A mysterious disease broke out in Ode-Irele, Nigeria killing 18 people within 24 hours of showing symptoms such as headache, weight loss, and blurred vision. Local and WHO experts were investigating but had not identified the disease. Laboratory tests ruled out viral or bacterial infections like Ebola. The cause was still unknown but investigations found the outbreak was not contagious or epidemic. Samples were being analyzed to identify the disease and stop it from spreading further.
In light of the H7N9 , the Yale-Tulane ESF #8 Planning and Response Program has produced a special report on A(H7N9).The Yale-Tulane ESF #8 Program is a multi-disciplinary, multi-center, graduate-level, program designed to produce ESF #8 planners and responders with standardized skill sets that are consistent with evolving public policy, technologies, and best practices. The group that produced this summary and analysis of the current situation are graduate students from Yale and Tulane Universities. It was compiled entirely from open source materials. Please feel free to forward the report to anyone who might be interested.
In light of the H7N9 , the Yale-Tulane ESF #8 Planning and Response Program has produced a special report on A(H7N9).The Yale-Tulane ESF #8 Program is a multi-disciplinary, multi-center, graduate-level, program designed to produce ESF #8 planners and responders with standardized skill sets that are consistent with evolving public policy, technologies, and best practices. The group that produced this summary and analysis of the current situation are graduate students from Yale and Tulane Universities. It was compiled entirely from open source materials. Please feel free to forward the report to anyone who might be interested.
This webinar is organized by MyICID and Institute for Clinical Research (ICR), NIH, Ministry of Health in conjunction with Neglected Tropical Disease Day 2022. The purpose of this webinar is to refresh and update our knowledge on Dengue fever, which has been overshadowed by COVID-19 since the beginning of the pandemic.
Presenter: Dr Fazlina Binti Mohamed Yusoff, Family Medicine Specialist at Klinik Kesihatan (Health Clinic) Anika, Klang, Selangor, Malaysia.
#dengue #WorldNTDDay #BeatNTDs #BestScienceforAll
This webinar is organized by MyICID and Institute for Clinical Research (ICR), NIH, Ministry of Health in conjunction with Neglected Tropical Disease Day 2022. The purpose of this webinar is to refresh and update our knowledge on Dengue fever, which has been overshadowed by COVID-19 since the beginning of the pandemic.
Presenter: Dr Norhayati Mokhtar, Public Health Physician at the Vector Borne Disease Sector, Disease Control Division, Ministry of Health Malaysia
#dengue #WorldNTDDay #BeatNTDs
Los días 7 y 8 de mayo organizamos en la Fundación Ramón Areces con la Fundación General CSIC el Simposio Internacional 'Microbiología: transmisión'. La "transmisión" en microbiología hace referencia al proceso por el que material genético es transferido de una célula a otra, de una población a otra. Es un proceso clave para entender el origen y la evolución de los seres vivos. El objetivo de esta reunión era conocer mejor la logística de la transmisión para ser capaces de modular o suprimir algunos procesos de transmisión dañinos.
2018 09-20 biomarkers for post-transplant immune injuryMaarten Naesens
I discuss the paradigm of personalized (precision) medicine, and apply this to the field of kidney transplantation. I discuss risk markers, non-invasive and invasive diagnostic markers, prognostic and predictive markers.
Knowledge and Prevalence of HIV/Aids among Suya Vendors in Kafanchan of Jema’...IIJSRJournal
This study was carried out on knowledge and prevalence of hiv/aids among suya vendors in kafanchan of jema’a local government area of kaduna state. To achieve this objective, the researcher developed and administered a questionnaire on eighty respondents. The likert scale statistical and graphical method was used in testing the null hypothesis. From the study, It was observed that The society or public authority do not educate Suya Vendors about Hiv/Aids. Economic status and educational background among Suya Vendors do not determine their knowledge of Hiv/Aids. It was also discovered that parents, religious leaders or government responsible for Hiv/Aids among Suya Vendors. It was observed that that All Suya Vendors are not knowledgeable about their Hiv Status. It was also observed that Suya Vendors negligent in knowing their status. that Suya Vendors do not tell their sexual partners about their Hiv Status. That Suya Vendors have multiple sexual partners. Both the state and federal government should take on joint projects to combat AIDS at the border areas. Projects including training, counselling, public meeting and rallies may be undertaken for awareness-building to this effect. The government should set up blood testing centre across that will be easily accessible, so that the people at Kafanchan municipal areas can get free access to HIV/AIDS testing. Educational Programmes about safe sex should be provided to the illiterate mass. Radio, TV programmes, visual aids and multimedia on AIDS should be produced to augment their awareness level.
Nipah virus (NiV) is extremely pathogenic in nature, recently emerged paramyxovirus that has been dependable for scattered outbreaks of metastasis and encephalitic ill health in Southeast Asia. The multiplied urbanization and dynamic climate have led to rising in epidemics with incidences of recent diseases disturbing human health per annum. Most of these are zoonotic. Nipah Virus Encephalitis (NVE) is one such example that is caused by bats (flying foxes). NiV may be a new detected extremely pathogenic virus with the capability to cause devastating morbidity and mortality (an expected 100% in some cases) rate among the human populations. The illness was recorded within the sort of a significant outbreak in the Republic of India in the year of 2001 and then a tiny low incidence in the year of 2007, each the outbreaks in West Bengal only in humans without any involvement of pigs. About 1.1 million pigs had to be damaged to control the outbreak. The infection transmission from pigs acting as an intermediate host throughout Malaysian and Singapore outbreaks has adapted in NIV outbreaks in Republic of India and Bangladesh, transmission of the disease directly from bats to human followed by an individual to person. The drinking of raw date palm sap contaminated with fruit bat urine or saliva containing NiV is that the only known cause of an outbreak of the disease in Bangladesh outbreaks. High death rates have also been related to recent outbreaks in Malaysia and Bangladesh.
Key-words: Nipah Virus Infection, NiV, Fruit bats, Encephalitis disease, Infectious agent, Illness, Outbreak
The global emergence of the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19)
in December, 2019 became a major turning point in the global health system. As at 4th May, 2020, the Republic of South Africa, Egypt and Nigeria had 6 783, 6 465 and 2 558 confirmed cases of COVID-19, respectively. Surprisingly, the number of cases in South Africa has risen to 563 598 cases with 10 621 deaths, and the number of cases in Egypt has increased to 95 666 cases with 5 035 deaths while Nigeria has 46 867 cases with 950 deaths[2]. Many African countries that were not having any reported cases of COVID-19 before now have confirmed cases while some experienced a huge spike in the number of confirmed cases due to SARS Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).
This webinar is organized by MyICID and Institute for Clinical Research (ICR), NIH, Ministry of Health in conjunction with Neglected Tropical Disease Day 2022. The purpose of this webinar is to refresh and update our knowledge on Dengue fever, which has been overshadowed by COVID-19 since the beginning of the pandemic.
Presenter: Dr Fazlina Binti Mohamed Yusoff, Family Medicine Specialist at Klinik Kesihatan (Health Clinic) Anika, Klang, Selangor, Malaysia.
#dengue #WorldNTDDay #BeatNTDs #BestScienceforAll
This webinar is organized by MyICID and Institute for Clinical Research (ICR), NIH, Ministry of Health in conjunction with Neglected Tropical Disease Day 2022. The purpose of this webinar is to refresh and update our knowledge on Dengue fever, which has been overshadowed by COVID-19 since the beginning of the pandemic.
Presenter: Dr Norhayati Mokhtar, Public Health Physician at the Vector Borne Disease Sector, Disease Control Division, Ministry of Health Malaysia
#dengue #WorldNTDDay #BeatNTDs
Los días 7 y 8 de mayo organizamos en la Fundación Ramón Areces con la Fundación General CSIC el Simposio Internacional 'Microbiología: transmisión'. La "transmisión" en microbiología hace referencia al proceso por el que material genético es transferido de una célula a otra, de una población a otra. Es un proceso clave para entender el origen y la evolución de los seres vivos. El objetivo de esta reunión era conocer mejor la logística de la transmisión para ser capaces de modular o suprimir algunos procesos de transmisión dañinos.
2018 09-20 biomarkers for post-transplant immune injuryMaarten Naesens
I discuss the paradigm of personalized (precision) medicine, and apply this to the field of kidney transplantation. I discuss risk markers, non-invasive and invasive diagnostic markers, prognostic and predictive markers.
Knowledge and Prevalence of HIV/Aids among Suya Vendors in Kafanchan of Jema’...IIJSRJournal
This study was carried out on knowledge and prevalence of hiv/aids among suya vendors in kafanchan of jema’a local government area of kaduna state. To achieve this objective, the researcher developed and administered a questionnaire on eighty respondents. The likert scale statistical and graphical method was used in testing the null hypothesis. From the study, It was observed that The society or public authority do not educate Suya Vendors about Hiv/Aids. Economic status and educational background among Suya Vendors do not determine their knowledge of Hiv/Aids. It was also discovered that parents, religious leaders or government responsible for Hiv/Aids among Suya Vendors. It was observed that that All Suya Vendors are not knowledgeable about their Hiv Status. It was also observed that Suya Vendors negligent in knowing their status. that Suya Vendors do not tell their sexual partners about their Hiv Status. That Suya Vendors have multiple sexual partners. Both the state and federal government should take on joint projects to combat AIDS at the border areas. Projects including training, counselling, public meeting and rallies may be undertaken for awareness-building to this effect. The government should set up blood testing centre across that will be easily accessible, so that the people at Kafanchan municipal areas can get free access to HIV/AIDS testing. Educational Programmes about safe sex should be provided to the illiterate mass. Radio, TV programmes, visual aids and multimedia on AIDS should be produced to augment their awareness level.
Nipah virus (NiV) is extremely pathogenic in nature, recently emerged paramyxovirus that has been dependable for scattered outbreaks of metastasis and encephalitic ill health in Southeast Asia. The multiplied urbanization and dynamic climate have led to rising in epidemics with incidences of recent diseases disturbing human health per annum. Most of these are zoonotic. Nipah Virus Encephalitis (NVE) is one such example that is caused by bats (flying foxes). NiV may be a new detected extremely pathogenic virus with the capability to cause devastating morbidity and mortality (an expected 100% in some cases) rate among the human populations. The illness was recorded within the sort of a significant outbreak in the Republic of India in the year of 2001 and then a tiny low incidence in the year of 2007, each the outbreaks in West Bengal only in humans without any involvement of pigs. About 1.1 million pigs had to be damaged to control the outbreak. The infection transmission from pigs acting as an intermediate host throughout Malaysian and Singapore outbreaks has adapted in NIV outbreaks in Republic of India and Bangladesh, transmission of the disease directly from bats to human followed by an individual to person. The drinking of raw date palm sap contaminated with fruit bat urine or saliva containing NiV is that the only known cause of an outbreak of the disease in Bangladesh outbreaks. High death rates have also been related to recent outbreaks in Malaysia and Bangladesh.
Key-words: Nipah Virus Infection, NiV, Fruit bats, Encephalitis disease, Infectious agent, Illness, Outbreak
The global emergence of the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19)
in December, 2019 became a major turning point in the global health system. As at 4th May, 2020, the Republic of South Africa, Egypt and Nigeria had 6 783, 6 465 and 2 558 confirmed cases of COVID-19, respectively. Surprisingly, the number of cases in South Africa has risen to 563 598 cases with 10 621 deaths, and the number of cases in Egypt has increased to 95 666 cases with 5 035 deaths while Nigeria has 46 867 cases with 950 deaths[2]. Many African countries that were not having any reported cases of COVID-19 before now have confirmed cases while some experienced a huge spike in the number of confirmed cases due to SARS Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).
COVID-19: Knowledge Base, Attitudes and Practices among Practising Journalist...Premier Publishers
The Coronavirus pandemic is presently the topic of discussion among various segments of global society. From the developed North to the developing South, within economically poor and rich countries, the huge rates of infection and resulting deaths from the pandemic has surpassed anything seen for a long time. Health systems and economies in both developed and developing countries are challenged in ways never imagined. The global efforts to mitigate the effects of the pandemic are moving at a very fast pace. Public health information is one of the strategies being used to ensure that persons are knowledgeable about the pandemic and adopt practices and protocols that will stem infections within the community. This study was undertaken to gauge the knowledge levels of journalists in the Nigerian capital city of Abuja and the impact of the knowledge on their attitudes and practices. The knowledge, attitudes and practice study model were used to gauge the interrelatedness of these variables among the study group. Logit regression tests, t-tests, chi-square and descriptive analysis were used to determine knowledge levels as well as what factors influenced attitudes and practices towards COVID-19 within the group. Overall, knowledge level amongst the study group was good and had a positive impact on attitude patterns. However, there was no high positive correlation between knowledge and practices. It is suggested that journalists in Nigeria must adhere to public health protocols in order to be able to engage in multi-platform public health information awareness publications which will sensitize the public into observing the COVID containment protocols.
West Africa Ebola Outbreak 1
West Africa Ebola Outbreak
Joseph Toole
Principles of Epidemiology PHE 5015 S01
12 Jun 2016
Introduction
Around two years ago, there was worldwide uproar concerning Ebola. The outbreak had occurred in West Africa with individuals nations’ health departments stretched to the limit while trying to cope with the situation. Well wishing nations had to volunteer in terms of health practitioners and funds among other ways in order to assist the nations. Ebola is an infectious disease that is deadly discovered in Zaire in 1976. It is caused by Ebola virus which can be spread via contact with an infected person. Its spread it’s fast since contact with an infected person’s blood or body fluids. This paper will cover an overview of outbreak in 2014 in West Africa, observations, recommendations and conclusion.
Overview, Investigative methodology and rationale for the topic
The first outbreak of the epidemic was discovered in early 2014. It was reported in countries of West Africa namely: Sierra Lone, Guinea and Liberia. The three countries were the huge victims of the epidemic. Most of the victims of the outbreak died with a few survivors (CDC, 2016 n.d. - a). The reported symptoms among the victims were fatigue, fever, severe headaches, diarrhea, vomiting, abdominal pain and unexplained bleeding (CDC, 2016 n.d.-b). The symptoms are discovered roughly between 2 -21 days after infection. The methodology employed in order to determine the magnitude the outbreak encompassed different aspects. There was laboratory tests, study design and patients, data analysis and ethical considerations played a vital role. Study was carried out around the suspected victims. Lab tests were done via use of victim’s blood or oral swap. Ethical considerations were employed to determine the response of public health to the outbreak and contain it. Data analysis was vital in order to relate each case to a certain geographical location. Data from center for disease, World health Organization, European center for Disease prevention and control, National Institute of health will play a critical role in this paper since it will back up the facts presented. The rationale behind choosing the topic is to assist in comprehending the methods employed by epidemiologists in order to understand diseases in populations determine what disease is affecting the population and finally employ measures to treat as well as prevent its future occurrence.
Ebola in West Africa
Outbreaks in Africa have been reported as early as 2007. The ailment was previously known as Ebola hemorrhagic fever which is capable of affecting both humans and primates. It has a couple of species which include the Sudan virus, Reston virus, Bundibugyo virus, Tae Forest virus and Ebola virus. Reston is common in the monkey species. Few cases have been reported regarding the outbreak since it was discovered ranging from around 1-400 annually. For instance, in Gulu villag.
In light of the of the Ebola outbreak in West Africa the Yale-Tulane ESF-8 Planning and Response Program has produced this special report.
Since most of our student are not back yet from summer break I reached out to past alumni and members of Team Rubicon to assist in putting this report together.
The report was compiled entirely from open source materials. Please feel free to forward the report to anyone who might be interested.
Any students, past alumni, or volunteers who would like to work on future slides let me know. Assistance is always welcome.
The Coronavirus Disease – 2019 (COVID-19) is officially now a pandemic and not just a public health emergency of international concern as previously labelled. Worldwide, the new coronavirus has infected more than 4.9 million people and leaving more than 300,000 people dead in 188 countries. As countries of the world get locked down in an effort to contain the widespread of the virus, experts are concern about the global impacts of the pandemic on individuals, countries and the world at large. Millions of people are currently under quarantine across the globe. Many countries have responded by proclaiming a public health emergency, closed their borders and restrict incoming flights from high risk countries. This has grossly affected the travel plan of many. Several international programs, conferences, workshops and sporting activities are either postponed or cancelled. As the number of confirmed cases continues to escalate across the globe, hospitals seems to be running out of medical supplies, hospital spaces and personnel. Health workers are being overwhelmed by the numbers of people requesting for testing and treatment. Many of such health workers have been infected with the coronavirus and even lost their lives since the fight against COVID-19 started. Public health experts are also concerned about the huge medical wastes coming from the hospitals at this time and the adverse effects associated with improper management of such medical wastes, both at the hospital and community levels. The pandemic has also impacted negatively on the global economy. There have been serious crises in the stock market, with gross fall in the price of crude oil resulting in inflation and economic hardship among the populace. Many are currently out of job and as a result, the level of crime, protest and violence have continued to escalate in different parts of the world. The deaths of loved ones due to the coronavirus has left many emotionally traumatized. Nigeria, like other African countries is not spared of the ravaging effects of the pandemic, even as the government take strict measures to contain the virus. No doubt, this is very challenging, but the country is capable of surmounting the virus with the needed help from her international partners and cooperation from the citizenry. But if we as a people, remain complacent and continue with business as usual, without taking measures to flatten the curve, the disease will escalate too quickly beyond our capacity to handle and our health system will be overwhelmed and may collapse eventually. We cannot therefore afford to be complacent in our response to containing the pandemic.
Biology CBSE class 12th investigatory projectVishvjeet Yadav
CBSE class 12th biology investigatory projectAlso called: break bone fever
Dengue viruses are the arboviruses capable of infecting humans and causing disease.
It is a arthropod borne viral disease. Of all the arthropod borne diseases dengue fewer is most common.
Similar to 40 mystery' disease which kills attack in nigeria (20)
Meningococcal disease is a severe illness with high case fatality (5-10%) and frequent sequelae. Meningococcal meningitis is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the meningitis belt. Meningococcal disease is a major public health challenge in countries of sub-Saharan Africa lying in the meningitis belt. Human infections caused by meningococcal (Neisseria meningitidis) remain a serious health problem, infecting 500,000 to 1.2 million people and killing between 50,000 and 135,000 per year worldwide. The causative agent, Neisseria meningitidis normally lives in a commensal relationship with humans, colonizing the nasopharynx, and is transmitted between healthy persons by close contact. The most common symptoms are a stiff neck, high fever, sensitivity to light, confusion, headaches and vomiting. Low meningitis thresholds improve timely detection of epidemics. The diagnosis of meningococcal meningitis is confirmed by cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis, Gram stain, polymerase chain reaction, culture of cerebrospinal fluid. Meningococcal disease can be treated with a number of effective antibiotics. It is important that treatment be started as soon as possible. If meningococcal disease is suspected, antibiotics are given right away. Antibiotics effective for this purpose include rifampicin, ciprofloxacin, ceftriaxone or azithromycin. Currently available meningococcal vaccines include polysaccharide vaccines against serogroups A, C, W135 & Y and newer protein polysaccharide conjugate vaccines against serogroup C. This review covers key aspects of the pathogenesis and management of meningococcal disease, as well as the very recent developments in disease epidemiology, outbreaks, and the evolution of meningococcal immunizations.
5. swine flu influenza viruses a (h1 n1)Suresh Rewar
Flu viruses have mainly affected humans, birds and pigs worldwide. Influenza A viruses is highly infectious respiratory pathogens that can infect many species. The swine flu H1N1 reassorted subtype caused the first global pandemic in last 40 years, resulting in substantial illness, hospitalizations of millions of peoples and thousands of deaths throughout the world. There is no direct evidence that the reassortment events culminating in the 1918, 1957 or 1968 pandemic influenza viruses originated from pigs. Genetic reassortment among avian, human and/or swine influenza virus gene segments has occurred in pigs and some novel reassortant swine viruses have been transmitted to humans. The WHO declared the H1N1 pandemic on June 11, 2009, after more than 70 countries reported 30000 cases of H1N1 infection. Pandemic (H1N1) influenza most commonly causes a self-limited illness; however, significant morbidity and mortality were reported in the young, the obese and in pregnant women. The CDC recommends real time PCR as the method of choice for diagnosing H1N1. The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends the use of Oseltamivir
(Tamiflu) or Zanamivir (Relenza) for the treatment. The drugs of choice for treatment and prophylaxis of pandemic (H1N1) influenza are the neuraminidase inhibitors, Oseltamivir and Zanamivir. In this review, a brief overview on swine flu is presented highlighting the characteristics of the causative virus, the disease and its public health consequences, advances made in its diagnosis, vaccine and control to be adapted in the wake of an outbreak.
4. post traumatic stress disorder (ptsd) an overviewSuresh Rewar
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a complex mental disorder with psychological and emotional components, caused by exposure to single or repeated extreme traumatic events found in war, terrorist attacks, natural or man-caused disasters, and by violent personal assaults and accidents. In recent years, armed conflicts in the Middle East have resulted in high rates of exposure to traumatic events. Despite the increasing demand of mental health care provision, ongoing violence limits conventional approaches of mental health care provision. Internet-based interventions for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have proved feasible and effective in Western countries, but their applicability and efficacy in war and conflict regions remains unknown. Despite clinical studies and improved understanding of the mechanisms of cellular damage, prevention and treatment strategies for patients with PTSD remain unsatisfactory. Posttraumatic stress disorder is a prevalent mental health problem associated with substantial psychiatric morbidity. To develop an improved plan for treating and impeding progression of PTSD, it is important to identify underlying biochemical
changes that may play key role in the initiation and progression of these disorders.
Several new viral respiratory tract infectious diseases with epidemic potential that threaten global health security have emerged in the past 15 years. A severe viral illness caused by a newly discovered coronavirus was first reported in the 2003. In 2003, WHO issued a worldwide alert for an unknown emerging illness, later named severe
acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). The disease caused by a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV) rapidly spread worldwide, Coronaviruses are enveloped viruses with plus-stranded RNA genomes of 26-32 kb, the
largest contiguous RNA genomes in nature. Symptoms of SARS include: high fever, cough pneumonia, breathing difficulties headache, chills, muscle aches and sore throat. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), From November 2002 to July 2003 a total of 8098 patients, in 25 countries, were affected by the atypical pneumonia which resulted in 774 deaths globally. The severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a febrile respiratory illness
primarily transmitted by respiratory droplets or close personal contact. There are several laboratory tests used to detect SARS-CoV and other causes of respiratory illness. Many methods used in the treatment of viral infections have been only partially effective. For example, the standard treatment in HCV (with ribavirin and interferon-alpha) is effective in 50% of cases.
1. transmission of ebola virus disease an overviewSuresh Rewar
Ebola is a viral illness of which the initial symptoms can include a sudden fever, intense weakness, muscle pain and a sore throat, according to the World Health Organization (WHO). Airborne transmission of Ebola virus has been hypothesized but not demonstrated in humans. Ebola is not spread through the air or by water, or in general, by food. However, in Africa, Ebola may be spread as a result of handling bushmeat (wild animals hunted for food) and contact with infected bats. The disease infects
humans through close contact with infected animals, including chimpanzees, fruit bats, and forest antelope. Ebola virus can be transmitted by direct contact with blood, bodily fluids, or skin of patients with or who died of Ebola virus disease. As of late October 2014, the World Health Organization reported 13,567 suspected cases and 4922 deaths, although the agency believes that this substantially understates the magnitude of the outbreak. Experimental vaccines and treatments for Ebola are under development, but they have not yet been fully tested for safety or effectiveness.
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
DISSERTATION on NEW DRUG DISCOVERY AND DEVELOPMENT STAGES OF DRUG DISCOVERYNEHA GUPTA
The process of drug discovery and development is a complex and multi-step endeavor aimed at bringing new pharmaceutical drugs to market. It begins with identifying and validating a biological target, such as a protein, gene, or RNA, that is associated with a disease. This step involves understanding the target's role in the disease and confirming that modulating it can have therapeutic effects. The next stage, hit identification, employs high-throughput screening (HTS) and other methods to find compounds that interact with the target. Computational techniques may also be used to identify potential hits from large compound libraries.
Following hit identification, the hits are optimized to improve their efficacy, selectivity, and pharmacokinetic properties, resulting in lead compounds. These leads undergo further refinement to enhance their potency, reduce toxicity, and improve drug-like characteristics, creating drug candidates suitable for preclinical testing. In the preclinical development phase, drug candidates are tested in vitro (in cell cultures) and in vivo (in animal models) to evaluate their safety, efficacy, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics. Toxicology studies are conducted to assess potential risks.
Before clinical trials can begin, an Investigational New Drug (IND) application must be submitted to regulatory authorities. This application includes data from preclinical studies and plans for clinical trials. Clinical development involves human trials in three phases: Phase I tests the drug's safety and dosage in a small group of healthy volunteers, Phase II assesses the drug's efficacy and side effects in a larger group of patients with the target disease, and Phase III confirms the drug's efficacy and monitors adverse reactions in a large population, often compared to existing treatments.
After successful clinical trials, a New Drug Application (NDA) is submitted to regulatory authorities for approval, including all data from preclinical and clinical studies, as well as proposed labeling and manufacturing information. Regulatory authorities then review the NDA to ensure the drug is safe, effective, and of high quality, potentially requiring additional studies. Finally, after a drug is approved and marketed, it undergoes post-marketing surveillance, which includes continuous monitoring for long-term safety and effectiveness, pharmacovigilance, and reporting of any adverse effects.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
2. Suresh Rewar,2015
54 -58 | P a g e
INTRODUCTION
A “mysterious” disease that kills patients within 24 hours has claimed at least 18 lives in a
southeastern Nigerian town, the government said. (1-3) The outbreak started in the Ode-Irele
town, Ondo state, and spread rapidly. “Twenty-three people were affected and 18 deaths were
recorded,” the Ondo state health commissioner, Dayo Adeyanju, said on Saturday.
"Seventeen people have died of the mysterious disease since it broke out early this week in
Ode-Irele town," the government spokesman for Ondo state, Kayode Akinmade, told AFP
news agency on Saturday. (1,2)
Adeyanju said he had gone on a "field visit" with various health organizations, including
WHO, and the Nigerian Centre for Disease control. He also said that there wasn't any need
for quarantine, because the cases are "not contagious" and that they were "working from the
scientific viewpoint". He told the Nigerian Premium Times that the disease, which is
unidentified, seems to be attacking the central nervous system, describing the mystery as "a
case search to unravel the cause (of the disease)". (4-6) Local health officials and World
Health Organization experts are now in the town to try to identify the disease. The World
Health Organisation meanwhile said it had information on 14 cases with at least 12 dead.(7,8)
The disease, whose symptoms include headache, weight loss, blurred vision and loss of
consciousness, killed the victims within a day of falling ill, he said. (9) Laboratory tests have
so far ruled out Ebola or any other virus or bacterial infection, and according to the World
Health Organization‟s Gregory Hartl, the "current hypothesis is herbicides. (10,11) “Common
symptoms were sudden blurred vision, headache, loss of consciousness followed by death,
occurring within 24 hours,” WHO spokesman Tarik Jasarevic told. (12,13) Another WHO
spokesman, Gregory Hartl, said that according to a preliminary report, all those affected
began showing symptoms between 13 and 15 April. (14) Akinmade said health officials and
experts from the government and aid agencies, as well as WHO epidemiologists, had arrived
in Ode-Irele to search for answers. (15,16) The state‟s health commissioner, Adeyanju, said
that he and his officials had gone on a “field visit with the WHO, Unicef, NCDC (Nigerian
Centre for Disease Control). This was basically a case search to unravel the cause (of the
disease),” he said. (14,17,18)
The Ondo state government has set up emergency task teams to try and control the situation
and stop it getting out of control. The emergency teams consist of five units dealing with
contact tracing, forensics, case management, education and media control. (1,2,4)
Outside a total of 17 deaths recorded, in the past 72 hours we have not recorded new cases.
There is no patient of the disease in any hospital and the disease has not spread beyond the
town. (11,19) Jasarevic said blood and urine samples had been taken from two victims and
cerebrospinal fluid from another. (9) “All samples have been sent to Lagos University
Teaching Hospital this morning, and results are still pending. Investigations are still
ongoing,” he said. (20) Those who have been affected have been quarantined at the General
Hospital in Irele, with other patients moved out of the facility. (4)
CONCLUSION
The outbreak of a mysterious disease in Ode-Irele, Ondo state which has claimed the lives of
about 18 people has been attributed to the consumption of contaminated alcohol. The disease,
whose symptoms include headache, weight loss, blurred vision and loss of consciousness,
3. Suresh Rewar,2015
54 -58 | P a g e
killed the victims within a day of falling ill. The disease, which is unidentified, seems to be
attacking the central nervous system. All samples have been sent to Lagos University
Teaching Hospital this morning, and results are still pending. Investigations are still ongoing.
A preliminary laboratory investigation indicates that the outbreak cannot be attributed to any
infectious organism, bacterial or viral. The outbreak is also clearly not due to Ebola virus
disease as feared by many at first.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors reported no conflict of interest. The authors alone are responsible for the content
and writing of the paper and no funding has been received on this work. Ethical Approval
was not required.
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