 minutes with stirring, the reaction mixture being cooled
by an external cooling bath to hold the temperature to less than 600
C, and stirring was continued for one-half hour to ensure complete

reaction 65 grams of anhydrous cobaltous chloride was added rapidly to
the sodium methylcyclopentadiene mixture which was cooled by a cooling
bath.
-The mildly exothermic reaction gave a redbrown mixture The reaction
mixture was filtered In air the red-brown filtrate was hydrolyzed with
dilute H Br and treated with H 202 An orange solid precipitated from
the solution upon standing This solid which was recovered by
filtration and dried in Dacuo was bis(methylcyclopentadienyl)cobalt
tribromide, (CH C 1 H 1 J 2 Co Br,.
EXAMPLE X (C 5 H)2 Co Cl and (CQH5)2 Co Br 3 grams of anhydrous
cobaltous chloride was added to one mole of sodium cyclopentadiene in
600 ml of ethylene glycol dimethyl ether at room temperature A
slightly exothermic reaction gave a brown reaction mixture The
reaction product was hydrolyzed with distilled water and the solid
from this filtration dried in vacuco for later treatment.
One-half of the filtrate was then treated with excess hydrogen
peroxide and hydrobromic acid to precipitate an orange solid,
bis(cyclopentadienyl)cobalt tribromide, (CQHJ)2 Co Br,.
The other half of the filtrate was concentrated by evaporation until
sodium chloride crystals were just beginning to be precipitated This
solution was then treated with an equal volume of absolute ethyl
alcohol to precipitate more sodium chloride The alcohol-water solution
was then subjected to fractional crystallization to remove all sodium
chloride On complete evaporation of the solvent a brown-red semisolid
material was obtained After drying in vacuo over phosphorous pentoxide
for several days, this material began to crystallize in bright yellow
cubes This compound, (CH,)2 Co Cl, containing traces of sodium
chloride impurity, was very hygroscopic, rapidly dissolving into a
syrup in moist air.
The compound may be dissolved in water 70 and treated with sodium
hydroxide to give a water-soluble base of apparent composition (CH,)2
Co OH The resulting solution is a strongly alkaline one and absorbs
carbon dioxide from the air 75 EXAMPLE XI
Bis(cyclopentadienyl)hafnium dichloride A solution of hafnium
tetrachloride was prepared by heating 4 88 grams metal ( 98 % purity)
to 350-4000 C in an atmosphere of 80 dry argon and chloride The white
hafnium tetrachloride was collected on the cold portion of the
reaction tube After reaction, a residue of 0 15 gram of white
non-volatile residue was left in the tube The white, volatile product
85 was dissolved in 250 ml of ethylene glycol dimethyl ether.
A suspension of sodium cyclopentadiene, prepared by adding 6 5 ml of
cyclopentadiene to 1 26 grams of finely-divided sodium sand 90 in 150
ml of ethylene glycol dimethyl ether, was added dropwise to the
hafnium tetrachloride solution which was stirred at 0-10 C The

resulting pale tan mixture was warmed to room temperature and filtered
In subse 95 quent operations an inert atmosphere was not provided The
solvent was removed from the filtrate to give a residue of dirty,
white crystals and the filter cake from the reaction mixture was
leached with benzene The benzene extract 100 solution gave colorless
crystals Both residues were recrystallized from benzene to give
transparent, colorless plates, determined to be (CH,)2 Hf C 11 This
compound is soluble in ethylene glycol dimethyl ether, benzene and 105
chloroform The melting point was 2360 C.
EXAMPLE XII
Bis(cyclopentadienyl)cobalt A suspension of one mole of
cyclopentadienyl sodium in 1500 ml of ethylene glycol 110 dimethyl
ether was prepared according to Example-I A cobaltous bromide slurry
was prepared by adding 129 grams of solid Co Br, to ethylene glycol
dimethyl ether and this slurry was added to the suspension of cyclo
115 pentadienyl sodium at room temperature with stirring The reaction
mixture was a reddish brown and the supernatant liquid was withdrawn
and evaporated to dryness under reduced pressure It was found that the
solution 120 was sensitive to air and the solid residue sublimed when
heated at a temperature of about 800 C, and about 1 mm pressure A
sublimate of red crystals was obtained which was found by analysis to
be (CQ 1 H),Co 125 EXAMPLE XIII
Bis(cyclopentadienyl)vanadium dichloride A suspension of sodium
cyclopentadiene was prepared by adding 92 ml of cyclopentadiene to 22
4 grams of finely divided sodium sand 130 785,760 tered and the
filtrate evaporated under reduced -pressure to give a gray solid
residue This solid was subjected to sublimation at 85 C.
under reduced pressure and the sublimate consisted of bright green
crystals of (CQH,),Ni.
This compound is soluble in alcohol, benzene, petroleum ether and
chloroform At a temperature of 1000 C, at one atmosphere pressure it
sublimes.
EXAMPLE XVI
Bis(benzylcyclopentadienyl)iron A slurry of sodium cyclopentadiene was
prepared by suspending 9 2 grams of sodamide in 350 cc of ethylene
glycol dimethyl ether and adding slowly 15 2 grams of cyclopentadiene
at room temperature The resulting slurry was cooled to 00 C and 25 3
grams of benzyl chloride added with stirring and stirring was
continued for one-half hour after all the benzyl chloride was added
Then 9 2 grams of sodamide was added at 00 C and the mixture stirred
for one-half hour A slurry of 0 1 mole of ferrous chloride in 250 ml
of ethylene glycol dimethyl ether was prepared from 0 066 mole of
ferric chloride and excess iron powder.
This slurry was added to the sodium benzylcyclopentadiene and stirred

for one-half hour.
Subsequent operations were carried out without an inert atmosphere The
reaction mixture was filtered The orange-red filtrate was treated with
200 ml of water and then extracted with portions of diethyl ether The
ether extract was washed with water and dried over anhydrous sodium
sulfate The filtered ether solution was evaporated to dryness leaving
an orange liquid residue This residue was leached with petroleum
ether, the solution filtered and evaporated The product was a viscous
orange liquid weighing 30 grams.
Analysis showed it to be (CHIICHCH 4),Fe.
EXAMPLE XVII
Bis(acetylcyclopentadienyl)iron 4.6 grams of sodium sand was suspended
in 375 ml of dry ethylene glycol dimethyl ether 15 2 grams of
cyclopentadiene was added and the mixture stirred at room temperature
for one-half hour at which time all the sodium had reacted This
suspension was cooled to -700 C and 15 8 grams of acetyl chloride was
added slowly An exothermic reaction took place raising the temperature
of the reaction mixture to -50 C After ten minutes, 4 6 grams of
sodium sand in 175 ml.
ethylene glycol dimethyl ether was added The mixture was held at -780
C to -500 C.
for one hour and then allowed to warm to 00 C where it was held for
one and one-half hours After warming to room temperature a suspension
of 12 7 grams of ferrous chloride in 175 ml ethylene glycol dimethyl
ether was added This ferrous chloride was prepared from 10 7 grams of
ferric chloride with an excess of powdered iron in 175 ml ethylene
glycol dimethyl ether The reaction mixture was stirred one hour and
filtered in air The in 450 ml of ethylene glycol dimethyl ether.
A solution of vanadium tetrachloride in ethylene glycol dimethyl ether
was prepared by adding 94 grams of V C 14 to 250 ml of the solvent
which was cooled in an ice water bath The VCI 4 solution was added to
the sodium cyclopentadiene suspension using an ice bath to control the
temperature of the exothermic reaction After warming to room
temperature, the viscous reaction product was filtered Succeeding
operations were carried out without a protective atmosphere The filter
cake of reaction solids was extracted with chloroform in a Soxh Iet
extractor The filtrate from the reaction products was evaporated to
dryness under a vacuum and the solid residue was also extracted with
chloroform in the Soxhlet extractor Because of the low solubility of
(CH),V C 12 in chloroform the extractions required several days Green
crystals of (CHHJW)VG 2 were obtained by crystallization from the
chloroform extracts.
EXAMPLE XIV
Bis(cyclopentadienyl)vanadium dichloride A slurry of sodium

cyclopentadiene was prepared by suspending 11 9 grams of finelydivided
sodium sand in 250 ml of ethylene glycol dimethyl ether and adding 39
2 grams of cyclopentadiene at 20-250 C A slurry of vanadium
oxytrichloride was prepared in ethylene glycol dimethyl ether by
adding 30 grams of VOCI, dropwise to 400 ml of the solvent at 6-10 C
With external cooling of the reaction flask to maintain the
temperature at -250 during the mixing, the suspension of Na CH, was
added to the stirred vanadium oxytrichloride suspension After the
addition was complete, the mixture was stirred for an hour while the
temperature of the flask was raised to room temperature The mixture
was dark purple.
The reaction mixture was hydrolysed with ml of concentrated
hydrochloric acid and ice The hydrolyzate was extracted with benzene
to remove any organic material and the aqueous acid layer was a dark
green and was concentrated on a water bath with a current of nitrogen
flowing over the surface After concentrating to 100 mil volume, water
was added and the mixture was filtered The filtrate was again
concentrated to 400 ml.
volume On cooling 6 9 grams of green crystalline (CH,),V Cl, were
obtained.
EXAMPLE XV
Bis(cyclopentadienyl)nickel A suspension of one mole of nickelous
bromide was prepared from 58 7 grams of nickel metal powder in 300 ml
ethylene glycol dimethyl ether and 160 grams of bromine using an ice
bath to keep the temperature low.
The suspension was then diluted to 1000 mnl.
and added to a solution of 2 moles of sodium cyclopentadiene in 800 ml
of ethylene glycol dimethyl ether, resulting in a black reaction
mixture The reaction mixture was then fil785,760 soluble portion was
concentrated in air to give a dry residue which was extracted with
nheptane (CHICOCH 4)2 Fe, m p 124-126 C., was obtained from this
extract.
EXAMPLE XVIII (CQH5)2 Fe from Dicyclopentadiene5.75 grams of sodium
metal in 175 ml.
diethylene glycol dimethyl ether was heated to reflux at 1590 C 16 5
grams of pure dicyclopentadiene was dissolved in about 20 ml of
diethylene glycol dimethyl ether and added dropwise to the sodium
suspension After refluxing for one hour and cooling, a white solid was
noticed in the flask along with unreacted sodium 6 grams of anhydrous
ferric chloride was added to give an exothermic reaction The reaction
mixture was purple Ethyl alcohol was added to remove unreacted sodium
and the mixture was added to dilute hydrochloric acid to give a curdy,
yellow solid and a purple aqueous layer The yellow solid was separated
and dissolved in petroleum ether and from this solution (CQHJ),Fe was

obtained.
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* GB785761 (A)
Description: GB785761 (A) ? 1957-11-06
Improvements in or relating to axial flow compressors
Inventor: JAMES ROBERT 'FORSHAW I 4 i F Date of filing Complete
Specification: Sept 13, 1955.
Application Date: Sept21, 1954 No 27259154.
Complete Specification Published: Nov 6, 1957.
785,761 Index at acceptance:-Classes 110 ( 1), D 2 J; and 110 ( 3), B
2 VX.
International Classification:-FO 4 d.
Improvements in or relating to Axial Flow Compressors We, POWER JETS
(RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT) LIMITED, of 251, Greenl Street, London, W
1, a British Company do hereby declare the invention, for which we
pray that a patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it is
to be performed, to be particularly described in and, by the following
statement -
This invention relates to axial flow compressors According to the
invention, an axial flow compressor has structure forming a
circumferentially extending wall bounding the working fluid flow path
and rows of blades extending across the flow path, which wall
structure comprises a number of wall portions each extending between
adjacent blades of one row and each movable from an inoperative

position wherein kit complements the adjacent wall parts to afford a
substantially smooth path to an operative position wherein it
protrudes into the flow path to effect a local restriction in
transverse area of the path.
In compressors an adverse condition sometimes arises, usually when the
compressor is operating at loads below the designed load, leading to
excessive vibration of the blades of one or more blade rows and
involving a risk of blade failure The effect of providing a local
restriction in the flow path is to modify the condition of the flow
for at least a short distance downstream of the restriction in a
favourable manner The adverse condition usually affects the longer
blades, that is the blades of one or more Tows towards the inlet end
of the compressor, and provision may be made for restricting the flow
path according to the invention to modify the flow at the inlet plane
of each affected blade row, or for restricting the path in more than
one region to modify the flow in an, affected blade row or rows.
In general the risk of blade failure is greater in an affected rotor
row where the blade stresses induced by the vibration would augment
those due to centrifugal loads For this reason and for reasons of
general simplicity, movable wall portions are preferably provided in
accordance with the invention in ithe stationary wall of the flow path
upstream of a rotor blade row between the roots of adjacent 'blades of
the stator row preceding the rotor row.
The invention has a further application, in multi-stage compressors,
for maintaining at different load conditions a similar relationship
between flow conditions in the various blade stages (known as matching
the blade stages) by variably influencing the flow in one or more
stages at different compressor loads.
The invention is best understood from the various constructional
embodiments thereof described below with reference to the accompanying
drawings In the drawings:
Fig 1 is a half section 'of a multi-stage axial flow compressor
embodying the invention taken along the rotational axis of the
machine; Fig 2 is an, enlarged view of a detail of the stator casing
of the compressor of Fig 1; Figs 31 and 4 are views seen in the
direction of arrows III-4 II and I'V-IV of Fig.
2; Figs 5 and, 16 are views of an alternative construction
corresponding to the views of Figs 2 and 3 ';:
Figs 7, 8 and 9 are views of a further alternative construction
corresponding to the views of Figs 2, 3 and 44; Figs 10 and 11 and 12
are views of another construction corresponding to the views of Figs.
2, 3 a and 4; The compressor of (Fig 1 has a rotor 1 and stator casing
2 carrying alternate rows of moving and fixed; blades 3 ' to 13
respectively spaced successively in the direction of flow of working

fluid, (Fig 2 shows the stator casing 2 in the region of the stator
'blades 16 The blades 6 have roots 14 which, are retained in a
re-entrant circumferential groove 15 ' in the sator casing 2 The
casing has a shallow circumferential recess 1,6 extending axially of
the compressor on either side of the 'blade groove The roots 14 of the
stator blades, which conventionally present a surface complementary to
the inner surface of the stator casing, are in this in70stance
abbreviated to present a surface con'plementary to the bottom of the
recess 16.
Thus there is formed between each adjacent pair of stator blades a
shallow cavity of uniform depth in the approximate shape of a
parallelogram defined by the upstream and downstream walls of the
recess 16 and the chord lines of the root sections of the blades 6 In
this cavity is seated a correspondingly shaped wall portion 17 of
resilient sheet material equal in thickness to the depth of the cavity
The wall portion is retained in the cavity by countersunk rivets or
screws 18 extending radially into the stator casing 2 in the portion
of the recess 16 upstream of the blade groove 15 A plunger 19
extending and slidable radially through the stator casing 2 engages
the wall portion upstream of its downstream edge Depression of the
plunger 19 from outside the casing causes the wall portionl 17 to bend
from the inoperative position shown in full line and forces its free
downstream end to protrude into the flow path in the operative
position shown in broken line, the axial clearance being sufficient to
avoid fouling the succeeding rotor blade row 7 As shown in Fig 4 the
wall portions of several adjacent pairs of stator blades '6 are
integrated in a common segmental strip 20 which is slotted downstream
of the inlet plane of the stator row blades 6 to accommodate the
blades The wall portion 17 is shaped to correspond to the profiles of
the adjacent blades with only a small clearance The downstream face of
each blade root 14 has a notch 21 to clear an adjacent plunger 19.
To provide for the simultaneous operation of the plurality of movable
wall portions 17 of the stator blade row the stator casing 2 is
externally embraced 'by a ring 22 having internal radial projections
23 of a truncated saw-tooth form The teeth 23 are pitched
correspondingly to the plungers of the wall portions and their
truncated surfaces bear on the casing to permit rotation of the ring
The inclined face 24 of each tooth engages one of the plungers 19
which is depressed and released when the ring 22 rotates in
alternative directions The restoring force for the wall portion 17
and, its plunger 19 is provided in part by the resilience of ithe
former This is augmented by providing an enlarged head on the end of
each plunger 19 outside the casing 2 and a compression spring 26
between the head 25 and the casing The exterior of the casing has an

enlarged bore 27 around each plunger 19 to house the spring 26.
It is further provided that the displacement of each wall portion 17
from its inoperative position is greatest at a low compressor load
and, is reduced progressively with load up to a higher load when the
inoperative position is reached Thus it is contemplated that the wall
portion should 'be fully displaced when the compressor is started and
be inoperative at 60-70 % of the full load rotational speed.
Accordingly the external toothed ring 22 has a lug 28 attached thereto
and tangentially extending link 29 is pin jointed to the lug A
compression spring 30 operating against a col 70 lar 31 on the link 29
from a fixed abutment constrains the link 29 and ring 22 in the
clockwise direction (as seen in Fig 4) such that the plungers 19 are
fully depressed and the wall portions 17 fully operative The link 29
car 75 ries a piston 32 operating in a cylinder 33 in opposition to
the spring 30 The cylinder 33 is connected to the discharge line 34 of
a fluid pump 35 driven from the compressor shaft so that the cylinder
pressure rises with com 80 pressor speed to move the piston 32 and
rotate the ring 22 in an anti-clockwise direction such that the
plungers 19 are withdrawn.
Movement of the piston is limited by a suitable stop 3 '6 which
engages the collar 31 when 85 the compressor speed attains a
prescribed proportion of the full load speed, the wall portions being
then inoperative Any equivalent speed or load dependent governing
system could of course be substituted 90 In the alternative
construction of Figs 5 and, 6, the blades 6, roots, 14, groove 15 and
recess 16 are as described above The wall portions 37 are of sheet
material and are secured by hinges 38 at or in the region of the 95
inlet plane of the stator row, several hinged portions 37 being
conveniently attached to a common segmental strip 39 secured by screws
19 in the upstream part of the recess 16 A segment may be assembled
flat and subse 100 quently curved after the hinge pin, has been
divided between adjacent wall portions Alternatively as in the
construction of Figs 7, 8 and 9, the wall portion 40 between a pair of
blades may be in one piece but has its up 105 stream end 40 a cranked
or joggled up the radially outward direction The upstream end 41 of
the recess 16 is deeper than the sheet material of the wall portion to
accommodate the cranked, part 40 a thereof, and is 110 of re-entrant
shape to overhang and retain the cranked part and afford a fulcrum for
the wall portion 40 near its upstream edge To locate each wall portion
circumferentially a separate spacer ele 115 ment 42 is provided
between adjacent blade roots shaped similarly to the groove 15 but
having a projection 42 a extending into the upstream part 41 of the
recess between two adjacent wall portions This projection may 120
instead be an integral part of each blade root.

In each of the constructions of Figs 5 ' and' 6 or 7 and 8 the
operation of each movable wall portion is by a plunger 19 disposed
substantially as in the embodiment first described 125 the 'end of the
plunger 19 outside the casing 2 having an enlarged head 25 and a
compression spring 26 being provided between the head and the casing
The inner end 43 of the plunger is loosely pin-jointed to an eye 44 on
130 785,761 tive position.
3 A compressor according to claim 2 wherein, each finger is rigidly
connected 'at a point longitudinally remote from said end to the wall
structure and is adapted to flex rela 70 tively to the latter at said
end
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* GB785762 (A)
Description: GB785762 (A) ? 1957-11-06
Improvements in or relating to sheet feeding mechanisms
Improvements in or relating to Sheet Feeding Mechanisms
I, HEADLEY TOWNSEND BACKHOUSE, a
British Subject, of E1 Patio, Fort Charlotte
Heights, Nassau, Bahamas, British West Indies, do hereby declare the
invention, for which I pray that a patent may be granted to me, and
the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly
described in and by the following statement:
The invention relates to sheet feeding mechanisms of the kind which
are employed in conjunction with printing and like machines operating
on single sheets of paper, card and the like and in which the sheets

are fed by conveyor means onto a feed-board where registration of each
sheet in turn is effected against front lays, usually also against
side lays, and are then taken individually to, or by, the printing or
other machine. The sheets may be conveyed to the feed-board in the
form of a continuous stream of partly overlapping sheets.
The invention is concerned with mechanisms of the above kind which
have means for slowing down the sheets as they approach the front
lays, such means holding back the sheets and travelling with the
sheets at a speed or average speed which is less than that of the
normal conveyor speed and may be constant or decreasing. The means may
comprise abutments which engage the front edges of the sheets and act
as slow-down stops or as preliminary lays which also effect a
preliminary registration of the sheets. Alternatively, or in addition,
the means may embody suction grippers. Wehn such grippers are employed
in addition to preliminary lays, they may be employed to ensure that
the sheets do not ride over the top of the preliminary lays and for
that purpose they may be given an up and down movement as well as the
movement towards the main lays. Further the preliminary lays may have
a rearward lip or extension beneath which the front edge portion of
the sheet is received ,and the suction grippers may be used to ensure
that the sheet is properly introduced beneath the lip. The slow-down
of each sheet may be, and commonly is, effected beneath the rear
portion of the preceding sheet
during the removal thereof to the printing or
other machine and in such an arrangement
it is necessary that the slow-down means oper
ate from beneath the sheets. A common cycle
of movements for the slow-down means is
that after engagement by a sheet they advance
towards, or beyond, the front lays at an aver
age speed which is less than the conveying
speed and at a level at which they project
above the feed-board or, in the case of suction
grippers are at least level with the board, then
move downwardly, return to the starting posi
tion below the level of the board land then
rise above the board to engage a following
sheet. If suction grippers are employed they
may move down to the level of the board immediately after engagement
with a sheet.
A difficulty which arises with sheet feeding
mechanism of the above kind having slowing
down means as described above is that at a high
rate of sheet feeding there is very little time

for the somewhat complicated movements of
the slow down means, especially the idle up
and down return movements. The invention
seeks to reduce this difficulty.
The invention provides a sheet feeding
mechanism of the above kind which has two
(or more) sheet slowing down means which
travel with and retard or hold back the sheets
as they approach the front lays, the means
travelling at a speed, or an average speed,
which is less than the normal conveyor speed,
and being arranged to operate in turn on
successive sheets (i.e. in the case where there
are two such means they will operate on
alternate sheets respectively, with the advan
tage that the time available for effecting the
idle movements of each means is substantially
increased).
When the invention is applied to a mech
anism having slow down stops and also suction
grippers as above described either the stops
or the grippers or both may ibe duplicated
for ,alternate use in accordance with the in
vention.
As an example of how the invention may
be carried into effect, one specific embodiment of a sheet feeding
mechanism embodying the above and other features of the invention will
now be described with reference to the accompaning drawings in which:
Figure 1 is a side view of the mechanism,
Figure 2 is a plan view of a part of the mechanism,
Figure 3 is a rear view of part of the mechanism,
Figure 4 is a section on the line 4-4 in
Figure 1, and
Figure 5 is a sectional view showing a modified form of the mechanism.
In this example shown in Figures 1 to 4 there is a feed-board 10 onto
which a continuous stream 11 of partly overlapping sheets of paper are
fed Iby a tape-conveyor from a sheet separating mechanism. The front
edge of each sheet in turn is fed over the board 10 to main front lays
which are shown diagrammatically at 12 and are cons,tructed and
operate as described in British Specification
No. 657,618. Adjacent each side of the board there is a double
slow-down device. The two double devices are alike in construction and
operation and only one is shown and only one will be described. The
two devices are both operated by cams on a shaft 14 and are carried by

the same cross-bars 15, 16, 17.
The slow-down device comprises two preliminary lays 20, 21 of hook
form, the hooks facing upstream towards the oncoming sheets.
Each lay is secured to the front end of a carriage or casting 24 which
carries at its rear end a roller 25 running in a guide slot 26 in a
fixed side plate 27. The slot is upwardly concave, as shown, so that
the roller is given an upward movement as it approaches each end of
the slot
Pivoted at 28 to the side plate 27 there is a lever 30 which has a
sliding and pivotal connection 32 to the casting 24, the connection
consisting of a block 33 pivoted at 34 to the casting and slidable in
a slot 35 in the lever.
The lower end of the lever carries a roller 38 which runs on a cam 39
on the shaft 14 whereby a rocking movement is imparted to the lever
which in turn reciprocates the casting within the limits imposed by
the slot 26. A spring, not shown, maintains the roller 38 in contact
with the cam.
A push-rod 40 is pivoted at its upper end to the casting 24 at 41 and
at its lower end it is slotted to fit over the cam shaft 14 and to be
guided thereby. The rod has a roller 44 which runs on a cam 45 on the
shaft. The pin of the pivot 41 is extended through a slot 46 on the
plate 27 and has a large head 48 on the outside of the plate. The pin
is free in the slot and the head serves to steady the casting against
lateral movement.
The cams 39, 45 of the two devices are relatively displaced by 1800 on
the shaft 14 and the shaft rotates through 180 for each sheet which is
advanced to the main front lays.
The cycle of operations of each slow down device is as follows. The
cycle starts when the hook (20 or 21) is, as shown at A, above the
board 10 and at the limit of the travel up the board, the hook being
timed to be in the position to receive within the hook the front edge
of a sheet advancing down the board. The cam 39 then operates to rock
the lever 30 to move the casting 24 and the hook carried thereby down
the board (i.e. downstream). At the same time the cam 45 operating
through lithe push-rod permits the hook end of the casting to move
downwardly, the guide slot 26 causing a similar downward movement of
the rear end of the casting. The path following by lithe hook is
indicated by the arrows in Figure 1. The speed of the downstream
movement of the preliminary lay or hook is initially a little less
than the speed of movement of the sheets by the conveyor and is
gradually reduced until the front edge of the sheet is arrested by the
main lays.
Thereafter the downstream movement of the hook is continued until the
hook reaches the position B, whereupon the hook moves further

downward, by operation of the cam 45 in combination with the upward
movement of the tail of the casting 24 resulting from the upturned
portion of the slot 26, to the position
C which is that corresponding to the position of the parts shown in
Figure 1. The cam 39 then operates to move the hook upstream along the
path indicated by the yarrow, the path being beneath the sheet lying
on the table. Near the end of the upstream movement the cam 45
operates to move the hook upwardly to the initial position IA ready to
receive another sheet
The two hocks, 20, 21 operate 1800 out of phase and on alternate
sheets so that when one hook is in the 'A' position, 'the other hook
is at the opposite end of the travel. It is an advantage of the
mechanism that the time available for the idle movements of the hooks
(i.e. after passing the main lays on the downstream movement until
return to the 'A' position) is substantially increased.
in order to ensure that the on coming sheet does not ride over the top
of the hook 20, or 21, there may be provided an lair blast which is
arranged to blow the sheets downwardly towards 'the table, the blast
operating just behind the 'a' position of the hooks. There may, for
example, be two nested tubes 50, 51 which extend across the board and
which have slots or row of holes 52, 53. One or other of the tubes is
oscillated or rotated to bring the slots into register at the
appropriate time and air pressure is maintained within the tube 51 so
that when the slots are in register the air is emitted downwardly onto
the sheets.
In a modified form of the above mechanism (shown in Figure 5) there
are two suction grippers 60 located between the two preliminary lays
21 and 20 (not shown). Each gripper is carried on a slide 61 which is
guided on rods 62 for reciprocatory movement in the feeding direction.
These movements of each gripper are effected by a further cam (not
shown) on the cam shaft 14 which operates on an upright lever 16;4
which is forked at its upper, free, end and embraces a pin 65 on the
slide. Each gripper, which faces upwardly, is lattached to the upper
end of a hollow piston rod 66, 'of which the lower end carries a
piston 67 working in a cylinder 68 on the gripper slide. Each of the
cylinders is doubleacting and the gripper mouth is open through the
piston rod to the lower end of the cylinder.
A light spring 69 in eacy cylinder urges the piston and gripper
downwardly to their lowermost position, as shown, in which the gripper
mouth is level with the board. Both ends of each cylinder are open
through ports 70, 71 to la common inlet 72 for suction. Each cylinder
has its own suction control valve each of which comprises a bell-crank
lever 75 of which one arm engages a cam (not shown) on the cam shaft
14 and the other arm has a lateral port 76 leading through the

material of the arm to a flexible connection 77 to the cylinder inlet
72. As the bell-crank 75 is rocked the port 76 moves into and out of
registration with a fixed port 79 which is open to a suction pump.
There may, if necessary or desirable, also be a fixed port leading to
atmosphere with which the movable port registers when release of the
sheets is desired.
The mechanism shown in Figure 5 also embodies an alternative
arrangement for moving the preliminary stops or lays but as this
mechanism merely effects the movements already described it is
considered to be unnecessary to describe it in detail.
In the operation of this form of the mechanism, when !a sheet is
approaching the main front lays 12 one of the preliminary lays 20 or
21 is raised 'above the board ready to receive the leading edge of the
sheet within the hook, as in the previous example. Suction is then
applied to both ends of the cylinder of the gripper which is next to
this lay. The gripper mouth being open so 1that the suction cannot
build up in the lower end of the cylinder, the first effect lof the
suction is to move the gripper upwardly above the level of the board
(e.g. to the position shown in dotted lines).
The gripper is, at that time a short distance upstream from the lay 20
or 21. Immediately the gripper mouth encounters the sheet it is sealed
thereby and the suction at once operates, by 'building up in the lower
end of the cylin der, to draw the gripper and the sheet downwardly to
the position at which they are at the level of the board. Spring 16,9
assists the suction in this operation. The gripper moves downstream,
to insert the leading edge of the sheet into the hook of the lay 20 or
21. The lay also moves downstream, as in the previous example, at a
speed which gradually slows down the sheet. ,The lay 20 or 21 moves
beyond the main lays 12-leaving the sheet held thereby-and then
downwardly below the level of the feed-board. If necessary the gripper
slips on the sheet after the latter has engaged the lays. The gripper
releases the sheet and the lay and gripper then move upstream into
position to rise and engage another sheet.
During these idle movements the other preliminary lay and suction
gripper act upon the next sheet on the stream, in similar manner.
In my specification No. 715,895 I have claimed sheet feeding mechanism
of the kind therein described characterised by a suction gripper
operating from beneath the feedboard, means for raising the gripper
above the level of the feedboard and suction operated means rendered
operative by the sealing of the mouth of the gripper jby a sheet to
over-rule the raising means and to retract the gtipper to or below the
level of the feedboard, whereby the gripper rises only until it
engages a sheet, whether the sheet be on the feedboard or raised
therefrom, and is then immediately retracted, gripping the sheet and

without raising the sheet to any substantial extent. The example
described above in relation to Figure 5 embodies this mechanism.
What I claim is:
1. A sheet feeding mechanism of the kind described which has two (or
more) sheet slowing down means which travel with and retard the sheets
as they approach the front lays, the means travelling at a speed, or
an average speed, which is less than the normal conveyor speed, and
being arranged to operate in turn on successive sheets.
2. A sheet feeding mechanism las claimed in claim 1 in which the cycle
of movement of the slow down means is that after engagement by a sheet
they advance towards, or beyond, the front lays at an average speed
which is less than the conveying speed and at a level at which they
project above the feed- board or, in the case of suction grippers are
at least level with the board, then move downwardly, return to the
starting position below the level of the board and then rise above the
board to engage a following sheet.
3. A sheet feeding mechanism as claimed in claim 2 in which there lare
two slow down devices arranged for alternate use, in which each device
is supported on the front end of a carriage which is guided at its
rear end for reciprocatory movement up and down the feed-board, in
which there are cam operated means for raising and lowering the front
end of the carriage and cam operated means for effecting the
reciprocatory movements thereof, the cams being arranged to cause the
'device to follow the cycle defined in claim 2.
4. A mechanism as claimed in claim 3 in which the rear end of the
carriage is guided along a path which rises at each end.
5. A mechanism as claimed in any one of
* GB785763 (A)
Description: GB785763 (A) ? 1957-11-06
Improvements relating to the manufacture of pins for pin cranks used in the
manufacture of pottery ware
1 - ',, ' -

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