In recent times, the concept of integrated nutrient management (INM) system or integrated plant nutrient supply (IPNS) has been receiving increasing attention worldwide. The main principle of INM is to maximize the use of organic inputs while minimizing nutrient losses and to make supplementary use of chemical fertilizers. Good practices for INM often involve a combination of organic and inorganic sources of nutrients. Solanaceous vegetables (tomato, eggplant, hot and bell peppers) require large quantities of nutrients to yield well. The majority of the nutrients in fruits are absorbed after flowering occurs. Because vegetative and reproductive stages overlap in these crops and because the plants need nutrients even up to fruit ripening, fertigation, split application of fertilizers, slow-release N fertilizers and integrated use of inorganic and organic nutrient sources promote nutrient use efficiency and crop productivity.
A brief study on Integrated Nutrient Management (INM). This presentation has created by me after studying many articles and research papers regarding INM. Suggestions are kindly invited.
Integrated Nutrient Management refers to the maintenance of soil fertility and of plant nutrient supply at an optimum level for sustaining the desired productivity through optimization of the benefits from all possible sources of organic, inorganic and biological components in an integrated manner
Integrated nutrient management (INM) involves efficient and judicious use of all the major components of plant nutrient sources for sustaining soil fertility, health and productivity
Integrated approach for plant nutrition is being advocated because single nutrient approach often reduces fertilizer use efficiency and consequently creates problem fertilizers can help in enhancing and maintaining stability in production with least degradation in chemical and physical properties of the soil.
A healthy soil is a living, dynamic ecosystem that performs many vital functions.
A healthy soil produces a healthy feed for consumption. Improved soil health often is indicated by improvement on physical, chemical and microbiological environment.
Introduction of high yielding varieties, irrigation and use of high analysis fertilizer without proper soil tests, accelerated the mining of native soil nutrient resources.
Under intensive cultivation without giving due consideration to nutrient requirement has resulted in decline in soil fertility and consequent productivity of crops
Vegetables are rich source of energy and nutrition.
A brief study on Integrated Nutrient Management (INM). This presentation has created by me after studying many articles and research papers regarding INM. Suggestions are kindly invited.
Integrated Nutrient Management refers to the maintenance of soil fertility and of plant nutrient supply at an optimum level for sustaining the desired productivity through optimization of the benefits from all possible sources of organic, inorganic and biological components in an integrated manner
Integrated nutrient management (INM) involves efficient and judicious use of all the major components of plant nutrient sources for sustaining soil fertility, health and productivity
Integrated approach for plant nutrition is being advocated because single nutrient approach often reduces fertilizer use efficiency and consequently creates problem fertilizers can help in enhancing and maintaining stability in production with least degradation in chemical and physical properties of the soil.
A healthy soil is a living, dynamic ecosystem that performs many vital functions.
A healthy soil produces a healthy feed for consumption. Improved soil health often is indicated by improvement on physical, chemical and microbiological environment.
Introduction of high yielding varieties, irrigation and use of high analysis fertilizer without proper soil tests, accelerated the mining of native soil nutrient resources.
Under intensive cultivation without giving due consideration to nutrient requirement has resulted in decline in soil fertility and consequent productivity of crops
Vegetables are rich source of energy and nutrition.
IPNS (Integrated Plant Nutrition System) and chemical fertilizers are related in that IPNS seeks to optimize the use of fertilizers, including chemical fertilizers, in a more sustainable manner. IPNS is an approach to fertilizer management that aims to improve crop productivity and soil health while minimizing negative environmental impacts.
IPNS involves a holistic approach to nutrient management, taking into account soil fertility, crop needs, and nutrient sources. In this approach, chemical fertilizers are just one of many tools that can be used to improve plant nutrition. Other strategies might include organic amendments, cover crops, crop rotations, and biological inputs.
The relationship between IPNS and chemical fertilizers is therefore one of optimization and balance. Rather than simply relying on chemical fertilizers to provide all the nutrients crops need, IPNS seeks to use these fertilizers strategically and in combination with other inputs to improve overall soil health and crop productivity while minimizing negative environmental impacts such as nutrient leaching, soil erosion, and greenhouse gas emissions.
The extensive management of livestock, paying full regard to their evolutionary adaptations, behavioral needs and animal welfare issues with respect to nutrition, housing, health, breeding and rearing.
Careful attention to the impact of the farming system on the wider environment and the conservation of wildlife and natural habitats.
Organic farming is a technique used to enhance soil fertility and biological diversity. It involves the cultivation of rearing of animals and crops in natural ways. This process includes the use of biological materials which minimizes pollution and wastage.
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11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
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The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
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IPNS (Integrated Plant Nutrition System) and chemical fertilizers are related in that IPNS seeks to optimize the use of fertilizers, including chemical fertilizers, in a more sustainable manner. IPNS is an approach to fertilizer management that aims to improve crop productivity and soil health while minimizing negative environmental impacts.
IPNS involves a holistic approach to nutrient management, taking into account soil fertility, crop needs, and nutrient sources. In this approach, chemical fertilizers are just one of many tools that can be used to improve plant nutrition. Other strategies might include organic amendments, cover crops, crop rotations, and biological inputs.
The relationship between IPNS and chemical fertilizers is therefore one of optimization and balance. Rather than simply relying on chemical fertilizers to provide all the nutrients crops need, IPNS seeks to use these fertilizers strategically and in combination with other inputs to improve overall soil health and crop productivity while minimizing negative environmental impacts such as nutrient leaching, soil erosion, and greenhouse gas emissions.
The extensive management of livestock, paying full regard to their evolutionary adaptations, behavioral needs and animal welfare issues with respect to nutrition, housing, health, breeding and rearing.
Careful attention to the impact of the farming system on the wider environment and the conservation of wildlife and natural habitats.
Organic farming is a technique used to enhance soil fertility and biological diversity. It involves the cultivation of rearing of animals and crops in natural ways. This process includes the use of biological materials which minimizes pollution and wastage.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
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Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
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optics at visible wavelengths.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
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What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
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Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
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Effect of Integrated Nutrient Management on Growth and Yield of Solanaceous Fruit Vegetables.pdf
1. CCS Haryana Agricultural University
Agriculture is supreme wealth
Swagat Ranjan Behera
2021A132M
2nd Year, M. Sc. Vegetable Science
CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar
EFFECT OF INTEGRATED NUTRIENT
MANAGEMENT ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF
SOLANACEOUS FRUIT VEGETABLES
MASTER’S SEMINAR (VSC 591)
4. CCS
Haryana
Agricultural
University,
Hisar
Agriculture
is
supreme
wealth
xss PRODUCTION SCENARIO OF
SOLANACEOUS FRUIT VEGETABLES (2021-22)
Solanaceous
fruit vegetables
India Haryana
Area
(‘000 ha)
Production
(‘000 MT)
Area
(‘000 ha)
Production
(‘000 MT)
Tomato 840.33 20331.43 18.91 397.00
Brinjal 752.79 13023.23 8.63 146.15
Chilli 417.82 4504.94 11.06 114.46
Capsicum 37.55 556.30 3.74 44.99
Department of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare, GoI
2
5. CCS
Haryana
Agricultural
University,
Hisar
Agriculture
is
supreme
wealth
• Solanaceous fruit vegetables (tomato, eggplant, hot and bell peppers) require large
quantities of nutrients to yield well.
• To produce a tonne of fresh fruit, the crops need to absorb, on average, 2.5 to 3 kg N, 0.2 to
0.3 kg P and 3 to 3.5 kg K in tomato; 3 to 3.5 kg N, 0.2 to 0.3 kg P and 2.5 to 3 kg K in
eggplant; and 3 to 3.5 kg N, 0.8 to 1 kg P and 5 to 6 kg K in hot and bell peppers.
• Fruits and fruiting parts in this group of vegetables contain 45 to 60% of the total N, 50 to
60% of the total P and 55 to 70% of the total K absorbed by the plants.
• The major proportion of the nutrients in fruits are absorbed after flowering occurs.
• Tomato and peppers use only a small proportion of the N available from inorganic sources.
Eggplant, however, is very effective in making use of plant nutrients already available in the
soil.
• Because vegetative and reproductive stages overlap in these crops, and because the
plants need nutrients even up to fruit ripening, fertigation, split application of fertilizers, slow
release N fertilizers and integrated use of inorganic and organic nutrient sources
promote nutrient use efficiency and crop productivity.
T NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS OF SOLANACEOUS FRUIT
VEGETABLES
Hegde, 1997
3
6. CCS
Haryana
Agricultural
University,
Hisar
Agriculture
is
supreme
wealth
• Integrated nutrient management (INM) is defined as “maintenance or adjustment of
soil fertility and supply of plant nutrient to an optimum level for sustaining the
desired crop productivity through optimization of benefit from all possible resources
of plant nutrients in an integrated manner”.
• Primarily, INM refers to combining old and modern methods of nutrient
management into ecologically sound and economically optimal farming system that
uses the benefits from all possible sources of organic, inorganic and biological
components/substances in a judicious, efficient and integrated manner.
• INM involves the use of manures, chemical fertilizers and biological agents to achieve
sustainable crop production and improved soil health.
TWHAT IS INTEGRATED NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT
(INM)?
Roy and Ange, 1991
Janssen, 1993
4
7. CCS
Haryana
Agricultural
University,
Hisar
Agriculture
is
supreme
wealth
DATA STORY: State of India’s soil
DATA STORY: State of India’s soil
T WHY INM MATTERS?
Increasing population and
reduction in available land
Intensive agriculture
Reduced soil fertility
Negative nutrient balance
Declining productivity and sustainability
Need for INM
Over-use of chemical fertilizers
Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation
(MOSPI)
5
8. CCS
Haryana
Agricultural
University,
Hisar
Agriculture
is
supreme
wealth
The concept of nutrient management has assumed greater significance in the recent
years because of two reasons:
• First, the need for continued increase in agricultural production and
productivity requires growing application of nutrients, and the present level of
fertilizer production in India is not enough to meet the entire plant nutrient
requirement.
• Second, a large number of experiments on INM, particularly long-term experiments
(LTEs) conducted in India or elsewhere reveal that neither the fertilizers nor the
organic sources in isolation can achieve sustained production under
intensive cropping.
T WHY INM MATTERS?
Hegde and Dwivedi, 1993
6
12. CCS
Haryana
Agricultural
University,
Hisar
Agriculture
is
supreme
wealth
• Fertilizers continue to be the most important ingredient of INM and the
dependence on fertilizers has been increasing constantly.
• Nonetheless, fertilizer consumption is not only inadequate but also
imbalanced. The N:P2O5:K2O use ratio is quite wide whereas application of K, S and
micronutrients is often ignored.
• Domestic fertilizer production is inadequate to meet the requirements and the
situation is not likely to improve in the near future.
• Utilization of fertilizer nutrients by the crops vary from 30-50% in case of N, 15-
20% in case of P and less than 5% in case of micronutrients. Thus,
substantial amount of applied nutrients is lost through various pathways.
• Enhancing nutrient use efficiency should, therefore, be a prioritized area of
research for restoration and improvement of soil health and minimizing the cost of
crop production.
xss
COMPONENTS OF INM
1. Chemical fertilizers
10
13. CCS
Haryana
Agricultural
University,
Hisar
Agriculture
is
supreme
wealth
• Compost and FYM have traditionally been the important manures for maintaining soil
fertility and ensuring yield stability. Other potential organic sources of nutrients are
non-edible oil cakes, animal wastes and animal meals.
• These nutrient sources are bulky in nature with low nutrient content and short
in supply; hence, have lost their relative importance over time in crop production.
• Organic manures not only supply macro and micronutrients, but also help improving
the physical, chemical and biological properties of the soils. These manures, besides
supplying nutrients to the first crop, also leave substantial residual effect on
succeeding crops in the system.
• As fertilizer use in most areas is sub-optimal, organic resources can supplement
available fertilizer supplies.
• About 25% nutrient needs of Indian agriculture can be met by utilizing various
organic sources.
xss
COMPONENTS OF INM
2. Organic manures
11
15. CCS
Haryana
Agricultural
University,
Hisar
Agriculture
is
supreme
wealth
• Legumes can fix atmospheric N to the extent of 50-500 kg N ha-1 before the plant
starts flowering (about 40-60 days growth).
• The residues of legumes after harvest of grain contain 25-100 kg N ha-1, which is
released at a steady rate when incorporated because of optimum lignin content.
• Nitrogen fixation by natural means cuts down on the use of fertilizers. This not
only saves money but helps to prevent many problems brought about by excessive
use of N fertilizers.
• The deep rooted legumes also have the potential to recycle subsoil nutrients to
the benefit of the succeeding crops in the cropping system.
• Green manuring with legumes enriches soil N due to fixation of atmospheric N.
• Sunnhemp (Crotolaria juncea) and dhaincha (Sesbania aculeata) are the most
important common green manure crops.
xss
COMPONENTS OF INM
3. Legumes and green manure
13
16. CCS
Haryana
Agricultural
University,
Hisar
Agriculture
is
supreme
wealth
• Bio-fertilizers are the ready-to-use formulations containing living or latent cells of
agriculturally beneficial microorganisms that play an important role in
improving soil fertility and crop productivity.
• Bacterial cultures like Rhizobium, Azospirillum and Azotobacter have the ability to fix
atmospheric N which in turn increases N supply to the crops.
• Bacterial cultures of Pseudomonas and Bacillus species and fungal culture of
Aspergillus species help to convert insoluble P into plant-usable forms and,
thus, improve phosphate availability to the crops. Similarly, fungi like vesicular
arbuscular mycorrhizae (VAM) increase nutrient uptake particularly that of P due to
increased contact of roots with larger soil volume.
xss
COMPONENTS OF INM
4. Bio-fertilizers
14
18. CCS
Haryana
Agricultural
University,
Hisar
Agriculture
is
supreme
wealth
• Crop residue is that material left after harvesting the crop and processing the crop
into usable resources.
• Crop residues have several competitive uses and may not be always available as an
ingredient of INM, yet in the regions like North-West India where mechanical
harvesting is practiced, a sizeable quantity of residues is left in the field, which
can form a part of nutrient supply.
• Recycling of these residues back to fields helps to build stable organic matter in
the soil, as also to sustain crop yield levels.
• There is, however, need to evolve appropriate management practices to make use of
the stubbles, residues and other on-farm and off-farm biomass.
xss
COMPONENTS OF INM
5. Crop residues
16
31. CCS
Haryana
Agricultural
University,
Hisar
Agriculture
is
supreme
wealth
Table 10: Effect of inorganic and organic fertilizers on the
morphological and yield parameters of chilli cv. Shandar
Treatments
Plant
height
(cm)
No. of
branches
per plant
No. of
flowers
per plant
No. of
fruits per
plant
Fruit
length
(cm)
Fresh
weight of
fruit (g)
Yield
(t ha-1)
T0: 100% RDF on the basis of
soil test
37.00 d 7.33 e 15.33 d 12.00 e 6.66 e 22.00 d 4.66 e
T1: 100% cow dung (15 t/ha) 34.66 e 6.00 e 13.33 e 10.00 f 5.83 f 19.00 e 4.25 f
T2: 100% cow dung
vermicompost (VC) (6 t/ha)
39.00 d 9.00 d 16.66 d 13.66 d 7.33 d 24.33 c 5.00 d
T3: 100% vermi-tea (VT) 41.33 c 11.00 c 18.33 c 15.33 c 8.00 c 25.66 c 5.25 c
T4: 33% cow dung + 33% VC
+ 34% VT
44.00 b 13.00 b 22.00 b 17.66 b 8.83 b 27.33 b 5.58 b
T5: 25% RDF+ 25% VC +
25% cow dung +
25% VT
46.33 a 14.66 a 24.00 a 19.33 a 10.00 a 30.33 a 6.20 a
LSD @ 0.05 2.14 1.52 1.43 1.44 0.56 1.51 0.22
Faisalabad, Pakistan Aslam et al., 2022
Pakistan Journal of Botany
28
32. CCS
Haryana
Agricultural
University,
Hisar
Agriculture
is
supreme
wealth
Table 11: Effect of organic and inorganic nutrient sources on
growth and yield attributes of capsicum cv. California Wonder
Treatments
Plant
height
(cm)
Plant
spread
(cm)
Days to
50%
flowering
Days to
first
picking
Avg. fruit
weight
(g)
Fruit
length
(cm)
Fruit
diameter
(cm)
Number of
fruits per
plant
Fruit yield
(q ha-1)
T1: 100% RDF 51.93 36.2 49.93 81.13 84.33 8.49 5.78 9.07 283.2
T2: 50% RDF +
Azotobacter
45.18 30.99 54.93 87.73 74.32 7.42 4.44 7.93 223.9
T3: 75% RDF +
Azotobacter
46.02 31.02 53.87 87.27 75.72 7.61 4.93 8.2 229.95
T4: 50% RDF +
Vermicompost
46.15 31.31 52.73 86.2 77.91 8.1 5.19 8.4 242.41
T5: 75% RDF +
Vermicompost
51.54 35.56 51.07 82.33 80.66 8.22 5.32 8.6 258.84
T6: 50% RDF +
Azotobacter +
Vermicompost
47.42 33.01 51.73 83.93 86.28 8.58 5.66 9.2 293.97
T7: 75% RDF +
Azotobacter +
Vermicompost
52.49 36.74 49.6 80.87 86.52 9.28 6.27 9.8 303.38
C.D. (0.05) 1.35 1.2 0.84 0.93 0.99 0.45 0.31 0.4 15.39
Fatehgarh Sahib, Punjab Raturi et al., 2019
Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry
29
33. CCS
Haryana
Agricultural
University,
Hisar
Agriculture
is
supreme
wealth
CONSTRAINTS OF INM
1
Non-availability of good quality FYM
2 Less popularity of growing green manure crops
3 Improper practices followed for use of bio-fertilizers
4 Non-availability of soil testing facilities
5 High cost of chemical fertilizers
6 Non-availability of good quality water
7 Lack of knowledge and poor advisory services
8
High prices of improved seeds
30
34. CCS
Haryana
Agricultural
University,
Hisar
Agriculture
is
supreme
wealth
• The integrated use of fertilizers, organic manures and green manures under pre-
dominant cropping system has a great potential to offset the heavy requirements of
fertilizers to achieve maximum yields.
• Working in a participatory mode is the need so as to enhance the production and
economic viability of millions of small holder farms currently struggling with declining
soil fertility and poor management of plant nutrients.
• Interaction of agricultural inputs leads to increase in crop productivity while
substantially reducing N losses and GHG emissions, judicious application of mineral
and organic fertilization with higher resource-use efficiency, enhance the soil-plant-
microbes-environmental sustainability which provides a “win–win” opportunity to
mankind.
CONCLUSION
31
36. CCS Haryana Agricultural University
Agriculture is supreme wealth
Everything else can wait,
agriculture can’t.
-Norman Borlaug
Thank you
CCSHAU is a member of the ICAR
36