1. The document discusses the reflection of light by plane and curved mirrors. It defines key terms used to describe the reflection such as incident ray, reflected ray, normal, angle of incidence, angle of reflection, focal length, radius of curvature, etc.
2. The laws of reflection state that the incident ray, normal and reflected ray all lie in the same plane, and the angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection.
3. Plane mirrors form virtual, laterally inverted images of the same size as the object that are located behind the mirror at the same distance as the object from the mirror. Curved mirrors can form real or virtual images depending on the position of the object.
The document discusses the reflection and refraction of light. It defines reflection as light rays bouncing off a surface, while refraction is the bending of light rays when passing from one medium to another of different density. The key laws and concepts covered include:
- The law of reflection, where the angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection
- Refractive index, which indicates how much a medium bends light
- Total internal reflection, which occurs when light travels from a dense to less dense medium at an angle greater than the critical angle
Several examples and applications are provided, such as plane mirrors, mirages, fiber optics, and lenses. Convex lenses form real images while concave lenses form virtual, upright,
This document provides notes on additional mathematics for Form 4 students. It includes definitions and examples of functions, inverse functions, quadratic equations, and logarithms. Some key points summarized:
1. A function f maps objects to images. To find the inverse function f-1, change f(x) to y and solve for x in terms of y.
2. To find the roots of a quadratic equation, one can use factorisation, the quadratic formula, or complete the square. The nature of the roots depends on the sign of b2 - 4ac.
3. To solve a system of equations involving one linear and one non-linear equation, one can substitute one equation into the other and solve
Tiga dokumen berisi soalan-soalan mengenai fizik, termasuk:
1) Kuantiti fizik mana yang bukan kuantiti asas?
2) Graf mana yang mematuhi persamaan F = kx?
3) Frekuensi stesen radio berapa Hz?
Additional Mathematics form 4 (formula)Fatini Adnan
This document provides a summary of various math formulae for Form 4 students in Malaysia, including:
1. Functions, quadratic equations, and quadratic functions
2. Simultaneous equations, indices and logarithms, and coordinate geometry
3. Statistics, circular measures, and differentiation
It lists common formulae for topics like the quadratic formula, completing the square, differentiation rules, and measures of central tendency and dispersion. The document is intended as a study guide for students to review essential formulae.
The document contains information about solving equations and calculating values based on ratios, percentages, areas, perimeters, and other geometric concepts. It provides 14 math word problems and questions with multiple choice answers to choose from. The high-level information is that it tests a variety of basic math and geometry skills through multi-step word problems.
The document discusses the reflection and refraction of light. It defines reflection as light rays bouncing off a surface, while refraction is the bending of light rays when passing from one medium to another of different density. The key laws and concepts covered include:
- The law of reflection, where the angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection
- Refractive index, which indicates how much a medium bends light
- Total internal reflection, which occurs when light travels from a dense to less dense medium at an angle greater than the critical angle
Several examples and applications are provided, such as plane mirrors, mirages, fiber optics, and lenses. Convex lenses form real images while concave lenses form virtual, upright,
This document provides notes on additional mathematics for Form 4 students. It includes definitions and examples of functions, inverse functions, quadratic equations, and logarithms. Some key points summarized:
1. A function f maps objects to images. To find the inverse function f-1, change f(x) to y and solve for x in terms of y.
2. To find the roots of a quadratic equation, one can use factorisation, the quadratic formula, or complete the square. The nature of the roots depends on the sign of b2 - 4ac.
3. To solve a system of equations involving one linear and one non-linear equation, one can substitute one equation into the other and solve
Tiga dokumen berisi soalan-soalan mengenai fizik, termasuk:
1) Kuantiti fizik mana yang bukan kuantiti asas?
2) Graf mana yang mematuhi persamaan F = kx?
3) Frekuensi stesen radio berapa Hz?
Additional Mathematics form 4 (formula)Fatini Adnan
This document provides a summary of various math formulae for Form 4 students in Malaysia, including:
1. Functions, quadratic equations, and quadratic functions
2. Simultaneous equations, indices and logarithms, and coordinate geometry
3. Statistics, circular measures, and differentiation
It lists common formulae for topics like the quadratic formula, completing the square, differentiation rules, and measures of central tendency and dispersion. The document is intended as a study guide for students to review essential formulae.
The document contains information about solving equations and calculating values based on ratios, percentages, areas, perimeters, and other geometric concepts. It provides 14 math word problems and questions with multiple choice answers to choose from. The high-level information is that it tests a variety of basic math and geometry skills through multi-step word problems.
This document provides information about coordinate geometry, including finding the distance between two points, the midpoint and division of a line segment, area of polygons, and equations of straight lines. It gives formulas and examples for calculating the distance between points using the Pythagorean theorem, finding the midpoint and points dividing a line segment in a given ratio, and computing the area of triangles and quadrilaterals. It also explains how to determine the gradient, x-intercept, and y-intercept of a straight line and write the equation of a straight line in general and gradient forms. Exercises are provided to apply these concepts.
1. The document discusses the reflection, refraction, and lenses. It defines key terms like angle of incidence, reflection, refraction, focal length, and refractive index.
2. Total internal reflection and phenomena like mirages are explained. Characteristics of images formed by convex and concave lenses are summarized.
3. Optical instruments like cameras, projectors, and magnifying glasses are described along with their basic components and functions.
This document provides information about the human digestive system and nutrition:
1) It includes diagrams of the digestive system labeling parts like the pancreas, liver, and esophagus. An enzyme found in the pancreas and its function are discussed.
2) Other parts of the digestive system are labeled like the stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. The stomach stores and breaks down food and the small intestine is where digestion ends.
3) Food groups like carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, and fiber are outlined along with their functions in the body.
4) A diagram shows the average daily energy needs vary between groups like babies, children, and adults. The
The document provides information about quadratic functions including:
- The general form of a quadratic function is f(x) = ax2 + bx + c.
- A quadratic function has a minimum or maximum point which can be used to find the axis of symmetry.
- The relationship between the discriminant (b2 - 4ac) and the position of the graph is explained. If it is greater than 0, the graph cuts the x-axis at two points. If it is equal to 0, the graph touches the x-axis at one point. If it is less than 0, the graph does not cut or touch the x-axis.
- Quadratic inequalities can be solved by sketching
Mathematics Form 1-Chapter 8 lines and angles KBSM of form 3 chp 1 ...KelvinSmart2
This document contains notes on lines and angles from mathematics Form 3. It reviews concepts from Form 1 such as classifying angles and defining parallel and perpendicular lines. It then introduces new concepts like transversals, corresponding angles, interior angles, and alternate angles formed when a line crosses two parallel lines. It provides examples of using angle properties to solve problems involving triangles and quadrilaterals. Finally, it includes sample exercises involving finding missing angle measures using the properties of parallel lines crossed by a transversal.
Mathematics Form 1-Chapter 5-6 Algebraic Expression Linear Equations KBSM of ...KelvinSmart2
This document summarizes a math chapter about algebraic expressions and linear equations. It covers topics like algebraic terms with multiple unknowns, multiplication and division of terms, and solving linear equations. It provides examples and exercises for students to practice the concepts. Key points introduced are the definitions of unknowns, coefficients, like and unlike terms, and how to perform operations and solve equations involving algebraic expressions.
The document discusses scale drawings and transformations. It defines scale as the ratio of the size of the drawing to the actual object. Scale drawings use different units of measurement for length and area. To find distances and scales, formulas use the ratio of the image to object. Enlargements increase the size of the drawing by a scale factor, with the area of the image equal to the scale factor squared times the area of the object. Transformations can be used to determine if shapes are similar and to solve problems involving scales, distances, areas, and volumes using ratios and formulas.
The document contains examples and exercises on sets and Venn diagrams. It includes questions that ask the reader to:
1) Shade regions in Venn diagrams that represent given sets;
2) Find the number of elements in sets defined within Venn diagrams;
3) List elements that are the intersection or union of given sets; and
4) Draw additional sets in incomplete Venn diagrams based on defined conditions.
The document summarizes experiments on various wave phenomena including:
- Water wave reflection showing the angle of reflection equals the angle of incidence.
- Water wave refraction as waves pass from deep to shallow water, decreasing wavelength.
- Sound wave reflection also showing the equality of incident and reflection angles.
- Light wave diffraction seen through single slits of varying widths, showing diffraction patterns.
- Sound and light wave interference seen as alternating loud/soft bands and bright/dark fringes.
This document provides study materials for the Additional Mathematics SPM examination. It contains one-page notes and worksheets for 10 topics in Additional Mathematics, including functions. The purpose is to help both students and teachers master the concepts through compact graphics and intensive practice exercises. Doing practice questions and understanding concepts are emphasized as important for student success on the SPM exam.
The document provides details on the structure and function of the human circulatory system. It describes the structure of the heart including the four chambers and major blood vessels. It explains that the heart pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs and oxygenated blood around the body. It also discusses the composition of blood including red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets and plasma. The document outlines the pathways of pulmonary and systemic circulation and defines the roles of arteries, veins and capillaries. It provides information on blood groups and compatibility for transfusions. The transport systems in plants including xylem and phloem are also summarized.
This document contains notes and formulae on solid geometry, circle theorems, polygons, factorisation, expansion of algebraic expressions, algebraic formulae, linear inequalities, statistics, significant figures and standard form, quadratic expressions and equations, sets, mathematical reasoning, straight lines, and trigonometry. The key concepts covered include formulas for calculating the volume and surface area of various 3D shapes, properties of angles in circles and polygons, factorising and expanding algebraic expressions, solving linear and quadratic equations, set notation and Venn diagrams, types of logical arguments, equations of straight lines, and defining the basic trigonometric ratios.
Koleksi soalan percubaan add math kertas 1
1. peperiksaan percubaan sekolah asrama penuh dan jawapan
2. pepriksaan percubaan negeri perak dan jawapan
3. peperiksaan percubaan negeri selangor dan jawapan
4. peperiksaan percubaan negeri terengganu dan jawapan
This document summarizes key concepts about pressure from a physics textbook chapter. It defines pressure and discusses how pressure is related to force and surface area. It also covers pressure in liquids and gases, atmospheric pressure, and applications of pressure like in siphon and vacuum cleaners. Examples and practice problems are provided to illustrate pressure calculations for solids, liquids, and gases using appropriate formulas and given values of force, area, depth, density, and other variables.
1) The document provides information on understanding physics concepts through everyday examples and measurement tools. It defines base and derived quantities and their units.
2) Key concepts covered include distinguishing between scalar and vector quantities, and differences between distance and displacement. Measurement tools like the vernier calliper and micrometer screw gauge are also explained.
3) Exercises are provided to identify physical quantities, classify them as base or derived, express values using scientific notation and prefixes, and take readings from measurement instruments.
This document provides information about coordinate geometry, including finding the distance between two points, the midpoint and division of a line segment, area of polygons, and equations of straight lines. It gives formulas and examples for calculating the distance between points using the Pythagorean theorem, finding the midpoint and points dividing a line segment in a given ratio, and computing the area of triangles and quadrilaterals. It also explains how to determine the gradient, x-intercept, and y-intercept of a straight line and write the equation of a straight line in general and gradient forms. Exercises are provided to apply these concepts.
1. The document discusses the reflection, refraction, and lenses. It defines key terms like angle of incidence, reflection, refraction, focal length, and refractive index.
2. Total internal reflection and phenomena like mirages are explained. Characteristics of images formed by convex and concave lenses are summarized.
3. Optical instruments like cameras, projectors, and magnifying glasses are described along with their basic components and functions.
This document provides information about the human digestive system and nutrition:
1) It includes diagrams of the digestive system labeling parts like the pancreas, liver, and esophagus. An enzyme found in the pancreas and its function are discussed.
2) Other parts of the digestive system are labeled like the stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. The stomach stores and breaks down food and the small intestine is where digestion ends.
3) Food groups like carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, and fiber are outlined along with their functions in the body.
4) A diagram shows the average daily energy needs vary between groups like babies, children, and adults. The
The document provides information about quadratic functions including:
- The general form of a quadratic function is f(x) = ax2 + bx + c.
- A quadratic function has a minimum or maximum point which can be used to find the axis of symmetry.
- The relationship between the discriminant (b2 - 4ac) and the position of the graph is explained. If it is greater than 0, the graph cuts the x-axis at two points. If it is equal to 0, the graph touches the x-axis at one point. If it is less than 0, the graph does not cut or touch the x-axis.
- Quadratic inequalities can be solved by sketching
Mathematics Form 1-Chapter 8 lines and angles KBSM of form 3 chp 1 ...KelvinSmart2
This document contains notes on lines and angles from mathematics Form 3. It reviews concepts from Form 1 such as classifying angles and defining parallel and perpendicular lines. It then introduces new concepts like transversals, corresponding angles, interior angles, and alternate angles formed when a line crosses two parallel lines. It provides examples of using angle properties to solve problems involving triangles and quadrilaterals. Finally, it includes sample exercises involving finding missing angle measures using the properties of parallel lines crossed by a transversal.
Mathematics Form 1-Chapter 5-6 Algebraic Expression Linear Equations KBSM of ...KelvinSmart2
This document summarizes a math chapter about algebraic expressions and linear equations. It covers topics like algebraic terms with multiple unknowns, multiplication and division of terms, and solving linear equations. It provides examples and exercises for students to practice the concepts. Key points introduced are the definitions of unknowns, coefficients, like and unlike terms, and how to perform operations and solve equations involving algebraic expressions.
The document discusses scale drawings and transformations. It defines scale as the ratio of the size of the drawing to the actual object. Scale drawings use different units of measurement for length and area. To find distances and scales, formulas use the ratio of the image to object. Enlargements increase the size of the drawing by a scale factor, with the area of the image equal to the scale factor squared times the area of the object. Transformations can be used to determine if shapes are similar and to solve problems involving scales, distances, areas, and volumes using ratios and formulas.
The document contains examples and exercises on sets and Venn diagrams. It includes questions that ask the reader to:
1) Shade regions in Venn diagrams that represent given sets;
2) Find the number of elements in sets defined within Venn diagrams;
3) List elements that are the intersection or union of given sets; and
4) Draw additional sets in incomplete Venn diagrams based on defined conditions.
The document summarizes experiments on various wave phenomena including:
- Water wave reflection showing the angle of reflection equals the angle of incidence.
- Water wave refraction as waves pass from deep to shallow water, decreasing wavelength.
- Sound wave reflection also showing the equality of incident and reflection angles.
- Light wave diffraction seen through single slits of varying widths, showing diffraction patterns.
- Sound and light wave interference seen as alternating loud/soft bands and bright/dark fringes.
This document provides study materials for the Additional Mathematics SPM examination. It contains one-page notes and worksheets for 10 topics in Additional Mathematics, including functions. The purpose is to help both students and teachers master the concepts through compact graphics and intensive practice exercises. Doing practice questions and understanding concepts are emphasized as important for student success on the SPM exam.
The document provides details on the structure and function of the human circulatory system. It describes the structure of the heart including the four chambers and major blood vessels. It explains that the heart pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs and oxygenated blood around the body. It also discusses the composition of blood including red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets and plasma. The document outlines the pathways of pulmonary and systemic circulation and defines the roles of arteries, veins and capillaries. It provides information on blood groups and compatibility for transfusions. The transport systems in plants including xylem and phloem are also summarized.
This document contains notes and formulae on solid geometry, circle theorems, polygons, factorisation, expansion of algebraic expressions, algebraic formulae, linear inequalities, statistics, significant figures and standard form, quadratic expressions and equations, sets, mathematical reasoning, straight lines, and trigonometry. The key concepts covered include formulas for calculating the volume and surface area of various 3D shapes, properties of angles in circles and polygons, factorising and expanding algebraic expressions, solving linear and quadratic equations, set notation and Venn diagrams, types of logical arguments, equations of straight lines, and defining the basic trigonometric ratios.
Koleksi soalan percubaan add math kertas 1
1. peperiksaan percubaan sekolah asrama penuh dan jawapan
2. pepriksaan percubaan negeri perak dan jawapan
3. peperiksaan percubaan negeri selangor dan jawapan
4. peperiksaan percubaan negeri terengganu dan jawapan
This document summarizes key concepts about pressure from a physics textbook chapter. It defines pressure and discusses how pressure is related to force and surface area. It also covers pressure in liquids and gases, atmospheric pressure, and applications of pressure like in siphon and vacuum cleaners. Examples and practice problems are provided to illustrate pressure calculations for solids, liquids, and gases using appropriate formulas and given values of force, area, depth, density, and other variables.
1) The document provides information on understanding physics concepts through everyday examples and measurement tools. It defines base and derived quantities and their units.
2) Key concepts covered include distinguishing between scalar and vector quantities, and differences between distance and displacement. Measurement tools like the vernier calliper and micrometer screw gauge are also explained.
3) Exercises are provided to identify physical quantities, classify them as base or derived, express values using scientific notation and prefixes, and take readings from measurement instruments.
1. The document defines pressure as the force applied per unit surface area. It provides examples of calculating pressure given force and surface area.
2. The relationship between pressure, force and surface area is explored. Pressure increases with force and decreases with increasing surface area.
3. Applications of high and low pressure are discussed. High pressure from sharp tools comes from a small contact area, while low pressure from tent poles comes from a large contact area.
1. The document discusses reflection and refraction of light. It defines key terms like incident ray, reflected ray, normal, angle of incidence, angle of reflection, and laws of reflection.
2. Refraction is explained as the bending of light when passing from one medium to another of different optical density. The three cases of refraction - when the angle of incidence is equal to, greater than, or less than the angle of refraction - are outlined.
3. Refractive index is defined as the ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of refraction. It is used to quantify the amount a light beam bends when entering a new medium.
1) Physics is the study of natural phenomena and how objects interact. It involves understanding concepts such as mass, length, time, temperature, and electric current. These concepts can be observed in everyday objects and situations.
2) There are base quantities in physics such as length, mass, and time that cannot be derived from other quantities. Derived quantities like volume, area, and density are derived from base quantities. Quantities have units like meters, kilograms, and seconds that are used to describe their magnitude.
3) Quantities can be classified as scalar or vector. Scalar quantities only have magnitude, while vector quantities have both magnitude and direction. Examples of scalars are speed and
1. The document discusses concepts related to linear motion including distance, displacement, speed, velocity, acceleration, and their relationships.
2. Key concepts like uniform and non-uniform motion, positive and negative acceleration, and the use of graphs to represent motion are explained.
3. Inertia and its relationship to mass is defined, and examples are given to illustrate inertia.
4. Momentum is introduced, and the principles of conservation of momentum and its application to explosions and collisions are described through examples.
The document discusses key concepts in linear motion including distance, displacement, speed, velocity, average speed, average velocity, uniform and non-uniform motion, acceleration, deceleration, and zero acceleration. It provides definitions, equations, examples, and comparisons between related concepts. Formulas are given for calculating velocity, acceleration from ticker tape experiments measuring displacement and time intervals.
This document discusses reflection and refraction of light. It defines key terms like angle of incidence, reflection, refraction, focal point and refractive index. It describes the laws of reflection and refraction, including Snell's law. It explains the characteristics of images formed by plane and curved mirrors as well as refraction through different media. Total internal reflection is discussed along with applications like mirages, rainbows and uses in optical fibers and binoculars.
The document discusses properties of light and optics. It explains that light is an electromagnetic wave that can travel through a vacuum. It then covers the laws of reflection, including that the incident angle equals the reflection angle. Mirror image properties are described for flat, concave, and convex mirrors. Refraction and lens image formation are also covered, including the use of lens equations and examples of image distances and magnifications.
The document discusses properties of light and optics. It explains that light is an electromagnetic wave that can travel through a vacuum. It then covers the laws of reflection, including that the incident angle equals the reflection angle. Mirror image properties are described for flat, concave, and convex mirrors. Refraction and lens image formation are also covered, including the use of lens equations and examples of image distances and magnifications.
The document discusses properties of light and optics. It explains that light is an electromagnetic wave that can travel through a vacuum. It then covers the laws of reflection, including that the incident angle equals the reflection angle. Mirror image properties are described for flat, concave, and convex mirrors. Refraction and lens image formation are also covered, including the use of lens equations and examples of image distances and magnifications.
1. Light is an electromagnetic wave that consists of oscillating electric and magnetic fields perpendicular to each other and the direction of propagation.
2. Light can be reflected, refracted, interfered with, diffracted, and polarized as it interacts with surfaces and materials.
3. When light hits an opaque surface, none of the light passes through. When it hits a transparent surface, some of the light passes through, and when it hits a clear surface, almost all of the light passes through.
1. This document discusses light and its properties, including reflection from plane and curved mirrors.
2. Light travels as an electromagnetic wave and can travel through solids, liquids, gases, and vacuum, traveling fastest in vacuum.
3. Plane mirrors obey the laws of reflection - the angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection, and the incident ray, normal, and reflected ray all lie in the same plane. Images formed by plane mirrors are virtual, same-size, and laterally inverted.
This document discusses refraction and lenses. It begins by explaining that refraction occurs when light passes from one medium to another, causing its velocity and path to change. It then discusses how lenses work, noting that there are two basic types: convex and concave lenses. Convex lenses converge light rays to a focal point, while concave lenses diverge light rays. The document provides examples of how light rays behave when passing through lenses and the characteristics of images formed, such as location, size, and orientation. It concludes by introducing the lens formula, which relates the focal length, object distance, and image distance.
This document provides information about light reflection and refraction. It defines key concepts such as the ray and beam of light. It describes the laws of reflection, including that the angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection. Plane mirrors form virtual, erect, and laterally inverted images. Spherical mirrors can be concave or convex and form real or virtual images depending on the position of the object. The document also covers the laws of refraction, including Snell's law, and discusses image formation using lenses. Convex lenses form real, inverted images while concave lenses form virtual, erect images. Lens formula and magnification are also defined.
The document discusses the reflection of light, including the laws of reflection and how images are formed using plane mirrors and curved mirrors. It explains that light rays reflect such that the angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection, and the image formed by a plane mirror is the same distance behind the mirror as the object is in front of it. It also describes characteristics of images formed by convex and concave mirrors depending on the position of the object.
This document provides an overview of light reflection and refraction. It discusses:
1. The basic properties and phenomena of light, including reflection and the formation of images by mirrors and lenses.
2. The laws of reflection and refraction of light, including how light bends when passing between media of different densities.
3. Spherical mirrors and lenses, including their basic components and properties. Concave and convex mirrors/lenses are described, as well as the types of images they form from objects at different distances.
4. Formulas used to describe the behavior of light when reflected or refracted, such as the mirror formula, lens formula, and definitions of focal length and magnification.
This document discusses various topics related to optics including vergence, conjugacy, object and image space, cardinal points, spherical mirrors, sign convention, and magnification. It defines convergence and divergence as types of vergence eye movements. It also defines types of lenses, mirrors, and their focal lengths, principal points, and power. Magnification is described as visually enlarging an object without physically changing its size through various optical instruments.
Light propagates in straight lines and can be reflected, refracted, and diffracted when interacting with matter. Reflection occurs when light hits a smooth surface and bounces back into the same medium at the same angle. Regular reflection occurs from plane mirrors where the angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection. Spherical mirrors can be concave or convex. Concave mirrors form real, inverted images, while convex mirrors form virtual, upright images. The mirror equation relates the focal length and distances of the object and image.
The document discusses key concepts in optics including reflection, refraction, and image formation using mirrors and lenses. It provides definitions and formulas for important optical terms like focal length, magnification, and refractive index. Reflection is described by the laws of reflection, while refraction follows Snell's law. Spherical mirrors and lenses can form real or virtual images depending on the position of the object. Concave mirrors and convex lenses typically form real images, while convex mirrors and concave lenses form virtual images. Formulas for mirrors, thin lenses, and magnification are also provided.
This document discusses key concepts regarding image formation by spherical mirrors, including:
1) Definitions of terms like radius of curvature, focal length, and center of curvature.
2) The rules of reflection for curved mirrors, including that light rays parallel to the principal axis pass through the focal point.
3) How the position of the object determines the location and characteristics of the real or virtual image formed by concave and convex mirrors, such as whether images are upright or inverted and magnified or diminished.
روعه Exellent P P Reflection Of Light 2amr hassaan
1. Mirrors and lenses can reflect and refract light to form real or virtual images. Reflection follows the law that the angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection, while refraction follows Snell's law.
2. Concave mirrors form real images of objects placed beyond the focal point, while convex mirrors always form virtual images. Lenses follow similar rules depending on whether they are converging or diverging.
3. The mirror and thin lens equations relate the focal length, object and image distances, and magnification. Sign conventions define quantities as positive or negative depending on location relative to the optical element.
This document discusses reflection and refraction at surfaces and curved surfaces. It begins by explaining the fundamentals of reflection, refraction, and total internal reflection. It then discusses the laws of reflection and refraction. Specific examples of reflection and refraction are provided for plane mirrors, convex mirrors, concave mirrors, and refraction through lenses and the cornea. Clinical applications of reflection and refraction in the eye and optical instruments are described.
An image is a reproduction of an object via light that can either be real, forming on a surface, or virtual, requiring an observer. Real images are produced by concave mirrors and converging lenses, whereas virtual images are produced by flat mirrors. A real image occurs where rays converge and a virtual image where rays appear to converge. Concave mirrors form real images when the object is outside the focal point and virtual images when inside the focal point. Lenses also form real or virtual images depending on if the object is outside or inside the focal point. Diffraction occurs when light encounters an obstacle comparable in size to its wavelength, spreading the waves and creating interference patterns like Newton's rings.
1) Light behaves both as a wave and particle. It undergoes various phenomena like reflection, refraction, diffraction etc. which were explained by wave theory.
2) Reflection of light follows the laws - the angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection, and the incident ray, normal and reflected ray lie in the same plane. Reflection can be regular from smooth surfaces or diffuse from rough surfaces.
3) Spherical mirrors are either concave or convex. Concave mirrors converge parallel rays to a focal point, while convex mirrors diverge them from a focal point behind the mirror. Images formed depend on the position of the object.
1. A plane mirror forms a virtual image that is laterally inverted and the same size as the object. The image is located behind the mirror and an equal distance from the mirror as the object.
2. Spherical mirrors can be concave or convex. A concave mirror forms real or virtual images depending on the object position, while a convex mirror always forms a virtual, erect, and diminished image.
3. Key properties of mirrors include focal length, radius of curvature, and principal focus, which determine image characteristics. Concave mirrors are used for magnification while convex mirrors provide a wide field of view.
1. Refraction is the bending of light when passing from one medium to another. It occurs because the speed of light changes depending on the medium.
2. Convex lenses are thicker in the middle and cause light rays to converge, resulting in a real, inverted, and magnified image. Concave lenses are thinner in the middle and cause light rays to diverge, resulting in a virtual, upright, and minified image.
3. The focal length of a lens is the distance between the focal point and the center of the lens. Lens properties like image type, orientation, size, and position depend on the location of the object relative to the focal points and center of the lens.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
1. Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 5 - Light GCKL 2011
5.1
UNDERSTANDING REFLECTION OF LIGHT
What light is? Is a form energy. Light travel in a straight line and high speed about 300,000 km s-1.
How the light 1. The light ray that strikes the surface of
ray reflected the mirror is called incident ray.
by the surface 2. The light ray that bounces off from the
of mirror? surface of the mirror is called reflected ray.
3. The normal is a line perpendicular to
the mirror surface where the reflection
occurs.
4. The angle between the incident ray and
the normal is called the angle of incidence
AO = incident ray
,i.
OB = reflected ray
5. The angle between the reflected ray and
i = angle of incident
the normal is called the angle of
r = angle of reflected
reflection, r.
What is the The Laws Of Reflection
Law of 1. The incident ray, the reflected ray and the normal all lie in the same plane The angle of
Reflection ? incident, i, is ….equal….. to the angle of reflection, r.
Draw the ray
diagram of the 1. Consider an object O placed in front of a
plane mirror plane mirror.
2. Measure the distance between the object
o and the mirror.
3. Measure the same distance behind the
mirror and mark the position as the image.
4. Draw the diverging ray from a point on
the image to the corner of the eye. The rays
from the image to the mirror must be
dotted to show that are virtual.
5. Finally, draw two diverging rays from
the object to the mirror to meet the
diverging rays from the image.
5-1
2. Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 5 - Light GCKL 2011
State the 1 laterally inverted
characteristics 2. same size as the object
of the image 3. virtual
formed by 4. upright
plane mirror 5.distance between image and mirror same
as distance between object and mirror.
What is meant
by virtual
image? Image that …cannot………. be seen on a screen.
What is meant
by real image?
Image that …...can…be seen on a screen.
CURVED MIRRORS:
Concave mirror Convex mirror
f f
r r
State the 1.Light (diverged, converged) 1.Light (diverged, converged)
differences 2.(virtual,real) principal focus 2. (virtual,real) principal focus
between 3.PF = Focal length 3. PF= ….Focal length…
concave mirror = Distance between the virtual = Distance between the real principal focus
and convex principal focus and the pole of the and the pole of the mirror.
mirror mirror.
Common Refer to the diagrams above and give the names for the following:
terminology of
reflection of 1.Centre of curvature ,C = The geometric centre of a hollow sphere of which the concave or
light on a convex mirror is a part.
curved mirror 2.Pole of mirror, P = The centre point on the curved mirror
3.Radius of curvature ,r = CP = radius of the curvature
4.Focal length, f = The distance between the principle focus, F and the pole of the mirror, P
5.Object distance, u = Distance of object from the pole of the mirror, P
6.Object distance , v = Distance of image from the pole of the mirror,P
Construction
Rules for
Concave
Mirror
Ray 1 Ray 2 Ray 3
5-2
3. Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 5 - Light GCKL 2011
A ray parallel to the A ray through F is reflected A ray through C is reflected
principle axis is reflected to parallel to the principle back along its own path.
pass through F. axis.
Image formed Using the principles of construction of ray diagram, complete the ray diagrams for each of the
by concave cases shown below:
mirror:
u = object distance; v = image distance ; f = focal length ; r = radius of curvature
Note: Point of intersection in the position of the image
A u < f ( Object between F and P ) Characteristics of Application:
image: 1.magnifying mirror
1.virtual 2.sharing mirror
2.upright 3. make-up mirror
3.magnified
B u = f ( Object, O is at F ) Characteristics of Application:
image: A reflector to
1.Image at infinity produce parallel
beam of light
such as a reflector in
1. torchlight
2.spotlight
C f < u < 2f or f < u < r ( Object O is Characteristics of
between F and C image:
1.magnified
2.real
3.inverted
I
D u = 2f or u = r ( Object ,O is at C) Characteristics of Application:
image: 1.reflector in a
1.same size projector
2.real
3.inverted
5-3
4. Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 5 - Light GCKL 2011
Eu > 2f or u > r ( Object, O is beyond C ) Characteristics of
image:
1.diminished
2.real
3.inverted
I
F u = ( Object ,O very far from the lens) Characteristics of Application:
image: Used to view distant
1.diminished objects as in a
2.real reflecting telescope
3.inverted
I
Construction
Rules for
Concave
Mirror
Ray 1 Ray 2 Ray 3
A ray parallel to the A ray towards F is reflected A ray towards C is reflected
principal axis is reflected as parallel to the principal back along its own path.
if it came from F. axis.
Image formed Using the principles of construction of ray diagram, complete the ray diagrams for each of the
by concave cases shown below:
mirror:
u = object distance; v = image distance ; f = focal length ; r = radius of curvature
A u < f ( Object between F and P ) Characteristics of Application:
image: 1. Blind Conner
1.diminished mirror
2.virtual 2.Wide side view
3.upright mirror
5-4
5. Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 5 - Light GCKL 2011
Check Yourself:
Objective Question:
1. Which of the following is true of the laws of 4. A boy stands in front of a plane mirror a distance
reflection f light? 5 m . When the boy moves toward the mirror by 2
A The angle of incident is equal to the m , what is the distance between the boy and his
angle of refraction new image?
B The incident ray and the reflected ray
are always perpendicular to each A 2m B 4m
other. C 6m D 8m
C The incident ray , the reflected ray E 10 m
and the normal line through the point
of incidence, all lie on the same plane.
5. An object is placed in front of a plane mirror.
2. The diagram shows a single ray of light being Compare to the object, the image formed in the
directed at a plane mirror. mirror is always
A virtual
B smaller
40° C bigger
D three times as far away
What are the angles of incidence and reflection?
Angle of incidence Angle of 6. A light ray incident onto a plane mirror at an
reflection angle of 50o
A 40o 40o The characteristics of an image , formed by a
B 40o 50o convex mirror for all positions of the object are
C 50o 40o A diminished, real and inverted
D 50 o
50o B magnified , real, and upright
C diminished ,virtual and upright
3. The diagram shows a ray of light from a small bulb D magnified , virtual and inverted
strikes a plane mirror.
7. A concave mirror has a focal length 20 cm.
What happen to the size of image when an object
is placed at a distance of 40 cm in front of the
mirror?
A diminished
B magnified
C same size of object
Where is the image of the bulb formed and its
characteristic?
A At P and virtual
B At Q and real
C At R and virtual
5-5
6. Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 5 - Light GCKL 2011
8. The figure shows a candle placed in front of a Section A (Paper 2)
concave mirror of focal length, f.
Structure Question:
1. Diagram 3.1 shows a mirror at the corner of a shop.
The image formed is
A real, upright and magnified
B real, inverted and diminished DIAGRAM 3.1 / RAJAH 3.1
C virtual, inverted and magnified
D virtual, upright and diminished (a) Name the type of mirror shown in Diagram 3.1
Convex mirror
……………………………………………………..
9. When an object is placed at a point 20 cm in [1 mark]
front of a concave mirror, a real image of the
same as the object is formed on a screen placed (b) Name one characteristic of the image formed
next to the object. What is the focal length of the by the mirror.
mirror? Upright / diminished / smaller / virtual
……………………………………………………..
A 5 cm
[1 mark]
B 10 cm
(c) Sketch a ray diagram to show how the image
C 15 cm
is formed.
D 20 cm
1. Draw a parallel ray from the object that is
10. Which of the following states the right reason for incident along a path parallel to the principal axis
replacing a plane mirror are used as rear- view appears to go through the focal point
mirrors in motor vehicles with a convex mirror ?
2. A radial ray that is incident through the centre
A To shine the object of curvature, C of the curved mirror is reflected
B To widen the field of view back along the incident path through point C
C To produce a brighter image
D To produce a sharper image 3. Determine the correct position of the image
Answer:
1 C
2 D
3 A
4 C [3 marks]
5 A (d) What is the advantage of using this type of
6 C mirror in the shop?
7 A To increase the field of vision
……………………………………………………………
8 A
[1 mark]
9 B
10 C
5-6
7. Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 5 - Light GCKL 2011
2. Diagram 4.1 shows the image of a patient’s teeth Section B(Paper 2)
seen in a mirror used by a dentist.
Essay Question(20 marks)
Diagram 7.1 shows two cars, P and Q , travelling in
the opposite directions, passing through a sharp band.
A mirror is placed at X .
DIAGRAM 4.1
(a) Name the type of the mirror used by the
dentist.
Concave mirror
………………………………………… …….
[ 1 mark ]
(b) State the light phenomenon that causes the DIAGAM 7.1
image of the teeth
(a) Diagram 7.2 shows an incomplete ray
Reflection of light diagram when a plane mirror is placed at X.
………………………………………………..........
[ 1 mark ]
(c) State two characteristics of the image
formed.
Virtual, upright and magnified
…………………………………………………….
[ 2 marks ]
(d) In the diagram below, the arrow represents
DIAGRAM 7.2
the teeth as the object of the mirror.
Complete the ray diagram by drawing the (i) Complete the ray diagram in Diagram 7.2
required rays to locate the position of
the image. [2 marks]
1. Two reflected rays are shown (diagram)[1 mark]
2. Angle of incidence = Angle of reflection (diagram)
[ 3 marks] [1 mark]
5-7
8. Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 5 - Light GCKL 2011
(ii) State the light phenomenon involved in (a)(i).
(ii) Complete the ray diagram in Diagram 7.3
Reflection
………………………………………………… [2 marks]
[1 mark]
(iii) Based on your answer in (a)(i), state the problem
experienced by the driver in car P.
The driver in car P cannot see car Q // field of
………………………………………………………..
view very small
………………………………………………………..
[1 mark]
(b) Diagram 7.3 shows an incomplete ray diagram 1. Two reflected rays are shown (diagram)[1 mark]
when a curve mirror is placed at X to replace the 2. Angle of incidence = Angle of reflection (diagram)
plane mirror in Diagram 7.2. The curve mirror is used [1 mark]
to overcome the problem that occur in (a)(iii).
(iii) Based on your answer in b(ii), how the curve
mirror solved the problem in (a) (iii)?
The convex mirror increase the field of view
…………………………………………………….
[1 mark]
( C) The characteristics of the image formed by the
curved mirror in Figure 7.3 is diminished,
virtual and upright.
(i) What happen to the characteristics of the
image when the focal length of the curved mirror
DIAGRAM 7.3 is increased?
The driver in car P cannot see car Q // field of
(i) Give the name of the curve mirror. ………………………………………………………..
Convex mirror view very small
…………………………………[1 mark] ………………………………………………..
[1 mark]
(ii) Give the reason for your answer in (c)(i).
The characteristics of image of a convex
……………………………………………………..
mirror not depends on the focal length
…………………………………………………
[1 mark]
5-8
9. Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 5 - Light GCKL 2010
5.2
UNDERSTANDING REFRACTION OF LIGHT
The diagram shows the spoon bent when put inside the water.
State the Refraction of light
phenomenon
occurs.
How the Light travel from less dense medium which is air to denser medium (water), light will be
phenomenon deviated near to the normal. Thus the spoon seems like bending after putting inside the water.
occurs?
Why light is It due to change in the velocity of light as it passes from one medium into another.
refracted? Light travel more slowly in water (or glass) than in air.
When a light beam passes from air into glass, one side of the beam is slowed before the other.
This makes the beam ‘bend’.
Three different
cases of refraction
Case 1: Case 2: Case 3:
i = 0 ,r = 0 i>r i<r
5-9
10. Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 5 - Light GCKL 2010
When a ray of light crosses Ray is light passes from Ray of light passes from
the boundry between two air(less dense) to glass(dense) to air(less
different mediums at a right glass(denser). dense)
angle or the incident ray
parallel to normal,
ray is bent towards ray bent away from
the ray is not bent the normal the normal
but the speed of the speed of light the speed of light
light is different. decreases after increases after
The angles of entering the glass emerging from the
incidence and glass.
refraction are zero.
State the Laws of The Laws Of Refraction
Refraction When the light travel from one medium to another medium which has a different optical density:
1. Snell’s Law :The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is constant.
2. The incident ray, the normal and the refracted ray all lie in the same plane
Refractive Index 1. When light travels between two mediums with different optical densities, it changes speed
and bends.
2. The speed of light will decrease when it enters an optically denser medium and increases when
it enters an optically less dense medium.
3. The angle of bending of light depends on the refractive index of the mediums and the angle of
incidence ,i.
How to define 1. Refractive index, n is defined as, Example:
refractive index
n = sin i The diagram shows a ray of light passing from
sin r air to the block X.
where n = Refractive index
i = the angle in medium less
dense
r = the angle in denser medium
A material with a higher
refractive index has a higher
density.
The value of refractive index , n
1 Calculate the refractive index of the block X.
The refractive index has no units.
Solution:
n = sin 50°
sin 40°
= 1.2
5 - 10
11. Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 5 - Light GCKL 2010
2. Example:
n = speed of light in vacuum (air) The speed of light in vacuum is 3 x 108 ms-1
speed of light in medium and the speed of light in glass is 2 x 108 ms-1 .
Determine the refractive index of glass.
Solution:
0r
n = va n = 3 x 108 ms-1
2 x 108 ms-1
vm = 1.5
3.Real Depth and Apparent Depth The refraction of light gives us a false
impression of depth.
Example:
A) The fish in the pond appears to be closer to
the surface than it actually is.
n = Real depth , H
Apparent depth, h
The following terms are defined:
Or (B) The apparent depth – a swimming pool
Real depth,H = The distance of the real object, looks shallower than it really is.
n=H
O from the surface of the water.
h
Apparent depth, h= The distance of the image,
I from the surface of the water.
5 - 11
12. Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 5 - Light GCKL 2010
( C) A straight object place in water
looks bent at the surface.
Explanation:
1.Rays of light from the object travel from
water to air.
2.Water is a denser medium compared to air.
3. Therefore, rays of light refract away from
the normal as they leave the water. The rays of
light then enter the eyes of the observer.
4. So the object appears to be nearer the
surface of the water.
Experiment to investigate the relationship between the Experiment to investigate the relationship between
angle of incidence and the angle of refraction. real depth and apparent depth.
Hypothesis: Hypothesis:
The angle of refraction increases as the angle of The apparent depth increases as the real depth increases.
incidence increases. .
Aim of the experiment :
Aim of the experiment :
To investigate the relationship between the angle of To investigate the relationship between apparent depth
incidence and the angle of refraction. and the real depth
Variables in the experiment: Variables in the experiment:
Manipulated variable: Angle of incidence Manipulated variable: real depth
Responding variable: Angle of refraction Responding variable: apparent depth
Fixed variable: Refractive index Fixed variable: Refractive index
List of apparatus and materials: List of apparatus and materials:
Glass block, ray box, white paper protactor, power Pin, ruler, water, retort stand ,tall beaker
supply .
5 - 12
13. Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 5 - Light GCKL 2010
Arrangement of the apparatus: Arrangement of the apparatus:
The procedure of the experiment which include the The procedure of the experiment which include the
method of controlling the manipulated variable and method of controlling the manipulated variable and
the method of measuring the responding variable. the method of measuring the responding variable.
The glass block is placed on a white paper. A pin is placed at the base of the beaker as object O.
The outline of the sides of the glass block are traced on The another pin is clamped horizontally onto the retort
the white paper and labelled as ABCD. stand as image position indicator, I
The glass block is removed. The beaker is filled with water.
The normal ON is drawn. By using a ruler ,the real depth of the pin is measured, H=
By using a protractor , the angle of incidence, i , is 8.0 cm
measured = 20°. The pin O is seen vertically above the surface of the
The glass block is replaced again on its outline on the water.
paper. The position of pin I is adjusted until parallax error
A ray of light from the ray box is directed along between the pin O and the pin I is non- existent.
incidence line. By using the ruler again ,the position of pin I is measured
The ray emerging from the side CD is drawn as line PQ. as the apparent depth = h
The glass block is removed again. The experiment is repeated 5 times for the other value of
The point O and P is joined and is drawn as line OP. the real depth of water, ,i.e. D=10 cm,12 cm,14 cm and
The angle of refraction, r is measured. 16 cm.
The experiment is repeated 5 times for the other angles of Tabulate the data:
incidence, i= 30° , 40°,50°, 60° and 70°.
H/cm
Tabulate the data: h/cm
Sin i
Sin r
Analysis the data:
Analysis the data: Plot the graph h against H
Plot the graph Sin r against Sin i
5 - 13
14. Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 5 - Light GCKL 2010
Check Yourself:
Objective Question:
1 When light travels from one medium to another, 4 Figure shows a light ray travelling from
refraction take place. Refraction is caused by the medium R to medium S.
change in the
A amplitude of light rays
B intensity of light rays
C strength of light rays
D velocity of light rays
2 An observer cannot see the coin in an empty glass Which of the following is true?
as shown in Figure(a). However , he can see the
coin when the glass is filled with water as shown A The speed of light in medium R is larger than
in Figure(b). the speed of light in medium S
B The optical density of medium R is larger
than the optical density of medium S
C The refractive index of medium R is larger
than the refractive index of medium S
5 The diagram shows a light ray directed into a
glass block.
Which is the angle of refraction?
Figure (a)
Figure (b)
The observer can see the coin in Figure (b) due to
A the total internal reflection of light
B the refraction of llight
C the reflection of light
D the diffraction of light
3 Which of the following is not caused by the
refraction of light ?
6 A light ray travels from medium P to medium Q.
A A fish in pond appears nearer to the surface
of the water Which of the following diagrams correctly shows
B The sunlight reaches to the earth in a curve the path of the light ?
path
[ Medium P denser medium and Medium Q less
C A ruler appears to bend at the water surface.
dense ]
D The sea water appear in blue colour
5 - 14
15. Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 5 - Light GCKL 2010
9 Which of the following formulae can be used to
determine the refractive index of a medium?
A Angle of incidence
Angle of refraction
B Apparent depth
Real depth
C Speed of light in vacuum
Speed of light in the medium
7 The diagram shows a light ray travels from liquid 10 The diagram shows a light ray travels from the air
L to liquid M. into medium X.
Which of the following diagrams correctly shows
the path of the light ? What is the refractive index of medium X?
[ Refractive index of liquid M > Refractive index A 0.85
of liquid L ] B 1.24
C 1.31
D 1.41
E 1.58
11 The diagram shows a light ray travels from the oil
into the air.
8 The diagram shows a light ray which travels from
the air to the glass.
What is the value of k?
[ Refractive index of oil = 1.4 ]
A 44.4o
B 45.6o
C 54.5o
What is the refrective index of the glass?
D 55.4o
E 58.9o
A Sin S B Sin P
Sin Q Sin R
12 The diagram shows a light of ray travels from the
air into a glass block.
C Sin Q D Sin R
Sin R Sin S
5 - 15
16. Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 5 - Light GCKL 2010
15 The diagram shows a coin is put at the base of
the beaker. The image of the coin appears to be 5
cm from the base of the beaker.
What is the refractive index of the glass block?
A 1.38
B 1.45
C 1.51
D 1.62 What is the refractive index of the liquid?
E 1.74 A 8 B 5
13 8
C 11 D 13
5 8
13 The speed of light in the air is 3 x 108 ms-1 .
E 19
What is The speed of light in a plastic block?
14
[ Refractive index of plastic = 1.2 ]
A 1.0 x 108 ms-1
Answer:
B 1.5 x 108 ms-1
C 2.0 x 108 ms-1 1 D 11 A
D 2.5 x 108 ms-1 2 B 12 C
E 3.0 x 108 ms-1 3 D 13 D
4 A 14 C
14 The diagram shows a boy appearing shorter when 5 D 15 D
he is in a swimming pool. The depth of the water 6 C 16
in the pool is 1.2 m. 7 B 17
[ Refractive index of water = 1.33 ] 8 C 18
9 D 19
10 A 20
What is the apparent depth of the pool?
A 0.1 m B 0.3 m
C 0.9 m D 1.1 m
E 1.6 m
5 - 16
17. Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 5 - Light GCKL 2010
Section A
(Paper 2)
Structure Question:
(C ) (i) Draw a Diagram of the light ray shown on
1. The Diagram shows a side view of a water-filled
diagram 3.1, meeting the water surface RS, and show
aquarium RSTU. An electric lamp, surrounded by a
its path after meeting the surface. [1 mark]
shield with a narrow transparent slit, is immersed in
one corner of the aquarium at U. The light ray from
the slit shines on the water surface RS at an angle of
40o as shown in diagram below.
R S
Water 40o 40o
R S
o
Water 40
Aquarium
Light ray
Light
ray U T
U T
DIAGRAM 3.1 ii. Calculate the angle that this new path makes with
RS and label the angle. ma
[2 [1 mark]
(a) What is meant by refractive index of a Angle = 40o
substance?
(d) The lamp is then placed outside underneath
Refractive index is an indication of the light the aquarium with the light striking to the bottom of
bending ability of the medium / the aquarium as shown in Diagram 3.2. Draw the light
ray on Diagram 3.2, after striking the aquarium.
n = sin i
sin r [1 mark] [1 mark]
(b) If the refractive index of water is 1.33,
calculate the critical angle for a ray travelling
from water to air.
water
n = 1
sin c
sin c = 1
1.33
c = 48.80 [ 2 marks]
Light ray
Lamp
5 - 17
18. Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 5 - Light GCKL 2010
2. An observer is looking at a piece of coin at the
bottom of a glass filled with water as shown in
Diagram 3. He found that the image of the coin is 3. Figure(a) shows an object in a small pond. The
nearer to the surface of the water. depth of the water in the pond is H. The image
of the objet appears to be h from water surface.
[
2
m
a
r
k
s Figure(a)
]
(a) State the relationship between H and h
(a)(i) State a characteristic of image in When H increases, h increases/ H is directly
Diagram 3.
proportional to h
Virtual/magnified ....................................................................
[1 mark]
(b) When H = 4.5 ]m and the refractive index of
(ii) Name the science phenomenon water is 1.33, determine the value of h .
involve in the observation above.
[1 mark] n = Real depth , H
Refraction
Apparent depth, h
1.33 = 4.5 m
(b) Explain why the image of the coin H
appears nearer to the surface of the H = 3.38 m
water.
- Light ray travels from density to less
density medium (c) What happen to value of h when the pond is
- Refracted ray away from normal poured with water of refractive index 1.40 ?
[2 marks]
H decreases
(c) On Diagram 3, complete the ray ……………………………………………
diagram from the coin to the observer's
eye. [2 marks]
-Draw refracted ray correctly
- Draw ray from image to the
observer
[
5 - 18
19. Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 5 - Light GCKL 2010
Section B (Paper 2)
Essay Question
ii. Observe Figure 4(a) and Figure 4(b) carefully.
1. Figure 4(a) shows a pencil placed in a glass of Compare the common characteristics of the pencil
water. Figure 4(b) shows the appearance of print and the print before and after they are removed
viewed from the top of a thick block of glass placed from the water and the glass block respectively.
over it. Use a physics concept to explain the appearance
of the pencil and the print in water and under the
pencil Glass block
glass block respectively.
[5 marks]
Answer:
1. The pencil appears bent when placed in water
and the print appears raised when a thick block of
glass is placed over it.
water
2. The rays of light from the pencil are refracted away
Figure 4(a) Figure 4(b) from the normal as they leave the water and enter the
eye of the observer. These rays appear to come from a
virtual image above the actual point. The pencil
(a) i. Why does the pencil appear bent to our eyes? ,therefore , appears bent in the water.
Why does the print appear raised?
[1 mark] 3. Rays of light from the print below the glass are
refracted away from the normal as they leave the glass
Answer: and enter the aye of the observer . The writing,
therefore, appears to be slightly raised.
We can see the pencil and the print because the rays
of light from the two objects reach our eyes. 4. Refraction of light is the physics concept involved.
5. Refraction of light is a phenomenon in which rays of
light change direction when they pass from one
medium to another medium of a different density.
5 - 19
20. Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 5 - Light GCKL 2011
5.3
UNDERSTANDING TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION
What is meant by Total internal reflection is the complete reflection of light ray travelling from a denser medium to
total internal a less dense medium.
reflection?
Total: because 100% of light is reflected
Internal: because it happens inside the glass or denser medium.
What is meant by The critical angle, c, is defined as the angle of incidence (in the denser medium) when the angle
critical angle ,c? of refraction (in the denser medium), r is 90°.
What are the
relationship
between the
critical angle and
total internal
reflection ?
5 - 20
21. Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 5 - Light GCKL 2011
When the angle of The refracted ray If the angle of
incidence, i keeps on travels along the incidence is
increasing, r too glass-air boundary. increased is
increases Angle of refraction, r increased further so
= 90°. that it is greater than
And the refracted ray
moves further away This is the limit of the critical angle,
the light ray that can (i > c):
from the normal
be refracted in air as - no refraction
And thus approaches the refracted in air - all the light is
the glass- air cannot be any larger totally in the
boundary. than 90°. glass
The angle of This phenomenon is
incidence in the called total internal
denser medium at the reflection.
limit is called the
critical angle, c.
State the two
conditions for 1. light ray enters from a denser medium towards a less dense medium.
total internal
reflection to occur 2. the angle of incidence in the denser medium is greater then the critical angle of the medium
( i > c)
What are the
relationship
between the
refractive index, n
and critical angle,
c?
What are the 1. Mirage In hot days, a person traveling in a
phenomena car will see an imaginary pool of
involving total water appearing on the surface of
internal reflection? the road.
The layes higher up are cooler and
denser.
Light ray from the sky travels from
denser to less dense medium and
5 - 21
22. Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 5 - Light GCKL 2011
will refracted away from the normal.
The angle of incidence increases
until it reach an angle greater than
the critical angle.
Total internal reflection occurs and
the light is reflected towards the aye
of the observer.
If the observer’s eye is in the correct
position, he will see a pool of
water(image of the sky) appearing
on the road surface.
This is known as a mirage.
2. Rainbow
When sunlight shines on millions of
water droplets in the air after rain, a
multi coloured arc can be seen.
When white light from the sun
enters the raindrops, it is refracted
and dispersed into its various colour
components inside the raindrops.
When the dispersed light hit the
back of the raindrop, it undergoes
total internal reflection.
It is then refracted again as it leaves
the drop.
The colours of a rainbow run from
violet along the lower part of the
spectrum to red along the upper part.
5 - 22
23. Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 5 - Light GCKL 2011
Give some 1. The sparkling of a diamond A diamond has a high refractive
examples of index.
application of total
internal reflection. The higher the refractive index, the
smaller the critical angle.
A small critical angle means total
internal reflection readily occurs.
Light is easily reflected inside the
diamond.
In this way, more light will be
confined within the diamond before
refracting out into the air.
2. Periscope The periscope is built using two
right angled 45° made of glass. The
critical angle of the prism is 42°.
The angle of incidence is 45° which
is greater than the critical angle.
Total internal reflection occurs.
The characteristics of the image are:
Virtual, upright, same size.
Give the advantages of the prism periscope
compared to mirror periscope.
Answer:
(i) The image is brighter because all the light
energy reflected.
(ii) The image is clearer because there are no
multiple images as formed in a mirror
periscope.
5 - 23
24. Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 5 - Light GCKL 2011
3. Prism Binocular A light ray experiences two total
internal reflections at each prism.
So the final image in binoculars is
virtual, upright and same size.
What are the benefits of using prism in
binoculars?
(a) an upright image is produced.
(b) The distance between the objective lens
and the eyepiece is reduced. This make the
binoculars shorter as compared to a
telescope which has the same magnifying
power.
4. Optical Fibres The external wall of a fibre optic is
less dense than the internal wall.
When light rays travel from a
denser internal wall to a less dense
external walls at an angle greater
than the critical angle, total internal
reflection occurs.
Give the advantage of using optical fibres
cables over copper cables.
(1) they are much thinner and lighter.
(2) a large number of signals with very little
loss over great distances.
(3) The signals are safe and free of electrical
interference
5 - 24
25. Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 5 - Light GCKL 2011
(4) It can carry data for computer and TV
programmes.
Check Yourself:
Objective Question:
1 A ray of red light travelling in glass strikes the [ Refractive index of medium X = 1.3
glass-air boundary . Some light is reflected and Refractive index of medium Y = 1.5 ]
some is refracted. Which diagram shows the paths
of the rays?
4 Which of the following shows total internal
reflection?
2 One of the diagram below shows the path of a
beam of
light that is incident on a water-air surface with
angle of incidence greater than the critical angle.
Which one is it?
5 The diagram shows light ray XO experiencing
total internal reflection when travelling from the
glass to air.
3 Which of the following diagram correctly shows
the total internal reflection of ray of light? Which statements about total internal reflection
are correct?
5 - 25
26. Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 5 - Light GCKL 2011
P - is more than the critical angle of glass
Q - The speed of light in the glass is higher than
in air
R - The refractive index of glass is greater than
air
A P and Q
B P and R In which direction does the light move from ?
C Q and R
D P,Q and R A OQ
B OR
6 The diagram shows a semi-circular plastic block C OS
is placed in a liquid. D OT
9 A ray of light incident on one side of a
rectangular glass block. If the angle of refraction
in the glass block is 40o ,
which one of the following diagrams best
represents this ray?
[ The critical angle of glass is 42o ]
Which of the following is correct?
A Density of the plastic block is less than
density of the liquid
B Refractive index of the plastic block is
less than refractive index of the liquid
C Critical angle of the plastic block is less
than critical of the liquid
D Angle of incidence is less than critical
angle of the liquid
7 The diagram shows a ray of light passing through
medium M to medium N.
Which of the following is correct? 10 The diagram shows a light ray, P, directed into a
glass block. The critical angle of the glass is 42o.
A The angle of reflection is 55o In which direction does the light move from point
B The critical angle of medium M less than 35o Q?
C Density of medium M less than the density
of medium N
8 The figure shows a ray of light PO traveling in a
liquid strikes the liquid-air boundary.
[ The critical angle of the liquid = 45o ]
5 - 26
27. Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 5 - Light GCKL 2011
C the greatest angle of incidence in optically
more dense medium
D the greatest angle of incidence in optically
less dense medium
14 Which of the following shows the correct critical
angle , c of the semi- circular glass block ?
11 The diagram shows a light ray , M, directed into a
glass block. The critical angle of the glass is 42o.
In which diagram does the light move from point
O?
15 The diagram shows a light ray travelling from air
into a plastic block with an angle of incidence ,X.
What is the critical angle of the plastic?
12 The figure shows a ray of light is incident in air
to the surface of Prism A and B.
16 The diagram shows a light ray travelling from air
into a glass prism.
Which comparison is correct ?
A Density of prism A < density of prism
B
B Critical angle of prism A < critical angle of
prism B
C Refractive index of prism A < refractive
index of prism B
13 The critical angle is
What is the critical angle of the glass?
A the smallest angle of incidence in optically
more dense medium
B the smallest angle of incidence in optically
less dense medium
5 - 27
28. Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 5 - Light GCKL 2011
A 40o B 50o
C 60o D 70o 21 The diagram shows a cross- section of a fibre
E 80o optic cable.
17 The refractive index of water is 1.33.
What is the critical angle of the water.
A 44.5o B 46.9o
C 48.8 o D 49.2o
Which comparison is correct ?
E 54.3o
18 The refractive index of plastic block is 13 .
A Density of P < density of Q
5
B Density of P >density of Q
What is the value of the cosine of the critical
C Density of P = density of Q
angle of the plastic?
A 5 B 12
12 13
C 13 D 5
12 13
E 13
Answer:
5
1 A 11 C
19 The figure shows a ray of light AO traveling in 2 D 12 B
medium X strikes the medium X-air boundary. 3 D 13 C
[ The refractive index of medium X = 1.12 ] 4 D 14 C
5 B 15 D
6 C 16 B
7 B 17 C
8 D 18 D
9 A 19 C
10 C 20 A
In which direction does the light move from O ?
A OE B OD
C OC D OB
20 Which of the following not applies the principle
of total internal reflection?
A Prism binocular
B Mirror periscope
C Optical fibre
D Road mirage
5 - 28
29. Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 5 - Light GCKL 2011
Section A (c) Name other optical device that applies the
(Paper 2) phenomenon in (a)(i).
Structure Question: [ 1 mark ]
Prism periscope // prism binoculars // camera//
1. Diagram 1 shows a cross-sectional area of an
endoscope and etc.
optical fibre which consist of two layers of glass
with different refractive index. The glass which 2. Figure 4 shows a traveller driving a car on a hot
forms the inner core, Y is surrounded by another day. The traveller sees a
type of glass which forms the outer layer, X. puddle of water on the road a short distance ahead
of him.
Puddle of water
Figure 4
DIAGRAM 1
(a) (i) Name the light phenomenon observed in a) Which part of the air is denser?
optical fibre?
Close to the sky / cool air
Total internal reflection
…………………………………………………………
( 1 mark )
[ 1 mark ] b) Name a phenomena of light that always depends
(ii) Compare the refractive index of outer on the air density when light travels from the sky to
layer X and inner core Y. the earth before it reaches point X.
The refractive index of Y is higher than
the refractive index of X// Vice versa Refraction
…………………………………………………………
[ 1 mark ] ( 1 mark )
c) i) What is the phenomenon occurring at point X
(b) The refractive index of inner core Y is 2.10.
Calculate the critical angle of the inner core Total internal reflection
Y. ……………………………………………………..…
(1 mark )
1 1
Sin c = = = 0.4762
n 2 .1 ii) What is the puddle of water actually?
c = 28.44o // 280 26’ The image of sky
[2 marks] …………………………………………………………
( 1 mark )
5 - 29
30. Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 5 - Light GCKL 2011
d) Using the diagram above, explain how the traveller
can see the puddle of
water on the road.
1.Light from sky to the earth refracted
2. The light reach at a point X, total internal
reflection occurred
…………………………………………………………
( 2 marks )
e) Name one optical instrument that uses the
phenomenon in (d)
Optical fibre
………………………………………………………… Answer:
( 1 mark )
Glass prism
Object
3. Completing the ray diagram below, to show how a 45o
periscope works: (critical angle of glass = 42o) Total internal
reflection takes
place because
angle of incident >
critical angle
Glass
object
prism
tctct
Eye
Eye
e
5 - 30
31. Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 5 - Light GCKL 2011
5.4
U N D E R S T A N D I N G L E N S E S
Introduction
Lenses are made of transparent material such as glass or clear plastics.
They have two faces, of which at least one is curved.
Types of lenses (a) Convex lens, also known as converging (b) Concave lens, also known as diverging
lens. lens.
It is thicker at the centre of the lens. It is thinner at the centre of the lens.
Convex lens Concave lens
State the
differences
between convex
lens and concave
lens
When light ray which are parallel and close to When light rays are parallel to the principle
the principle axis strikes on a convex lens, they axis fall on a concave lens., they are refracted
are refracted and converge to a point, F on the and appear to diverge from the focal point on
principle axis. This point is a focal point of the the principle axis.
convex lens.
Common 1. The focal point, F is a point on the principle axis where all rays are close and parallel to the
terminology of axis that converge to it after passing through a convex lens, or appear to diverge from it after
reflection of light passing through a concave lens.
on a curved mirror
2. The focal length, f is the distance between the focal point and the optical centre.
3. The optical centre, C is the geometric centre of the lens. It is the point through which light
rays pass through without deviation.
4. The principle axis is the line passing through the optical centre, C.
5 - 31
32. Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 5 - Light GCKL 2011
Construction rules Rule 1:
of convex lens A ray parallel to the principle axis is
refracted through the focal point, f.
Rule 2:
A ray passing through the focal point is
refracted parallel to the principle axis.
Rule 3:
A ray passing through the optical
centre, C travels straight without
bending.
The point of intersection is the position
of the image.
The images formed by a convex lens
depend on the object distance, u.
Images form by Using the principles of construction of ray diagram, complete the ray diagrams for each of the
convex lens cases shown below:
u = object distance; v = image distance ; f = focal length
Note: Point of intersection in the position of the image
A u < f ( Object between F and P ) Characteristics of Application:
image: 1.magnifying glass
1.virtual spectacle
2.upright 2.lens for long-
3.magnified sightedness.
4.Same side as the
object
B u = f ( Object, O is at F ) Characteristics of Application:
image: 1. to produce a
1.virtual parallel a parallel
2.upright beam of light , as in a
3.magnified spotlight,
4. Same side as the astronomical
object telescope
5 - 32
33. Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 5 - Light GCKL 2011
C f < u < 2f or f < u < r ( Object O is Characteristics of Application:
between F and C image: 1.projector lens
1.real 2.photograph
2.inverted 3. enlarger
3.magnified 4.objective lens of
4. On apposite side microscope
of the object.
D u = 2f or u = r ( Object ,O is at C) Characteristics of Application:
image: 1.photocopying
1.real machine
2.inverted
3.same size as the
object
4. On the opposite
side of the object
Eu > 2f or u > r ( Object, O is beyond C ) Characteristics of Application:
image: 1.magnifying mirror
1.real 2.sharing mirror
2.inverted 3. make-up mirror
3.magnified
F u = ( Object ,O very far from the lens) Characteristics of Application:
image: 1.magnifying mirror
1.virtual 2.sharing mirror
2.upright 3. make-up mirror
3.magnified
5 - 33
34. Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 5 - Light GCKL 2011
Construction rules
of concave lens Ray 1:
A ray parallel to the principle axis is refracted
1
as if it appears coming from the focal point, F
which is located at the same side of the
2 incident ray.
3 Ray 2:
A ray passing through the focal point is
refracted parallel to the principle axis.
Ray 3:
A ray passing through the optical centre, C
travels straight without bending.
The point of intersection is the position of the
image .
The image formed by a concave lens are
always :
Virtual, upright and diminished.
Image formed by Using the principles of construction of ray diagram, complete the ray diagrams for each of the
convex mirror: cases shown below:
u = object distance; v = image distance ; f = focal length
A u < f ( Object between F and P ) Characteristics of Application:
image: 1. Blind Conner
1.diminished mirror
2.virtual 2.Wide side view
3.upright mirror
(B ) f<u <2f (object at between f and 2f) Characteristics of Application:
image: 1. Blind Conner
1.diminished mirror
2.virtual 2.Wide side view
3.upright mirror
5 - 34
35. Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 5 - Light GCKL 2011
Power of lenses Power of a lens = 1 .
Focal length The unit of power of a lens is
Dioptre (D) or m-1
or P = 1 @ P = 100 Convex lens : the power is taken to be
f f( cm) positive
Concave lens : the power is taken to be
negative
f = focal length
Linear Magnification (m) :
The linear
magnification , m
define as:
Where
f = focal length
u = object distance
v = image distance
m = linear magnification
Lens Formula
ho = object height
hi = image height
Sign Conventions Type of lenses Convex lens Concave lens
Object distance ,u Always + Always +
Object is always placed to the Object is always placed to the
left of the lens left of the lens
Image distance, v + if the image is real ( image + if the image is real ( image
is formed on the right side of is formed on the right side of
the lens. the lens
- if the image is virtual - if the image is virtual
( image is formed on the left ( image is formed on the left
side of the lens). side of the lens).
Focal length, f Always + Always -
Power of length, P Always + Always -
Linear magnification, m Size of image
ImI =1 Image and object are the same size
ImI >1 Enlarged image
ImI <1 Diminished image
5 - 35
36. Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 5 - Light GCKL 2011
Meaning of real A real imge is one which can be cast on a A virtual imge is one which cannot be cast on a
image and virtual screen. screen.
image
Check Yourself:
Objective Question:
1 The image produced by a lens is caused by the
A total internal reflaction of ray
B diffraction of ray
C refraction of ray
D reflection of ray
2 The diagram shows parallel rays of light is
incident to a combination of plastics with
different refractive index.
4 Which of the following drawing is not correct
path of the light rays?
Which of the following diagrams is correct?
5 Which of the following is true?
A The unit of the power of lens is Watt
3 The diagram shows parallel rays of light passing B The power of a convex lens is negative
through a liquid in glass container. C A lens with a shorter focal length has a
[ The refractive index of the liquid = 1.35 ] lower power
D The rays of light passes through the optical
centre of lens without any refraction
Which of the following diagrams is true?
5 - 36