3rd vulnerable plaque rumberg 3 16-02 2
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Coronary artery calcium detected by electron beam tomography (EBT) establishes a diagnosis of coronary atherosclerosis, as there are no false positive calcium measurements. The amount of calcium seen on EBT correlates directly with the actual amount of coronary plaque measured by intravascular ultrasound and histopathology. Studies have also shown that a higher coronary artery calcium score on EBT is associated with greater risk of future myocardial infarction, sudden cardiac death, or ischemia over follow-up periods of 3-6 years.
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![EBT and Coronary Artery CalciumEBT and Coronary Artery Calcium
Coronary Artery CalciumCoronary Artery Calcium ISIS AtherosclerosisAtherosclerosis
There areThere are NONO false positive calcium measuresfalse positive calcium measures
by EBT [i.e. ALL calcium is plaque]by EBT [i.e. ALL calcium is plaque]
Establishes a diagnosis ofEstablishes a diagnosis of
coronary atherosclerosiscoronary atherosclerosis](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/8mn7yrjftn15i7rxl1at-signature-fdd98666ab8a3121f485da35cb0ca98b05e9b7f147f04f41c8b78366d2ae96a7-poli-161002234614/85/3rd-vulnerable-plaque-rumberg-3-16-02-2-1-320.jpg)
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149 revisiting the basics
The document discusses several factors that are considered predictors of plaque vulnerability, including luminal narrowing, plaque volume and composition, fibrous cap thickness, and plaque inflammation. It reviews studies that show myocardial infarction can develop from previously non-severe lesions and that lipid content, cap thickness, inflammation, and stress factors like circumferential stress are correlated with plaque stability or rupture. In conclusion, the size and composition of the lipid core, thickness and composition of the fibrous cap, and inflammation are well-established predictors of plaque rupture.
132 gene expression in atherosclerotic plaques
This document discusses microarray studies to analyze gene expression in atherosclerotic plaques and correlate it with factors related to plaque vulnerability. It begins with background on the history and applications of DNA microarrays. Key steps discussed include probe design, sample preparation including tissue collection, labeling RNA samples, hybridizing samples to a microarray chip, scanning and analyzing image data. The document outlines creating a custom microarray based on selected genes and correlating gene expression with temperature, pH, spectroscopy and histopathology of plaques. It will also analyze gene expression in influenza-infected mice and mice where plaques are induced to rupture with drugs. Human carotid artery specimens from surgery will be analyzed from symptomatic and asymptomatic patients.
238 carotid array coil
The document discusses carotid artery plaque and atherosclerosis. It mentions the carotid arteries, carotid bifurcation, and internal carotid artery stenosis and plaque formation. The key areas discussed are plaque buildup in the carotid arteries and at the carotid bifurcation which can lead to internal carotid artery stenosis.
230 plaque crp or myocardial crp
This document summarizes research on C-reactive protein (CRP) and its relationship to atherosclerosis and coronary death. It finds that CRP levels are elevated in patients with unstable angina and predict future cardiovascular risk. A study of sudden coronary deaths found higher CRP levels in those who died from plaque rupture compared to controls or those who died from stable plaques or erosion. The study also observed a positive correlation between CRP staining in atherosclerotic plaques and serum CRP levels, independent of the death mechanism. However, questions remain about how well postmortem CRP correlates with pre-death levels and the extent to which elevated CRP results from cardiac injury rather than reflecting the plaque vulnerability.
219 coronary autoregulation in vivo
This study investigated the role of hydrogen peroxide as an endogenous EDHF in coronary autoregulation of canine subepicardial microvessels in vivo. The researchers found that after NO inhibition, vasodilator responses were attenuated mainly in small arteries (>100 μm), whereas combined infusion of NO inhibition plus catalase abolished the autoregulatory vasodilation in both small arteries and arterioles (<100 μm). They concluded that hydrogen peroxide, an endogenous EDHF, plays an important role in coronary autoregulation of canine subepicardial microvessels in vivo.
204 prevalence of inflammatory cells in non ruptured atherosclerotic plaques
This document summarizes a post-mortem study examining the prevalence of inflammatory cells in non-ruptured atherosclerotic plaques. The study found that moderate or heavy staining for macrophages was present in 45% of femoral artery cross-sections and 84% of femoral arteries had at least one cross-section with moderate/heavy inflammation. There was no observed relationship between the degree of inflammation in the left and right coronary arteries within individuals, indicating the level of local inflammation is locally determined with little predictive value for other arteries.
034 everybody has atherosclerosis
This document discusses a non-invasive technique using superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) enhanced MRI to detect vulnerable plaque. SPIO particles are phagocytosed by macrophages and can thus be used to image inflammation. Studies in mice showed SPIO accumulation in atherosclerotic plaques after intravenous injection, indicating macrophage infiltration. MRI of abdominal aortas of mice after SPIO injection demonstrated higher signal in plaques compared to normal vessel walls, corresponding to greater iron uptake in inflamed plaques. This suggests SPIO enhanced MRI may non-invasively detect vulnerable plaque by imaging macrophage-mediated inflammation.
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149 revisiting the basics
The document discusses several factors that are considered predictors of plaque vulnerability, including luminal narrowing, plaque volume and composition, fibrous cap thickness, and plaque inflammation. It reviews studies that show myocardial infarction can develop from previously non-severe lesions and that lipid content, cap thickness, inflammation, and stress factors like circumferential stress are correlated with plaque stability or rupture. In conclusion, the size and composition of the lipid core, thickness and composition of the fibrous cap, and inflammation are well-established predictors of plaque rupture.
132 gene expression in atherosclerotic plaques
This document discusses microarray studies to analyze gene expression in atherosclerotic plaques and correlate it with factors related to plaque vulnerability. It begins with background on the history and applications of DNA microarrays. Key steps discussed include probe design, sample preparation including tissue collection, labeling RNA samples, hybridizing samples to a microarray chip, scanning and analyzing image data. The document outlines creating a custom microarray based on selected genes and correlating gene expression with temperature, pH, spectroscopy and histopathology of plaques. It will also analyze gene expression in influenza-infected mice and mice where plaques are induced to rupture with drugs. Human carotid artery specimens from surgery will be analyzed from symptomatic and asymptomatic patients.
238 carotid array coil
The document discusses carotid artery plaque and atherosclerosis. It mentions the carotid arteries, carotid bifurcation, and internal carotid artery stenosis and plaque formation. The key areas discussed are plaque buildup in the carotid arteries and at the carotid bifurcation which can lead to internal carotid artery stenosis.
230 plaque crp or myocardial crp
This document summarizes research on C-reactive protein (CRP) and its relationship to atherosclerosis and coronary death. It finds that CRP levels are elevated in patients with unstable angina and predict future cardiovascular risk. A study of sudden coronary deaths found higher CRP levels in those who died from plaque rupture compared to controls or those who died from stable plaques or erosion. The study also observed a positive correlation between CRP staining in atherosclerotic plaques and serum CRP levels, independent of the death mechanism. However, questions remain about how well postmortem CRP correlates with pre-death levels and the extent to which elevated CRP results from cardiac injury rather than reflecting the plaque vulnerability.
219 coronary autoregulation in vivo
This study investigated the role of hydrogen peroxide as an endogenous EDHF in coronary autoregulation of canine subepicardial microvessels in vivo. The researchers found that after NO inhibition, vasodilator responses were attenuated mainly in small arteries (>100 μm), whereas combined infusion of NO inhibition plus catalase abolished the autoregulatory vasodilation in both small arteries and arterioles (<100 μm). They concluded that hydrogen peroxide, an endogenous EDHF, plays an important role in coronary autoregulation of canine subepicardial microvessels in vivo.
204 prevalence of inflammatory cells in non ruptured atherosclerotic plaques
This document summarizes a post-mortem study examining the prevalence of inflammatory cells in non-ruptured atherosclerotic plaques. The study found that moderate or heavy staining for macrophages was present in 45% of femoral artery cross-sections and 84% of femoral arteries had at least one cross-section with moderate/heavy inflammation. There was no observed relationship between the degree of inflammation in the left and right coronary arteries within individuals, indicating the level of local inflammation is locally determined with little predictive value for other arteries.
034 everybody has atherosclerosis
This document discusses a non-invasive technique using superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) enhanced MRI to detect vulnerable plaque. SPIO particles are phagocytosed by macrophages and can thus be used to image inflammation. Studies in mice showed SPIO accumulation in atherosclerotic plaques after intravenous injection, indicating macrophage infiltration. MRI of abdominal aortas of mice after SPIO injection demonstrated higher signal in plaques compared to normal vessel walls, corresponding to greater iron uptake in inflamed plaques. This suggests SPIO enhanced MRI may non-invasively detect vulnerable plaque by imaging macrophage-mediated inflammation.
140 mr imaging of fibrin
The document discusses research into using MRI with fibrin-targeted gadolinium contrast agents to detect vulnerable plaques associated with heart attacks, presenting findings that this approach can successfully identify fibrin deposits in thrombi in animal studies and has potential for sensitive detection of injured plaques in humans; it also notes the need for more studies to develop highly sensitive targeted contrast agents for multiple imaging modalities to identify vulnerable plaque features beyond structure.
134 mr contrast agents for vulnerable plaque imaging
1. MS-325 is an albumin-targeted gadolinium contrast agent that highlights inflamed vessel walls and facilitates plaque imaging. It provides prolonged enhancement of the vessel wall and lumen, allowing for high resolution detection of plaque burden.
2. Studies show MS-325 provides strong enhancement of vessel walls adjacent to plaques due to increased capillary volume and binding to extravasated albumin in the vessel wall. This allows for detection and potential quantification of atherosclerotic plaques.
3. Experimental fibrin-targeted contrast agents EP-1242 and EP-1873 rapidly enhance arterial and venous blood clots in animal models, demonstrating potential for assessing thromboembolic risk and monitoring clot resolution with
117 mr images of human carotid arteries
Magnetic resonance (MR) images were taken of human carotid arteries from both a normal subject and a patient with carotid artery disease. The images show the carotid arteries of a healthy individual for comparison with those of a person suffering from carotid artery disease. The diseased arteries likely demonstrate abnormalities that indicate a restriction of blood flow.
233 cd40
CD40 and its ligand CD40L play an important role in atherosclerosis by promoting inflammation. Statins can limit the expression of CD40 and CD40L, thereby reducing inflammation. Oxidized LDL increases the expression of CD40 and CD40L on endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, and macrophages, further promoting atherosclerosis. CD40L also contributes to thrombosis and restenosis. While CD40 does not seem to affect early plaque formation, its deficiency is associated with more stable plaques at advanced stages of atherosclerosis.
089 intravascular magnetic resonance imaging
Intravascular magnetic resonance imaging uses small coils placed inside blood vessels to provide both active tracking of devices and high resolution diagnostic imaging. Two types of intravascular coils - loopless and loop designs - can generate very high signal locally for imaging vessel structures with resolutions as small as 60-200 micrometers. This technique has been demonstrated to image vessels in animal models and humans with better resolution than external coils. Further developments are needed but intravascular MRI shows promise for guiding cardiovascular interventions and precisely localizing devices under MRI guidance.
104 new advances in thermography
Thermography is a new technique for detecting atherosclerotic plaque vulnerability. A new catheter-based system called the Epiphany Thermography System can precisely measure plaque temperature and has shown higher temperatures in proximal versus distal plaque segments. Studies have found that greater temperature differences between segments predicts future cardiovascular events, with 86% sensitivity and 79% specificity. Preliminary research also indicates thermography may help identify vulnerable patients by measuring inflammation levels in coronary sinus blood draining the heart.
226 statins are overrated
Statins are not effective enough and their benefits are delayed. Vulnerable plaques are usually found in multiple locations. While statins may lower lipids and have anti-inflammatory effects within 6 weeks, they do not significantly reduce mortality within the first year of treatment. Over 40% of deaths in statin trials still occurred in the statin groups. Local therapies in addition to statins may be needed to stabilize vulnerable plaques and buy more time for other treatments to have an effect.
172 nir spectroscopy
This document discusses the use of near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy to analyze atherosclerotic plaques. It provides definitions of NIR spectroscopy and describes how it allows chemical analysis of plaques. Studies are cited that have used NIR spectroscopy to detect plaque components like lipid pools, thin fibrous caps, and inflammatory cells. The document discusses both advantages and disadvantages of using NIR spectroscopy for in vivo chemical analysis of plaques. It concludes that NIR spectroscopy shows potential for identifying vulnerable plaques but questions remain about its ability to distinguish plaque types in living patients.
073 collagenases vs collagen
This document discusses research on the roles of collagen and collagenases in atherosclerotic plaque vulnerability. It presents several hypotheses: 1) that human and experimental plaques contain collagenases, 2) that lipid lowering improves features associated with vulnerability by reducing macrophages and collagenase expression while increasing collagen, and 3) that collagenolysis regulates collagen accumulation in plaques of genetically altered mice. Several studies are described that provide evidence supporting these hypotheses, finding that collagenases are expressed in human and animal plaques, lipid lowering reduces vulnerability features in rabbits by altering collagenase and collagen levels, and collagenase-resistant mice have altered collagen in plaques. The research suggests collagenases critically regulate collagen metabolism in plaques and their clinical complications.
178 vaccination against atherosclerosis
Vaccination against atherosclerosis shows promise as an exciting new therapy. Studies in animal models have found that vaccination against oxidized LDL or specific ApoB-100 peptides can significantly reduce atherosclerosis. This study investigated immunization with novel ApoB-100 peptide sequences in ApoE null mice. It found a 60% reduction in atherosclerotic plaque in the aorta of immunized mice, along with increased collagen content in plaques. While more research is still needed, these results suggest that targeted vaccination against antigens involved in atherosclerosis, such as specific oxidized LDL peptides, could potentially be developed into a novel strategy for preventing heart attacks.
257 inhibition of atherosclerosis in mice
This document discusses research into identifying immune responses against oxidized LDL in humans and developing an immunization therapy to inhibit atherosclerosis. The research found that immunization of apoE null mice with specific MDA-modified apoB-100 peptide sequences activated athero-protective immune responses and significantly reduced atherosclerotic plaque development compared to controls. This suggests vaccination with these peptide sequences may be a potential therapy for atherosclerosis by stimulating protective immune responses against oxidized LDL.
031
1) This study investigated the use of super paramagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) nanoparticles and MRI to detect active inflammation in atherosclerotic plaques.
2) In mouse and rabbit models of atherosclerosis, SPIO accumulated in atherosclerotic lesions and correlated with histological markers of inflammation.
3) MRI of plaques in these animals showed changes after SPIO injection, indicating SPIO can help identify actively inflamed plaques.
4) A current human clinical trial is evaluating if SPIO-enhanced MRI can detect vulnerable carotid plaques by comparing MRI to histology of plaques removed in surgery.
Acc v porg
This document discusses the use of coronary CT angiography (CTA) to detect and characterize coronary atherosclerosis beyond just detecting coronary stenoses. CTA can identify calcified plaques, non-calcified plaques, and mixed plaques. It can detect atheromas and characterize plaque density. CTA can also identify intracoronary thrombi and myocardial infarction scars. The document outlines the CTA scanning parameters and techniques used to minimize motion artifacts and optimize image quality for plaque detection and characterization.
Ac cculprit
The document discusses several factors that are considered predictors of plaque vulnerability, including luminal narrowing, plaque volume and composition, fibrous cap thickness, and plaque inflammation. It reviews studies that show myocardial infarction can develop from previously non-severe lesions and that lipid content, cap thickness, inflammation, and stress factors like circumferential stress are correlated with plaque stability and vulnerability. In conclusion, the size and composition of the lipid core, thickness and composition of the fibrous cap, and inflammation are well-established predictors of plaque rupture.
114 evaluation of atherosclerotic plaque
1. The study measured temperature, pH, and lactate levels in atherosclerotic plaques from human and animal subjects.
2. They found significant heterogeneity and variation in pH within and between plaques. Lipid-rich, inflamed areas tended to have higher temperatures and lower pH levels compared to calcified areas.
3. Inverse correlations were observed between temperature and pH in human carotid plaques and rabbit aortas, but not in human umbilical arteries. This suggests inflammation increases temperature and decreases pH in atherosclerotic vessels.
507 stenosis severity and risk benefit
This document discusses several studies on the relationship between stenosis severity and risks of coronary occlusion and acute coronary syndrome:
1) Two studies found that coronary segments with 50-80% stenosis at baseline had higher risks of total occlusion at follow-up than segments with less severe stenosis.
2) Another study found that prior to myocardial infarction, 29% of culprit lesions showed 0-50% stenosis, while 4.1-7.9% showed 50-90% stenosis.
3) A review concluded that the majority of infarcts evolve from angiographically mild to moderate stenoses, not severe stenoses.
4) A study on plaque rupture found that two-thirds of acute coronary disease
250 patients with very abnormal test results
1) Clinical data confirms that coronary calcium detected by electron beam computed tomography (EBT) is found in 96% of patients presenting with or developing acute coronary syndromes, and that these patients have significantly greater coronary artery calcium scores at baseline compared to asymptomatic matched individuals.
2) Histologic studies show that coronary artery calcium occurs in all types of plaques, including stable (43%), rupture-prone (54%), and erosion-prone (77%) plaques.
3) Therefore, coronary artery calcium detected by imaging is a marker of atherosclerotic plaque burden but not necessarily a marker of stable or unstable plaque, as there is considerable overlap in calcium presence between different plaque types.
#1 killer of human beings in the 21st century
Vulnerable plaque refers to dangerous forms of atherosclerotic plaques that can rupture or induce thrombosis, disrupting blood flow. The document discusses the history and research around vulnerable plaque, including pioneers in the field and emerging techniques to detect vulnerable plaque such as intravascular ultrasound, optical coherence tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging. It summarizes that vulnerable plaques are typically characterized by a thin fibrous cap, large lipid core, and presence of macrophages.
198 pulse sequences
There are three basic varieties of gradient echo pulse sequences: conventional, spoiled, and T2 enhanced. Gradient echo sequences have less T1 weighting than spin echo and more T2* effect with longer echo times. Desired contrasts include T1 with spoiled gradient echo, proton density with short echo times, and T2 with longer echo times. Artifacts include magnetic susceptibility effects and phase cancellation of water and fat. Gradient echo is useful for cartilage imaging, tumor delineation, motion studies, and MRA. Three dimensional spoiled gradient echo allows multiplanar imaging of joints.
Phosphorus levels are associated with subclinical atherosclerosis in the gene...
Presented by:
Stephen Onufrak, PhD, Antonio Bellasi, MD, Francesca Cardarelli, MD, Viola Vaccarino, MD, PhD, Paolo Raggi, MD
Role of MDCT tin coronary artery part 3 (manifestation of coronary artery dis...
Role of mdc tin coronary artery part 3 (manifestation of coronary artery diseases in mscta) dr ahmed esawy
Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Coronary Artery Disease
MULTISCLICE CTcoronary artery angiography
Coronary artery segments
Coronary artery anatomy
Coronary artery stenosis
Coronary artery calcification score
Coronary artery stricture
Coronary artery aneurysm
Coronary artery pos operative changes
Coronary artery by pass
Coronary artery stent
Coronary artery bridge
Artifacts recognition and management
1/ Fundamental CT artifacts
Scanner hardware failure
Partial volume artifacts
Beam hardening artifacts
Metal related artifacts
Coronary artery angiography pitfalls
Artifact Cardiac motion
Pulmonary motion
Body motion
Beam hardening Metallic object
A Artifacts recognition and management
1/ Fundamental CT artifacts
Scanner hardware failure
Partial volume artifacts
Beam hardening artifacts
Metal related artifacts rtifacts recognition and management
1/ Fundamental CT artifacts
Scanner hardware failure
Partial volume artifacts
Beam hardening artifacts
Metal related artifacts
2/ Artifacts specific to cardiac CT
Slab misalignment
Tube modulation artifacts
Cardiac motion
Patient motion
Ct angio in cardiology
This document discusses computed tomography angiography (CTA) and its applications in cardiology. CTA uses computed tomography to visualize blood vessels throughout the body, including coronary arteries. Coronary CTA can detect plaque buildup in coronary arteries without being invasive. Current multidetector CT systems can acquire high-resolution images of the heart within 20 seconds while the patient holds their breath. Coronary CTA provides diagnostic information but also exposes patients to radiation. It is most useful for evaluating cardiac symptoms in low-to-intermediate risk patients.
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140 mr imaging of fibrin
The document discusses research into using MRI with fibrin-targeted gadolinium contrast agents to detect vulnerable plaques associated with heart attacks, presenting findings that this approach can successfully identify fibrin deposits in thrombi in animal studies and has potential for sensitive detection of injured plaques in humans; it also notes the need for more studies to develop highly sensitive targeted contrast agents for multiple imaging modalities to identify vulnerable plaque features beyond structure.
134 mr contrast agents for vulnerable plaque imaging
1. MS-325 is an albumin-targeted gadolinium contrast agent that highlights inflamed vessel walls and facilitates plaque imaging. It provides prolonged enhancement of the vessel wall and lumen, allowing for high resolution detection of plaque burden.
2. Studies show MS-325 provides strong enhancement of vessel walls adjacent to plaques due to increased capillary volume and binding to extravasated albumin in the vessel wall. This allows for detection and potential quantification of atherosclerotic plaques.
3. Experimental fibrin-targeted contrast agents EP-1242 and EP-1873 rapidly enhance arterial and venous blood clots in animal models, demonstrating potential for assessing thromboembolic risk and monitoring clot resolution with
117 mr images of human carotid arteries
Magnetic resonance (MR) images were taken of human carotid arteries from both a normal subject and a patient with carotid artery disease. The images show the carotid arteries of a healthy individual for comparison with those of a person suffering from carotid artery disease. The diseased arteries likely demonstrate abnormalities that indicate a restriction of blood flow.
233 cd40
CD40 and its ligand CD40L play an important role in atherosclerosis by promoting inflammation. Statins can limit the expression of CD40 and CD40L, thereby reducing inflammation. Oxidized LDL increases the expression of CD40 and CD40L on endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, and macrophages, further promoting atherosclerosis. CD40L also contributes to thrombosis and restenosis. While CD40 does not seem to affect early plaque formation, its deficiency is associated with more stable plaques at advanced stages of atherosclerosis.
089 intravascular magnetic resonance imaging
Intravascular magnetic resonance imaging uses small coils placed inside blood vessels to provide both active tracking of devices and high resolution diagnostic imaging. Two types of intravascular coils - loopless and loop designs - can generate very high signal locally for imaging vessel structures with resolutions as small as 60-200 micrometers. This technique has been demonstrated to image vessels in animal models and humans with better resolution than external coils. Further developments are needed but intravascular MRI shows promise for guiding cardiovascular interventions and precisely localizing devices under MRI guidance.
104 new advances in thermography
Thermography is a new technique for detecting atherosclerotic plaque vulnerability. A new catheter-based system called the Epiphany Thermography System can precisely measure plaque temperature and has shown higher temperatures in proximal versus distal plaque segments. Studies have found that greater temperature differences between segments predicts future cardiovascular events, with 86% sensitivity and 79% specificity. Preliminary research also indicates thermography may help identify vulnerable patients by measuring inflammation levels in coronary sinus blood draining the heart.
226 statins are overrated
Statins are not effective enough and their benefits are delayed. Vulnerable plaques are usually found in multiple locations. While statins may lower lipids and have anti-inflammatory effects within 6 weeks, they do not significantly reduce mortality within the first year of treatment. Over 40% of deaths in statin trials still occurred in the statin groups. Local therapies in addition to statins may be needed to stabilize vulnerable plaques and buy more time for other treatments to have an effect.
172 nir spectroscopy
This document discusses the use of near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy to analyze atherosclerotic plaques. It provides definitions of NIR spectroscopy and describes how it allows chemical analysis of plaques. Studies are cited that have used NIR spectroscopy to detect plaque components like lipid pools, thin fibrous caps, and inflammatory cells. The document discusses both advantages and disadvantages of using NIR spectroscopy for in vivo chemical analysis of plaques. It concludes that NIR spectroscopy shows potential for identifying vulnerable plaques but questions remain about its ability to distinguish plaque types in living patients.
073 collagenases vs collagen
This document discusses research on the roles of collagen and collagenases in atherosclerotic plaque vulnerability. It presents several hypotheses: 1) that human and experimental plaques contain collagenases, 2) that lipid lowering improves features associated with vulnerability by reducing macrophages and collagenase expression while increasing collagen, and 3) that collagenolysis regulates collagen accumulation in plaques of genetically altered mice. Several studies are described that provide evidence supporting these hypotheses, finding that collagenases are expressed in human and animal plaques, lipid lowering reduces vulnerability features in rabbits by altering collagenase and collagen levels, and collagenase-resistant mice have altered collagen in plaques. The research suggests collagenases critically regulate collagen metabolism in plaques and their clinical complications.
178 vaccination against atherosclerosis
Vaccination against atherosclerosis shows promise as an exciting new therapy. Studies in animal models have found that vaccination against oxidized LDL or specific ApoB-100 peptides can significantly reduce atherosclerosis. This study investigated immunization with novel ApoB-100 peptide sequences in ApoE null mice. It found a 60% reduction in atherosclerotic plaque in the aorta of immunized mice, along with increased collagen content in plaques. While more research is still needed, these results suggest that targeted vaccination against antigens involved in atherosclerosis, such as specific oxidized LDL peptides, could potentially be developed into a novel strategy for preventing heart attacks.
257 inhibition of atherosclerosis in mice
This document discusses research into identifying immune responses against oxidized LDL in humans and developing an immunization therapy to inhibit atherosclerosis. The research found that immunization of apoE null mice with specific MDA-modified apoB-100 peptide sequences activated athero-protective immune responses and significantly reduced atherosclerotic plaque development compared to controls. This suggests vaccination with these peptide sequences may be a potential therapy for atherosclerosis by stimulating protective immune responses against oxidized LDL.
031
1) This study investigated the use of super paramagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) nanoparticles and MRI to detect active inflammation in atherosclerotic plaques.
2) In mouse and rabbit models of atherosclerosis, SPIO accumulated in atherosclerotic lesions and correlated with histological markers of inflammation.
3) MRI of plaques in these animals showed changes after SPIO injection, indicating SPIO can help identify actively inflamed plaques.
4) A current human clinical trial is evaluating if SPIO-enhanced MRI can detect vulnerable carotid plaques by comparing MRI to histology of plaques removed in surgery.
Acc v porg
This document discusses the use of coronary CT angiography (CTA) to detect and characterize coronary atherosclerosis beyond just detecting coronary stenoses. CTA can identify calcified plaques, non-calcified plaques, and mixed plaques. It can detect atheromas and characterize plaque density. CTA can also identify intracoronary thrombi and myocardial infarction scars. The document outlines the CTA scanning parameters and techniques used to minimize motion artifacts and optimize image quality for plaque detection and characterization.
Ac cculprit
The document discusses several factors that are considered predictors of plaque vulnerability, including luminal narrowing, plaque volume and composition, fibrous cap thickness, and plaque inflammation. It reviews studies that show myocardial infarction can develop from previously non-severe lesions and that lipid content, cap thickness, inflammation, and stress factors like circumferential stress are correlated with plaque stability and vulnerability. In conclusion, the size and composition of the lipid core, thickness and composition of the fibrous cap, and inflammation are well-established predictors of plaque rupture.
114 evaluation of atherosclerotic plaque
1. The study measured temperature, pH, and lactate levels in atherosclerotic plaques from human and animal subjects.
2. They found significant heterogeneity and variation in pH within and between plaques. Lipid-rich, inflamed areas tended to have higher temperatures and lower pH levels compared to calcified areas.
3. Inverse correlations were observed between temperature and pH in human carotid plaques and rabbit aortas, but not in human umbilical arteries. This suggests inflammation increases temperature and decreases pH in atherosclerotic vessels.
507 stenosis severity and risk benefit
This document discusses several studies on the relationship between stenosis severity and risks of coronary occlusion and acute coronary syndrome:
1) Two studies found that coronary segments with 50-80% stenosis at baseline had higher risks of total occlusion at follow-up than segments with less severe stenosis.
2) Another study found that prior to myocardial infarction, 29% of culprit lesions showed 0-50% stenosis, while 4.1-7.9% showed 50-90% stenosis.
3) A review concluded that the majority of infarcts evolve from angiographically mild to moderate stenoses, not severe stenoses.
4) A study on plaque rupture found that two-thirds of acute coronary disease
250 patients with very abnormal test results
1) Clinical data confirms that coronary calcium detected by electron beam computed tomography (EBT) is found in 96% of patients presenting with or developing acute coronary syndromes, and that these patients have significantly greater coronary artery calcium scores at baseline compared to asymptomatic matched individuals.
2) Histologic studies show that coronary artery calcium occurs in all types of plaques, including stable (43%), rupture-prone (54%), and erosion-prone (77%) plaques.
3) Therefore, coronary artery calcium detected by imaging is a marker of atherosclerotic plaque burden but not necessarily a marker of stable or unstable plaque, as there is considerable overlap in calcium presence between different plaque types.
#1 killer of human beings in the 21st century
Vulnerable plaque refers to dangerous forms of atherosclerotic plaques that can rupture or induce thrombosis, disrupting blood flow. The document discusses the history and research around vulnerable plaque, including pioneers in the field and emerging techniques to detect vulnerable plaque such as intravascular ultrasound, optical coherence tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging. It summarizes that vulnerable plaques are typically characterized by a thin fibrous cap, large lipid core, and presence of macrophages.
198 pulse sequences
There are three basic varieties of gradient echo pulse sequences: conventional, spoiled, and T2 enhanced. Gradient echo sequences have less T1 weighting than spin echo and more T2* effect with longer echo times. Desired contrasts include T1 with spoiled gradient echo, proton density with short echo times, and T2 with longer echo times. Artifacts include magnetic susceptibility effects and phase cancellation of water and fat. Gradient echo is useful for cartilage imaging, tumor delineation, motion studies, and MRA. Three dimensional spoiled gradient echo allows multiplanar imaging of joints.
Phosphorus levels are associated with subclinical atherosclerosis in the gene...
Presented by:
Stephen Onufrak, PhD, Antonio Bellasi, MD, Francesca Cardarelli, MD, Viola Vaccarino, MD, PhD, Paolo Raggi, MD
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134 mr contrast agents for vulnerable plaque imaging
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Phosphorus levels are associated with subclinical atherosclerosis in the gene...
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Similar to 3rd vulnerable plaque rumberg 3 16-02 2
Role of MDCT tin coronary artery part 3 (manifestation of coronary artery dis...
Role of mdc tin coronary artery part 3 (manifestation of coronary artery diseases in mscta) dr ahmed esawy
Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Coronary Artery Disease
MULTISCLICE CTcoronary artery angiography
Coronary artery segments
Coronary artery anatomy
Coronary artery stenosis
Coronary artery calcification score
Coronary artery stricture
Coronary artery aneurysm
Coronary artery pos operative changes
Coronary artery by pass
Coronary artery stent
Coronary artery bridge
Artifacts recognition and management
1/ Fundamental CT artifacts
Scanner hardware failure
Partial volume artifacts
Beam hardening artifacts
Metal related artifacts
Coronary artery angiography pitfalls
Artifact Cardiac motion
Pulmonary motion
Body motion
Beam hardening Metallic object
A Artifacts recognition and management
1/ Fundamental CT artifacts
Scanner hardware failure
Partial volume artifacts
Beam hardening artifacts
Metal related artifacts rtifacts recognition and management
1/ Fundamental CT artifacts
Scanner hardware failure
Partial volume artifacts
Beam hardening artifacts
Metal related artifacts
2/ Artifacts specific to cardiac CT
Slab misalignment
Tube modulation artifacts
Cardiac motion
Patient motion
Ct angio in cardiology
This document discusses computed tomography angiography (CTA) and its applications in cardiology. CTA uses computed tomography to visualize blood vessels throughout the body, including coronary arteries. Coronary CTA can detect plaque buildup in coronary arteries without being invasive. Current multidetector CT systems can acquire high-resolution images of the heart within 20 seconds while the patient holds their breath. Coronary CTA provides diagnostic information but also exposes patients to radiation. It is most useful for evaluating cardiac symptoms in low-to-intermediate risk patients.
First Clinical Results of Coronary CT Subtraction
Computed tomography angiography (CTA) of the coronary arteries is a useful noninvasive tool to rule out significant coronary artery disease (CAD) in many clinical situations. Recent guidelines of stable CAD and non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction endorse the use of CTA in symptomatic patients with low to intermediate likelihood of the disease, given the particularly high negative predictive value of the technique. However, in patients with high pre-test likelihood of CAD, the technique is not recommended, and one of the reasons is the high probability of coronary calcification in these patients, which interferes with the analysis of the images and reduces the specificity and negative predictive value of CTA.
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Coronary ct angiography
This document discusses the evolution and advances in coronary CT angiography (CCTA) technology and its role in the assessment of coronary artery disease (CAD). Key points include:
- CCTA has advanced from early CT scanners with 4-minute scan times to modern multi-detector scanners that can image the entire heart in a single heartbeat.
- CCTA provides information on coronary artery anatomy, plaque characteristics, and has prognostic value when assessing coronary artery calcium scoring.
- CCTA has good accuracy for detecting CAD compared to invasive coronary angiography, especially for ruling out disease, though its role in asymptomatic patients is still unclear.
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093 multi slice fast ct
This document discusses the use of electron beam tomography (EBT) and multi-slice computed tomography (MSCT) to detect and quantify coronary artery calcification as a means to identify asymptomatic individuals at increased risk of coronary events. Several clinical studies have demonstrated the prognostic value of coronary calcium detected by EBT. EBT and MSCT have sufficient resolution to visualize coronary arteries non-invasively. While calcium does not indicate vulnerable plaque, the amount of calcium correlates with overall plaque burden. Future studies will help define the role of calcium detection in clinical risk stratification, though MSCT has not yet been used in outcome studies. The meaning of non-calcified plaque detected by EBT and MSCT also requires further clarification.
093 multi slice fast ct
1) EBT and MSCT can visualize coronary arteries with sufficient resolution due to their temporal and spatial capabilities.
2) Clinical studies have shown coronary calcium detection via EBT can successfully identify asymptomatic individuals at increased risk of coronary events.
3) The prognostic value of non-calcified plaques detected by EBT and MSCT after contrast injection is still unclear. Future studies will help define the role of coronary calcium detection in risk stratification.
Cardiac ct ccta
Cardiac CT provides a noninvasive way to evaluate the coronary arteries and cardiac structure. It has largely replaced invasive coronary angiography due to improvements in temporal and spatial resolution allowing for clear images of the heart. Cardiac CT is indicated to rule out coronary artery disease in low-moderate risk patients, assess anomalies, evaluate grafts and stents, and aid in surgical planning. It has limitations including irregular heart rates over 80 bpm, high calcium scores, small vessels, and radiation exposure. Proper patient selection and preparation are important to optimize results.
Rumberger
This document discusses using coronary artery calcium scoring via CT scan and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) testing to predict risk of myocardial infarction and sudden cardiac death in asymptomatic patients. It finds that higher calcium scores and hs-CRP levels are associated with greater risk. It recommends using a patient's calcium score, hs-CRP level, and their combination to stratify patients into low, intermediate, and high risk groups to guide clinical follow-up and aggressiveness of prevention efforts.
Budoff shape-1105
Coronary artery calcium scoring using computed tomography (CT) can help predict risk of future cardiac events. Higher calcium scores are associated with greater risk, while a score of zero is associated with low risk. Serial calcium scoring may also help by detecting progression of disease over time. While traditional risk factors provide some information, calcium scoring provides independent and incremental prognostic information beyond conventional risk factors alone.
Spect ct -dan berman
SPECT/CT shows promise for atherosclerosis imaging by combining anatomical CT imaging of plaque volume with molecular SPECT imaging of plaque activity. SPECT could potentially image multiple molecular processes simultaneously, such as apoptosis, oxidized LDL, or inflammation. Recent advances in SPECT technology include improved resolution, sensitivity, and the ability to perform dynamic cardiac SPECT to quantify blood flow and endothelial function. Pairing molecular SPECT imaging with anatomical CT may allow characterization of plaque vulnerability beyond quantification of volume. However, further developments are still needed including new tracers, multimodality technology, and software.
Berman shape 05 fin
SPECT/CT shows promise for atherosclerosis imaging by combining anatomical CT imaging of plaque volume with molecular SPECT imaging of plaque activity. SPECT could potentially image multiple molecular processes simultaneously, such as apoptosis, oxidized LDL, or inflammation. Recent advances in SPECT technology include improved resolution, sensitivity, and the ability to perform dynamic cardiac SPECT to quantify blood flow and endothelial function. Combined structural and molecular imaging may allow more accurate risk assessment and monitoring of treatment response than anatomical methods alone. However, further developments are still needed, including new tracers approved for human use.
Endovascular repair of traumatic aortic transection
Endovascular repair is a safe and effective treatment for traumatic aortic transections with lower mortality and paraplegia rates compared to open surgical repair. However, endovascular repair of transections poses critical issues including appropriate timing, managing small aortic diameters, preventing endograft collapse, and avoiding left subclavian artery occlusion. Newer endografts aim to address some of these issues through features like enhanced control during deployment and ability to treat a broader range of anatomies. Overall endovascular repair shows promise as the preferred treatment but requires close follow-up and further technical improvements to devices.
083 non invasive imaging of the vulnerable plaque
083 non invasive imaging of the vulnerable plaqueSociety for Heart Attack Prevention and Eradication
This document discusses non-invasive imaging techniques for coronary artery plaque and vulnerable patients. It notes that while lipid-rich plaque makes up about 20% of total plaque volume, it is often not detectable without invasive techniques. Computed tomography (CT) and electron beam tomography (EBT) are discussed as non-invasive options for imaging plaque characteristics and identifying vulnerable patients. The document considers various scanning parameters, display options, and need for high scan speeds when using these techniques. It concludes that non-invasive coronary imaging can provide benefits like identifying high-risk patients, guiding appropriate interventions, and avoiding unnecessary invasive procedures.Non invasive imaging of the vulnerable plaque and the vulnerable patient ge ...
Non invasive imaging of the vulnerable plaque and the vulnerable patient ge ...Society for Heart Attack Prevention and Eradication
This document discusses non-invasive imaging techniques for coronary artery plaque and vulnerable patients. It notes that while lipid-rich plaque makes up about 20% of total plaque volume, it is often not detectable without invasive techniques. Computed tomography (CT) and electron beam tomography (EBT) are discussed as non-invasive options for imaging plaque characteristics and identifying vulnerable patients. The document explores various parameters and display options for optimizing these techniques, and notes their potential benefits in evaluating disease processes, guiding high-risk patients to appropriate interventions, and avoiding unnecessary invasive procedures.083 non invasive imaging of the vulnerable plaque
This document discusses non-invasive imaging techniques for coronary artery plaque and vulnerable patients. It notes that while lipid-rich plaque makes up about 20% of total plaque volume, it is often not detectable without invasive techniques. Newer CT and electron beam tomography techniques aim to non-invasively detect plaque composition through measurements of density and heterogeneity. The document raises questions about which patients should be imaged, what parameters need to be measured, and how imaging results could potentially change patient outcomes. It also discusses technical considerations for these non-invasive imaging modalities.
Cardiovascular Imaging
Non-invasive imaging plays an important role in the management of cardiovascular diseases. Different imaging modalities have advantages and limitations. Echocardiography is useful for assessing cardiac structure and function but limited for coronary artery disease evaluation. Nuclear imaging can evaluate perfusion and function but not coronary anatomy directly. CT and MRI can assess coronary anatomy in addition to function but CT involves radiation. The appropriate choice of imaging modality depends on the clinical question and no single test can replace all others for evaluating cardiovascular diseases. Integrating complementary information from different tests provides the most comprehensive assessment.
Harvey hecht md aeha sat
The document discusses the role of imaging coronary calcium using electron beam tomography (EBT) scans. It provides evidence that EBT calcium scores are strongly correlated with the amount of atherosclerotic plaque buildup. It also shows that higher EBT calcium scores are associated with significantly higher risks of future cardiovascular events, with risk increasing progressively as calcium scores rise. EBT calcium scoring more accurately predicts cardiovascular risk than traditional risk models like Framingham and can reclassify a person's risk level in about half of intermediate-risk individuals.
Vp presentation jar 3 29 03
This document discusses how coronary artery calcium scoring using computed tomography (CT) and levels of the inflammatory marker C-reactive protein (CRP) can be used together to predict cardiovascular risk. It finds that higher calcium scores and CRP levels each indicate greater risk of future heart attacks and cardiac deaths. The combination of an intermediate calcium score and elevated CRP may identify patients who would benefit from more aggressive prevention treatment and closer follow-up. The document recommends using calcium scoring and CRP testing together in asymptomatic individuals to help refine clinical decision making and prevention strategies.
214 how can calcium score improve your practice
This document discusses how coronary artery calcium scoring using computed tomography (CT) and levels of the inflammatory marker C-reactive protein (CRP) can be used together to predict cardiovascular risk. It finds that higher calcium scores and CRP levels each indicate greater risk of future heart attacks and cardiac deaths. The combination of an intermediate calcium score and elevated CRP may identify those at intermediate risk who could benefit from more aggressive prevention efforts like closer follow-up or treatment targeting both inflammation and plaques. Together, calcium scoring and CRP testing provide complementary information that can refine clinical decision making for asymptomatic individuals.
214 how can calcium score improve your practice
This document discusses how coronary artery calcium scoring using computed tomography (CT) and levels of the inflammatory marker C-reactive protein (CRP) can be used together to predict cardiovascular risk. It finds that higher calcium scores and CRP levels each indicate greater risk of future heart attacks and cardiac deaths. The combination of an intermediate calcium score and elevated CRP may identify patients who would benefit from more aggressive prevention treatment and closer follow-up. The document recommends using calcium scoring and CRP testing together in asymptomatic individuals to help refine clinical decision making and prevention strategies.
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Role of MDCT tin coronary artery part 3 (manifestation of coronary artery dis...
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Endovascular repair of traumatic aortic transection
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More from SHAPE Society
Barth imt
This document provides background on Jacques Barth, an expert in cardiovascular imaging and risk assessment. It discusses the evolution of ultrasound technology for measuring intima-media thickness (IMT) from 1986 to 2005. IMT is an early marker of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular risk. The document also addresses issues around vulnerable plaques, reporting IMT measurements, and assessing cardiovascular risk in children and adolescents.
Braunwald
This document outlines an approach to identifying and managing coronary risk. It recommends that prevention must be the primary goal through intensive global risk factor reduction for all patients with clinically apparent heart disease. It also recommends identifying asymptomatic high-risk individuals through testing like the Framingham Risk Score so they can receive prevention. It proposes a risk stratification approach from low to very high risk based on annual risk levels and corresponding testing and treatments, with very high risk patients receiving the most intensive treatments like invasive detection of unstable plaques and procedures like CABG or multiple drug-eluting stents.
Acc vp-org 3-02 stone
This document describes a study that uses intravascular ultrasound (IVUS), biplane coronary angiography, and blood flow measurements to characterize endothelial shear stress (ESS) in coronary arteries. It found that over 6 months, areas of low ESS demonstrated plaque progression, areas of normal ESS remained stable, and areas of high ESS developed outward remodeling. The technology allows in vivo determination of intracoronary flow velocity and ESS, which has not previously been possible. This provides a method to predict progression of atherosclerosis and vascular remodeling. A pilot study applied this technique in 8 patients at baseline and 6 months to analyze changes in native coronary artery disease and in-stent restenosis while taking candesartan vs fel
101205 shape aha 2005 f
Zahi A. Fayad is an Associate Professor who studies molecular imaging of atherosclerosis using MRI. His research focuses on developing targeted contrast agents to noninvasively detect unstable plaque. Some agents under investigation include annexin A5 labeled with a radioisotope to detect apoptosis, FDG-PET to assess plaque activity, and fibrin-targeted and MMP-targeting Gd-based contrasts. Additional work involves lipid-based particulate agents using reconstituted HDL or iron oxide nanoparticles. The goal is to improve MRI detection sensitivity and specificity for high-risk plaque characterization.
Acc v porg becker
This document discusses the use of coronary CT angiography (CTA) to detect and characterize coronary atherosclerosis beyond just detecting coronary stenoses. CTA can identify calcified plaques, non-calcified plaques, mixed plaques, atheromas, thrombi, and myocardial infarction scars. CTA provides information on plaque composition and distribution that can help understand coronary artery disease and be used to follow patients under therapy. The limitations of CTA include artifacts from cardiac motion, breathing, blooming effect, and poor contrast opacification of small vessels. Advances in multislice CT technology are helping to address some of these limitations.
Acc 2005-1, v pl-vp
This document discusses approaches to cardiovascular disease (CVD) and the need for new approaches. It summarizes that the emphasis is shifting from high risk plaques to high risk symptomatic patients, and from high risk asymptomatic to intermediate and low risk patients. It discusses diagnostic tools like magnetic resonance imaging to identify high risk asymptomatic patients and computed tomography to identify intermediate risk patients using coronary artery calcium scoring and CRP biomarkers. It also discusses prevention and treatment strategies like a polypill for acute coronary syndrome patients and those with chronic atherothrombosis.
Acc presentation macrophage (1)
This document proposes a non-invasive method using SPIO (super paramagnetic iron oxide) nanoparticles to image macrophage infiltration and inflammation in vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques. Rabbits and mice were injected with SPIO, which accumulated in inflamed plaque areas correlated with macrophage density. SPIO-enhanced MRI then successfully identified these inflamed plaques non-invasively in vivo. This technique could provide a way to detect rupture-prone plaques and better understand plaque vulnerability.
Acc presentation (1)
This document describes a study that introduces a non-invasive method for imaging macrophage infiltration in inflamed atherosclerotic plaques using superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) nanoparticles and MRI. The researchers injected SPIO into hypercholesterolemic and normal rabbits and found that SPIO profoundly accumulated in areas of macrophage infiltration in the atherosclerotic plaques, as confirmed by histology. SPIO-enhanced MRI was able to identify these inflamed plaques non-invasively. The results suggest SPIO-enhanced MRI can be a novel method for detecting rupture-prone inflamed plaques associated with heart attacks and strokes.
Acc presentation lipid coated(2)
This document discusses a novel tracer for MRI imaging of macrophage infiltration in atherosclerotic plaque. It summarizes research into lipid-coated superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIOs) that are phagocytosed by macrophages. The researchers tested various SPIO coatings and sizes to maximize macrophage uptake while minimizing oxidative stress. Lipid-coated SPIOs combined with certain aminoglycans showed the highest uptake and lowest induction of reactive oxygen species. The goal is to develop an MRI contrast agent that can noninvasively image vulnerable, inflamed plaques by detecting macrophage presence.
Acc 2002 microarray mehran for print
This document discusses the use of DNA microarrays in vulnerable plaque research. It provides background on atherosclerosis and identifies DNA microarrays as a tool that can be used to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying plaque vulnerability. The document outlines the basic steps of a DNA microarray experiment and discusses considerations for experimental design, data analysis, and validation of results. It also summarizes several studies that have used DNA microarrays or related techniques to examine gene expression in atherosclerosis.
Acc booth inventory
The document provides details about AEHA's booth at the ACC/AEHA Exhibition from March 30 to April 1, 2003. It lists the booth equipment and inventory, proposed activities like an Ecode on Friday morning and a VP Symposium. Giveaways include Magellan GPS devices in a raffle and Dove chocolates. It also discusses the need for an immediate membership sign-up page on the AEHA website and a vision for the future of AEHA.
Acc 04 vuln pt
This document discusses approaches to identifying and managing coronary risk. It states that the primary goal should be preventing acute cardiac events through intensive risk factor reduction for all patients with clinically apparent heart disease. Additionally, it notes that one third of sudden cardiac deaths and heart attacks occur in previously asymptomatic individuals with undiagnosed risk factors or pre-clinical disease. The document proposes identifying high-risk asymptomatic individuals through testing to provide prevention. It presents a risk stratification approach using testing like CRP, cholesterol, glucose and imaging to guide different levels of risk factor reduction and management.
Acc 2002 mehran for print
This document discusses the use of DNA microarrays in studying vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques. It provides background on atherosclerosis and plaque rupture. DNA microarrays allow high-throughput analysis of gene and protein expression, which can provide insights into molecular mechanisms underlying plaque vulnerability. One study used microarrays to analyze gene expression differences between ruptured and stable plaques, identifying perilipin as upregulated in ruptured plaques. However, microarray analysis of atherosclerosis is still in its early stages with many technical challenges to address.
Acc2002 thermography
Vulnerable plaques are prone to rupture and cause heart attacks. This document proposes criteria for defining vulnerable plaques based on histopathology and clinical factors. It also explores using infrared thermography to identify vulnerable plaques by detecting heat from macrophage inflammation. Studies in animal models and humans found temperature heterogeneity in atherosclerotic arteries that correlated with plaque vulnerability features. Further research aims to develop non-invasive thermography techniques to accurately detect vulnerable plaques and help predict heart attack risk.
A20 gene
The document presents findings on the A20 gene, which encodes a zinc finger protein that inhibits NF-kB activity and TNF-induced apoptosis. The study found that C57 and FVB mouse strains have a coding difference in A20 that generates a phosphorylation site in C57 mice. C57-A20 was less effective at shutting down TNF-induced NF-kB activity and C57 cells were less susceptible to TNF-induced apoptosis compared to FVB cells. This suggests less active A20 in C57 mice leads to increased inflammation and reduced apoptosis, while more active A20 in FVB mice decreases inflammation and increases apoptosis, contributing to differences in atherosclerosis susceptibility between the strains.
A20 is an atherosclerosis
The document presents findings on the A20 gene, which encodes a zinc finger protein that inhibits NF-kB activity and TNF-induced apoptosis. The study found that C57 and FVB mouse strains have a coding difference in A20 that generates a putative phosphorylation site in C57 mice. Experiments showed the C57 version of A20 is less effective at shutting down NF-kB activity and C57 cells are less susceptible to TNF-induced apoptosis. This suggests the A20 variation could contribute to differences in atherosclerosis susceptibility between C57 and FVB strains by affecting inflammation and apoptosis.
103100
This progress report discusses ongoing near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy studies. It notes that a new probe design is being developed to improve signal detection in the NIR range. Characterization of a new light source and additional tissue phantom studies are needed. The report identifies ongoing difficulties with depth penetration studies and experimental setup issues. Priorities include analyzing existing data to inform probe redesign, characterizing the new light source, conducting depth penetration and tissue phantom studies, and addressing experimental setup challenges.
259 crp as a risk factor
This document discusses the use of C-reactive protein (CRP) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels to predict cardiovascular risk. It summarizes a study that found CRP to be a stronger predictor of future cardiovascular events than LDL. The study measured CRP and LDL levels in 27,939 healthy women and followed them for 8 years, finding that most cardiovascular events occurred in women with normal or low LDL (<160 mg/dl) but elevated CRP. The document concludes that combining CRP and LDL measurements provides better risk assessment than either marker alone.
511 first steps towards understanding
This study investigated genetic differences in vascular remodeling and shear stress regulation in response to altered blood flow in four inbred rat strains. The results showed significant differences among strains in their ability to maintain normal endothelial shear stress levels through outward arterial remodeling when flow was increased or decreased. Specifically, the GH strain was better able to regulate shear stress through remodeling compared to the SHR-SP strain. These genetic differences in vascular responses to changes in blood flow have important implications for understanding the variable manifestations of atherosclerosis and susceptibility to cardiovascular disease in individuals and populations. Future studies are needed to investigate whether similar genetic differences exist in humans and their role in clinical outcomes.
1688 azadpour 3 12 02
This document contains fluorescence intensity measurements from a fluorescence-based assay using different concentrations of FITC-labeled superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (FITC SPIO). The measurements are organized in a table with concentrations of FITC SPIO along the left and average fluorescence units per well and standard deviations for different samples labeled with letters in the cells.
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3rd vulnerable plaque rumberg 3 16-02 2
- 1. EBT and Coronary Artery CalciumEBT and Coronary Artery Calcium Coronary Artery CalciumCoronary Artery Calcium ISIS AtherosclerosisAtherosclerosis There areThere are NONO false positive calcium measuresfalse positive calcium measures by EBT [i.e. ALL calcium is plaque]by EBT [i.e. ALL calcium is plaque] Establishes a diagnosis ofEstablishes a diagnosis of coronary atherosclerosiscoronary atherosclerosis
- 2. Coronary Calcium Area by EBT andCoronary Calcium Area by EBT and Coronary Artery Plaque AreaCoronary Artery Plaque Area 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 0 2 4 6 8 Square Root Sum of Calcium Areas SquareRootSumof PlaqueAreas Rumberger, Circ 1995:92:2157-62 n = 38n = 38 r = 0.90r = 0.90 p < .001p < .001
- 3. No. of coronary segments/pt. with plaques (IVUS) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 No. of calcified coronary segments/pt. (EBCT) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Y = -0.67 + (0.90 * X) r = 0.86 p < 0.0001 N = 40 patients total of 222 coronary segments examined Acute Coronary Syndrome and Non-Obstructive CADAcute Coronary Syndrome and Non-Obstructive CAD # of segments with EBT calcium vs. # of segments with any plaque# of segments with EBT calcium vs. # of segments with any plaque Schmermund et alSchmermund et al AJC 1998; 81:AJC 1998; 81: 141-146141-146
- 4. EBT and Coronary Artery CalciumEBT and Coronary Artery Calcium Define the extent of disease? YESDefine the extent of disease? YES The amount of calciumThe amount of calcium correlates DIRECTLYcorrelates DIRECTLY toto the amount of measurable coronary disease by:the amount of measurable coronary disease by: 1) direct histopathologic comparison1) direct histopathologic comparison 2) with intravascular ultrasound2) with intravascular ultrasound
- 5. Electron Beam TomographyElectron Beam Tomography Hn x-factor (Agatston Scoring) 130-199 1 200-299 2 300-399 3 >400 4 Area = 15 mmArea = 15 mm22 Volume = 12 mmVolume = 12 mm33 x10x10-3-3 Agatston (area) ScoreAgatston (area) Score vs. Volume Scorevs. Volume Score Area = 8 mmArea = 8 mm22 Volume = 6 mmVolume = 6 mm33 x10x10-3-3 Agatston (area) ScoreAgatston (area) Score vs. Volume Scorevs. Volume Score Total Score =Total Score = ΣΣ
- 6. ““Risk” of MI, SCD or Ischemia:Risk” of MI, SCD or Ischemia: initially asymptomatic adultsinitially asymptomatic adults 2.7 6.9 14.3 19.7 20.2 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 '1-49 >50 >80 >160 >600 Arad: JACC 2000;36:1253-60 EBCT Calcium ScoreEBCT Calcium Score Agatston: Circ 1997 OddsRatioOddsRatio 3-6 yr. f/u3-6 yr. f/u n = 367n = 367 3.5 yr. f/u3.5 yr. f/u n = 1177n = 1177
- 7. ““Risk” of MI, SCD or Ischemia:Risk” of MI, SCD or Ischemia: initially asymptomatic adultsinitially asymptomatic adults 2.7 6.9 14.3 19.7 20.2 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 '1-49 >50 >80 >160 >600 Arad: JACC 2000;36:1253-60 EBCT Calcium ScoreEBCT Calcium Score Agatston: Circ 1997 OddsRatioOddsRatio 3-6 yr. f/u3-6 yr. f/u n = 367n = 367 3.5 yr. f/u3.5 yr. f/u n = 1177n = 1177