238 carotid array coil
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The document discusses carotid artery plaque and atherosclerosis. It mentions the carotid arteries, carotid bifurcation, and internal carotid artery stenosis and plaque formation. The key areas discussed are plaque buildup in the carotid arteries and at the carotid bifurcation which can lead to internal carotid artery stenosis.
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Acc presentation macrophage (1)
This document proposes a non-invasive method using SPIO (super paramagnetic iron oxide) nanoparticles to image macrophage infiltration and inflammation in vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques. Rabbits and mice were injected with SPIO, which accumulated in inflamed plaque areas correlated with macrophage density. SPIO-enhanced MRI then successfully identified these inflamed plaques non-invasively in vivo. This technique could provide a way to detect rupture-prone plaques and better understand plaque vulnerability.
110 electron beam tomography
ELECTRON BEAM TOMOGRAPHY: PAST, PRESENT, FUTURE
Imatron has pioneered many firsts in CT technology, including the first electronic CT scanner in 1983. Present capabilities of Imatron's EBT scanners include cardiac imaging at high heart rates, wide-volume perfusion imaging, and multi-phase cine imaging and vessel analysis. Future developments aim to further increase scan speed, reduce slice thickness, capture more cine frames, and automate analysis and reporting, with the goal of replacing invasive diagnostic angiography.
199 plaque severity and coronary occlusion
The document discusses that less obstructive plaques pose a greater risk of coronary occlusion than severely obstructed plaques due to their greater numbers. It also states that the aggregate risk of rupture from many non-significant lesions exceeds that of fewer significant lesions, so a myocardial infarction is more likely to originate from a non-significant lesion. Additionally, while electron beam tomography (EBT) cannot identify vulnerable plaques directly, it can identify vulnerable patients based on their coronary artery calcium (CAC) scores and percentiles, as risk increases with higher scores. EBT is also useful for estimating prognosis and tracking changes in plaque burden in response to treatment over time.
168 catheter based detection of vulnerable plaque
This document discusses various methods for detecting vulnerable plaque, including thermography, intravascular MRI, optical coherence tomography, angioscopy, near IR, catheter-based detection, and IVUS. It also lists types of studies that can be used for validating diagnoses and treatments of vulnerable plaque, including autopsy specimens, animal models, and human studies. Finally, it proposes a trial to detect and treat vulnerable plaque using a vulnerability detector to identify patients with vulnerable plaque and randomize treatment.
147 vulnerable thrombogenic blood
This editorial discusses factors that influence whether a ruptured atherosclerotic plaque leads to a coronary thrombosis. It reports on a study that found increased levels of circulating tissue factor activity in poorly-controlled type 2 diabetics, smokers, and hyperlipidemic patients. This tissue factor increases blood thrombogenicity and correlates with an increased risk of atherothrombotic complications in these populations. The authors conclude that improved glycemic control in diabetics reduces tissue factor levels and thrombogenicity. Risk factors such as smoking and hyperlipidemia increase tissue factor and thrombogenicity levels.
3rd vp symposium jang
This document summarizes research on using optical coherence tomography (OCT) to characterize coronary plaques. OCT uses near-infrared light to generate high-resolution cross-sectional images of tissue microstructure. Researchers studied 357 arterial segments ex vivo using OCT and validated plaque types (fibrous, calcific, lipid-rich) against histology with high accuracy. A pilot clinical study of 10 patients found OCT feasible and safe for in vivo coronary imaging before and after percutaneous coronary intervention, identifying a variety of plaque types and stent appositions. While blood obstruction and motion artifacts posed challenges, the results support further evaluation of OCT as a potential "optical biopsy" tool.
131 the evolution of coronary atherosclerosis
The document discusses the natural progression of coronary atherosclerosis over time from normal artery to vulnerable plaque. It describes how snapshots can identify plaque vulnerability or likelihood to progress. Physiologic shear stress is protective for endothelium while low shear stress promotes atherosclerosis. 3D reconstruction of arterial segments can analyze plaque and shear stress. Regions of baseline low shear stress saw increased plaque and arterial enlargement over 6 months. Identification of minor obstructions likely to progress could allow preventive interventions to avert adverse events like heart attack.
226 statins are overrated
Statins are not effective enough and their benefits are delayed. Vulnerable plaques are usually found in multiple locations. While statins may lower lipids and have anti-inflammatory effects within 6 weeks, they do not significantly reduce mortality within the first year of treatment. Over 40% of deaths in statin trials still occurred in the statin groups. Local therapies in addition to statins may be needed to stabilize vulnerable plaques and buy more time for other treatments to have an effect.
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Acc presentation macrophage (1)
This document proposes a non-invasive method using SPIO (super paramagnetic iron oxide) nanoparticles to image macrophage infiltration and inflammation in vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques. Rabbits and mice were injected with SPIO, which accumulated in inflamed plaque areas correlated with macrophage density. SPIO-enhanced MRI then successfully identified these inflamed plaques non-invasively in vivo. This technique could provide a way to detect rupture-prone plaques and better understand plaque vulnerability.
110 electron beam tomography
ELECTRON BEAM TOMOGRAPHY: PAST, PRESENT, FUTURE
Imatron has pioneered many firsts in CT technology, including the first electronic CT scanner in 1983. Present capabilities of Imatron's EBT scanners include cardiac imaging at high heart rates, wide-volume perfusion imaging, and multi-phase cine imaging and vessel analysis. Future developments aim to further increase scan speed, reduce slice thickness, capture more cine frames, and automate analysis and reporting, with the goal of replacing invasive diagnostic angiography.
199 plaque severity and coronary occlusion
The document discusses that less obstructive plaques pose a greater risk of coronary occlusion than severely obstructed plaques due to their greater numbers. It also states that the aggregate risk of rupture from many non-significant lesions exceeds that of fewer significant lesions, so a myocardial infarction is more likely to originate from a non-significant lesion. Additionally, while electron beam tomography (EBT) cannot identify vulnerable plaques directly, it can identify vulnerable patients based on their coronary artery calcium (CAC) scores and percentiles, as risk increases with higher scores. EBT is also useful for estimating prognosis and tracking changes in plaque burden in response to treatment over time.
168 catheter based detection of vulnerable plaque
This document discusses various methods for detecting vulnerable plaque, including thermography, intravascular MRI, optical coherence tomography, angioscopy, near IR, catheter-based detection, and IVUS. It also lists types of studies that can be used for validating diagnoses and treatments of vulnerable plaque, including autopsy specimens, animal models, and human studies. Finally, it proposes a trial to detect and treat vulnerable plaque using a vulnerability detector to identify patients with vulnerable plaque and randomize treatment.
147 vulnerable thrombogenic blood
This editorial discusses factors that influence whether a ruptured atherosclerotic plaque leads to a coronary thrombosis. It reports on a study that found increased levels of circulating tissue factor activity in poorly-controlled type 2 diabetics, smokers, and hyperlipidemic patients. This tissue factor increases blood thrombogenicity and correlates with an increased risk of atherothrombotic complications in these populations. The authors conclude that improved glycemic control in diabetics reduces tissue factor levels and thrombogenicity. Risk factors such as smoking and hyperlipidemia increase tissue factor and thrombogenicity levels.
3rd vp symposium jang
This document summarizes research on using optical coherence tomography (OCT) to characterize coronary plaques. OCT uses near-infrared light to generate high-resolution cross-sectional images of tissue microstructure. Researchers studied 357 arterial segments ex vivo using OCT and validated plaque types (fibrous, calcific, lipid-rich) against histology with high accuracy. A pilot clinical study of 10 patients found OCT feasible and safe for in vivo coronary imaging before and after percutaneous coronary intervention, identifying a variety of plaque types and stent appositions. While blood obstruction and motion artifacts posed challenges, the results support further evaluation of OCT as a potential "optical biopsy" tool.
131 the evolution of coronary atherosclerosis
The document discusses the natural progression of coronary atherosclerosis over time from normal artery to vulnerable plaque. It describes how snapshots can identify plaque vulnerability or likelihood to progress. Physiologic shear stress is protective for endothelium while low shear stress promotes atherosclerosis. 3D reconstruction of arterial segments can analyze plaque and shear stress. Regions of baseline low shear stress saw increased plaque and arterial enlargement over 6 months. Identification of minor obstructions likely to progress could allow preventive interventions to avert adverse events like heart attack.
226 statins are overrated
Statins are not effective enough and their benefits are delayed. Vulnerable plaques are usually found in multiple locations. While statins may lower lipids and have anti-inflammatory effects within 6 weeks, they do not significantly reduce mortality within the first year of treatment. Over 40% of deaths in statin trials still occurred in the statin groups. Local therapies in addition to statins may be needed to stabilize vulnerable plaques and buy more time for other treatments to have an effect.
A20 gene
The document presents findings on the A20 gene, which encodes a zinc finger protein that inhibits NF-kB activity and TNF-induced apoptosis. The study found that C57 and FVB mouse strains have a coding difference in A20 that generates a phosphorylation site in C57 mice. C57-A20 was less effective at shutting down TNF-induced NF-kB activity and C57 cells were less susceptible to TNF-induced apoptosis compared to FVB cells. This suggests less active A20 in C57 mice leads to increased inflammation and reduced apoptosis, while more active A20 in FVB mice decreases inflammation and increases apoptosis, contributing to differences in atherosclerosis susceptibility between the strains.
039 mr contrast agents for vulnerable plaque imaging
1. MS-325 is an albumin-targeted gadolinium contrast agent that highlights inflamed vessel walls and facilitates plaque imaging. It provides prolonged enhancement of the vessel wall and lumen, allowing for high resolution detection of plaque burden.
2. Studies show strong vessel wall enhancement with MS-325 due to increased capillary volume and binding to extravasated albumin in the vessel wall of patients with atherosclerosis. This may help identify stenosis and quantify plaque.
3. Experimental models demonstrate MS-325 can improve visualization of vulnerable plaque features like lipid cores and thin fibrous caps, as well as directly detect thrombus formation during plaque rupture.
180 aortic thermography catheter
The document discusses a study conducted by the Department of Cardiology at Athens Medical School in 2001 that used a new aortic thermography catheter to measure temperatures in the aorta and coronary sinus of patients. The study involved 18 patients with documented coronary artery disease and 12 patients with normal coronary arteries, as determined by angiography. The purpose was to investigate if there are temperature differences in blood between the coronary sinus and right atrium in patients with left coronary artery lesions compared to those without.
061 a nano mega initiative
The document summarizes a meeting on vulnerable plaque research between UT-THI and Rice Coalition. It provides background on vulnerable plaque, describing it as dangerous forms of fat buildup in the arterial wall that can rupture or induce thrombosis. It reviews the history of research in this area dating back to the 19th century, and profiles the many contributors to the field. Emerging techniques for detecting vulnerable plaque non-invasively or invasively are also summarized, such as various imaging modalities, blood tests, and endothelial function tests.
Acc 2002 microarray mehran for print
This document discusses the use of DNA microarrays in vulnerable plaque research. It provides background on atherosclerosis and identifies DNA microarrays as a tool that can be used to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying plaque vulnerability. The document outlines the basic steps of a DNA microarray experiment and discusses considerations for experimental design, data analysis, and validation of results. It also summarizes several studies that have used DNA microarrays or related techniques to examine gene expression in atherosclerosis.
191 spio and t2 effect
The study aimed to show the effect of macrophage uptake of superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) nanoparticles on T2 relaxation time in vitro. Macrophages were incubated with different concentrations of Feridex, an SPIO contrast agent, for varying time periods. T2 relaxation times were measured after 20 minutes, 1 hour, 6 hours, and 24 hours. T2 values decreased with both increasing SPIO concentration and longer incubation time, demonstrating concentration- and time-dependent SPIO uptake by macrophages and corresponding reduction in T2 signal.
099 inhibitory effect on arterial injury
This study found that immune deficiency results in increased neointimal formation (thickening of the artery wall) after arterial injury in mice. Adoptive transfer of B cells from wild type mice to immune deficient Rag-1 KO mice inhibited neointimal formation in the Rag-1 KO mice after arterial injury, regardless of diet. The presence of immunoglobulins like IgM and IgG increased in the injured arteries of wild type mice and B cell reconstituted Rag-1 KO mice. This suggests that B cells and the production of natural antibodies may play a role in inhibiting neointimal formation after arterial injury.
108 cetp expression
CETP overexpression in diabetic and obese db/db mice prevented the formation of diet-induced atherosclerotic plaques in the aorta. CETP overexpression lowered total cholesterol concentrations and reduced cholesterol levels in the pro-atherogenic VLDL and IDL/LDL lipoprotein subfractions. This suggests CETP plays an anti-atherogenic role in the context of diabetic obesity by modifying cholesterol distribution among lipoproteins. The authors conclude CETP may help maintain vascular health in humans with diabetic obesity, and its suppression in this population may contribute to higher atherosclerosis risk.
160 5th vulnerable plaque symposium
This document announces an industry roundtable event on vulnerable plaque to be held on March 29, 2003 in Chicago. The roundtable aims to bring together cardiologists, researchers, and industry executives to discuss regulatory challenges, reimbursement issues, and identifying areas of common interest in developing and regulating new products for detecting and treating vulnerable plaque. The program will highlight emerging trends in treating heart disease caused by vulnerable plaque and the current regulatory climate for alternative clinical strategies. A panel of experts from academia, industry and government agencies will discuss these issues.
3rd vulnerable plaque rumberger 3 16-02 1
Electron beam tomography (EBT) is a scanning method introduced in 1984 that images the heart 10 times faster than helical CT. Over 600 papers have been published on EBT validating its ability to determine and quantify coronary artery calcium. Coronary artery calcification is the hardening of the coronary arteries that has been known for 300 years. Recent research in the past 10 years has found that it is an active process that can occur early in atherosclerotic plaque development and is an intimate part of the fibroproliferative and inflammatory pathophysiology of coronary artery disease. Histological examination shows calcium is present within atherosclerotic plaque.
185 towards the future cath lab
This document discusses the potential for using MRI as an alternative to x-ray guidance in cardiac catheterization labs and interventional procedures. It outlines the history of MRI in cardiovascular imaging and interventions. Recent studies are presented that demonstrate the feasibility of MRI-guided coronary catheterization and balloon angioplasty. However, technological barriers around making equipment MRI-compatible as well as accreditation and reimbursement issues still need to be addressed before MRI could fully replace x-ray systems in cath labs. The combination of x-ray and MRI into a single "XMR" system may be a viable solution.
176 coronary pan artritis
This document discusses inflammation in coronary artery plaques and its relationship to vulnerable plaques. It reports that:
1) Inflammation is common in deeper layers of atherosclerotic plaques and is associated with lipid content but not necessarily plaque rupture.
2) Patients with unstable angina tend to have evidence of widespread coronary inflammation, not just at the culprit lesion, suggesting vulnerable plaques may form throughout the arteries.
3) Given that vulnerable patients often have many inflamed plaques, targeting a single coated stent to one region may not be sufficient as a treatment approach for reducing acute coronary events risk.
Phosphorus levels are associated with subclinical atherosclerosis in the gene...
Presented by:
Stephen Onufrak, PhD, Antonio Bellasi, MD, Francesca Cardarelli, MD, Viola Vaccarino, MD, PhD, Paolo Raggi, MD
213 oral apo ai mimetic peptide for reduction of atherosclerosis
I. The document discusses studies on the effects of oral administration of apolipoprotein A-I mimetic peptides synthesized from D-amino acids in reducing atherosclerosis in mice. It was found to dramatically decrease lesions by 75-79% independent of changes in total or HDL cholesterol.
II. The peptide is proposed to be useful for preventing and treating atherosclerosis and other inflammatory diseases caused by oxidized lipids. Its ability to reduce lesions orally suggests potential as a therapeutic agent.
III. Further studies are referenced that examine the mechanisms of action of apo A-I and analogs in protecting against atherosclerosis through reverse cholesterol transport and removal of oxidized lipids.
225 animal models of heart attack part 2
I. This document discusses various animal models that have been used to study atherosclerosis and plaque rupture, including quail, pigeons, chickens, dogs, monkeys, pigs, rats, rabbits, and mice. It provides details on the types of lesions developed and similarities to human disease for each model.
II. The double knockout LDL/apoE mice are highlighted as offering improvements in studying clinical complications of atherosclerosis like human heart disease. However, it is unclear how closely they model vulnerable plaques.
III. Questions are raised about how closely the coagulation systems of these animal models resemble humans and whether any model fully captures repeated plaque ruptures and the role of aging in natural history as seen in humans.
175 tissue contrast
1) Tissue contrast in MRI is determined by intrinsic factors like proton density and relaxation properties, as well as extrinsic factors like flow and contrast agents.
2) Image contrast is affected by the relative brightness of tissues, which depends on factors like surrounding tissue intensity and image windowing.
3) Noise reduces the ability to see low contrast structures and affects the perceived signal intensity. Increasing signal and optimizing machine parameters can increase signal-to-noise ratio.
165 pressure wire
This document reports on a study that used a pressure wire to measure intracoronary temperatures in patients referred for cardiac catheterization. Temperature mappings were recorded in various coronary arteries. Measurements were taken in patients presenting with conditions such as unstable angina, stable angina, prior myocardial infarction, and no cardiac symptoms. The data collected included temperature, location of any stenotic lesions, and patient demographics and risk factors. Statistical analyses were also performed on the temperature readings.
195 hepatic synthesis and secretion of vldl
1) The document discusses mechanisms of VLDL overproduction in insulin resistance using a fructose-fed hamster model.
2) Hamsters fed a high fructose diet develop insulin resistance, hypertriglyceridemia, and increased hepatic VLDL production.
3) Studies show that insulin resistance in hamster liver leads to overexpression of MTP and overproduction of VLDL, possibly due to disruption of insulin signaling pathways involving IRS-1 and PI3-kinase.
120 mr imaging for the evaluation of carotid atherosclerosis
This document discusses the use of MR imaging to evaluate carotid atherosclerosis. It notes that MR imaging can provide high-resolution images of carotid plaque geometry and composition in vivo, capturing details like fibrous caps and necrotic cores. The document outlines different MR imaging techniques for evaluating carotid arteries, such as high-resolution TOF-MRA, CE-MRA, and T2-weighted imaging. It presents examples of images showing lumen contours, calcification, and plaque components visualized with these methods. The document suggests that improved MR imaging techniques may help identify features of carotid plaque that are associated with rapid progression and neurological risk.
044 mice mri
This study aimed to image atherosclerotic plaques in the aortas of Apo E deficient mice using MRI. To visualize the aorta, contrast agent was injected into mice both while inside and outside of the MRI scanner. Respiratory gating was used to reduce motion artifacts from breathing by intubating mice and providing ventilation. Initial scans showed the aorta but further refinement is needed, including decreasing the dose of iron contrast agent to improve image resolution without excessive signal loss. Future plans include ECG gating to reduce cardiac motion and starting similar studies in rabbits.
Barth imt
This document provides background on Jacques Barth, an expert in cardiovascular imaging and risk assessment. It discusses the evolution of ultrasound technology for measuring intima-media thickness (IMT) from 1986 to 2005. IMT is an early marker of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular risk. The document also addresses issues around vulnerable plaques, reporting IMT measurements, and assessing cardiovascular risk in children and adolescents.
Braunwald
This document outlines an approach to identifying and managing coronary risk. It recommends that prevention must be the primary goal through intensive global risk factor reduction for all patients with clinically apparent heart disease. It also recommends identifying asymptomatic high-risk individuals through testing like the Framingham Risk Score so they can receive prevention. It proposes a risk stratification approach from low to very high risk based on annual risk levels and corresponding testing and treatments, with very high risk patients receiving the most intensive treatments like invasive detection of unstable plaques and procedures like CABG or multiple drug-eluting stents.
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A20 gene
The document presents findings on the A20 gene, which encodes a zinc finger protein that inhibits NF-kB activity and TNF-induced apoptosis. The study found that C57 and FVB mouse strains have a coding difference in A20 that generates a phosphorylation site in C57 mice. C57-A20 was less effective at shutting down TNF-induced NF-kB activity and C57 cells were less susceptible to TNF-induced apoptosis compared to FVB cells. This suggests less active A20 in C57 mice leads to increased inflammation and reduced apoptosis, while more active A20 in FVB mice decreases inflammation and increases apoptosis, contributing to differences in atherosclerosis susceptibility between the strains.
039 mr contrast agents for vulnerable plaque imaging
1. MS-325 is an albumin-targeted gadolinium contrast agent that highlights inflamed vessel walls and facilitates plaque imaging. It provides prolonged enhancement of the vessel wall and lumen, allowing for high resolution detection of plaque burden.
2. Studies show strong vessel wall enhancement with MS-325 due to increased capillary volume and binding to extravasated albumin in the vessel wall of patients with atherosclerosis. This may help identify stenosis and quantify plaque.
3. Experimental models demonstrate MS-325 can improve visualization of vulnerable plaque features like lipid cores and thin fibrous caps, as well as directly detect thrombus formation during plaque rupture.
180 aortic thermography catheter
The document discusses a study conducted by the Department of Cardiology at Athens Medical School in 2001 that used a new aortic thermography catheter to measure temperatures in the aorta and coronary sinus of patients. The study involved 18 patients with documented coronary artery disease and 12 patients with normal coronary arteries, as determined by angiography. The purpose was to investigate if there are temperature differences in blood between the coronary sinus and right atrium in patients with left coronary artery lesions compared to those without.
061 a nano mega initiative
The document summarizes a meeting on vulnerable plaque research between UT-THI and Rice Coalition. It provides background on vulnerable plaque, describing it as dangerous forms of fat buildup in the arterial wall that can rupture or induce thrombosis. It reviews the history of research in this area dating back to the 19th century, and profiles the many contributors to the field. Emerging techniques for detecting vulnerable plaque non-invasively or invasively are also summarized, such as various imaging modalities, blood tests, and endothelial function tests.
Acc 2002 microarray mehran for print
This document discusses the use of DNA microarrays in vulnerable plaque research. It provides background on atherosclerosis and identifies DNA microarrays as a tool that can be used to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying plaque vulnerability. The document outlines the basic steps of a DNA microarray experiment and discusses considerations for experimental design, data analysis, and validation of results. It also summarizes several studies that have used DNA microarrays or related techniques to examine gene expression in atherosclerosis.
191 spio and t2 effect
The study aimed to show the effect of macrophage uptake of superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) nanoparticles on T2 relaxation time in vitro. Macrophages were incubated with different concentrations of Feridex, an SPIO contrast agent, for varying time periods. T2 relaxation times were measured after 20 minutes, 1 hour, 6 hours, and 24 hours. T2 values decreased with both increasing SPIO concentration and longer incubation time, demonstrating concentration- and time-dependent SPIO uptake by macrophages and corresponding reduction in T2 signal.
099 inhibitory effect on arterial injury
This study found that immune deficiency results in increased neointimal formation (thickening of the artery wall) after arterial injury in mice. Adoptive transfer of B cells from wild type mice to immune deficient Rag-1 KO mice inhibited neointimal formation in the Rag-1 KO mice after arterial injury, regardless of diet. The presence of immunoglobulins like IgM and IgG increased in the injured arteries of wild type mice and B cell reconstituted Rag-1 KO mice. This suggests that B cells and the production of natural antibodies may play a role in inhibiting neointimal formation after arterial injury.
108 cetp expression
CETP overexpression in diabetic and obese db/db mice prevented the formation of diet-induced atherosclerotic plaques in the aorta. CETP overexpression lowered total cholesterol concentrations and reduced cholesterol levels in the pro-atherogenic VLDL and IDL/LDL lipoprotein subfractions. This suggests CETP plays an anti-atherogenic role in the context of diabetic obesity by modifying cholesterol distribution among lipoproteins. The authors conclude CETP may help maintain vascular health in humans with diabetic obesity, and its suppression in this population may contribute to higher atherosclerosis risk.
160 5th vulnerable plaque symposium
This document announces an industry roundtable event on vulnerable plaque to be held on March 29, 2003 in Chicago. The roundtable aims to bring together cardiologists, researchers, and industry executives to discuss regulatory challenges, reimbursement issues, and identifying areas of common interest in developing and regulating new products for detecting and treating vulnerable plaque. The program will highlight emerging trends in treating heart disease caused by vulnerable plaque and the current regulatory climate for alternative clinical strategies. A panel of experts from academia, industry and government agencies will discuss these issues.
3rd vulnerable plaque rumberger 3 16-02 1
Electron beam tomography (EBT) is a scanning method introduced in 1984 that images the heart 10 times faster than helical CT. Over 600 papers have been published on EBT validating its ability to determine and quantify coronary artery calcium. Coronary artery calcification is the hardening of the coronary arteries that has been known for 300 years. Recent research in the past 10 years has found that it is an active process that can occur early in atherosclerotic plaque development and is an intimate part of the fibroproliferative and inflammatory pathophysiology of coronary artery disease. Histological examination shows calcium is present within atherosclerotic plaque.
185 towards the future cath lab
This document discusses the potential for using MRI as an alternative to x-ray guidance in cardiac catheterization labs and interventional procedures. It outlines the history of MRI in cardiovascular imaging and interventions. Recent studies are presented that demonstrate the feasibility of MRI-guided coronary catheterization and balloon angioplasty. However, technological barriers around making equipment MRI-compatible as well as accreditation and reimbursement issues still need to be addressed before MRI could fully replace x-ray systems in cath labs. The combination of x-ray and MRI into a single "XMR" system may be a viable solution.
176 coronary pan artritis
This document discusses inflammation in coronary artery plaques and its relationship to vulnerable plaques. It reports that:
1) Inflammation is common in deeper layers of atherosclerotic plaques and is associated with lipid content but not necessarily plaque rupture.
2) Patients with unstable angina tend to have evidence of widespread coronary inflammation, not just at the culprit lesion, suggesting vulnerable plaques may form throughout the arteries.
3) Given that vulnerable patients often have many inflamed plaques, targeting a single coated stent to one region may not be sufficient as a treatment approach for reducing acute coronary events risk.
Phosphorus levels are associated with subclinical atherosclerosis in the gene...
Presented by:
Stephen Onufrak, PhD, Antonio Bellasi, MD, Francesca Cardarelli, MD, Viola Vaccarino, MD, PhD, Paolo Raggi, MD
213 oral apo ai mimetic peptide for reduction of atherosclerosis
I. The document discusses studies on the effects of oral administration of apolipoprotein A-I mimetic peptides synthesized from D-amino acids in reducing atherosclerosis in mice. It was found to dramatically decrease lesions by 75-79% independent of changes in total or HDL cholesterol.
II. The peptide is proposed to be useful for preventing and treating atherosclerosis and other inflammatory diseases caused by oxidized lipids. Its ability to reduce lesions orally suggests potential as a therapeutic agent.
III. Further studies are referenced that examine the mechanisms of action of apo A-I and analogs in protecting against atherosclerosis through reverse cholesterol transport and removal of oxidized lipids.
225 animal models of heart attack part 2
I. This document discusses various animal models that have been used to study atherosclerosis and plaque rupture, including quail, pigeons, chickens, dogs, monkeys, pigs, rats, rabbits, and mice. It provides details on the types of lesions developed and similarities to human disease for each model.
II. The double knockout LDL/apoE mice are highlighted as offering improvements in studying clinical complications of atherosclerosis like human heart disease. However, it is unclear how closely they model vulnerable plaques.
III. Questions are raised about how closely the coagulation systems of these animal models resemble humans and whether any model fully captures repeated plaque ruptures and the role of aging in natural history as seen in humans.
175 tissue contrast
1) Tissue contrast in MRI is determined by intrinsic factors like proton density and relaxation properties, as well as extrinsic factors like flow and contrast agents.
2) Image contrast is affected by the relative brightness of tissues, which depends on factors like surrounding tissue intensity and image windowing.
3) Noise reduces the ability to see low contrast structures and affects the perceived signal intensity. Increasing signal and optimizing machine parameters can increase signal-to-noise ratio.
165 pressure wire
This document reports on a study that used a pressure wire to measure intracoronary temperatures in patients referred for cardiac catheterization. Temperature mappings were recorded in various coronary arteries. Measurements were taken in patients presenting with conditions such as unstable angina, stable angina, prior myocardial infarction, and no cardiac symptoms. The data collected included temperature, location of any stenotic lesions, and patient demographics and risk factors. Statistical analyses were also performed on the temperature readings.
195 hepatic synthesis and secretion of vldl
1) The document discusses mechanisms of VLDL overproduction in insulin resistance using a fructose-fed hamster model.
2) Hamsters fed a high fructose diet develop insulin resistance, hypertriglyceridemia, and increased hepatic VLDL production.
3) Studies show that insulin resistance in hamster liver leads to overexpression of MTP and overproduction of VLDL, possibly due to disruption of insulin signaling pathways involving IRS-1 and PI3-kinase.
120 mr imaging for the evaluation of carotid atherosclerosis
This document discusses the use of MR imaging to evaluate carotid atherosclerosis. It notes that MR imaging can provide high-resolution images of carotid plaque geometry and composition in vivo, capturing details like fibrous caps and necrotic cores. The document outlines different MR imaging techniques for evaluating carotid arteries, such as high-resolution TOF-MRA, CE-MRA, and T2-weighted imaging. It presents examples of images showing lumen contours, calcification, and plaque components visualized with these methods. The document suggests that improved MR imaging techniques may help identify features of carotid plaque that are associated with rapid progression and neurological risk.
044 mice mri
This study aimed to image atherosclerotic plaques in the aortas of Apo E deficient mice using MRI. To visualize the aorta, contrast agent was injected into mice both while inside and outside of the MRI scanner. Respiratory gating was used to reduce motion artifacts from breathing by intubating mice and providing ventilation. Initial scans showed the aorta but further refinement is needed, including decreasing the dose of iron contrast agent to improve image resolution without excessive signal loss. Future plans include ECG gating to reduce cardiac motion and starting similar studies in rabbits.
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039 mr contrast agents for vulnerable plaque imaging
039 mr contrast agents for vulnerable plaque imaging
Phosphorus levels are associated with subclinical atherosclerosis in the gene...
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213 oral apo ai mimetic peptide for reduction of atherosclerosis
213 oral apo ai mimetic peptide for reduction of atherosclerosis
120 mr imaging for the evaluation of carotid atherosclerosis
120 mr imaging for the evaluation of carotid atherosclerosis
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This document provides background on Jacques Barth, an expert in cardiovascular imaging and risk assessment. It discusses the evolution of ultrasound technology for measuring intima-media thickness (IMT) from 1986 to 2005. IMT is an early marker of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular risk. The document also addresses issues around vulnerable plaques, reporting IMT measurements, and assessing cardiovascular risk in children and adolescents.
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This document outlines an approach to identifying and managing coronary risk. It recommends that prevention must be the primary goal through intensive global risk factor reduction for all patients with clinically apparent heart disease. It also recommends identifying asymptomatic high-risk individuals through testing like the Framingham Risk Score so they can receive prevention. It proposes a risk stratification approach from low to very high risk based on annual risk levels and corresponding testing and treatments, with very high risk patients receiving the most intensive treatments like invasive detection of unstable plaques and procedures like CABG or multiple drug-eluting stents.
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The document discusses several factors that are considered predictors of plaque vulnerability, including luminal narrowing, plaque volume and composition, fibrous cap thickness, and plaque inflammation. It reviews studies that show myocardial infarction can develop from previously non-severe lesions and that lipid content, cap thickness, inflammation, and stress factors like circumferential stress are correlated with plaque stability and vulnerability. In conclusion, the size and composition of the lipid core, thickness and composition of the fibrous cap, and inflammation are well-established predictors of plaque rupture.
Acc presentation lipid coated(2)
This document discusses a novel tracer for MRI imaging of macrophage infiltration in atherosclerotic plaque. It summarizes research into lipid-coated superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIOs) that are phagocytosed by macrophages. The researchers tested various SPIO coatings and sizes to maximize macrophage uptake while minimizing oxidative stress. Lipid-coated SPIOs combined with certain aminoglycans showed the highest uptake and lowest induction of reactive oxygen species. The goal is to develop an MRI contrast agent that can noninvasively image vulnerable, inflamed plaques by detecting macrophage presence.
Acc booth inventory
The document provides details about AEHA's booth at the ACC/AEHA Exhibition from March 30 to April 1, 2003. It lists the booth equipment and inventory, proposed activities like an Ecode on Friday morning and a VP Symposium. Giveaways include Magellan GPS devices in a raffle and Dove chocolates. It also discusses the need for an immediate membership sign-up page on the AEHA website and a vision for the future of AEHA.
Acc 04 vuln pt
This document discusses approaches to identifying and managing coronary risk. It states that the primary goal should be preventing acute cardiac events through intensive risk factor reduction for all patients with clinically apparent heart disease. Additionally, it notes that one third of sudden cardiac deaths and heart attacks occur in previously asymptomatic individuals with undiagnosed risk factors or pre-clinical disease. The document proposes identifying high-risk asymptomatic individuals through testing to provide prevention. It presents a risk stratification approach using testing like CRP, cholesterol, glucose and imaging to guide different levels of risk factor reduction and management.
Acc 2002 mehran for print
This document discusses the use of DNA microarrays in studying vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques. It provides background on atherosclerosis and plaque rupture. DNA microarrays allow high-throughput analysis of gene and protein expression, which can provide insights into molecular mechanisms underlying plaque vulnerability. One study used microarrays to analyze gene expression differences between ruptured and stable plaques, identifying perilipin as upregulated in ruptured plaques. However, microarray analysis of atherosclerosis is still in its early stages with many technical challenges to address.
Acc2002 thermography
Vulnerable plaques are prone to rupture and cause heart attacks. This document proposes criteria for defining vulnerable plaques based on histopathology and clinical factors. It also explores using infrared thermography to identify vulnerable plaques by detecting heat from macrophage inflammation. Studies in animal models and humans found temperature heterogeneity in atherosclerotic arteries that correlated with plaque vulnerability features. Further research aims to develop non-invasive thermography techniques to accurately detect vulnerable plaques and help predict heart attack risk.
#1 killer of human beings in the 21st century
Vulnerable plaque refers to dangerous forms of atherosclerotic plaques that can rupture or induce thrombosis, disrupting blood flow. The document discusses the history and research around vulnerable plaque, including pioneers in the field and emerging techniques to detect vulnerable plaque such as intravascular ultrasound, optical coherence tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging. It summarizes that vulnerable plaques are typically characterized by a thin fibrous cap, large lipid core, and presence of macrophages.
A20 is an atherosclerosis
The document presents findings on the A20 gene, which encodes a zinc finger protein that inhibits NF-kB activity and TNF-induced apoptosis. The study found that C57 and FVB mouse strains have a coding difference in A20 that generates a putative phosphorylation site in C57 mice. Experiments showed the C57 version of A20 is less effective at shutting down NF-kB activity and C57 cells are less susceptible to TNF-induced apoptosis. This suggests the A20 variation could contribute to differences in atherosclerosis susceptibility between C57 and FVB strains by affecting inflammation and apoptosis.
103100
This progress report discusses ongoing near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy studies. It notes that a new probe design is being developed to improve signal detection in the NIR range. Characterization of a new light source and additional tissue phantom studies are needed. The report identifies ongoing difficulties with depth penetration studies and experimental setup issues. Priorities include analyzing existing data to inform probe redesign, characterizing the new light source, conducting depth penetration and tissue phantom studies, and addressing experimental setup challenges.
259 crp as a risk factor
This document discusses the use of C-reactive protein (CRP) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels to predict cardiovascular risk. It summarizes a study that found CRP to be a stronger predictor of future cardiovascular events than LDL. The study measured CRP and LDL levels in 27,939 healthy women and followed them for 8 years, finding that most cardiovascular events occurred in women with normal or low LDL (<160 mg/dl) but elevated CRP. The document concludes that combining CRP and LDL measurements provides better risk assessment than either marker alone.
511 first steps towards understanding
This study investigated genetic differences in vascular remodeling and shear stress regulation in response to altered blood flow in four inbred rat strains. The results showed significant differences among strains in their ability to maintain normal endothelial shear stress levels through outward arterial remodeling when flow was increased or decreased. Specifically, the GH strain was better able to regulate shear stress through remodeling compared to the SHR-SP strain. These genetic differences in vascular responses to changes in blood flow have important implications for understanding the variable manifestations of atherosclerosis and susceptibility to cardiovascular disease in individuals and populations. Future studies are needed to investigate whether similar genetic differences exist in humans and their role in clinical outcomes.
1688 azadpour 3 12 02
This document contains fluorescence intensity measurements from a fluorescence-based assay using different concentrations of FITC-labeled superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (FITC SPIO). The measurements are organized in a table with concentrations of FITC SPIO along the left and average fluorescence units per well and standard deviations for different samples labeled with letters in the cells.
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