Answer- Q2-Cancer is a disease that is caused due to several fac.pdf
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Answer:- Q2:- Cancer is a disease that is caused due to several factors not by the single gene, so studying single would ignore other factors that are cancer causing agents thus system biology takes over all factors into consideration rather one single gene . Solution Answer:- Q2:- Cancer is a disease that is caused due to several factors not by the single gene, so studying single would ignore other factors that are cancer causing agents thus system biology takes over all factors into consideration rather one single gene ..
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a)Notesb)Equity income accrual—2015 ($181,500 × 30)$54450Amorti.pdf
a)
Notes
b)Equity income accrual—2015 ($181,500 × 30%)$54450Amortization—2015
(given)($9,500)Intra-entity profit recognized on 2014 transfer*$2412Intra-entity profit deferred
on 2015 transfer**($4224)Equity income recognized by Matthew in 2015$43,138
Solution
a)
Notes
b)Equity income accrual—2015 ($181,500 × 30%)$54450Amortization—2015
(given)($9,500)Intra-entity profit recognized on 2014 transfer*$2412Intra-entity profit deferred
on 2015 transfer**($4224)Equity income recognized by Matthew in 2015$43,138.
(1) Euclids Elements was used as the primary math textbook fro.pdf
(1) Euclid\'s \"Elements\" was used as the primary math textbook from Euclid\'s time (circa 300
b.c.e) to the 19th century. The 13 books comprised geometry, algebra, and number theory.
(2) Euclid\'s \"Elements\" is the earliest book that uses an axiomatic system. Euclid realized that
you need some undefined terms, as well as some notions that should be accepted without proof
(i.e. axioms or postulates.) Then he proved various assertions using only those undefined terms,
postulates, and theorems already proven.
This axiomatic system has been copied in a number of fields. The United States\' Declaration of
Independence starts with \"We hold these truths to be self-evident...\", thus the concepts of
people\'s inalienable rights to life, freedom, and pursuit of happiness are taken as postulates in
the political system so devised.
Solution
(1) Euclid\'s \"Elements\" was used as the primary math textbook from Euclid\'s time (circa 300
b.c.e) to the 19th century. The 13 books comprised geometry, algebra, and number theory.
(2) Euclid\'s \"Elements\" is the earliest book that uses an axiomatic system. Euclid realized that
you need some undefined terms, as well as some notions that should be accepted without proof
(i.e. axioms or postulates.) Then he proved various assertions using only those undefined terms,
postulates, and theorems already proven.
This axiomatic system has been copied in a number of fields. The United States\' Declaration of
Independence starts with \"We hold these truths to be self-evident...\", thus the concepts of
people\'s inalienable rights to life, freedom, and pursuit of happiness are taken as postulates in
the political system so devised..
A unicellular green alga somehow failed to separate into two daughte.pdf
A unicellular green alga somehow failed to separate into two daughter cells after cytokinesis.
The resultant daughter cells also remained attached together with the glycoprotein secreted in
their extracellular matrix. The process of natural selection favoring these multicellular forms led
to the evolution of multicellular green algae.
Solution
A unicellular green alga somehow failed to separate into two daughter cells after cytokinesis.
The resultant daughter cells also remained attached together with the glycoprotein secreted in
their extracellular matrix. The process of natural selection favoring these multicellular forms led
to the evolution of multicellular green algae..
5 cap and polyadenylationPost-transcriptional mRNA modification.pdf
5\' cap and polyadenylation:
Post-transcriptional mRNA modifications: In case of eukaryotes, the pre-mRNA must undergo
modifications, before making it ready for translation. These modifications include, addition of
5’cap, poly -A tail, removal of introns. This extensive mRNA processing is absent in prokaryotes
in which except self-splicing occurs without spliceosomes. Therefore, it has concluded that
eukaryotic protein synthesis is much slower than prokaryotes.
Addition of 5’cap: During this step, the 7-methylguanosine cap added to the 5’end of the pre-
mRNA, which protects the mRNA from degradation and allow the binding of ribosomes.
Polyadenylation-Addition of Poly A tail: A poly A tail is added to the 3’ end of the pre-mRNA
after the completion of elongation. This protects the mRNA from degradation and facilitates the
mature mRNA export to the cytoplasm.
Removal of introns: Before the export of mRNA to the cytoplasm, the introns removed from the
pre-mRNA. Spliceosomes consist of \"snRNPs.\".SnRNP U1 binds the 5 prime whereas snRNP
U2 binds with branch point sequence (BPS) and snRNP U5 binds to the 3 prime region. In the
first splicing step, a 2\'-->5\' phosphodiester bond is formed between the first nucleotide of the
intron and the branch site adenosine. In the second step, a 3\'-->5\' phosphodiester bond is
formed between the exon1 and the exon2 followed by simultaneous ligation.
Splicing mechanism
Small nuclear ribonucleic acid (snRNA): It is also known as U-RNA as it contains many uridine
contents in its complex structure. This is composed of 150 nucleotides nearly to produce
spliceosomes and to act along with snRNP. This snRNA has a predominant role in splicing. The
roles of U1snRNA is different to that of U4snRNA and U1snRNA is mainly going to mediate
splicing by binding to 5\'-splice site when snRNP (small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles) to
remove latriant introns but the U4snRNA is going to
Peptidyl transferase rRNA is different in their function to U1snRNA, U4snRNA in RNP as
ribozymes and these ribozymes are enzymatic RNA molecules & they are going to mediate RNA
splicing. The peptidyl transferase activity is possessed by 5S and 23S rRNA of ribosomes. The
role of U4snRNA is going to form a complex to form as U1/U2/U4/U5 on pre-mRNA as
spliceosome to remove introns. However, U4snRNA is specifically has specific role in 3 prime
end of hnRNA
Solution
5\' cap and polyadenylation:
Post-transcriptional mRNA modifications: In case of eukaryotes, the pre-mRNA must undergo
modifications, before making it ready for translation. These modifications include, addition of
5’cap, poly -A tail, removal of introns. This extensive mRNA processing is absent in prokaryotes
in which except self-splicing occurs without spliceosomes. Therefore, it has concluded that
eukaryotic protein synthesis is much slower than prokaryotes.
Addition of 5’cap: During this step, the 7-methylguanosine cap added to the 5’end of the pre-
mRNA, which protects the mRNA .
Ethyl 4-aminobenzoate is partially soluble in water. Generally, org.pdf
Ethyl 4-aminobenzoate is partially soluble in water. Generally, organic compounds are
insoluble in water, due to their hydrophobic nature. In ethyl 4-aminobenzoate, there is the large,
nonpolar benzene ring and the nonpolar ethyl ester functionality, which tend to make this
compound insoluble in water. However, there is also an -NH2 group, which readily forms
hydrogen bonds with water, favoring solubility. Very polar groups such as amino groups (-NH2)
and carboxylic acid groups (-CO2H) tend to make compounds water soluble. As a rule of thumb,
each polar group can balance out the insoluble nature of about 5 carbons. Ethyl 4-
aminobenzoate has more than 5 carbons, so the one amino group is not enough to render the
molecule soluble. However, it will dissolve a little bit in water, thus it is partially soluble.
Solution
Ethyl 4-aminobenzoate is partially soluble in water. Generally, organic compounds are
insoluble in water, due to their hydrophobic nature. In ethyl 4-aminobenzoate, there is the large,
nonpolar benzene ring and the nonpolar ethyl ester functionality, which tend to make this
compound insoluble in water. However, there is also an -NH2 group, which readily forms
hydrogen bonds with water, favoring solubility. Very polar groups such as amino groups (-NH2)
and carboxylic acid groups (-CO2H) tend to make compounds water soluble. As a rule of thumb,
each polar group can balance out the insoluble nature of about 5 carbons. Ethyl 4-
aminobenzoate has more than 5 carbons, so the one amino group is not enough to render the
molecule soluble. However, it will dissolve a little bit in water, thus it is partially soluble..
12) Urethritis is the inflammation of the urethra (tube that takes u.pdf
12) Urethritis is the inflammation of the urethra (tube that takes urine from the bladder to the
outside). The inflammation is usually caused by bacterial infection.
Pyelonephritis is the infection of the kidney, caused by the ascension of pathogens through the
urinary tract or by hematogenous spread (pathogen spread by the bloodstream). It is more
common in women and seen in men that have some anatomical or functional defect.
Pyelonephritis (infection in upper urinary tract) is less common than urethritis(infection of lower
urinary tract). Most infections remain in the lower urinary tract where they cause symptoms,
such as dysuria, demanding the patient’s attention. These infections are easily treated in most
cases and the spread of the infection to other parts of the system is prevented. If the urethritis is
not treated, the pathogen can travel to the kidneys through the ureters.
13) Leptospirosis is a disease caused by Leptospira and is spread through the urine of infected
animals. Symptoms include fever, headache, muscle ache, and if left untreated, liver damage,
kidney failure, bleeding of lungs and meningitis. Most animals can get this disease, but it is
commonly spread by rodents. Humans can catch the disease when they come in contact with an
infected animal’s urine, soil, food or water contaminated with urine. Occurrence of this disease is
higher in rural than in urban communities because chances of coming in contact with the animals
is higher there. However, it can be found in slums where large number of people live in small
areas along with their domesticated animals, and proper sanitaion facilities are unavailable.
These areas often suffer from rodents such as mice.
The disease can be prevented by using protective gear while working with animals , using boiled
water, throughly cleaning vegetables with clean water, maintaining hygiene while handling food,
reducing rodents, vaccinating domesticated animals.
Solution
12) Urethritis is the inflammation of the urethra (tube that takes urine from the bladder to the
outside). The inflammation is usually caused by bacterial infection.
Pyelonephritis is the infection of the kidney, caused by the ascension of pathogens through the
urinary tract or by hematogenous spread (pathogen spread by the bloodstream). It is more
common in women and seen in men that have some anatomical or functional defect.
Pyelonephritis (infection in upper urinary tract) is less common than urethritis(infection of lower
urinary tract). Most infections remain in the lower urinary tract where they cause symptoms,
such as dysuria, demanding the patient’s attention. These infections are easily treated in most
cases and the spread of the infection to other parts of the system is prevented. If the urethritis is
not treated, the pathogen can travel to the kidneys through the ureters.
13) Leptospirosis is a disease caused by Leptospira and is spread through the urine of infected
animals. Symptoms include fever, headache, mus.
1. Legionnaires disease is caused by Legionella pneumophila. It is.pdf
1. Legionnaire\'s disease is caused by Legionella pneumophila. It is found in potable and non-
potable water systems. It is naturally found in water. The disease is transmitted by drinking
contaminated water.
2. The pathogen is a facultative intracellular parasite that can invade and replicate inside amoeba
in the environment.
3. In human cells, the bacterium is able to grow inside alveolar macrophages. It enters the
macrophages by phagocytosis and replicates inside a vacuole.
4. Studies on the development of vaccines show that the vaccine gave high levels of protection
against heat - killed or acetone - killed cells but was ineffective against aerosol infection in
guinea pigs.
5. All the different strains will have to be isolated. The DNA from the different strains would
have to be isolated. Primers will have to be designed to amplify the DNA. The DNA thus
amplified could be sequenced to find out the DNA sequence. A comparison of the sequences will
bring out the similarities/ dissimilarities in the DNA.
Solution
1. Legionnaire\'s disease is caused by Legionella pneumophila. It is found in potable and non-
potable water systems. It is naturally found in water. The disease is transmitted by drinking
contaminated water.
2. The pathogen is a facultative intracellular parasite that can invade and replicate inside amoeba
in the environment.
3. In human cells, the bacterium is able to grow inside alveolar macrophages. It enters the
macrophages by phagocytosis and replicates inside a vacuole.
4. Studies on the development of vaccines show that the vaccine gave high levels of protection
against heat - killed or acetone - killed cells but was ineffective against aerosol infection in
guinea pigs.
5. All the different strains will have to be isolated. The DNA from the different strains would
have to be isolated. Primers will have to be designed to amplify the DNA. The DNA thus
amplified could be sequenced to find out the DNA sequence. A comparison of the sequences will
bring out the similarities/ dissimilarities in the DNA..
1) alkyl group, like CH3, is a better electron-releasing groupthan H.pdf
1) alkyl group, like CH3, is a better electron-releasing groupthan H that make it more difficult to
dissociate the O-Hbond.
2) halides are EWG (electron withdrawing group), which willhave the O-H bond weaker.
Stronger the electronegativity of thehalide, easier the O-H bond dissociates. The
electronegativity: F> Cl > Br.
Solution
1) alkyl group, like CH3, is a better electron-releasing groupthan H that make it more difficult to
dissociate the O-Hbond.
2) halides are EWG (electron withdrawing group), which willhave the O-H bond weaker.
Stronger the electronegativity of thehalide, easier the O-H bond dissociates. The
electronegativity: F> Cl > Br..
Recommended
a)Notesb)Equity income accrual—2015 ($181,500 × 30)$54450Amorti.pdf
a)
Notes
b)Equity income accrual—2015 ($181,500 × 30%)$54450Amortization—2015
(given)($9,500)Intra-entity profit recognized on 2014 transfer*$2412Intra-entity profit deferred
on 2015 transfer**($4224)Equity income recognized by Matthew in 2015$43,138
Solution
a)
Notes
b)Equity income accrual—2015 ($181,500 × 30%)$54450Amortization—2015
(given)($9,500)Intra-entity profit recognized on 2014 transfer*$2412Intra-entity profit deferred
on 2015 transfer**($4224)Equity income recognized by Matthew in 2015$43,138.
(1) Euclids Elements was used as the primary math textbook fro.pdf
(1) Euclid\'s \"Elements\" was used as the primary math textbook from Euclid\'s time (circa 300
b.c.e) to the 19th century. The 13 books comprised geometry, algebra, and number theory.
(2) Euclid\'s \"Elements\" is the earliest book that uses an axiomatic system. Euclid realized that
you need some undefined terms, as well as some notions that should be accepted without proof
(i.e. axioms or postulates.) Then he proved various assertions using only those undefined terms,
postulates, and theorems already proven.
This axiomatic system has been copied in a number of fields. The United States\' Declaration of
Independence starts with \"We hold these truths to be self-evident...\", thus the concepts of
people\'s inalienable rights to life, freedom, and pursuit of happiness are taken as postulates in
the political system so devised.
Solution
(1) Euclid\'s \"Elements\" was used as the primary math textbook from Euclid\'s time (circa 300
b.c.e) to the 19th century. The 13 books comprised geometry, algebra, and number theory.
(2) Euclid\'s \"Elements\" is the earliest book that uses an axiomatic system. Euclid realized that
you need some undefined terms, as well as some notions that should be accepted without proof
(i.e. axioms or postulates.) Then he proved various assertions using only those undefined terms,
postulates, and theorems already proven.
This axiomatic system has been copied in a number of fields. The United States\' Declaration of
Independence starts with \"We hold these truths to be self-evident...\", thus the concepts of
people\'s inalienable rights to life, freedom, and pursuit of happiness are taken as postulates in
the political system so devised..
A unicellular green alga somehow failed to separate into two daughte.pdf
A unicellular green alga somehow failed to separate into two daughter cells after cytokinesis.
The resultant daughter cells also remained attached together with the glycoprotein secreted in
their extracellular matrix. The process of natural selection favoring these multicellular forms led
to the evolution of multicellular green algae.
Solution
A unicellular green alga somehow failed to separate into two daughter cells after cytokinesis.
The resultant daughter cells also remained attached together with the glycoprotein secreted in
their extracellular matrix. The process of natural selection favoring these multicellular forms led
to the evolution of multicellular green algae..
5 cap and polyadenylationPost-transcriptional mRNA modification.pdf
5\' cap and polyadenylation:
Post-transcriptional mRNA modifications: In case of eukaryotes, the pre-mRNA must undergo
modifications, before making it ready for translation. These modifications include, addition of
5’cap, poly -A tail, removal of introns. This extensive mRNA processing is absent in prokaryotes
in which except self-splicing occurs without spliceosomes. Therefore, it has concluded that
eukaryotic protein synthesis is much slower than prokaryotes.
Addition of 5’cap: During this step, the 7-methylguanosine cap added to the 5’end of the pre-
mRNA, which protects the mRNA from degradation and allow the binding of ribosomes.
Polyadenylation-Addition of Poly A tail: A poly A tail is added to the 3’ end of the pre-mRNA
after the completion of elongation. This protects the mRNA from degradation and facilitates the
mature mRNA export to the cytoplasm.
Removal of introns: Before the export of mRNA to the cytoplasm, the introns removed from the
pre-mRNA. Spliceosomes consist of \"snRNPs.\".SnRNP U1 binds the 5 prime whereas snRNP
U2 binds with branch point sequence (BPS) and snRNP U5 binds to the 3 prime region. In the
first splicing step, a 2\'-->5\' phosphodiester bond is formed between the first nucleotide of the
intron and the branch site adenosine. In the second step, a 3\'-->5\' phosphodiester bond is
formed between the exon1 and the exon2 followed by simultaneous ligation.
Splicing mechanism
Small nuclear ribonucleic acid (snRNA): It is also known as U-RNA as it contains many uridine
contents in its complex structure. This is composed of 150 nucleotides nearly to produce
spliceosomes and to act along with snRNP. This snRNA has a predominant role in splicing. The
roles of U1snRNA is different to that of U4snRNA and U1snRNA is mainly going to mediate
splicing by binding to 5\'-splice site when snRNP (small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles) to
remove latriant introns but the U4snRNA is going to
Peptidyl transferase rRNA is different in their function to U1snRNA, U4snRNA in RNP as
ribozymes and these ribozymes are enzymatic RNA molecules & they are going to mediate RNA
splicing. The peptidyl transferase activity is possessed by 5S and 23S rRNA of ribosomes. The
role of U4snRNA is going to form a complex to form as U1/U2/U4/U5 on pre-mRNA as
spliceosome to remove introns. However, U4snRNA is specifically has specific role in 3 prime
end of hnRNA
Solution
5\' cap and polyadenylation:
Post-transcriptional mRNA modifications: In case of eukaryotes, the pre-mRNA must undergo
modifications, before making it ready for translation. These modifications include, addition of
5’cap, poly -A tail, removal of introns. This extensive mRNA processing is absent in prokaryotes
in which except self-splicing occurs without spliceosomes. Therefore, it has concluded that
eukaryotic protein synthesis is much slower than prokaryotes.
Addition of 5’cap: During this step, the 7-methylguanosine cap added to the 5’end of the pre-
mRNA, which protects the mRNA .
Ethyl 4-aminobenzoate is partially soluble in water. Generally, org.pdf
Ethyl 4-aminobenzoate is partially soluble in water. Generally, organic compounds are
insoluble in water, due to their hydrophobic nature. In ethyl 4-aminobenzoate, there is the large,
nonpolar benzene ring and the nonpolar ethyl ester functionality, which tend to make this
compound insoluble in water. However, there is also an -NH2 group, which readily forms
hydrogen bonds with water, favoring solubility. Very polar groups such as amino groups (-NH2)
and carboxylic acid groups (-CO2H) tend to make compounds water soluble. As a rule of thumb,
each polar group can balance out the insoluble nature of about 5 carbons. Ethyl 4-
aminobenzoate has more than 5 carbons, so the one amino group is not enough to render the
molecule soluble. However, it will dissolve a little bit in water, thus it is partially soluble.
Solution
Ethyl 4-aminobenzoate is partially soluble in water. Generally, organic compounds are
insoluble in water, due to their hydrophobic nature. In ethyl 4-aminobenzoate, there is the large,
nonpolar benzene ring and the nonpolar ethyl ester functionality, which tend to make this
compound insoluble in water. However, there is also an -NH2 group, which readily forms
hydrogen bonds with water, favoring solubility. Very polar groups such as amino groups (-NH2)
and carboxylic acid groups (-CO2H) tend to make compounds water soluble. As a rule of thumb,
each polar group can balance out the insoluble nature of about 5 carbons. Ethyl 4-
aminobenzoate has more than 5 carbons, so the one amino group is not enough to render the
molecule soluble. However, it will dissolve a little bit in water, thus it is partially soluble..
12) Urethritis is the inflammation of the urethra (tube that takes u.pdf
12) Urethritis is the inflammation of the urethra (tube that takes urine from the bladder to the
outside). The inflammation is usually caused by bacterial infection.
Pyelonephritis is the infection of the kidney, caused by the ascension of pathogens through the
urinary tract or by hematogenous spread (pathogen spread by the bloodstream). It is more
common in women and seen in men that have some anatomical or functional defect.
Pyelonephritis (infection in upper urinary tract) is less common than urethritis(infection of lower
urinary tract). Most infections remain in the lower urinary tract where they cause symptoms,
such as dysuria, demanding the patient’s attention. These infections are easily treated in most
cases and the spread of the infection to other parts of the system is prevented. If the urethritis is
not treated, the pathogen can travel to the kidneys through the ureters.
13) Leptospirosis is a disease caused by Leptospira and is spread through the urine of infected
animals. Symptoms include fever, headache, muscle ache, and if left untreated, liver damage,
kidney failure, bleeding of lungs and meningitis. Most animals can get this disease, but it is
commonly spread by rodents. Humans can catch the disease when they come in contact with an
infected animal’s urine, soil, food or water contaminated with urine. Occurrence of this disease is
higher in rural than in urban communities because chances of coming in contact with the animals
is higher there. However, it can be found in slums where large number of people live in small
areas along with their domesticated animals, and proper sanitaion facilities are unavailable.
These areas often suffer from rodents such as mice.
The disease can be prevented by using protective gear while working with animals , using boiled
water, throughly cleaning vegetables with clean water, maintaining hygiene while handling food,
reducing rodents, vaccinating domesticated animals.
Solution
12) Urethritis is the inflammation of the urethra (tube that takes urine from the bladder to the
outside). The inflammation is usually caused by bacterial infection.
Pyelonephritis is the infection of the kidney, caused by the ascension of pathogens through the
urinary tract or by hematogenous spread (pathogen spread by the bloodstream). It is more
common in women and seen in men that have some anatomical or functional defect.
Pyelonephritis (infection in upper urinary tract) is less common than urethritis(infection of lower
urinary tract). Most infections remain in the lower urinary tract where they cause symptoms,
such as dysuria, demanding the patient’s attention. These infections are easily treated in most
cases and the spread of the infection to other parts of the system is prevented. If the urethritis is
not treated, the pathogen can travel to the kidneys through the ureters.
13) Leptospirosis is a disease caused by Leptospira and is spread through the urine of infected
animals. Symptoms include fever, headache, mus.
1. Legionnaires disease is caused by Legionella pneumophila. It is.pdf
1. Legionnaire\'s disease is caused by Legionella pneumophila. It is found in potable and non-
potable water systems. It is naturally found in water. The disease is transmitted by drinking
contaminated water.
2. The pathogen is a facultative intracellular parasite that can invade and replicate inside amoeba
in the environment.
3. In human cells, the bacterium is able to grow inside alveolar macrophages. It enters the
macrophages by phagocytosis and replicates inside a vacuole.
4. Studies on the development of vaccines show that the vaccine gave high levels of protection
against heat - killed or acetone - killed cells but was ineffective against aerosol infection in
guinea pigs.
5. All the different strains will have to be isolated. The DNA from the different strains would
have to be isolated. Primers will have to be designed to amplify the DNA. The DNA thus
amplified could be sequenced to find out the DNA sequence. A comparison of the sequences will
bring out the similarities/ dissimilarities in the DNA.
Solution
1. Legionnaire\'s disease is caused by Legionella pneumophila. It is found in potable and non-
potable water systems. It is naturally found in water. The disease is transmitted by drinking
contaminated water.
2. The pathogen is a facultative intracellular parasite that can invade and replicate inside amoeba
in the environment.
3. In human cells, the bacterium is able to grow inside alveolar macrophages. It enters the
macrophages by phagocytosis and replicates inside a vacuole.
4. Studies on the development of vaccines show that the vaccine gave high levels of protection
against heat - killed or acetone - killed cells but was ineffective against aerosol infection in
guinea pigs.
5. All the different strains will have to be isolated. The DNA from the different strains would
have to be isolated. Primers will have to be designed to amplify the DNA. The DNA thus
amplified could be sequenced to find out the DNA sequence. A comparison of the sequences will
bring out the similarities/ dissimilarities in the DNA..
1) alkyl group, like CH3, is a better electron-releasing groupthan H.pdf
1) alkyl group, like CH3, is a better electron-releasing groupthan H that make it more difficult to
dissociate the O-Hbond.
2) halides are EWG (electron withdrawing group), which willhave the O-H bond weaker.
Stronger the electronegativity of thehalide, easier the O-H bond dissociates. The
electronegativity: F> Cl > Br.
Solution
1) alkyl group, like CH3, is a better electron-releasing groupthan H that make it more difficult to
dissociate the O-Hbond.
2) halides are EWG (electron withdrawing group), which willhave the O-H bond weaker.
Stronger the electronegativity of thehalide, easier the O-H bond dissociates. The
electronegativity: F> Cl > Br..
The effect of acid deposition is basically the ef.pdf
The effect of acid deposition is basically the effect any acid has on metal. It tends to
corrode it. Corrosion is the electrochemical degradation of a material. That means that as the
metal breaks down, it loses electrons to become a different form. Solid iron (Fe) loses electrons
to become a soluble form, Fe(s) --> Fe2+(in solution) + 2e- These electrons are taken up by
oxygen (O2), which reacts with hydrogen ions (H+) to form water. (1/2) O2 + 2H+ + 2e- -->
H2O The overall reaction is , Fe(s) + (1/2) O2 + 2H+ --> Fe2+ + H2O Normally, the H+ can
come from the acid that forms naturally as CO2 dissolves in water. However, acid rain provides
a lot more H+ & makes it much easier for the reaction to run because there is plenty of
everything needed. Once the iron is in solution it can react further to form iron oxide, which is
also known as rusting.
Solution
The effect of acid deposition is basically the effect any acid has on metal. It tends to
corrode it. Corrosion is the electrochemical degradation of a material. That means that as the
metal breaks down, it loses electrons to become a different form. Solid iron (Fe) loses electrons
to become a soluble form, Fe(s) --> Fe2+(in solution) + 2e- These electrons are taken up by
oxygen (O2), which reacts with hydrogen ions (H+) to form water. (1/2) O2 + 2H+ + 2e- -->
H2O The overall reaction is , Fe(s) + (1/2) O2 + 2H+ --> Fe2+ + H2O Normally, the H+ can
come from the acid that forms naturally as CO2 dissolves in water. However, acid rain provides
a lot more H+ & makes it much easier for the reaction to run because there is plenty of
everything needed. Once the iron is in solution it can react further to form iron oxide, which is
also known as rusting..
0.025L 0.75molL acid - 0.02795L 0.5 molL base used to neutrali.pdf
0.025L * 0.75mol/L acid - 0.02795L * 0.5 mol/L base used to neutralize reaction mixture =
moles of acid used in reaction with metal.
= 4.775*10-3 moles of acid used
Solution
0.025L * 0.75mol/L acid - 0.02795L * 0.5 mol/L base used to neutralize reaction mixture =
moles of acid used in reaction with metal.
= 4.775*10-3 moles of acid used.
#includeiostream #includefstreamusing namespace std; glo.pdf
#include
#include
using namespace std;
//global variable declaration
int a[10];
int active, size;
void menu() {//prints menu
cout << \"menu\" << endl;
cout << \"1.Insert \\\"Insert\\\" key\" << endl; //code 45
cout << \"2.Delete \\\"Delete\\\" key\" << endl; //code 46
cout << \"3.Sort \\\"F2\\\" key\" << endl; //code 113
cout << \"4.Select \\\"Down Arrow\\\" key\" << endl; //code 40
cout << \"5.Move Right \\\"Right Arrow\\\" key\" << endl; //code 39
cout << \"6.Move Left \\\"Left Arrow\\\" key\" << endl; //code 37
cout << \"7.Exit \\\"F1\\\" key\" << endl; //code 112
cout << \"press the required key or number to continue\" << endl;
}
//reads the data from file
void readdata() {
ifstream f;
f.open(\"F://MyFile.txt\");
if (f.is_open()) {
f>>size;
f>>active;
if (size > 10) {
cout << \"Numbers exceeds array limit\";
return;
} else {
for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
f >> a[i];
}
}
f.close();
}
}
//sorts the data
void sort() {
//sorting using bubble sort
int pass = 0, so = 0, t, i;
while ((pass <= size - 1) && (so == 0)) {
so = 1;
for (i = 0; i < size - 1 - pass; i++) {
if (a[i] > a[i + 1]) {
t = a[i];
a[i] = a[i + 1];
a[i + 1] = t;
so = 0;
}
}
pass = pass + 1;
}
}
//prints the data
void print() {
cout<<\"\ \";
for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
cout << a[i] << \"\\t\";
}
cout << \"Active=\" << active << endl;
}
//writes the data into the file
void writedata() {
ofstream f;
f.open(\"F://MyFile.txt\");
f << size << endl;
f << active << endl;
for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
f << a[i] << \" \";
}
f.close();
}
//inserts an element in array and makes it active
void insert() {
if (size == 10)//checks if the list is full
cout << \"list is full\";
else {
int x, i;
cout << \"Enter a number to insert: \";//takes user input
cin>>x;
for (i = 0; i < size; i++) {
if (a[i] == active)//finds active index
break;
}
size++;//increment the size
int y = size;
while (y != i) {//shifting
a[y] = a[y - 1];
y--;
}
a[i] = x;//insert
active = x;//sets active
}
}
//deletes the active value and sets the next one as active
void del() {
int i;
for (i = 0; i < size; i++) {//finds active index
if (a[i] == active)
break;
}
active = a[i + 1]; //sets the next one as active
while (i < size - 1) {//shifting
a[i] = a[i + 1];
i++;
}
size--;//decrements the size
}
//changes the active value
void select() {
int i;
for (i = 0; i < size; i++) {
if (a[i] == active)//finds active index
break;
}
if (i == size - 1)
active = a[0]; //selects the first one as active
else
active = a[i + 1]; //sets the next one as active
}
//moves the active value to its left
void moveleft() {
int i;
for (i = 0; i < size; i++) {
if (a[i] == active)
break;
}
if (i == 0)
cout << \"moving left is not possible\"; //selects the first one as active
else
{ int temp = a[i - 1];
a[i-1]=a[i];
a[i]=temp;
//moves the active value to the left of the previous element by swapping
}
}
//moves the active value to its right
void moveright() {
int i;
for (i = 0; i < size; i++) {
if (a[i] == active)
break;
}
if (i == size - 1)
cout << \"m.
Amphoteric means that the substance can act as ei.pdf
Amphoteric means that the substance can act as either an acid or a base in solution.
The two options that jump out are H2O and H2SO4. The rest are conjugates of either
Strong/Weak acids and bases and are not able to act efficiently as acids or bases. H2SO4
CANNOT act as an amphoteric substance because it can only act as an acid. The reason I wanted
to point this substance out those is because if this compound gained one electron, (acted as an
acid) it would turn into HSO4- and this substance IS amphoteric because it can either gain or
lose electrons going to SO4(2-) or H2SO4 respectively. Be sure to look out for these substances.
H2O is often used as either a base or an acid because when is loses an electron, is is H3O+ and
when it gains an electron it is OH-. This makes water very likely (certainly) the most likely to be
amphoteric.
Solution
Amphoteric means that the substance can act as either an acid or a base in solution.
The two options that jump out are H2O and H2SO4. The rest are conjugates of either
Strong/Weak acids and bases and are not able to act efficiently as acids or bases. H2SO4
CANNOT act as an amphoteric substance because it can only act as an acid. The reason I wanted
to point this substance out those is because if this compound gained one electron, (acted as an
acid) it would turn into HSO4- and this substance IS amphoteric because it can either gain or
lose electrons going to SO4(2-) or H2SO4 respectively. Be sure to look out for these substances.
H2O is often used as either a base or an acid because when is loses an electron, is is H3O+ and
when it gains an electron it is OH-. This makes water very likely (certainly) the most likely to be
amphoteric..
Different types of Bits, bytes, and representation of information1.pdf
Different types of Bits, bytes, and representation of information
1. Digital representation means that everything is represented by numbers only
The usual sequence something (sound, pictures, text, instructions, etc) are converted into
Numbers by some mechanism
2. The numbers can be stored, retrieved, processed, transmitted, The numbers might be
reconstituted into a version of the original.
3.And for (sound, pictures, other real-world values) Make accurate measurements and convert
them to numeric values need to measure intensity/loudness often enough and accurately
enough that we can reconstruct it well enough
higher frequency = higher pitch
human ear can hear ~ 20 Hz to 20 KHz
by taking samples at twice the highest frequency is good enough (Nyquist)
4. CD audio usually uses: 44,100 samples / second and accuracy of 1 in 65,536 (= 2^16) distinct
levels
two samples at each time for stereo data rate is 44,100 x 2 x 16 bits/sample= 1,411,200 bits/sec =
176,400 bytes/sec ~ 10.6 MB/minute
5.MP3 audio compresses by clever encoding and removal of sounds that won\'t really be heard
data rate is ~ 1 MB/minute
6.A computer’s assembly language corresponds directly to its instruction set; there is one
assembly language mnemonic for each machine instruction. Unless you program in assembly
language, you will have very little visibility of the machine instruction set.
7. differences in instruction sets explain why some programs run on some machines but not
others. Unless two computers share the same instruction set, they will not be able to execute the
same set of machine instructions.
most programming is done in higher-level languages, rather than assembly language. When you
program in a higher-level language, you write statements in the syntax of your programming
language (e.g., Java, C, Python), and the language processor translates your code into the correct
set of machine instructions to execute your intent. If you want to run the same program on a
different computer with a different instruction set, you can often simply supply your code to the
appropriate language processor on the new computer.
General Execution Sequence:
a. Address of the instruction is sent to memory with a READ control signal
b. Instruction is fetched into control unit
c. Decode the instruction
d. Address 1 sent to memory with READ signal
e. Data fetched from memory location 1 into the data path
f. Address 2 sent to memory with READ signal
g. Data fetched from memory location 2 into the data path
h. ADD operation is sent to ALU in data path
i. Address 0 sent to memory with WRITE signal
j. Result sent from data path to memory and written to location 0.
Types of instructions sets are :
MOV
ADD
SUB
MUL
DIV
IMUL
DEC
AND
INC
OR
XOR
NOR
NOT
OUT
IN
JMP
CALL
Solution
Different types of Bits, bytes, and representation of information
1. Digital representation means that everything is represented by numbers only
The usual sequence something (sound, pictures, text, instructions, etc) are conver.
ArithmeticOperationsOnMatrix.javaimport java.util.Random; import.pdf
ArithmeticOperationsOnMatrix.java
import java.util.Random;
import java.util.Scanner;
public class ArithmeticOperationsOnMatrix {
static int firstMatrix[][], secondMatrix[][], size,matrix[][],count=0;
static Scanner sc=null;
static Random random ;
public static void main(String[] args) {
int option;
// Scanner object is used to get the inputs entered nby the user.
sc = new Scanner(System.in);
do
{
System.out.println(\"Your options are: \");
System.out.println(\"----------------- \");
System.out.println(\"1) Add 2 matrices\");
System.out.println(\"2) Subtract 2 matrices\");
System.out.println(\"3) Multiply 2 matrices\");
System.out.println(\"4) Multiply matrix by a constant\");
System.out.println(\"5) Transpose matrix\");
System.out.println(\"6) Matrix trace\");
System.out.println(\"0) EXIT\");
System.out.print(\"Please enter your option:\");
option = sc.nextInt();
switch (option) {
case 1: {
genTwoMatrices();
addMatrices(firstMatrix,secondMatrix);
System.out.println(\"Command number \"+(++count)+\" completed\");
break;
}
case 2: {
genTwoMatrices();
subtractMatrices(firstMatrix,secondMatrix);
System.out.println(\"Command number \"+(++count)+\" completed\");
break;
}
case 3: {
genTwoMatrices();
multiplyMatrices(firstMatrix,secondMatrix);
System.out.println(\"Command number \"+(++count)+\" completed\");
break;
}
case 4: {
matrix=genOneMatirx();
System.out.print(\"Enter a number :\");
int num=sc.nextInt();
multiplyMatrixByConstant(matrix,num);
System.out.println(\"Command number \"+(++count)+\" completed\");
break;
}
case 5: {
matrix=genOneMatirx();
transposeMatrix(matrix);
System.out.println(\"Command number \"+(++count)+\" completed\");
break;
}
case 6: {
matrix=genOneMatirx();
matrixTrace(matrix);
System.out.println(\"Command number \"+(++count)+\" completed\");
break;
}
case 0: {
System.out.println(\"Testing completed.\");
break;
}
}
}while(option!=0);
}
private static void matrixTrace(int[][] matrix) {
int sum=0;
for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
for (int j = 0; j < size; j++) {
if(i==j)
{
sum+=matrix[i][j];
}
}
}
System.out.println(\"The Trace of the matrix is :\"+sum);
}
private static void transposeMatrix(int[][] matrix) {
int transpMatrix[][]=new int[size][size];
for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
for (int j = 0; j < size; j++) {
transpMatrix[j][i] =matrix[i][j];
}
}
System.out.println(\"The resulting matrix is: \");
for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
for (int j = 0; j < size; j++) {
System.out.printf(\"%3d\",transpMatrix[i][j]);
}
System.out.println(\" \");
}
}
private static void multiplyMatrixByConstant(int[][] matrix, int num) {
int mulConstMatrix[][]=new int[size][size];
System.out.println(\"The resulting matrix is: \");
for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
for (int j = 0; j < size; j++) {
mulConstMatrix[i][j] =num*matrix[i][j];
System.out.printf(\"%3d\",mulConstMatrix[i][j]);
}
System.out.println(\" \");
}
}
private static void multiplyMatrices(int[][] firstMatrix,
int[][] secondMatrix) {
int mulMatrix[][]=new int[size][size];
System.out.pri.
ans- Matthaei’s experiment, develped a system for synthesizing prote.pdf
ans- Matthaei’s experiment, develped a system for synthesizing protein in vitro.they observed
DNAase inhibited in vitro amino acid incorporation into protein.The process of protein synthesis
or translation is organised with in the cell so that each amino acid is usually is selected
independently of other amino acid.In his experiment E. coli
bacterial cells to release the contents of the cytoplasm, By adding specific RNA, the protein they
synthesized could be controlled Synthetic RNA was created that were outside the bacteria and
introduced into the E. coli.
Using poly(U) mRNA coded polyphenylalanine, which is consistent with UUU coding for
phenylalanine served as a messenger directing protein synthesis. This experiment demonstrated
that mRNA transcribes genetic information from DNA, regulating the assembly of amino acids
into complex proteins.
During initiation step in tanslation process the ribosome attaches to the mRNA strand and finds
the beginning of the genetic message, called the start codon AUG which code for methionine in
next step the t RNA molecule that carries methionine recognizes this codon and binds to it
.tRNA ligase from E. coli catalyzes the synthesis of AA-tRNA (amino acyl) only if both amino
acid and tRNA species are selected correctly. If an error aminoacyl-adenylate is synthesized, the
enzyme corrects the error by catalyzing the hydrolysis of the aminoacyl- adenylate.at this point
initiation step is complete.
B) When Nirenberg and Matthaei had hoped for the experiment was to make a synthetic
polynucleotide, which was an RNA that had one kind of base.They wondered if the synthetic
RNA could stimulate protein synthesis they ended up finding is that a series of urasils coded for
phenylalanine. They had broken the genetic code and deciphered the first codon The scientists
were excited because they could now take a random order of bases and make various
polynucleotides
Solution
ans- Matthaei’s experiment, develped a system for synthesizing protein in vitro.they observed
DNAase inhibited in vitro amino acid incorporation into protein.The process of protein synthesis
or translation is organised with in the cell so that each amino acid is usually is selected
independently of other amino acid.In his experiment E. coli
bacterial cells to release the contents of the cytoplasm, By adding specific RNA, the protein they
synthesized could be controlled Synthetic RNA was created that were outside the bacteria and
introduced into the E. coli.
Using poly(U) mRNA coded polyphenylalanine, which is consistent with UUU coding for
phenylalanine served as a messenger directing protein synthesis. This experiment demonstrated
that mRNA transcribes genetic information from DNA, regulating the assembly of amino acids
into complex proteins.
During initiation step in tanslation process the ribosome attaches to the mRNA strand and finds
the beginning of the genetic message, called the start codon AUG which code for methionine in
next step the t RNA mol.
An Assembly program to find the factorial of decimal number given by.pdf
An Assembly program to find the factorial of decimal number given by user
Now we will write another Assembly program to to find the factorial of decimal number given
by user
Let’s identify variables needed for this program.
First variable will be the one which will hold the value entered by user in the variable NUM and
FACTwill hold 1H and Other variable RES will be holding the Resultant Decimal equivalent
printable form to be printed for the User on Screen and Other variables will be holding the
Messages “ENTER NUMBER: $” and “RESULT : $” to be printed for the User, So in all Five
variables.
The identified variables are NUM, FACT,RES, MSG1 and MSG2.
First Line – DATA SEGMENT
DATA SEGMENT is the starting point of the Data Segment in a Program and DATA is the
name given to this segment and SEGMENT is the keyword for defining Segments, Where we
can declare our variables.
Next Line – NUM DB ?
FACT DB 1H
RES DB 10 DUP (‘$’)
MSG1 DB “ENTER NUMBER : $”
MSG2 DB 10,13,”RESULT : $”
NUM DB ? We are initializing NUM to ? (? stands for blank value), As we are accepting value
from User from Console as the Decimal number to find Factorial of it. Detailed explanation is
given below. FACT DB 1H We are initializing FACT to 1H (H stands for Hexadecimal value).
RES DB 10 DUP (‘$’) this line is a declaration of Array initialized with ’$’ which works as New
Line Character. $ is used as (\ ) NULL character in C program. (A Number Character is of a
BYTE size Hence we have to used only DB Define Byte ) as we don’t know the lenght of the
digits in the Resultant Decimal equivalent printable form, Therefore we take it approx size ten.
Here 10 DUP (‘$’) stands for N i.e. Size of Array or Array Size. DUP stands for Duplicate i.e. it
will duplicate the value in All the Array with the value present in Bracket (i.e. $). MSG1 DB
“ENTER NUMBER: $” this line is a declaration of Charater Array initialized with “ENTER
NUMBER:$” and $ is used as (\ ) NULL character in C program. (A Character is of a BYTE
Hence we have to use only DB Define Byte ). MSG2 DB 10,13,”RESULT:$” this line is a
declaration of Charater Array initialized with “RESULT: $”. 10,13, works as New Line
Character if this is not present All the Messages will be printed on the same line and $ is used as
(\ ) NULL character in C program. (A Character is of a BYTE Hence we have to use only DB
Define Byte ).
Next Line – DATA ENDS
DATA ENDS is the End point of the Data Segment in a Program. We can write just ENDS But
to differentiate the end of which segment it is of which we have to write the same name given to
the Data Segment.
Now, Selection of data type is DB data type the numbers which we are adding will be integers so
DB is sufficient.
DB – Define Byte (Size – 1 Byte)
DW – Define Word (Size – 2 Byte)
DD – Define Double word (Size - 4 Bytes)
DQ – Define Quad word (Size – 8 Bytes)
DT – Define Ten Bytes (Size – 10 Bytes)
NUMBER SYSTEM in Assembly Programming is Decimal, Octal, Hexadecimal, Binary.
In the Program, We.
A stone tool is, in the most general sense, any t.pdf
A stone tool is, in the most general sense, any tool made either partially or entirely
out of stone. Stone tools like rock hammers developed in prehistoric times, starting around 2.6
million years ago and developed to more complex technology
Solution
A stone tool is, in the most general sense, any tool made either partially or entirely
out of stone. Stone tools like rock hammers developed in prehistoric times, starting around 2.6
million years ago and developed to more complex technology.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdf
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic Imperative
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docx
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Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdf
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdf
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
The Challenger.pdf DNHS Official Publication
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Digital Tools and AI for Teaching Learning and Research
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special B.ed 2nd year old paper_20240531.pdf
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https://instagram.com/special_education_needs_01?igshid=YmMyMTA2M2Y=
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https://youtube.com/@special_education_needs
Teligram :- https://t.me/special_education_needs
Slide Shere :-
https://www.slideshare.net/shabnambano20?utm_campaign=profiletracking&utm_medium=sssite&utm_source=ssslideview
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The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
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The effect of acid deposition is basically the ef.pdf
The effect of acid deposition is basically the effect any acid has on metal. It tends to
corrode it. Corrosion is the electrochemical degradation of a material. That means that as the
metal breaks down, it loses electrons to become a different form. Solid iron (Fe) loses electrons
to become a soluble form, Fe(s) --> Fe2+(in solution) + 2e- These electrons are taken up by
oxygen (O2), which reacts with hydrogen ions (H+) to form water. (1/2) O2 + 2H+ + 2e- -->
H2O The overall reaction is , Fe(s) + (1/2) O2 + 2H+ --> Fe2+ + H2O Normally, the H+ can
come from the acid that forms naturally as CO2 dissolves in water. However, acid rain provides
a lot more H+ & makes it much easier for the reaction to run because there is plenty of
everything needed. Once the iron is in solution it can react further to form iron oxide, which is
also known as rusting.
Solution
The effect of acid deposition is basically the effect any acid has on metal. It tends to
corrode it. Corrosion is the electrochemical degradation of a material. That means that as the
metal breaks down, it loses electrons to become a different form. Solid iron (Fe) loses electrons
to become a soluble form, Fe(s) --> Fe2+(in solution) + 2e- These electrons are taken up by
oxygen (O2), which reacts with hydrogen ions (H+) to form water. (1/2) O2 + 2H+ + 2e- -->
H2O The overall reaction is , Fe(s) + (1/2) O2 + 2H+ --> Fe2+ + H2O Normally, the H+ can
come from the acid that forms naturally as CO2 dissolves in water. However, acid rain provides
a lot more H+ & makes it much easier for the reaction to run because there is plenty of
everything needed. Once the iron is in solution it can react further to form iron oxide, which is
also known as rusting..
0.025L 0.75molL acid - 0.02795L 0.5 molL base used to neutrali.pdf
0.025L * 0.75mol/L acid - 0.02795L * 0.5 mol/L base used to neutralize reaction mixture =
moles of acid used in reaction with metal.
= 4.775*10-3 moles of acid used
Solution
0.025L * 0.75mol/L acid - 0.02795L * 0.5 mol/L base used to neutralize reaction mixture =
moles of acid used in reaction with metal.
= 4.775*10-3 moles of acid used.
#includeiostream #includefstreamusing namespace std; glo.pdf
#include
#include
using namespace std;
//global variable declaration
int a[10];
int active, size;
void menu() {//prints menu
cout << \"menu\" << endl;
cout << \"1.Insert \\\"Insert\\\" key\" << endl; //code 45
cout << \"2.Delete \\\"Delete\\\" key\" << endl; //code 46
cout << \"3.Sort \\\"F2\\\" key\" << endl; //code 113
cout << \"4.Select \\\"Down Arrow\\\" key\" << endl; //code 40
cout << \"5.Move Right \\\"Right Arrow\\\" key\" << endl; //code 39
cout << \"6.Move Left \\\"Left Arrow\\\" key\" << endl; //code 37
cout << \"7.Exit \\\"F1\\\" key\" << endl; //code 112
cout << \"press the required key or number to continue\" << endl;
}
//reads the data from file
void readdata() {
ifstream f;
f.open(\"F://MyFile.txt\");
if (f.is_open()) {
f>>size;
f>>active;
if (size > 10) {
cout << \"Numbers exceeds array limit\";
return;
} else {
for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
f >> a[i];
}
}
f.close();
}
}
//sorts the data
void sort() {
//sorting using bubble sort
int pass = 0, so = 0, t, i;
while ((pass <= size - 1) && (so == 0)) {
so = 1;
for (i = 0; i < size - 1 - pass; i++) {
if (a[i] > a[i + 1]) {
t = a[i];
a[i] = a[i + 1];
a[i + 1] = t;
so = 0;
}
}
pass = pass + 1;
}
}
//prints the data
void print() {
cout<<\"\ \";
for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
cout << a[i] << \"\\t\";
}
cout << \"Active=\" << active << endl;
}
//writes the data into the file
void writedata() {
ofstream f;
f.open(\"F://MyFile.txt\");
f << size << endl;
f << active << endl;
for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
f << a[i] << \" \";
}
f.close();
}
//inserts an element in array and makes it active
void insert() {
if (size == 10)//checks if the list is full
cout << \"list is full\";
else {
int x, i;
cout << \"Enter a number to insert: \";//takes user input
cin>>x;
for (i = 0; i < size; i++) {
if (a[i] == active)//finds active index
break;
}
size++;//increment the size
int y = size;
while (y != i) {//shifting
a[y] = a[y - 1];
y--;
}
a[i] = x;//insert
active = x;//sets active
}
}
//deletes the active value and sets the next one as active
void del() {
int i;
for (i = 0; i < size; i++) {//finds active index
if (a[i] == active)
break;
}
active = a[i + 1]; //sets the next one as active
while (i < size - 1) {//shifting
a[i] = a[i + 1];
i++;
}
size--;//decrements the size
}
//changes the active value
void select() {
int i;
for (i = 0; i < size; i++) {
if (a[i] == active)//finds active index
break;
}
if (i == size - 1)
active = a[0]; //selects the first one as active
else
active = a[i + 1]; //sets the next one as active
}
//moves the active value to its left
void moveleft() {
int i;
for (i = 0; i < size; i++) {
if (a[i] == active)
break;
}
if (i == 0)
cout << \"moving left is not possible\"; //selects the first one as active
else
{ int temp = a[i - 1];
a[i-1]=a[i];
a[i]=temp;
//moves the active value to the left of the previous element by swapping
}
}
//moves the active value to its right
void moveright() {
int i;
for (i = 0; i < size; i++) {
if (a[i] == active)
break;
}
if (i == size - 1)
cout << \"m.
Amphoteric means that the substance can act as ei.pdf
Amphoteric means that the substance can act as either an acid or a base in solution.
The two options that jump out are H2O and H2SO4. The rest are conjugates of either
Strong/Weak acids and bases and are not able to act efficiently as acids or bases. H2SO4
CANNOT act as an amphoteric substance because it can only act as an acid. The reason I wanted
to point this substance out those is because if this compound gained one electron, (acted as an
acid) it would turn into HSO4- and this substance IS amphoteric because it can either gain or
lose electrons going to SO4(2-) or H2SO4 respectively. Be sure to look out for these substances.
H2O is often used as either a base or an acid because when is loses an electron, is is H3O+ and
when it gains an electron it is OH-. This makes water very likely (certainly) the most likely to be
amphoteric.
Solution
Amphoteric means that the substance can act as either an acid or a base in solution.
The two options that jump out are H2O and H2SO4. The rest are conjugates of either
Strong/Weak acids and bases and are not able to act efficiently as acids or bases. H2SO4
CANNOT act as an amphoteric substance because it can only act as an acid. The reason I wanted
to point this substance out those is because if this compound gained one electron, (acted as an
acid) it would turn into HSO4- and this substance IS amphoteric because it can either gain or
lose electrons going to SO4(2-) or H2SO4 respectively. Be sure to look out for these substances.
H2O is often used as either a base or an acid because when is loses an electron, is is H3O+ and
when it gains an electron it is OH-. This makes water very likely (certainly) the most likely to be
amphoteric..
Different types of Bits, bytes, and representation of information1.pdf
Different types of Bits, bytes, and representation of information
1. Digital representation means that everything is represented by numbers only
The usual sequence something (sound, pictures, text, instructions, etc) are converted into
Numbers by some mechanism
2. The numbers can be stored, retrieved, processed, transmitted, The numbers might be
reconstituted into a version of the original.
3.And for (sound, pictures, other real-world values) Make accurate measurements and convert
them to numeric values need to measure intensity/loudness often enough and accurately
enough that we can reconstruct it well enough
higher frequency = higher pitch
human ear can hear ~ 20 Hz to 20 KHz
by taking samples at twice the highest frequency is good enough (Nyquist)
4. CD audio usually uses: 44,100 samples / second and accuracy of 1 in 65,536 (= 2^16) distinct
levels
two samples at each time for stereo data rate is 44,100 x 2 x 16 bits/sample= 1,411,200 bits/sec =
176,400 bytes/sec ~ 10.6 MB/minute
5.MP3 audio compresses by clever encoding and removal of sounds that won\'t really be heard
data rate is ~ 1 MB/minute
6.A computer’s assembly language corresponds directly to its instruction set; there is one
assembly language mnemonic for each machine instruction. Unless you program in assembly
language, you will have very little visibility of the machine instruction set.
7. differences in instruction sets explain why some programs run on some machines but not
others. Unless two computers share the same instruction set, they will not be able to execute the
same set of machine instructions.
most programming is done in higher-level languages, rather than assembly language. When you
program in a higher-level language, you write statements in the syntax of your programming
language (e.g., Java, C, Python), and the language processor translates your code into the correct
set of machine instructions to execute your intent. If you want to run the same program on a
different computer with a different instruction set, you can often simply supply your code to the
appropriate language processor on the new computer.
General Execution Sequence:
a. Address of the instruction is sent to memory with a READ control signal
b. Instruction is fetched into control unit
c. Decode the instruction
d. Address 1 sent to memory with READ signal
e. Data fetched from memory location 1 into the data path
f. Address 2 sent to memory with READ signal
g. Data fetched from memory location 2 into the data path
h. ADD operation is sent to ALU in data path
i. Address 0 sent to memory with WRITE signal
j. Result sent from data path to memory and written to location 0.
Types of instructions sets are :
MOV
ADD
SUB
MUL
DIV
IMUL
DEC
AND
INC
OR
XOR
NOR
NOT
OUT
IN
JMP
CALL
Solution
Different types of Bits, bytes, and representation of information
1. Digital representation means that everything is represented by numbers only
The usual sequence something (sound, pictures, text, instructions, etc) are conver.
ArithmeticOperationsOnMatrix.javaimport java.util.Random; import.pdf
ArithmeticOperationsOnMatrix.java
import java.util.Random;
import java.util.Scanner;
public class ArithmeticOperationsOnMatrix {
static int firstMatrix[][], secondMatrix[][], size,matrix[][],count=0;
static Scanner sc=null;
static Random random ;
public static void main(String[] args) {
int option;
// Scanner object is used to get the inputs entered nby the user.
sc = new Scanner(System.in);
do
{
System.out.println(\"Your options are: \");
System.out.println(\"----------------- \");
System.out.println(\"1) Add 2 matrices\");
System.out.println(\"2) Subtract 2 matrices\");
System.out.println(\"3) Multiply 2 matrices\");
System.out.println(\"4) Multiply matrix by a constant\");
System.out.println(\"5) Transpose matrix\");
System.out.println(\"6) Matrix trace\");
System.out.println(\"0) EXIT\");
System.out.print(\"Please enter your option:\");
option = sc.nextInt();
switch (option) {
case 1: {
genTwoMatrices();
addMatrices(firstMatrix,secondMatrix);
System.out.println(\"Command number \"+(++count)+\" completed\");
break;
}
case 2: {
genTwoMatrices();
subtractMatrices(firstMatrix,secondMatrix);
System.out.println(\"Command number \"+(++count)+\" completed\");
break;
}
case 3: {
genTwoMatrices();
multiplyMatrices(firstMatrix,secondMatrix);
System.out.println(\"Command number \"+(++count)+\" completed\");
break;
}
case 4: {
matrix=genOneMatirx();
System.out.print(\"Enter a number :\");
int num=sc.nextInt();
multiplyMatrixByConstant(matrix,num);
System.out.println(\"Command number \"+(++count)+\" completed\");
break;
}
case 5: {
matrix=genOneMatirx();
transposeMatrix(matrix);
System.out.println(\"Command number \"+(++count)+\" completed\");
break;
}
case 6: {
matrix=genOneMatirx();
matrixTrace(matrix);
System.out.println(\"Command number \"+(++count)+\" completed\");
break;
}
case 0: {
System.out.println(\"Testing completed.\");
break;
}
}
}while(option!=0);
}
private static void matrixTrace(int[][] matrix) {
int sum=0;
for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
for (int j = 0; j < size; j++) {
if(i==j)
{
sum+=matrix[i][j];
}
}
}
System.out.println(\"The Trace of the matrix is :\"+sum);
}
private static void transposeMatrix(int[][] matrix) {
int transpMatrix[][]=new int[size][size];
for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
for (int j = 0; j < size; j++) {
transpMatrix[j][i] =matrix[i][j];
}
}
System.out.println(\"The resulting matrix is: \");
for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
for (int j = 0; j < size; j++) {
System.out.printf(\"%3d\",transpMatrix[i][j]);
}
System.out.println(\" \");
}
}
private static void multiplyMatrixByConstant(int[][] matrix, int num) {
int mulConstMatrix[][]=new int[size][size];
System.out.println(\"The resulting matrix is: \");
for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
for (int j = 0; j < size; j++) {
mulConstMatrix[i][j] =num*matrix[i][j];
System.out.printf(\"%3d\",mulConstMatrix[i][j]);
}
System.out.println(\" \");
}
}
private static void multiplyMatrices(int[][] firstMatrix,
int[][] secondMatrix) {
int mulMatrix[][]=new int[size][size];
System.out.pri.
ans- Matthaei’s experiment, develped a system for synthesizing prote.pdf
ans- Matthaei’s experiment, develped a system for synthesizing protein in vitro.they observed
DNAase inhibited in vitro amino acid incorporation into protein.The process of protein synthesis
or translation is organised with in the cell so that each amino acid is usually is selected
independently of other amino acid.In his experiment E. coli
bacterial cells to release the contents of the cytoplasm, By adding specific RNA, the protein they
synthesized could be controlled Synthetic RNA was created that were outside the bacteria and
introduced into the E. coli.
Using poly(U) mRNA coded polyphenylalanine, which is consistent with UUU coding for
phenylalanine served as a messenger directing protein synthesis. This experiment demonstrated
that mRNA transcribes genetic information from DNA, regulating the assembly of amino acids
into complex proteins.
During initiation step in tanslation process the ribosome attaches to the mRNA strand and finds
the beginning of the genetic message, called the start codon AUG which code for methionine in
next step the t RNA molecule that carries methionine recognizes this codon and binds to it
.tRNA ligase from E. coli catalyzes the synthesis of AA-tRNA (amino acyl) only if both amino
acid and tRNA species are selected correctly. If an error aminoacyl-adenylate is synthesized, the
enzyme corrects the error by catalyzing the hydrolysis of the aminoacyl- adenylate.at this point
initiation step is complete.
B) When Nirenberg and Matthaei had hoped for the experiment was to make a synthetic
polynucleotide, which was an RNA that had one kind of base.They wondered if the synthetic
RNA could stimulate protein synthesis they ended up finding is that a series of urasils coded for
phenylalanine. They had broken the genetic code and deciphered the first codon The scientists
were excited because they could now take a random order of bases and make various
polynucleotides
Solution
ans- Matthaei’s experiment, develped a system for synthesizing protein in vitro.they observed
DNAase inhibited in vitro amino acid incorporation into protein.The process of protein synthesis
or translation is organised with in the cell so that each amino acid is usually is selected
independently of other amino acid.In his experiment E. coli
bacterial cells to release the contents of the cytoplasm, By adding specific RNA, the protein they
synthesized could be controlled Synthetic RNA was created that were outside the bacteria and
introduced into the E. coli.
Using poly(U) mRNA coded polyphenylalanine, which is consistent with UUU coding for
phenylalanine served as a messenger directing protein synthesis. This experiment demonstrated
that mRNA transcribes genetic information from DNA, regulating the assembly of amino acids
into complex proteins.
During initiation step in tanslation process the ribosome attaches to the mRNA strand and finds
the beginning of the genetic message, called the start codon AUG which code for methionine in
next step the t RNA mol.
An Assembly program to find the factorial of decimal number given by.pdf
An Assembly program to find the factorial of decimal number given by user
Now we will write another Assembly program to to find the factorial of decimal number given
by user
Let’s identify variables needed for this program.
First variable will be the one which will hold the value entered by user in the variable NUM and
FACTwill hold 1H and Other variable RES will be holding the Resultant Decimal equivalent
printable form to be printed for the User on Screen and Other variables will be holding the
Messages “ENTER NUMBER: $” and “RESULT : $” to be printed for the User, So in all Five
variables.
The identified variables are NUM, FACT,RES, MSG1 and MSG2.
First Line – DATA SEGMENT
DATA SEGMENT is the starting point of the Data Segment in a Program and DATA is the
name given to this segment and SEGMENT is the keyword for defining Segments, Where we
can declare our variables.
Next Line – NUM DB ?
FACT DB 1H
RES DB 10 DUP (‘$’)
MSG1 DB “ENTER NUMBER : $”
MSG2 DB 10,13,”RESULT : $”
NUM DB ? We are initializing NUM to ? (? stands for blank value), As we are accepting value
from User from Console as the Decimal number to find Factorial of it. Detailed explanation is
given below. FACT DB 1H We are initializing FACT to 1H (H stands for Hexadecimal value).
RES DB 10 DUP (‘$’) this line is a declaration of Array initialized with ’$’ which works as New
Line Character. $ is used as (\ ) NULL character in C program. (A Number Character is of a
BYTE size Hence we have to used only DB Define Byte ) as we don’t know the lenght of the
digits in the Resultant Decimal equivalent printable form, Therefore we take it approx size ten.
Here 10 DUP (‘$’) stands for N i.e. Size of Array or Array Size. DUP stands for Duplicate i.e. it
will duplicate the value in All the Array with the value present in Bracket (i.e. $). MSG1 DB
“ENTER NUMBER: $” this line is a declaration of Charater Array initialized with “ENTER
NUMBER:$” and $ is used as (\ ) NULL character in C program. (A Character is of a BYTE
Hence we have to use only DB Define Byte ). MSG2 DB 10,13,”RESULT:$” this line is a
declaration of Charater Array initialized with “RESULT: $”. 10,13, works as New Line
Character if this is not present All the Messages will be printed on the same line and $ is used as
(\ ) NULL character in C program. (A Character is of a BYTE Hence we have to use only DB
Define Byte ).
Next Line – DATA ENDS
DATA ENDS is the End point of the Data Segment in a Program. We can write just ENDS But
to differentiate the end of which segment it is of which we have to write the same name given to
the Data Segment.
Now, Selection of data type is DB data type the numbers which we are adding will be integers so
DB is sufficient.
DB – Define Byte (Size – 1 Byte)
DW – Define Word (Size – 2 Byte)
DD – Define Double word (Size - 4 Bytes)
DQ – Define Quad word (Size – 8 Bytes)
DT – Define Ten Bytes (Size – 10 Bytes)
NUMBER SYSTEM in Assembly Programming is Decimal, Octal, Hexadecimal, Binary.
In the Program, We.
A stone tool is, in the most general sense, any t.pdf
A stone tool is, in the most general sense, any tool made either partially or entirely
out of stone. Stone tools like rock hammers developed in prehistoric times, starting around 2.6
million years ago and developed to more complex technology
Solution
A stone tool is, in the most general sense, any tool made either partially or entirely
out of stone. Stone tools like rock hammers developed in prehistoric times, starting around 2.6
million years ago and developed to more complex technology.
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The effect of acid deposition is basically the ef.pdf
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