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1. * GB785333 (A)
Description: GB785333 (A) ? 1957-10-23
Improvements in or relating to high frequency amplifiers and oscillators
Description of GB785333 (A)
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FR1106028 (A)
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The EPO does not accept any responsibility for the accuracy of data
and information originating from other authorities than the EPO; in
particular, the EPO does not guarantee that they are complete,
up-to-date or fit for specific purposes.
PATENT' SPECIFICATION
785,333 Date of Application and filing Complete Specification May 23,
1955.
No 14754/55.
Application made in France on June 10, 1954.
Complete Specification Published Oct 23, 1957.
Index at Acceptance:-Classes 3 C( 1), D 4 (A 1 A 7: II 15 F 6 B X 3),
1 D(l Oi:io 161: 34); and 40 ( 6), A( 1 R: 2 V: 5 V 6-T), 02 (A 8: EIS
E 3 C: F 3).
International Classification: -H Olj H 03 b, f.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION
Improvements in or relating to High Frequency Amplifiers and
Oscillators We, COMPAGNIE GENERA-LE DE _ ELEGRAPHIE SA Ns FIL, of 98,
bis Boulevard Haussmann, Paris ( 8), France, a French body corporate
do hereby declare the invention, for which we pray that a patent may
be granted to us, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be
2. particularly described in and by the following statement:-
Thlis invention relates to amplifiers and oscillators for use on very
high frequencies for example on frequencies of the order of from 1
Mc/s to several hundred Mc/s and has for its object to provide
improved amplifiers and oscillators capable of operating at a very
narrow frequency band which can be readily adjusted by electrical
means to be anywhere within a very wide frequency band.
The invention provides improved amplifiers and oscillators of the
so-called "tunable distributed amplifier " type In this now well known
type of amplifier use is made of two similar delay lines, each usually
terminated at both ends by resistances equal to their characteristic
impedances, and of a number of valves having their anodes tapped at
points along one line and their control grids similarly tapped along
the other line Input signals to be amplified are applied near one end
of the line to which the grids are connected and amplified output is
taken from near the other end of the line to which the anodes are
connected.
Obviously if sufficient output is fed back to the input in the correct
phase, oscillation generation will occur and the device becomes an
oscillator.
In known tunable distributed amplifiers the delay lines connected
respectively to the grids and to the anodes of the valves employed
remain alike as regards their constants of phase propagation,
irrespective of the frequency of the input Accordingly the known
distributed amplifiers are essentially wide band devices.
The present invention seeks to improve the known distributed
amplifiers and oscillators to the extent of giving them narrow band
properties while enabling them to be electrically tuned lPrice 3 s 6 d
l over a wvide band of frequencies The object is achieved, according
to the invention in its broadest aspect by replacing either of the two
lines of a known distributed amplifier (i e.
either the line to which the anodes are connected or the line to which
the grids are connected) by a phase displacement device having a
constant of phase propagation and whose said constant can be adjusted
over a desired range of values By adjusting the said constant of phase
propagation to be the same at that of the said other for a given
frequency, the amplifier may be made to operate over a narrow band
centred on that frequency and the position of the narrow band can be
adjusted over a wide band by adjusting the constant of phase
propagation of the phase displacement device.
A feature of the invention is the use in amplifier of a novel
discharge tube device specially adapted to serve as a phase
displacement device whose constant of phase propagation may be readily
adjusted electrically.
3. The invention is illustrated in the accompanying drawing which shows
schematically and diagrammatically one embodiment thereof.
A plurality of valves, as shown three pentodes 1, 2 and 3, have their
anodes connected to different tappings along a delay line 11, which,
in the example illustrated, consists of an inductance winding 5 and
shunt capacities provided by condensers 6 supplemented by the
self-capacities of the valves In some cases the shunt capacities may
be constituted entirely by the self-capacities of the valves The line
is closed at both its ends on resistances 7 dimensioned to provide
impedance matching over the desired working frequency band so that
wave reflections will not occur from the line ends The screen grids
and anodes of the valves receive suitable positive operating D C.
potentials from a source (not shown) connected at terminal 12 through
suitable filters 13 The value of the matching resistance 7 at the end
of the line near which the D C.
potential is applied must be chosen with due regard to the impedance
of the D C source 2 785,333 connected at terminal 12 since, of course,
this source is virtually in parallel with resistance 7.
Suitable bias is applied to the valve cathodes from a negative D C
supply source (not shown) connected at terminal 14.
If the arrangement were of the usual known form of distributed
amplifier the control grids of the valves 1, 2 and 3 would be tapped
along a second line similar to the line 11 In accordance with this
invention, however, this second line is replaced by a phase
displacement element with electronic control, said element being
constituted by a discharge tube 4 comprising an envelope 15 within
which are two discharge space portions In the first of these electrons
of a beam 33 emitted by a cathode 16 and controlled in density by a
control grid 17, pass through a first accelerating anode 18 after
which they are subjected to deflection by deflection means exemplified
by a pair of electrostatic plates 19 between which is applied a
deflecting potential supplied by a source 20 and adjustable as
indicated conventionally at 21 The electron beam then passes through a
second accelerating anode 22 the said beam now being at an angle both
to the axis of the first discharge space portion and to the axis of
the second discharge space portion which is shown as at right angles
to the axis of the first space The second discharge space portion is
threaded by a longitudinal magnetic field produced by solenoid 23
wound round the envelope of this portion In this second space portion
is a number of grid electrodes 24 (the term " grid " here means an
electrode through which the beam can pass in coupling relation-not
necessarily an actual wire grid) said number being one less than the
number of valves tapped along the line 11 As shown, since there are
three valves ( 1, 2, 3) there are two grid electrodes shown as
4. perforated plates In addition there is a plate electrode The spacing
between adjacent control electrodes 24 and that between the plate
electrode 25 and the nearest electrode 24 is the same, the arrangement
being such that the tappings to the device are distributed in
correspondence with the tappings along delay line 11 i e the tappings
along the phase displacement device are so chosen that at the timed
frequency the constant of phase propagation (either electromagnetic or
electronic) between these is equal to the constant of phase
propagation of the wave between corresponding tappings on the delay
line The valves 1, 2, 3 have their control grids connected to the
electrodes 24, 25, each to each as shown, the inter-connections being
maintained at substantially the same potential as the accelerating
anodes -18 and 22 (earth potential in the case shown) through leads
including resistances 26.
It may be noted that a tube somewhat similar to the tube 4 is
described by E Labin in " Onde Electrique " for February 1951 (Figure
2, page 83) but the tube 4 differs from the one there described by the
presence of the grid electrodes 24.
Cathode 16 is negatively biased by a D C.
source 27 and the control grid 17 is negatively biased by a D C source
34 through a resist 7 u ance 28 An input signal to be amplified is
applied to the control grid 1 ? from terminal 29 through condenser 30
and the amplified signal output is taken oft from a tapping near the
end of the line 11 adjacent valve 3 through 7 a condenser 3 i to an
output terminal 32.
This arrangement operates as bollows:Beam 33 is modulated in intensity
by the signal applied to the control grid 17 and is then deiiected by
the plates 19 by an angle, o dependent on the potential between said
plates, i e upon the position of the adjustment 21 where G, is the
angle subtended between the axis of the beam from 16 when undeflected
and the axis after deflection by plates 19 as 55 indicated in the
figure It accordingly enters the equipotential space-the second
discharge space portion-containing electrodes 24 and at an angle oi
90-7 to the axis of this space As a result of tnis angle of entry in
ku combination with the action of the applied axial magnetic field
produced by the salenoid
23, the electrons follow a substantially helical trajectory the pitch
of which and, consequently tne developed length of which, depends upon
95 the angle x The electron transit time and, with it, the t Ltriais
separating tlne passages of a given paase of the modulation across the
grids 214 and up to the plate 23, can therefore be varied oy varying
the adjustment 21 100 "ccordi Lgiy it is possible to pick-up on the
resistances 26 and apply to the control grids of the valves 1 to 3, a
signal corresponding to the signal received at the input but with a
5. constant phase displacement from one control 195 grid to the next,
this phase displacement being regulatable by the adjustments 21 For a
certain setting of this adjustment only one input frequency will be
amplified (or at any rate only a narrow frequency band centred on 110
this frequency) namely that frequency for which the phase displacement
in each successive portion of line 11 (the portion between two
adjacent anode connection taps) will be equal to the phase
displacement effected 115 between the corresponding pair of control
grids 24 This narrow band can be moved at will over a wide frequency
band by control of adjustment 21, the said wide band having a width
corresponding to that which a known 120 distributed amplifier using
two lines like the line 11 would pass.
The invention is not limited to the example described and illustrated
The electrically controllable phase displacement tube shown 125 could
be replaced by another controllable phase displacement device adapted
to give the same result Moreover, instead of tapping the valve control
grids on the controllable phase displacement device and the valve
anodes on 130 785,333 785,333 3 the line, the anodes could be tapped
on the device and the control grids on the line.
Furthermore, although the invention has been shown as employed for
amplification purposes, it is obvious that such an amplifier can be
easily converted into an oscillator by establishing feed back coupling
of appropriate extent and phase between the output and the input.
Such an oscillator would oscillate sharply at a frequency which could
be adjusted over a wide band by adjusting the angle a at which the
electron beam enters the second discharge space portion of the tube 4
i e by adjusting control 21 In the claims which follow the term
amplifier is used in a broad sense to include an oscillator, an
oscillator being, for present purposes, merely an amplifier
backcoupled so as to maintain oscillations.
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* GB785334 (A)
Description: GB785334 (A) ? 1957-10-23
6. Improvements in or relating to cyanine dyestuffs
Description of GB785334 (A)
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The EPO does not accept any responsibility for the accuracy of data
and information originating from other authorities than the EPO; in
particular, the EPO does not guarantee that they are complete,
up-to-date or fit for specific purposes.
AMENDED SPECIFICATION
Reprinted as amended under Section 8 of the Patents Act, 1949.
PATENT SPECIFICATION
Inventors: HENRY RICHARD JOHN WADDINGTON, GEORGE FRANK DUFFIN and JOHN
DAVID KENDALL 785,334 Date of filing Complete Specification: April 3,
1956.
Application Date: May 23, 1955.
No 14878/55.
Complete Specification Published: Oct 23, 1957.
Index at acceptance:-Classes 2 ( 3), B 4 (A 1: H: K), CIG( 5 A: 5 B: 6
B 4: 6 B 5), C 3 A 13 C(l C: 1 OF); 2 ( 4), D 1 Q; and 98 ( 2), C 3.
International Classification:i-CO 7 d C 09 b G 03 c.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION
Improvements; in or relating to'Cyanine Dyestuffs We, ILFORD LIMITED,
a British Company, of 23 Roden Street, Ilford Essex, England, do
hereby declare the invention for which we pray that a patent may be
granted to us, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be
particularly described in and by the following statement: -
This invention relates to cyanine dyestuffs and particularly to
cyanine dyestuffs which are of value as sensitisers for photographic
silver halide emulsions.
According to the present invention cyanine dyestuffs are obtained by
reacting a terazole quaternary salt of the general formula I: N N R 2
N 6 I g C CH 3 a, X where R, is an alkyl or hydroxyalkyl group, R 2 is
a cycloalkyl group-or an aryl group, substituted by groups other than
alkyl, and X is an acid radicle, with a 5-membered or 6membered
heterocyclic nitrogen compound of the formula II:9 -C (Z CH), N R 3 Y
II where m is 0 or 1, R 3 is an alkyl or hydroxyalkyl group, Y is an
7. acid radicle, Z is -CHI= or -N=, D, is the residue of a 5-membered.
or 6 membered heterocyclic nitrogen compound and Q is a thioether
(-S), thioether lPrice vinyl (-CHI= CCH-SR) (R being alkyl or
aralkyl), or acetanilidovinyl grouping, or with a heterocyclic
nitrogen compound of the formula III:,-D 2 " R 400 d NC C -Go III
where R 4 is alkyl and D, is the residue of a heterocyclic nitrogen
ketomethylene nucleus.
The tetrazole base could theoretically give four possible salts That
the product is of formula I is shown by the following evidence 1Phenyl
5 methyl tetrazole and methyl iodide give a quaternary methiodide
which is converted by the action of boiling 50 % aqueous potassium
hydroxide (see Duffin et al, Chem.
and Ind 1954, 1458) into methylamine and phenyl azide which products
are easily seen to result from the degradation of a compound of
formula I but not from any alternative formula which might be
considered possible.
The products according to this invention have one or other of the
following general formula IV and V: ?N N 2 Dj I I N C -CH (CH CH), C
(Z CH)m N P 3.1 R-3 X IV N N R 2 D 2N C m CH CH C O R, In the
foregoing formulae R,, R 2, R, X, Z, mn, D, and D 1 have the meanings
assigned to them above, and X is nought or 1.
It will be appreciated that the foregoing J products are written in
the form of one resonance extreme but in fact may exist in three
different resonance extreme forms.
Where in the foregoing formulae alkyl groups are referred to these are
preferably methyl or ethyl groups, but they may be higher alkyl groups
Where substituted aryl groups are employed these may be phenyl
substituted with halo or -alkoxy groups The group R, may contain a
hydroxy substituent, e g fl-hydroxyethyl.
X and Y may be any acid radicles, for example halide (chloride,
bromide, iodide), sulphate, sulphamate, perchlorate or p toluene
sulphonate.
D 1 may be the residue of any five-membered or six-membered
heterocyclic ring system including thiazoles, oxazoles, selenazoles
and their polycyclic homologues such as those of the benzene or
naphthalene series; pyridine and its polycyclic homologues, such as
quinoline and 7 and j( naphthoquinolines; indolenines; diazines such
as pyrimidines and quinazolines The polycyclic compounds of these
series may be substituted in the carbocyclic rings with one or more
groups such as alkyl, aryl, alkoxy and methylene dioxy groups, or by
halogen atoms.
D 2 may be the residue of rhodanic acid ( 2thio 4 keto
tetrahydrothiazole) and the substitution derivatives thereof, pyrazole
5ones, oxazolone and thiazolidone.
8. The reaction is preferably carried out by heating the reagents
together in the presence of an acid binding agent, examples of which
are pyridine, triethylamine and sodium acetate.
Where a compound of formula II is to be employed which is a quaternary
salt, and R 1 and R 3 are same in value, it is convenient to effect
the reaction by fusing together a base corresponding to the compound
of formula I and a base corresponding to the compound of formula II
together with sufficient salt to convert both compounds to the
quaternary salts.
After such fusion the mixture may be heated with an acid binding agent
to complete the reaction Intermediate of formula II suitable for use
in the present invention are for the most part well known compounds
and all may be made by methods well known per se.
Instead of using a compound of formula III there may be employed a
compound of the formula VI:CET 2 Co together with a substantially
molecular equivalent amount of an alkyl orthoformic ester, e g.
ethyl orthoformate.
The dyestuffs obtained are new chemical compounds and have in general
the property of sensitising photographic gelatino silver halide
emulsions such as silver chloride and 65 iodobromide emulsions They
may be added to such emulsions in the amounts commonly used in the art
for sensitising such emulsions with cyanine dyes.
Examples serving to illustrate the invention 70 are set out below, but
for convenience there is first set out the methods employed for the
preparation of the tetrazole intermediates used in these Examples All
temperatures are in C 75 The following compounds were prepared from
the appropriate starting materials by a method similar to the method
of Dimroth and de Montmollin, Berichte, 43, 2908 ( 1910).
1 in Chloropkenyl 5 methyltetrazole 80 As buff coloured needles, m pt
1050, from benzene/petroleum ether ( 60-800).
1 o Cilorophlenyl 5 methyltetrazole.
As buff coloured needles, m pt 820, from benzene/petroleum ether (
40-600) 85 1 p Briawopliezyl 5 inethyltetrazole.
As buff coloured needles, m pt 1190, from ethanol.
1 Cyclohexyl 5 methyltetrazole and 1 p anisyl 5 methyltetrazole were
90 prepared according to the method of Harvill, Herbst, Schreiner and
Roberts (J Org Chem, 15, 666 ( 1950)).
The following quaternary salts were made by reaction of the bases with
methyl iodide 95 4:5 Dimethyl 1 m chlorophenylterazolium iodide As
white micro-needles, m.
pt 1680 (d), from ethanol.
4:5 Dimethyl 1 o chlorophenylterazolium iodide As pale yellow prisms,
m 100 pt 1650, from acetone.
4:5 Dirnethyl 1 p bromophenyltetrazolijun iodide As white needles, m
9. pt.
2080 (d), from ethanol.
4:5 Dirnethyl 1 cyclohexyltetrazolium 105 iodide As white needles, m
pt 2190 (d), from ethanol.
4.5 Dinietltyl 1 p anisyltetrazolium iodide As white needles, m pt
1950, from ethanol 110 EXAMPLE 1
1 m Chlorophenyl 4 methyl 5 tetrazole) ( 1 ethyl-4-quinazoline)
monomethine cyanine perchlorate.
4:5 Dimethyl 1 m chlorophenyl 115 tetrazolium iodide ( 0 67 g), 1
ethyl 4ethylthioquinazolinium iodide ( 0 69 g), pyridine ( 5 ml) and
refluxed for one hour After and refluxed for one hour After pouring
the yellow solution into 4 % aqueous sodium per 120 chlorate,
filtering the precipitate and recrystallising it from ethanol, the
pure dye was obtained as yellow needles, m pt 1830.
1 Ethyl 4 ethylthioquinazolinium iodide used in this Example was
prepared by heating 125 4 ethylthioquinazoline (British Patent No.
785,334 785,334 425,609) ( 5 g) with ethyl iodide ( 10 ml) under
reflux for 24 hours After cooling and adding acetone the mixture
crystallised as yellow needles Recrystallisation from acetone gave the
pure ethiodide as yellow microneedles, m pt 1370.
EXAMPLE 2 ( 1 m chlorophenyl 4 methyl 5 tetrazole) ( 3 ethyl 2
benzolthiazole) trimethincyanine iodide.
1 m chlorophenyl 4: 5 dimethyltetrazole iodide ( 0 67 g), 2 21
acetanilidovinyl 3 ethylbenxothiazolium iodide ( 0 9 g.), pyridine ( 5
ml) and triethylamine ( 1 0 ml) were boiled under reflux for 1 hr On
pouring into 4 % aqueous sodium iodide, a red solid was precipitated
which was recrystallized from ethanol to give the pure dye as red
plates, m pt 1860 (d) This dye extends the sensitivity of a silver
chloride emulsion to 5650 A with a maximum of 5200 A.
The dyes of the formula:UN N R 2N-C -OH-OH OH a-N CH 3 R 3 I were
prepared by the general method of Example 2.
No R 2 D 1 is residue of R, m pt form Emulsion Extent Maximum 3 m-Gl
CH 4 2-benzoxazole Ethyl 2190 orange Ag Cl 5250 A 4800 A (d) needles
(b) 4 p-CH 3 OCGH 4 2-benzoxazole Ethyl 1430 brown Ag Gl 5200 A 4800 A
(d) needles (a) p-CH 3 OC H 4 2-benzothiazole Ethyl 198 brown Ag Gl
5600 A 5150 A (d) needles (b) 6 p-CH 3 O Ce H 4 3:3-dimethyl-2 Methyl
2050 red Ag GI 5450 A 5000 A indolenine (d) needles (b) 7 o-CIC 6 H 4
2-benzothiazole Ethyl 2090 brown Ag CI 5600 A 5200 A (d) needles (b) 8
o-CICH 4 3:3-dimethyl-2 Methyl 2200 purple Ag Cl 5400 A 5000 A
indolenine needles (a 9 p-Br CH 44 2-benzotliazole Ethyl 2240 red Ag
Gl 5650 A 5200, A (d) needles (b) (a) from water (b) from ethanol -c 4
r.
solution was poured into 4 % aqueous sodium perchlorate A yellow solid
was precipitated which was filtered off and recrystallized from
10. ethanol to give the pure dye as yellow needles, m pt 1860.
EXAMPLE 13 ( 1 p anisyl 4 methyl A 2 '' 5tetrazolinylidene) ethylidene
3 ethyl 2thiothiazolid 4 one.
4: 5 Dimethyl 1 p anisyltetrazolium iodide ( 0 66 g), 5
ethoxymethylene 3 ethyl 2 thiothiazolid 4 one ( 043 g), pyridine ( 5
ml) and triethylamine ( 1 0 ml) were boiled under reflux for 1 hr to
give a red solution On pouring into water ( 50 ml) a red solid was
precipitated which was filtered off and recrystallized from ethanol to
give the pure dye as red needles, m pt 2180 This dye extends the
sensitivity of a silver chloride emulsion to 5700 A with a maximum at
5200 Ar.
The dyes of the formula: N N a R 2 D?, "N C CH CH = C CO Re were
prepared by the method of Example 13.
EXAMPLE 10 ( 1 Cyclohexyl 4 methyl 5 terazole) ( 3 ethyl
2-benzothiazole) trimethincyanine perchlorate was prepared by the
method of Example 2 as brown prisms, m pt 234 from methanol.
This dye extends the sensitivity of a silver chloride emulsion to 5450
A with a maximum of 5100 A.
EXAMPLE 11 ( 1 Cyclohexyl 4 methyl 5 tetrazole) ( 3: 3 dimethyl 2
indolenine) trimethincyanine perchlorate was prepared by the method of
Example 2 as red prisms, m pt.
1370 from methanol.
This dye extends the sensitivity of a silver chloride emulsion to 5250
A with a maximum at 4900 A.
EXAMPLE 12 ( 4 Methyl 1 mn Chlorophenyl 5tetrazole) ( 1methyl 2
methylthio 4pyrimidyl)monomethincyanine perchlorate.
2:4 Dimethylthiopyrimidine ( 0 34 g) and methyl toluene p sulphonate (
0 37 g) were fused at 1400 for 1 hour 1 m Chlorophenyl 4: 5
dimethyltetrazolium iodide ( 0.67 g), pyridine ( 5 0 ml) and
triethylamine ( 1.0 ml) were added and the mixture boiled under reflux
for 1 hour The resulting yellow so 785,334 6 785,334
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* GB785335 (A)
11. Description: GB785335 (A) ? 1957-10-23
Improvements in determining the amount of solids in a slurry
Description of GB785335 (A)
COMPLETE SPECI!FItCATION Improvements' in Determining the Amount of
Solids in a Slurry
We, F. L. SMIDTH & CO. A/S, a Danish
Company, of 77, Vigerslev Alle, Copenhagen
Valby, Denmark, do hereby declare the invention, for which we pray
that a patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it is to
be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following
statement:
This invention relates to methods which are of general use in the
handling of slurries but which are of particular use in the control of
the operation of a continuous-flow thickener for slurry.
Such a thickener is frequently used in technology as a means of
reducing the water content in a continuously produced aqueous
suspension. The result of proper treatment in the thickener is a
thickened slurry from the bottom discharge of the thickener and an
over- flow of almost pure water. As a typical example may be mentioned
the use of a thickener for dewatering the raw slurry in the cement
industry when the so-called flotation process is applied as a stage in
the manufacture of cement. The flotation cells require a feed of raw
slurry with a comparatively large water content, whereas the raw
slurry cleaned by the flotation process should be fed to the
cement-burning kiln, usually a rotary kiln, with a minimum water
content so as to keep down the fuel requirements of the kiln, that is,
the water content has to be so low as just to permit the slurry to be
pumped through pipes. The importance of maintaining a low water
content will be evident from the fact that an increase of 1% in the
water content of the slurry is usually reckoned to involve an increase
of about 2% in the fuel consumption. A thickener is therefore inserted
between the flotation cells and the rotary kiln.
For steady kiln operation it is important not only to maintain the
water content as low as possible, but also as constant as possible,
since, otherwise, there may be a risk of irregular passage of the
material through the kiln.
It is therefore of importance for the satisfactory operation of the
thickener to maintain constant operating conditions to the greatest
12. possible extent. This is equally true of thickeners used for many
other purposes.
Endeavours to this end have hitherto consisted in checking the
concentration of the dewatered slurry at regular intervals and taking
care to ensure that the amount of slurry removed from the thickener is
approximately equal to the amount of slurry fed to the thickener.
Practical experience shows, however, that this is not enough.
Occasionally, the concentration of dewatered slurry suddenly becomes
very low and an investigation will then most often reveal that the
thickener has become practically emptied of solids. At other times
when the content of solids in the dewatered slurry is normal, the
overflows may be turbid because the thickener has become filled with
thick slurry.
Thus, there is a need of a method by means of which the distribution
of solids in a continuously operating thickener may be subjected to a
very close control.
In methods according to the present invention of determining the
amount of solids in a slurry, liquid is supplied slowly to an open
ended duct which passes downwards into the slurry, and the heights of
the surfaces of the liquid within the duct and of the slurry outside
the duct are measured. The liquid is conveniently the same as the
liquid constituent of the slurry, which is usually water.
In the operation of a continuous flow thickener according to the
present invention, the amount of solids in the slurry in the thickener
is determined this way, and thickened slurry is discharged from the
thickener at a rate which is controlled in accordance with the amount
determined.
In particular, in making cement, dewatered raw cement slurry is fed
from a continuousflow thickener to a cement burning kiln at a rate
which is controlled in this way.
The invention will be best understood by referring to the accompanying
drawings in connection with the following description.
In the drawings,
Figure 1 is a sketch illustrating the principle of the method
according to the invention;
Figure 2 shows the apparatus which may advantageously be used for
carrying through the method.
Figure 3 shows how to provide remote indication of the measurements
obtained by the method; and
Figure 4 illustrates another way in which to provide remote
indication.
In Figure 1, a tank 1 contains a suspension 2 which will deposit a
thickened slurry at the bottom after storing for a certain time.
However, it must, in fact, be assumed that the tank is much larger
13. than appears from the
Figure and that there is a constant feed of fresh suspension while
simultaneously thickened slurry and almost pure water are being
carried away. Under these circumstances an equilibrium will be
established, but may be disturbed, and it is the object of the
invention to prevent such disturbance. As previously mentioned the
means to achieve this consists in passing a duct downwards into the
slurry, and in Figure 1 numeral 3 denotes such a duct, which is simply
a comparatively narrow pipe, open at both ends, and immersed
vertically in the suspension to the level above which the content of
solids is to be determined. A small amount of pure water is constantly
fed to the upper mouth of the pipe through a cock 4.
Since water is of a specific gravity (specific gravity 1) lower than
that of the suspension above the lower opening of the pipe (average
specific gravity d), the level of the liquid in the pipe will be
somewhat higher than that of the suspension in the tank. The
difference between the levels will be called ha when the pipe is
lowered to a depth hb. Under these circumstances it is possible to
establish the following equation: (ha+hb). l=hb.d, which, after
conversion, may be written as
ha
~=d1
hb
One cubic meter of the suspension dranm from above the lower opening
of the pipe will have an average weight of d metric tons. It will
consist partly of solids assumed to have the specific gravity of D and
to weigh T metric tons, and partly of water of the specific gravity 1.
The following equation may then be made:
T
d. 1=T+(1--).1,
D which, after conversion, may be written as: T=(d--l) . --
1-1
D
Inserting the value of (d- 1) found above, the result arrived at is:
h, 1
T=.
hb 1-1
D
It will thus be evident that, provided the specific gravity D of the
solids is known and that ha and hb are read, it is possible to express
the weight in tons of the average content of solids in one cubic meter
of the slurry located above the lower mouth of the pipe, which is just
what is desired. If it is desired to know the weight of the total
content of solids above the lower opening of the pipe, this result is
14. arrived at by multiplying by A. hb, which is the total volume of
liquid above the lower opening of the pipe, A being the total
horizontal cross-sectional area of the tank.
With this multiplication the result is:
ha.A
Tt=T .A .hb=,
1-1
D
Tt denoting the total content of solids.
Figure 2 shows a practical apparatus. 1 denotes the tank containing
the suspension 2 which is fed continuously through a pipe (not shown),
and the thickened slurry is discharged through a central outlet (not
shown). Along the bottom of the tank there may, for example, be
provided a slowly rotating scraper for passing the thickened slurry to
the outlet. The water separated off is discharged by an overflow which
determines the level of the liquid in the tank. The pipe 3 shown may
be supplemented by one, two or three further pipes having their lower
openings at different levels from that shown so that the content of
solids above the different levels may be examined by means of these
pipes.
Immediately below the level of the liquid surface the pipe 3 is
crossed by a transverse pipe 5. Beneath the crossing the pipe 3 is
provided with a valve 6, and similarly the transverse pipe 5 has a
valve 7 in the part which opens freely below the liquid surface of the
tank 1, while the opposite end of the pipe communicates with a
vertical tank 8 which is open at its top. The freshwater feed cock 4
previously referred to is mounted above this tank.
When this cock is open water will run into the tank 8 and raise the
level in the tank and in the pipe 3 to equal heights ha above the
surface of the liquid in the tank 1.
Inside the tank 8 there is a float 9 attached to a bar 10 the upper
end of which carries a pointer 11 moving over a fixed scale 12 from
which ha may be read directly, the float 9 partaking of the variations
of level of the liquid surface in the tank 8. The bar 10 is guided by
a bush 13 connected with the lower end of the scale 12.
In normal operation the valve 6 is open and the valve 7 is closed. For
adjustment of zero the valve 6 is closed while the valve 7 is opened
so as to provide direct communication between the tank 8 and the upper
part of the tank 1. The water level in the tank 8 will then be made to
correspond to the surface of the liquid in the tank 1 which indicates
zero of measurement.
Figure 3 shows how it is possible to provide remote indication of h,.
In this case the pointer 11, instead of pointing at a scale 12, serves
as sliding contact in a potentiometer 14 the ends of which are
15. connected with a storage battery 15. An electric indicator instrument
16 is connected with one pole of the battery and with the bush 13
which is electrically connected with the bar 10, but, as previously,
permits the bar 10 to move freely. Under these circumstances the
deflection of the pointer of the indicator instrument 16 will be
proportional to h.
Figure 4 illustrates another manner of providing remote indication. In
this case there is no float and instead of an electric measuring
instrument a pressure gauge 17 is used. The pressure gauge 17
communicates through a pipe 18 with the tank 8, the opening of the
pressure gauge being on a level with the surface of the liquid in the
tank 1. A small hand-operated pump 19 is provided by means of which
air may be introduced into the pipe 18. When ha is to be determined,
the pump is operated, and the pointer of the pressure gauge will then
be deflected increasingly, but stop at a certain reading, and despite
continued pumping it will not be possible to increase the deflection
further, owing to the fact that the pressure inside the pipe 18 is now
equal to the liquid pressure ha. The air pumped through the piping
will then bubble up through the tank 8, and the deflection of the
pressure gauge pointer will be proportional to ha.
The part of the pipe 3 above the transverse pipe 5 is not essential,
but facilitates cleaning of the apparatus and also ensures freedom
from air bubbles which would falsify the readings.
What we claim is: -
1. A method of operating a continuous-flow thickener for slurry in
which the amount of solids in the slurry in the thickener is
determined by supplying liquid slowly to an open ended duct which
passes downwards into the slurry and measuring the heights of the
surfaces of the liquid within the duct and of the slurry outside the
duct, and in order to keep that amount constant thickened slurry is
discharged from the thickener at a rate which is controlled in
accordance with the amount determined.
2. A method of making cement in which the amount of solids in
dewatered raw cement slurry in a continuous-flow thickener is
determined by supplying liquid slowly to an openended duct which
passes downwards into the slurry and measuring the heights of the
surfaces of the liquid within the duct and of the slurry outside the
duct, and in order to keep that amount constant the slurry is fed from
the thickener to a cement-burning kiln at a rate which is controlled
in accordance with the amount determined.
3. A method according to claim 1 or claim 2 in which the amounts of
solid above two or more different levels in the slurry are determined
by the use of two or more ducts which pass downwards into the slurry
to these different levels.
16. 4. Apparatus comprising a container for slurry, an open-ended duct
which passes downwards into the slurry, means for supplying liquid
slowly to the duct, and a device responsive to the height of the
surface of the liquid in the duct.
* GB785336 (A)
Description: GB785336 (A) ? 1957-10-23
Method of preventing the cracking of continuous-cast bars of aluminium-base
alloys
Description of GB785336 (A)
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The EPO does not accept any responsibility for the accuracy of data
and information originating from other authorities than the EPO; in
particular, the EPO does not guarantee that they are complete,
up-to-date or fit for specific purposes.
PATENT SPECIFICATION
7859336 Date of Application and filing Complete Specification May 27,
1955.
No 15443/55.
Application made in Germany on June 15, 1954.
Complete Specification Published Oct 23, 1957.
Index at Acceptance:-Class 82 ( 1), A 8 (A 1: A 2: D: K: W: Z 3: Z 4),
A 12.
International Classification: -C 22 c.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION
Method of Preventing the Cracking of Continuous-Cast Bars of
Aluminium-Base Alloys W e, VER Em IGTE A Lr MIN Ix UM-WER 1 KE Aiz Ii
F NGESEILSCIIAFT, a body corporate organised under the Laws of
Germany, of Am Nordbahnhof, Boan-on-the-Rhine, Germany, do hereby
declare the invention, for which we pray that a patent may be granted
to us, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be
17. particularly described in and by the following statement: -
This invention relates to a method of preventing the cracking of
continuouscast bars of aluminium-base alloys which are free from
intentional additions of iron IS and/or hickel.
Round and flat bars used as starting material in the light metal
semi-finished product industry are today produced almost exclusively
by the so-called " water casting process ", that is to say a
continuous casting process with short chill and direct water coolihg
of the bar leaving the chill downwardly The method is economical and
the bars produced in accordance therewith are particularly dense and
fine-grained.
Certain difficulties occur only with alloys which obtain stress cracks
in the abrupt quenching peculiar to the method.
These materials include, for example, the high-strength alloys of the
class Al-ZnMg-Cu Stress cracks, can, however, also form with
medium-strength alloys for example those of the class Al-Mg-Si The
tendency to form stress cracks is combatted by special construction of
the casting mould and of the metal feeding devices a.id also by
adhering to special casting conditions Although these steps are
successful, they are nevertheless occasionally complicated and reduce
the casting output.
It has now been ascertained, in accordance with the present invention,
that the tendency of such aluminium base alloys to crack during
continuous casting and parlPrce 3 s 6 d l ticularly during water
casting, is considerably reduced by incorporating therewith between 0
01 and O 03 % of titanium.
A further improvement is obtained by additionally incorporating with
such alloys between 0 0025 and O 01 % of boron.
In an Al-Zn-Mg-Cu, alloy, a titanium content of 0 03 % was found
sufficient for the purpose of casting this alloy into 500 mm thick
round bars, without the formation of anv cracks, and under casting
conditions in which a third of the bars become cracked without the
addition of titanium.
The same result is obtained if 0 01 % of titanium and 0 003 % of boron
is added to the melt This addition can be effected in the form of
eleme-nts themselves or by means of salts, the amount of titanium
added being calculated to be three or four times the amount of boron.
EXAMPLE
An Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy containing 1 7 % Cu, 2 8 % Mg, 5 7 % Zn, 0 2 %
Cr, remainder Al was cast into round ingots of 350 mm diameter using a
speed of '33 mm/min The casting temperature was 680 ' C The
watercooled die was 140 mm higgh The first two ingots cracked when
they reached the length of 750 mm Then 0.03 % Ti and 0 01 % B was
added to the melt by means of an Al-Ti master alloy contaihing 5 % Ti
18. and an Al-B master alloy containing 10 % B After allowing the melt to
stand for two hours, casting was continued under the conditions
referred to above and no more cracking occurred.
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* GB785337 (A)
Description: GB785337 (A) ? 1957-10-23
Method of and apparatus for the continuous production of steel
Description of GB785337 (A)
PATENT SPECIFICATION
785,337 Date of Application and filing Complete Specification June I,
1955.
No 15730/55.
Application made in Germany on Feb II, 1955.
Complete Specification Publislied Oct 23, 1957.
Index at Acceptance:-Class 72, D 3 G( 2 A 1: 3: 4 A: 4 B: 7 G: 7 M), D
7.
International Classification: -C 21 b.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION
Method of and, Apparatus for the Continuous Production of Steel We,
ROCHLINGSCHE E Is EN UND STARLWERKE GESELLSCHAFT MIT BESCHRANKTER
HAFTUNG ZWEIGNIEDERLASSUNG MANNHEIM of 9, Richard Wagner Strasse,
Mannheim, Germany, a Joint-Stock Company, organised under the Laws of
Germany, do hereby declare the invention, for which we pray that a
patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it is to be
performed, to be particularly described in and by the following
statement: -
This invention relates to a method of continuously producing steel
19. from pig iron, and to an apparatus for carrying out such method.
All hitherto known methods for refining pig iron into steel required a
very particular chemical composition of the iron Thus, a pig iron with
a high silicon content required the use of the Bessemer process, that
is, with an acid lining of the converter, while for refining pig iron
with a high content of phosphorus the Thomas process requiring a basic
lining had to be used Similarly, for applying the Siemens-Martin
process, the lining also had to be adapted to the composition of the
metal to be refined.
For adapting the respective process to be applied to the composition
of the pig iron, it is, however, also necessary that other factors be
considered, for example, the length of time of the reaction as well as
the temperature If the undesired impurities in the pig iron such as
sulphur, silicon, phosphorus, manganese, or carbon should be
substantially eliminated from a particular pig iron, great
difficulties arise in all of the known processes due to the fact that
the reactions for separating each individual impurity have to be
carried out under entirely different conditions which are often quite
opposed to each other Thus, for example, while very high temperatures
are required for burning off the silicon, such temperatures are very
undesirable for removing the phosphorus.
The conditions are even worse if the refining process is to be carried
out continuously.
In the hitherto known continuous refining processes long extended
containers were used lPrice 3 s 6 d l X De 'J wherein the different
reactions were carried out side by side while the iron was flowing
through the container It is self-evident that 50 the individual
reactions of these processes which were supposed to lead to an
elimination of the impurities had a yery detrimental effect upon each
other It was therefore proposed to provide different parts of the long
container 55 with different linings and to heat them to different
temperatures However, these proposals did not result in a high-quality
steel since a long extended container did not lend itself to be
divided into different reaction 60 zones.
It is one of the objects of the present invention to provide a new
refining process and apparatus whereby the disadvantages of the prior
processes and apparatus as outlined 65 above may be avoided in a very
simple manner.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a continuous
method and apparatus for producing a steel of very high quality by
carrying out the individual processes and 70 reactions so as not to
affect each other.
The principle feature of the present invention for attaining these
objects resides in carrying out the various reactons one after the
20. other, rather than side by side as it was pre 75 viously done.
To this end, the present invention provides a method for the
production of steel in which the pig iron is refined in stages by
causing the metal to pass successively through a plu 80 rality of
reaction zones in each of which conditions are maintained to effect a
desired step of refining characterised in that a charge of metal from
an initial reaction chamber is delivered to the first reaction zone of
a plu 85 rality of interconnected reaction zones the transference of
metal from one reaction zone to the next of the interconnected zones
being obtained by the flow of metal from beneath the surface of the
metal bath in each said zone 90 whereby the delivery of slag or gases
from one reaction zone to the next is prevented.
The invention also provides an apparatus for carrying out the
foregoing method which 785,337 comprises an initial reaction chamber
having an outlet for the delivery of a charge of metal to the inlet of
a reaction chamber forming the first of a plurality of reaction
chambers arranged to provide a series of reaction zones in each of
which a desired step in the refining of the metal is effected, said
series of reaction zones being interconnected with one another so that
the metal can be passed from one zone to another to effect in sequence
the refining steps, and passages disposed below the level of metal in
each reaction chamber so that metal may flow from one reaction chamber
to the next in series, the chambers being otherwise isolated from one
another during the refining operations.
In the accompanying diagrammatic drawings, Figurie 1 is a cross
section through an embodiment of the apparatus for carrying out the
method according to the present invention taken along line C-C of
Figure 2.
Figure 2 is a cross section taken along lines A-A of Figure 1; and
Figure 3 is a cross section taken along line B-B of Figure 1.
Referring to the drawings, the apparatus consists of the initial
reaction chamber I, and a series of interconnected reaction chambers
II, Ill, IV, and V The initial chamber I is intended for eliminating
the sulphur from the pig iron and is preferably mounted on rollers 1
so as to be tiltable Molten metal from a blast furnace is poured into
this initial chamber, and soda or lime is then added The sulphurous
slag may be removed through the drain 2 Any known means may be used to
obtain an intimate mixture of the metal with the respective fluxes
added thereto Thus, the chamber I may, for example, be designed in a
known manner in the shape of an upright tube wherein the metal is
charged into the upper part and the soda is added to the lower part so
that the soda flows upwardly through the metal in a direction opposed
to the direction of movement of the metal The chamber I may also be
provided with an acid or basic lining.
21. By tilting the chamber I, the desulphurized metal is passed through
the duct 3 to the first reaction chamber II, which is designed as a
refiner, of the series of interconnected reaction chambers The chambet
II is provided with an acid lining and a series of peripheral nozzles
4 By supplying oxidizing gases such as air, oxygen, or a mixture of
both gases through the nozzles 4, it is possible to burn off the
silicon contained in the metal very quickly together with some of the
carbon This will increase the temperature to 17000 C K Inown cooling
agents, such, for example, iron ore or scrap iron, may then be added
through chutes so as to reduce the temperature to the desired degree.
The desiliconized iron is next passed through the duct 6 into the
reaction chamber III which is provided with a basic lining In this
chamber the phosphorus will be burned off together with the remainder
of the carbon, for which purpose an ample supply of addi 70 tions such
as scrap iron, iron ore, or lime may be added through the chutes 7 to
reduce the temperature to the degree most suitable for the removal of
the phosphorus, that is, preferably to a temperature below 1500 C or
75 only slightly above the melting point of the metal Means may also
be provided for controlling the supply of oxidizing gases passed
through the nozzles 4.
The primary object of such temperature 80 reduction, however, is to
prevent absolutely the exceedingly dangerous over-refining of the melt
which easily occurs in all the known refining processes.
The reaction chambers II and III both pre 85 ferably have a circular
cross section since such shape is most suitable from the standpoint of
heat economy The reaction chamber III is made larger than chamber II
since the reaction time required for removing the phos 90 phorus is
longer than the time required for burning off the silicon in the
chamber II.
The nozzles are preferably fitted into each chamber II and III so that
their inner ends will lie above the surface of the melt e g 5 95 mm
above The effect of such arrangement is that the slag floating on the
metal bath will not cool off but be heated by the hot gases issuing
from these nozzle ends and will thus melt and remain fluid 100 In the
chamber II not only the silicon but also the carbon is removed to a
minor extent, while in chamber III the carbon is removed as well as
the phosphorus to a major extent.
The carbon monoxide liberated in both cham 105 bers may be combusted
completely into carbon dioxide by means of compressed air which may be
supplied from above through the nozzles 8 The application of
compressed air has the further advantage that the heat 110 produced
will be forced down upon the slag floating on the bath so that it will
always be quickly reactive and fluid, and may be easily removed
through the slag drains 9 and 10.
22. The hot waste gases may also be utilized 115 in a known manner for
preheating the various additions and fluxes.
The refined iron is then passed through the duct 11 into the chamber
IV in which further metallurgical operations, especially deoxida 120
tion, may be carried out The required additions, for example, the
deoxidising agents, may then be supplied through the chutes 12 The
manner of supplying the proper amounts of the respective additions to
the individual 125 chambers by means of a ram or slide 13 is
illustrated in Figure 3 A similar arrangement may also be provided for
feeding the respective additions to the chambers II and III so that
the proper and most suitable 130 785,337 amounts thereof will be
likewise assured at c these stages of the process t In the series of
interconnected reactionx chambers II, III and IV, the ducts connecting
adjacent chambers are positioned so that they are disposed beneath the
surface of the metal.
Thus the transference of metal from one chamber to the next is created
by a flow from beneath the surface of the metal, and further each
chamber is thus isolated from the next in the series.
Since the refined iron passing from the chamber III into the chamber
IV is at a lower temperature than required for the reaction chamber IV
the latter is heated to the temperature required for the step in the
process to be carried out in chamber IV The slag then forming, may be
removed through the drain 15.
From the reaction chamber IV the finished steel flows through the
passage 16 to a storage tank or accumulator V from which the steel can
be continuously or intermittently withdrawn For heating up its
contents or maintaining the temperature thereof, the storage tank or
accumulator V may likewise be equipped with burners 17, a slag outlet
18 and a steel outlet 19 Also, for adding alloying agents and for
preheating the same, a suitable feeding device 20 as indicated in
Figure 3 may be provided.
The advantage of the method and apparatus according to the present
invention not only consists in the fact that they permit the
continuous production of steel of a predetermined nature and high
quality but also in that any pig iron of any composition may be used
as a starting material since the best possible conditions for
eliminating each and any undesired impurity may be achieved without
any difficulty.
It is further of particular importance that the slag formed during
each individual stage of the entire process may be discharged
separately and can thus no longer produce any detrimental effect in
the following stages This constitutes a particular advantage over all
the refining processes previously known wherein the undesired
impurities which had once been separated from the metal and were
23. contained in the slag which always participated in the reaction, were
again passed back into the molten bath by the slag.
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