2. MEDICAL IMPLANTS, PROSTHESIS
Medical implants are devices or tissues that are placed inside or
on the surface of the body. Many implants are prosthetics,
intended to replace missing body parts. Other implants deliver
medication, monitor body functions, or provide support to organs
and tissues.
With the unique responsiveness and rational design in terms of
clinical needs, responsive polymers have been used to facilitate
the deployment or removal if the devices with minimum damage
to the host tissue, support function of current devices to treat
ailments, deliver drugs, control infection, or monitor psychological
factors or biomolecules.
3. Medical implants restore damaged parts, certain devices or tissues
are implanted inside or on the surface of the patient. These also
include prosthetics which mean artificial body parts. Others have
function like monitoring body functions, delivering medication or
providing support to organs and tissues. Some implants are derived
from body parts while others are fabricated using metals and alloys.
These can be incorporated permanently or may be removed after
certain time. Surgical implants have enough risks. They may induce
allergies, swelling or other immunological problems. They may have
chances to break and even cause internal damage. More research is
being carried on to reduce the risk and use them for benefits.
Orthopedics
Breast implants
Cosmetic implants
Sensory and neurological implants
4. Think about the materials we use in buildings and structures. Glass,
iron, wood, and plastics are generally solids, but in buildings they do
different jobs and behave in very different ways. The most important
consideration is the way a material responds to forces, known as
its mechanical properties. Building materials need to withstand
different types of forces that squeeze them (putting them
into compression), stretch them (putting them into tension), or twist
them (shearing them). Most buildings have to do little more than
withstand gravity; some have to be designed to cope with more
extreme forces such as earthquakes and hurricanes. Mechanical
properties are part of the physical properties of a material. Other
physical properties include whether materials
conduct heat and electricity, whether they let light pass through
them, and how they age or weather (do they rust like iron, rot like
wood, or degrade in sunlight like certain plastics?).
5. SPORT EQUIPMENT
Sporting equipment, also called sporting goods, has various
forms depending on the sport, but it is essential to complete
the sport. The equipment ranges from balls, to nets, and to
protective gear like helmets. Sporting equipment can be used
as protective gear or as tool used to help the athletes play the
sport.
Among these characteristics are strength, ductility, density,
fatigue resistance, toughness, modulus (damping), and cost. To
meet the requirements of sports equipment, the materials of
choice often consist of a mixture of material types—metals,
ceramics, polymers, and composite concepts.
6. Aside from the structural design of the equipment, it is equally important to
choose the correct materials to use for each part of the equipment to achieve
its optimum performance. The design gives provisions for unwanted dissolutions,
melting, or breakage of any part of the equipment when used or worn. For
example, materials used for tennis rackets and bicycle frames are lightweight
to allow easy movement for the user and durable enough and longer time of
usage since great force is applied when using them. For these purposes,
composites are used. Composites are materials that have two or more
constituents joined together by different bonding forces and result to a
property distinct from that from that of the original materials. Examples are the
carbon fiber composites, whose durability results from its webbed fibers,
providing additional strength to its structure. Composites of titanium or tungsten
with graphene or carbon are used in rackets. Composites are also used for
some equipment, such as pole vaults, which require high resistance to strain.
For gym equipment, which require high strength, pure metals or alloys(metals
mixed with another metal or nonmetal to reinforce its strength) are specifically
used.
7. ELECTRONIC DEVICES
Electronic materials are the type of materials which are typically used as core
elements in a variety of device applications. These elements can be, for
example, memories, displays, LEDs and could be easily seen in daily electronic
gadgets such as mobile phones, computers, laptops, tablets, GPS devices, LED
bulbs, TVs and monitors. Changing dimensions and level of functionality
requires continuous efforts to develop state of the art materials to meet the
technological challenges associated with development of these devices. For
example, transition from CRT based displays to LCD and then LED based
displays could not have been possible without development of materials such
as liquid crystals, organic semiconductors and electroluminescent materials.
Similarly, high density storage capacity would not have been possible without
development of materials with high permittivity and permeability in dielectrics
and magnetic materials. Same can be said about the processor’s with every
increasing data processing speed as the technology has progressed from 486
based platforms to quad core or octa core processors.
8. All of the above has been possible because of continuous efforts to improve
fundamental understanding about the electronic properties of various
materials and at various length scales as well as forms. This is complemented
by concurrent advances in the processing and fabrication technologies, in
particular related to thin film and nanostructure processing. Electronic
properties of a material are governed by the response of electrons and
other charged entities to external stimulus such as electrical potential
difference and its variation, incident electromagnetic radiation, magnetic
field, heat, mechanical forces etc. The response to external stimulus is
strongly correlated with the internal structure of material at different length-
scales, chemical composition, both intrinsic and extrinsic defects, as well as
dimensionality (zero, one, two or three dimensional) of the material. The field
of Science and Technology of Electronic Materials involve understanding
these correlations, as well as development of technologies for the
synthesis/fabrication of materials with desired electronic properties.
9. CONSTRUCTION SUPPLIES FOR BUILDING FURNITURE
Any material that is used in construction and development is termedengineering or
construction materials. The selectionof material for the purpose of manufacturing is based on
its physical and mechanical properties.
Elasticity
Plasticity
Ductility
Toughness
Strength
Hardness
Creep
Building material is any material which is used for a construction purpose. Many natural substances, such
as clay, sand, wood and rocks, even twigs and leaves have been used to construct buildings. Apart
from natural materials, many man-made products are in use, some more and some less synthetic. The
manufacture of building materials is an establishedindustry in many countries and the use of these
materials is typically divided into specifictrades, such as carpentry, plumbing, roofing and insulation
work. They provide the make-up of habitats and structures including homes.
10. HOUSEHOLD GADGETS
Household appliances or gadgets are electrical and/or mechanical machines
which can (1)accomplish some household functions such as cooking; (2) make
the living space more comfortable by cooling the surroundings; or (3) provide
entertainment. Cooking appliances are used to heat food ingredients during
the cooking process. Examples include toaster, oven, boiler, coffee maker, hot
plate, and rice cooker. Most of the cooking appliances are powered by
electricity. Hence, they are mostly made of electrical conductors such as steel,
aluminum, and copper. To protect the users from electric shock, their handles
are often made of polymers for electrical insulation. Most home electronics
have electronic panel displays. A typical example of material used in display is
the liquid-crystal display (LCD). LCD is made up of liquid crystal, a state of
matter between solid and liquid. A liquid crystal may flow like a liquid, but its
molecules are oriented in a crystal-like manner.
