Bowling machines has been used in sports over a long period of time. Primarily bowling machines are used by the batsman to improve their batting technique. At the same time it saves the bowler from overuse injuries like lumbar spine injuries and disk degeneration. The aim of the project is to design a robotic arm that bowls automatically at different adjustable speeds for the cricket practice. The balls are thrown by a robotic arm provided with the gripper. The arm is driven by a dc motor and two servo motors. The entire system is controlled by the microcontroller. The following report shows the entire research criteria to design and develop the robotic bowling arm (both mechanical and electrical).
Kinematic factors of off speed and power spike techniques in volleyballAlexander Decker
The document summarizes a study that compared the kinematic factors of power and off-speed spike techniques in volleyball. The study found:
1) There were no significant differences in shoulder, elbow, wrist, or body inclination angles between the two spike techniques.
2) Pre-impact arm swing speed and post-impact ball speed also did not significantly differ between techniques.
3) The techniques of elite junior volleyball players for the power and off-speed spikes appear to be highly individualized based on the kinematic results.
Postural Comparison of Dextrous and Ambidextrous PlayersIOSR Journals
Abstract: The purpose of the study was the postural comparison of dexterous and ambidextrous players.
Human posture is the basic thing that a sports man need for his sports performance at an optimum level. Each
and every human beings posture will build up according to the nature of activity.
The purpose of the study was to analyze the postural deformities between dexterous and ambidextrous
players. The subjects were selected from the Kannur university campus, Christ College Irinjalakuda, S N
College Kannur, LNCP Trivandrum, Calicut University Center for Physical Education, ST.Thomas college Pala
and ST.Thomas college Thrissur, the investigator go and collect data from the players. The total number of
hundred (N=100) players and the fifty (n=50) from the each group. The investigator was given a small
description about the test and it’s important to the subjects. The New York posture rating scale was utilized for
the posture assessment. Depending up on the deformity, the players were ranked according to the specific norms
of the test like 5 for good posture, 3 for average, 1 for poor posture. After taking the raw scores of the students,
calculate the percentage of postural deformity by using independent‘t’ ratio.
From the finding we would make understand that the ambi- dexterous players show comparatively good
posture than the dexterous players. Posture of the cricket players was the most fatly than the other players. In
the case of the anterior postural region cricket players and the lateral postural region the volley ball players
had the poor postural level as compared to the other players. The swimmers had the good posture among the
anterior and lateral region of posture.
Design of Limb in a takedown re-curve bow plays critical role in making the bow acceptable to the archer. Detailed and step-by- step design procedure of limb is explained.
IRJET- Development of Artificial ARM using Pneumatic Artificial MuscleIRJET Journal
The document describes the development of an artificial arm using pneumatic artificial muscles (PAMs) as actuators. The arm is constructed using an aluminum frame with PAMs, muscle sensors, pneumatic tubes, and other components. PAMs have advantages over other actuators like high power-to-weight ratio and safety. The developed arm can lift loads of up to 30kg and has a flexible range of motion powered by compressed air and controlled via muscle sensors and an Arduino microcontroller. The arm demonstrates the effectiveness of PAMs for building lightweight, low-cost assistive devices.
This document provides an analysis of an athlete's needs for wrestling. It summarizes the athlete's profile, including that he is a 28-year-old male wrestler weighing 71kg who competes in Greco-Roman and freestyle wrestling. It analyzes the physiological and biomechanical demands of wrestling, including the predominant muscle groups used and energy systems relied upon. It also evaluates the athlete's current strength, power, speed, flexibility and injury risk to identify areas for improvement in his training to better meet the physical demands of wrestling.
Design and development of a test rig to estimate fatigue life of the timing b...eSAT Journals
Abstract Timing belt mechanism of an internal combustion engine synchronizes the rotation of the crankshaft and camshaft. The power developed in I.C. engine, some power of that is utilized to operate timing belt mechanism. Timing valves are operated by camshaft with lever and spring mechanism. Engine valve should open and close at proper time during each inlet and exhaust strokes of the cylinder. The failure of timing belt in I.C. engine leads to problem to valve timing and this can cause collision between valves and piston in engines. It can causing serious engine damage by bending valves and breaking piston and it leads to complete breakdown or catastrophic engine failure. A large number of factors have influence on timing belt drive’s lifetime: wear, amount of transmitted power, operating environment, coaxiality of shafts and belt pulleys, handling before and during assembly and others. Failure of belt most frequently occurs because of damage of belt’s and belt pulley’s teeth or damage of tractive element due to wear and fatigue. Considering their purpose and very important role in transmission of power, motion and valve timing, it is necessary to know fatigue life of timing belt. The study was thus needed to analyze fatigue failure of timing belt. The paper includes designing and development of a test rig for estimation fatigue life of timing belt. Test rig is developed based on ISO and Automotive industry standards. The study involves observation of change of physical properties, wear and geometric parameters of the belt. Thereafter tooth deflection and tooth root strain is obtained by calculation. Tooth deflection and tooth root strain play important role in fatigue of the belt. Keywords: Timing belt mechanism, Timing belt, Physical properties, Geometric parameter, Wear, Tooth deflection, tooth root strain.
Kinematic factors of off speed and power spike techniques in volleyballAlexander Decker
The document summarizes a study that compared the kinematic factors of power and off-speed spike techniques in volleyball. The study found:
1) There were no significant differences in shoulder, elbow, wrist, or body inclination angles between the two spike techniques.
2) Pre-impact arm swing speed and post-impact ball speed also did not significantly differ between techniques.
3) The techniques of elite junior volleyball players for the power and off-speed spikes appear to be highly individualized based on the kinematic results.
Postural Comparison of Dextrous and Ambidextrous PlayersIOSR Journals
Abstract: The purpose of the study was the postural comparison of dexterous and ambidextrous players.
Human posture is the basic thing that a sports man need for his sports performance at an optimum level. Each
and every human beings posture will build up according to the nature of activity.
The purpose of the study was to analyze the postural deformities between dexterous and ambidextrous
players. The subjects were selected from the Kannur university campus, Christ College Irinjalakuda, S N
College Kannur, LNCP Trivandrum, Calicut University Center for Physical Education, ST.Thomas college Pala
and ST.Thomas college Thrissur, the investigator go and collect data from the players. The total number of
hundred (N=100) players and the fifty (n=50) from the each group. The investigator was given a small
description about the test and it’s important to the subjects. The New York posture rating scale was utilized for
the posture assessment. Depending up on the deformity, the players were ranked according to the specific norms
of the test like 5 for good posture, 3 for average, 1 for poor posture. After taking the raw scores of the students,
calculate the percentage of postural deformity by using independent‘t’ ratio.
From the finding we would make understand that the ambi- dexterous players show comparatively good
posture than the dexterous players. Posture of the cricket players was the most fatly than the other players. In
the case of the anterior postural region cricket players and the lateral postural region the volley ball players
had the poor postural level as compared to the other players. The swimmers had the good posture among the
anterior and lateral region of posture.
Design of Limb in a takedown re-curve bow plays critical role in making the bow acceptable to the archer. Detailed and step-by- step design procedure of limb is explained.
IRJET- Development of Artificial ARM using Pneumatic Artificial MuscleIRJET Journal
The document describes the development of an artificial arm using pneumatic artificial muscles (PAMs) as actuators. The arm is constructed using an aluminum frame with PAMs, muscle sensors, pneumatic tubes, and other components. PAMs have advantages over other actuators like high power-to-weight ratio and safety. The developed arm can lift loads of up to 30kg and has a flexible range of motion powered by compressed air and controlled via muscle sensors and an Arduino microcontroller. The arm demonstrates the effectiveness of PAMs for building lightweight, low-cost assistive devices.
This document provides an analysis of an athlete's needs for wrestling. It summarizes the athlete's profile, including that he is a 28-year-old male wrestler weighing 71kg who competes in Greco-Roman and freestyle wrestling. It analyzes the physiological and biomechanical demands of wrestling, including the predominant muscle groups used and energy systems relied upon. It also evaluates the athlete's current strength, power, speed, flexibility and injury risk to identify areas for improvement in his training to better meet the physical demands of wrestling.
Design and development of a test rig to estimate fatigue life of the timing b...eSAT Journals
Abstract Timing belt mechanism of an internal combustion engine synchronizes the rotation of the crankshaft and camshaft. The power developed in I.C. engine, some power of that is utilized to operate timing belt mechanism. Timing valves are operated by camshaft with lever and spring mechanism. Engine valve should open and close at proper time during each inlet and exhaust strokes of the cylinder. The failure of timing belt in I.C. engine leads to problem to valve timing and this can cause collision between valves and piston in engines. It can causing serious engine damage by bending valves and breaking piston and it leads to complete breakdown or catastrophic engine failure. A large number of factors have influence on timing belt drive’s lifetime: wear, amount of transmitted power, operating environment, coaxiality of shafts and belt pulleys, handling before and during assembly and others. Failure of belt most frequently occurs because of damage of belt’s and belt pulley’s teeth or damage of tractive element due to wear and fatigue. Considering their purpose and very important role in transmission of power, motion and valve timing, it is necessary to know fatigue life of timing belt. The study was thus needed to analyze fatigue failure of timing belt. The paper includes designing and development of a test rig for estimation fatigue life of timing belt. Test rig is developed based on ISO and Automotive industry standards. The study involves observation of change of physical properties, wear and geometric parameters of the belt. Thereafter tooth deflection and tooth root strain is obtained by calculation. Tooth deflection and tooth root strain play important role in fatigue of the belt. Keywords: Timing belt mechanism, Timing belt, Physical properties, Geometric parameter, Wear, Tooth deflection, tooth root strain.
This document provides a case study for a 28-year-old male wrestler weighing 71kg who is in the early pre-season phase. It outlines his athletic goals of improving upper and lower body strength and power. It analyzes his biomechanics, movement patterns, physiological demands, injury risks, and current testing results. It proposes a macrocycle consisting of an off-season hypertrophy phase focusing on muscle growth, a pre-season strength phase emphasizing maximal strength right before competition, and an in-season maintenance phase to preserve strength during competition while preventing overtraining. Workouts are prescribed for each phase focusing on exercises like squats, cleans, and presses using various set/rep schemes and intensities.
Experimental Investigation of U Bolt used in Leaf Spring of an Automobile for...ijtsrd
Threaded fastener such as U bolts are probably the best choice to apply a desired clamp load to assemble a joint or connection. The main characteristic of holding U bolt of automobile wheel is being under cyclic load which are applied by bumpy rods. So it is necessary to prevent the failure of U bolt under different condition. To do experimental testing for every new design of bolted connection. Hitesh Patil | Dr. S. I. Kolhe "Experimental Investigation of U Bolt used in Leaf Spring of an Automobile for Various Loads" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-6 , October 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29140.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/29140/experimental-investigation-of-u-bolt-used-in-leaf-spring-of-an-automobile-for-various-loads/hitesh-patil
This case study examines the strength and conditioning program for a 22-year old Irish rugby union prop. Needs analysis identified key physical qualities like squat strength, power, and anaerobic capacity for scrumming and lineouts. Testing evaluated size, strength, power, speed, agility, and aerobic/anaerobic capacity. The preseason program emphasized hypertrophy, strength, and power development through compound lifts, complexes, and split sessions to increase muscle and fitness for the upcoming season. The program was periodized and included monitoring to prevent overtraining and support continued progress.
This document provides information for designing a training program for an amateur football player returning to play in the full back position after an ACL injury. It outlines the fitness tests and assessments that will be conducted to evaluate the athlete's current abilities and ensure they can return without reinjury risk, including tests of cardiovascular endurance, strength, power, flexibility, balance, speed and agility. Background is also given on the physiological and movement demands of playing full back, as well as common football injuries, to inform the goals and design of the rehabilitation and return-to-play program.
The Role of the Strength and Conditioning CoachMatt Smith
The role of the strength and conditioning coach is to develop athletes physically and physiologically for elite sports performance through improving strength, speed, flexibility, and muscular endurance. The strength coach bridges the gap between training theory and practice to help athletes perform better and reduce injury risk. A strength coach wears many hats, acting as a disciplinarian, friend, mentor, organizer, manager, public relations officer, teacher, trainer, motivator, fundraiser, and analyst focused on taking any action to upgrade the physical qualities needed for athletic success. The quality of a coach's work depends on the quality of relationships built through effective communication.
663229 - Reliability of Power Output in Single Leg Counter Movement Jump in E...Sergio Gaggioni
This document summarizes a study that assessed the reliability of using single leg countermovement jumps (CMJs) to measure power output in elite rugby players. Twenty professional rugby players performed 3 maximal single leg CMJs with each leg. Power output was measured using a force platform. Results showed excellent reliability for power output measurements between jumps, with intraclass correlation coefficients of 0.963-0.974 for left and right legs. Power output was similarly reliable when comparing forwards and backs, suggesting single leg CMJs could reliably measure limb asymmetries and be used to assess an athlete's readiness to return to play following injury. However, further research is needed to address limitations like jumping form.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Kinematic analysis of shot release of intercollegiate athletesSports Journal
This study analyzed the kinematic parameters of two shot put athletes from an intercollegiate athletics championship. Video data was collected and analyzed using motion capture software. Key parameters measured included release velocity, angle, height, and horizontal distance as well as trunk angle, shoulder-hip separation, and angular velocities of the shoulder and pelvis. The results showed Athlete I had a higher release velocity, lower release angle, and greater trunk angle compared to Athlete II. Athlete I also showed less negative shoulder-hip separation. In general, Athlete I's technique resulted in a higher release point and more horizontal force application, leading to a greater throwing distance. The study provides coaches and athletes information to help improve shot put techniques.
Nowadays, cricket is one of the most popular game in India. It’s like a religion. It doesn’t depend on colour, sex, caste, etc. This is the only game which unites the people to a large extend.
In our project, a cricket bowling machine was designed which can provide support to the batsmen to develop their batting skill. The machine will be capable of generating different patterns of bowling.
The cricket bowling machine consists of two induction motors in which one rotates in anticlockwise and the other in clockwise direction. The gap between the wheels should be slightly less than the diameter of the ball to be thrown. A valve is welded and placed in between the two motors. As, the motor attains the speed, the balls are inserted into the valve. This machine transfers the kinetic energy to the ball by frictional gripping of the ball between two rotating wheels. The rotational speed of the motor can be adjusted by using electronic regulator independently. The machine will be able to generate different patterns of bowling by changing the speed of each motor.
The precision and reproducibility of ball pitching distance that is required for effective batting practice is achieved by setting precisely the rotation of the wheel. To display the speed of each motor, a constant voltage is needed. To provide a constant voltage, regulator and filter circuits are used.
Propulsion Selection and Analysis for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles for SAE Aero D...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Review of shaft failure in Coil Car AssemblyIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on failures of shafts in coil car assemblies. The researchers investigated a failed coil car shaft and found that reversed bending fatigue caused it to fracture, occasionally due to misalignment. They calculated loads on the existing shaft theoretically and analytically and found the stresses exceeded permissible levels, indicating it was prone to failure. To improve shaft design, they examined increasing diameter and using fillets/chamfers to disperse stresses. A literature review showed other shaft failures were due to low radius of curvature, incorrect chamfer size increasing stress concentration, and vibrations from imbalance.
IRJET- Rotor Dynamic Analysis of Driving Shaft of Dry Screw Vacuum PumpIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on analyzing the rotor dynamics of the driving shaft of a dry screw vacuum pump. Modal and harmonic analyses were performed on the shaft model in ANSYS to determine the natural frequencies, critical speeds, deflections, and stresses. Initially, modal analysis was used to generate a Campbell diagram showing the relationship between damped natural frequencies and rotational speed. Harmonic analysis was then conducted near identified critical speeds to calculate frequency responses. The shaft design was modified by adjusting unbalanced mass to avoid higher vibrations at critical speeds. Modal and harmonic analyses were repeated on the modified model, and results were compared to evaluate design improvements. The goal was to shift critical speeds higher to increase efficiency and lifetime of the shaft.
This document provides an overview of machine design concepts including the basic design process, factors to consider in design, and design of simple machine elements. It discusses the definition of machine design as using scientific principles and imagination to design machines to perform functions efficiently. The basic design process involves understanding requirements, analyzing loads, selecting materials, choosing dimensions, and specifying tolerances. Simple elements discussed include cotter joints, knuckle joints, levers, and components under eccentric loading. Design of these elements involves calculating stresses and selecting dimensions to prevent failure under various loading conditions like tension, shear, bending, and crushing. Standards and preferred sizes are also important considerations in efficient machine design.
Improve the Design of Leaf Spring by Reducing the Frictional StressIRJET Journal
This document describes a study to improve the design of leaf springs used in vehicle suspension systems. Three leaf spring models are analyzed: a standard elliptical design (Model 1), one with a variable radius of curvature (Model 2), and one with a U-shaped bend in the center (Model 3). The models are designed in CATIA and analyzed in ANSYS to determine deformation, strain energy, natural frequencies and mode shapes under a 500N load. Model 3 has the highest deformation of 66.66mm and strain energy of 21.246mJ, indicating it provides the best riding comfort. The results are validated using analytical calculations for a Tata Ace commercial vehicle. Improving the leaf spring design can reduce weight and improve mileage
Investigation and Optimization of two cylinder crankshaft by FE AnalysisIRJET Journal
This document discusses a finite element analysis of a two cylinder crankshaft. A 3D model of a forged steel crankshaft was created in CATIA software and analyzed in ANSYS. Static structural analysis found that the maximum von Mises stress was 166.67 MPa for the original design and 110 MPa for the optimized design, below the allowable stress level. The maximum total deformation was 0.125mm. Fatigue analysis determined the life, damage, and safety factor of the crankshaft. Dynamic vibration analysis calculated the natural frequencies at different vibration modes. The study aimed to reduce stress and increase the life of the crankshaft through optimization of parameters like web thickness and fillet radius.
IRJET- Static and Dynamic Analysis of a Two Wheeler Shock Absorber using ...IRJET Journal
This document presents a study analyzing the static and dynamic performance of a two-wheeler shock absorber using different materials for the helical coil spring. A 3D model of a shock absorber is created in SolidWorks. Structural, modal, frequency response, and transient analyses are performed to evaluate stresses, displacements, natural frequencies, and dynamic response under various loading conditions. Five different materials - stainless steel, carbon steel, phosphor bronze, beryllium copper, and titanium alloy - are considered for the spring. The analyses aim to determine the best material for the spring to improve the shock absorber's performance.
1. The document describes the finite element analysis of a static wing box test rig design. A basic test rig model was created and analyzed in ANSYS Workbench to evaluate stresses and deformations.
2. The initial analysis found deformations up to 0.8mm, exceeding design criteria of 1mm maximum. The model was modified by adding diagonal struts between components to reduce stresses.
3. Analysis of the modified model showed deformations reduced to 0.6mm. A further modification with additional struts reduced the maximum deformation to 0.53mm, demonstrating how design changes can improve structural performance.
IRJET - Design and Development of Axial Feed using Recirculating Ball Screw f...IRJET Journal
This document discusses the design and development of an axial feed system using a recirculating ball screw for a 6-axis CNC gear hobbing machine. It begins with an overview of the gear hobbing process and advantages of using a ball screw over a lead screw. It then describes the design process for the axial feed system, which involves selecting a suitable ball screw based on calculations of stroke length, load capacity, rigidity and service life. A 63mm diameter ball screw with 10mm lead is selected that meets the design requirements for axial load, rotational speed and long service life.
This document describes the design optimization of an electro-mechanical exoskeleton. The project aims to optimize the design to minimize power consumption and reduce total mass by selecting appropriate materials and motor angles/velocities. The document outlines the design process, including defining functional requirements, constraints, initial sketches, analysis models, and the multi-phase optimization approach using tools like MATLAB, CES EduPack and Solidworks. The optimization focuses on minimizing the mass of frame materials and power needed for joint movement.
This document provides a final report on the conceptual design, calculations, and justification of a skidded helicopter tug. It includes sections on problem definition, project brief, conceptual design selection, and detailed design calculations. The calculations cover topics such as load calculations on the scissor jack and lead screw, gear and shaft dimensions, bearing selection, and energy losses. The conceptual design process evaluated three concepts and selected a design using a scissor jack, electric motor, remote control, and sliding mesh gearbox. The detailed calculations size components and check that stresses will be below allowable values when lifting the maximum load of 3500kg.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Fatigue Analysis of English-Willow Cricket BatIRJET Journal
This document describes a study that performed fatigue analysis on an English willow cricket bat through finite element analysis. The researchers modeled a standard cricket bat in CAD software and imported it into FEA software to analyze fatigue at different impact points on the bat blade under loads from balls of varying speeds. They calculated impact forces for three ball speed cases and applied those cyclic loads in the FEA to predict bat life. The analysis found the bat's weakest points and how its performance varied with bowling speed. This helped evaluate the bat's efficiency and durability under repetitive fatigue loading from balls in cricket.
This document provides a case study for a 28-year-old male wrestler weighing 71kg who is in the early pre-season phase. It outlines his athletic goals of improving upper and lower body strength and power. It analyzes his biomechanics, movement patterns, physiological demands, injury risks, and current testing results. It proposes a macrocycle consisting of an off-season hypertrophy phase focusing on muscle growth, a pre-season strength phase emphasizing maximal strength right before competition, and an in-season maintenance phase to preserve strength during competition while preventing overtraining. Workouts are prescribed for each phase focusing on exercises like squats, cleans, and presses using various set/rep schemes and intensities.
Experimental Investigation of U Bolt used in Leaf Spring of an Automobile for...ijtsrd
Threaded fastener such as U bolts are probably the best choice to apply a desired clamp load to assemble a joint or connection. The main characteristic of holding U bolt of automobile wheel is being under cyclic load which are applied by bumpy rods. So it is necessary to prevent the failure of U bolt under different condition. To do experimental testing for every new design of bolted connection. Hitesh Patil | Dr. S. I. Kolhe "Experimental Investigation of U Bolt used in Leaf Spring of an Automobile for Various Loads" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-6 , October 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29140.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/29140/experimental-investigation-of-u-bolt-used-in-leaf-spring-of-an-automobile-for-various-loads/hitesh-patil
This case study examines the strength and conditioning program for a 22-year old Irish rugby union prop. Needs analysis identified key physical qualities like squat strength, power, and anaerobic capacity for scrumming and lineouts. Testing evaluated size, strength, power, speed, agility, and aerobic/anaerobic capacity. The preseason program emphasized hypertrophy, strength, and power development through compound lifts, complexes, and split sessions to increase muscle and fitness for the upcoming season. The program was periodized and included monitoring to prevent overtraining and support continued progress.
This document provides information for designing a training program for an amateur football player returning to play in the full back position after an ACL injury. It outlines the fitness tests and assessments that will be conducted to evaluate the athlete's current abilities and ensure they can return without reinjury risk, including tests of cardiovascular endurance, strength, power, flexibility, balance, speed and agility. Background is also given on the physiological and movement demands of playing full back, as well as common football injuries, to inform the goals and design of the rehabilitation and return-to-play program.
The Role of the Strength and Conditioning CoachMatt Smith
The role of the strength and conditioning coach is to develop athletes physically and physiologically for elite sports performance through improving strength, speed, flexibility, and muscular endurance. The strength coach bridges the gap between training theory and practice to help athletes perform better and reduce injury risk. A strength coach wears many hats, acting as a disciplinarian, friend, mentor, organizer, manager, public relations officer, teacher, trainer, motivator, fundraiser, and analyst focused on taking any action to upgrade the physical qualities needed for athletic success. The quality of a coach's work depends on the quality of relationships built through effective communication.
663229 - Reliability of Power Output in Single Leg Counter Movement Jump in E...Sergio Gaggioni
This document summarizes a study that assessed the reliability of using single leg countermovement jumps (CMJs) to measure power output in elite rugby players. Twenty professional rugby players performed 3 maximal single leg CMJs with each leg. Power output was measured using a force platform. Results showed excellent reliability for power output measurements between jumps, with intraclass correlation coefficients of 0.963-0.974 for left and right legs. Power output was similarly reliable when comparing forwards and backs, suggesting single leg CMJs could reliably measure limb asymmetries and be used to assess an athlete's readiness to return to play following injury. However, further research is needed to address limitations like jumping form.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Kinematic analysis of shot release of intercollegiate athletesSports Journal
This study analyzed the kinematic parameters of two shot put athletes from an intercollegiate athletics championship. Video data was collected and analyzed using motion capture software. Key parameters measured included release velocity, angle, height, and horizontal distance as well as trunk angle, shoulder-hip separation, and angular velocities of the shoulder and pelvis. The results showed Athlete I had a higher release velocity, lower release angle, and greater trunk angle compared to Athlete II. Athlete I also showed less negative shoulder-hip separation. In general, Athlete I's technique resulted in a higher release point and more horizontal force application, leading to a greater throwing distance. The study provides coaches and athletes information to help improve shot put techniques.
Nowadays, cricket is one of the most popular game in India. It’s like a religion. It doesn’t depend on colour, sex, caste, etc. This is the only game which unites the people to a large extend.
In our project, a cricket bowling machine was designed which can provide support to the batsmen to develop their batting skill. The machine will be capable of generating different patterns of bowling.
The cricket bowling machine consists of two induction motors in which one rotates in anticlockwise and the other in clockwise direction. The gap between the wheels should be slightly less than the diameter of the ball to be thrown. A valve is welded and placed in between the two motors. As, the motor attains the speed, the balls are inserted into the valve. This machine transfers the kinetic energy to the ball by frictional gripping of the ball between two rotating wheels. The rotational speed of the motor can be adjusted by using electronic regulator independently. The machine will be able to generate different patterns of bowling by changing the speed of each motor.
The precision and reproducibility of ball pitching distance that is required for effective batting practice is achieved by setting precisely the rotation of the wheel. To display the speed of each motor, a constant voltage is needed. To provide a constant voltage, regulator and filter circuits are used.
Propulsion Selection and Analysis for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles for SAE Aero D...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Review of shaft failure in Coil Car AssemblyIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on failures of shafts in coil car assemblies. The researchers investigated a failed coil car shaft and found that reversed bending fatigue caused it to fracture, occasionally due to misalignment. They calculated loads on the existing shaft theoretically and analytically and found the stresses exceeded permissible levels, indicating it was prone to failure. To improve shaft design, they examined increasing diameter and using fillets/chamfers to disperse stresses. A literature review showed other shaft failures were due to low radius of curvature, incorrect chamfer size increasing stress concentration, and vibrations from imbalance.
IRJET- Rotor Dynamic Analysis of Driving Shaft of Dry Screw Vacuum PumpIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on analyzing the rotor dynamics of the driving shaft of a dry screw vacuum pump. Modal and harmonic analyses were performed on the shaft model in ANSYS to determine the natural frequencies, critical speeds, deflections, and stresses. Initially, modal analysis was used to generate a Campbell diagram showing the relationship between damped natural frequencies and rotational speed. Harmonic analysis was then conducted near identified critical speeds to calculate frequency responses. The shaft design was modified by adjusting unbalanced mass to avoid higher vibrations at critical speeds. Modal and harmonic analyses were repeated on the modified model, and results were compared to evaluate design improvements. The goal was to shift critical speeds higher to increase efficiency and lifetime of the shaft.
This document provides an overview of machine design concepts including the basic design process, factors to consider in design, and design of simple machine elements. It discusses the definition of machine design as using scientific principles and imagination to design machines to perform functions efficiently. The basic design process involves understanding requirements, analyzing loads, selecting materials, choosing dimensions, and specifying tolerances. Simple elements discussed include cotter joints, knuckle joints, levers, and components under eccentric loading. Design of these elements involves calculating stresses and selecting dimensions to prevent failure under various loading conditions like tension, shear, bending, and crushing. Standards and preferred sizes are also important considerations in efficient machine design.
Improve the Design of Leaf Spring by Reducing the Frictional StressIRJET Journal
This document describes a study to improve the design of leaf springs used in vehicle suspension systems. Three leaf spring models are analyzed: a standard elliptical design (Model 1), one with a variable radius of curvature (Model 2), and one with a U-shaped bend in the center (Model 3). The models are designed in CATIA and analyzed in ANSYS to determine deformation, strain energy, natural frequencies and mode shapes under a 500N load. Model 3 has the highest deformation of 66.66mm and strain energy of 21.246mJ, indicating it provides the best riding comfort. The results are validated using analytical calculations for a Tata Ace commercial vehicle. Improving the leaf spring design can reduce weight and improve mileage
Investigation and Optimization of two cylinder crankshaft by FE AnalysisIRJET Journal
This document discusses a finite element analysis of a two cylinder crankshaft. A 3D model of a forged steel crankshaft was created in CATIA software and analyzed in ANSYS. Static structural analysis found that the maximum von Mises stress was 166.67 MPa for the original design and 110 MPa for the optimized design, below the allowable stress level. The maximum total deformation was 0.125mm. Fatigue analysis determined the life, damage, and safety factor of the crankshaft. Dynamic vibration analysis calculated the natural frequencies at different vibration modes. The study aimed to reduce stress and increase the life of the crankshaft through optimization of parameters like web thickness and fillet radius.
IRJET- Static and Dynamic Analysis of a Two Wheeler Shock Absorber using ...IRJET Journal
This document presents a study analyzing the static and dynamic performance of a two-wheeler shock absorber using different materials for the helical coil spring. A 3D model of a shock absorber is created in SolidWorks. Structural, modal, frequency response, and transient analyses are performed to evaluate stresses, displacements, natural frequencies, and dynamic response under various loading conditions. Five different materials - stainless steel, carbon steel, phosphor bronze, beryllium copper, and titanium alloy - are considered for the spring. The analyses aim to determine the best material for the spring to improve the shock absorber's performance.
1. The document describes the finite element analysis of a static wing box test rig design. A basic test rig model was created and analyzed in ANSYS Workbench to evaluate stresses and deformations.
2. The initial analysis found deformations up to 0.8mm, exceeding design criteria of 1mm maximum. The model was modified by adding diagonal struts between components to reduce stresses.
3. Analysis of the modified model showed deformations reduced to 0.6mm. A further modification with additional struts reduced the maximum deformation to 0.53mm, demonstrating how design changes can improve structural performance.
IRJET - Design and Development of Axial Feed using Recirculating Ball Screw f...IRJET Journal
This document discusses the design and development of an axial feed system using a recirculating ball screw for a 6-axis CNC gear hobbing machine. It begins with an overview of the gear hobbing process and advantages of using a ball screw over a lead screw. It then describes the design process for the axial feed system, which involves selecting a suitable ball screw based on calculations of stroke length, load capacity, rigidity and service life. A 63mm diameter ball screw with 10mm lead is selected that meets the design requirements for axial load, rotational speed and long service life.
This document describes the design optimization of an electro-mechanical exoskeleton. The project aims to optimize the design to minimize power consumption and reduce total mass by selecting appropriate materials and motor angles/velocities. The document outlines the design process, including defining functional requirements, constraints, initial sketches, analysis models, and the multi-phase optimization approach using tools like MATLAB, CES EduPack and Solidworks. The optimization focuses on minimizing the mass of frame materials and power needed for joint movement.
This document provides a final report on the conceptual design, calculations, and justification of a skidded helicopter tug. It includes sections on problem definition, project brief, conceptual design selection, and detailed design calculations. The calculations cover topics such as load calculations on the scissor jack and lead screw, gear and shaft dimensions, bearing selection, and energy losses. The conceptual design process evaluated three concepts and selected a design using a scissor jack, electric motor, remote control, and sliding mesh gearbox. The detailed calculations size components and check that stresses will be below allowable values when lifting the maximum load of 3500kg.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Fatigue Analysis of English-Willow Cricket BatIRJET Journal
This document describes a study that performed fatigue analysis on an English willow cricket bat through finite element analysis. The researchers modeled a standard cricket bat in CAD software and imported it into FEA software to analyze fatigue at different impact points on the bat blade under loads from balls of varying speeds. They calculated impact forces for three ball speed cases and applied those cyclic loads in the FEA to predict bat life. The analysis found the bat's weakest points and how its performance varied with bowling speed. This helped evaluate the bat's efficiency and durability under repetitive fatigue loading from balls in cricket.
STATIC AND DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF HIGH SPEED MOTORIZED SPINDLEIRJET Journal
This document analyzes the static and dynamic behavior of a high-speed motorized spindle used in computer numerical control (CNC) machining centers. A spindle model is created in ANSYS software and analyzed under static rotational loading and dynamic cutting forces. Modal analysis identifies the spindle's natural frequencies and mode shapes. Harmonic response analysis examines deflection under simulated cutting forces from 0-1400Hz. Testing is done for spindle materials EN24 and H13 under aluminum machining parameters. Results show maximum deflections of 0.016mm and 0.005mm under rotational and cutting loads for EN24. Natural frequencies up to 2754Hz are identified. The study provides data on spindle stiffness and vibrational behavior to improve machining
Design and Modeling of Pull Rod and Push Rod Suspension Systemijtsrd
This document discusses the design and modeling of pull rod and push rod suspension systems. It begins with an introduction to push rod and pull rod suspensions. It then describes the design of the suspension components using Lotus Shark software, including modeling the spring, damper, rocker arm, and push rods in SolidWorks. An assembly of the push rod suspension system is also designed. Calculations for the spring design are shown. The conclusion discusses the objectives of designing and modeling the suspension system and combining theoretical and practical knowledge.
Design and Linear Static Analysis of Transport Aircraft Vertical Tail for Dif...IJSRD
This document summarizes the design and linear static analysis of the vertical tail structure of a transport aircraft for different rudder deflection angles. The vertical tail and rudder structure was modeled in CATIA and analyzed in MSC Patran and NASTRAN. Stresses were calculated for rudder deflections of 10, 20, and 30 degrees. The maximum principal stress was found to be well below the yield strength of the 7075-T6 aluminum alloy used, indicating the design is safe. Validation using a reserve factor approach also confirmed stresses are within acceptable limits for the expected loads on the vertical tail.
This report details an experiment conducted on a racing car coil spring at the University of Bolton. Measurements were taken of the spring before it was placed on a spring deflection rig. Forces were applied to the spring in increments and the displacement was recorded. A graph of force versus displacement showed a linear relationship. Hysteresis was observed between the experimental readings and calculated displacement at 500kg of force. Coil springs for racing cars must be designed to withstand high weights and are more expensive to produce than springs for normal road cars due to required specifications.
The effect of rotor disc clearance on the lift performance of contra rotating...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IRJET- Analysis for Optimum Design of Automotive FlywheelIRJET Journal
This document analyzes the design of automotive flywheels through finite element analysis to determine the optimum design. It discusses flywheel design considerations like geometry, rotational velocity, and material strength. Four different flywheel designs are modeled and analyzed using ANSYS software to calculate stresses, strains, and deformations from applied forces and rotational velocities. Both static structural and modal analyses are performed. The goal is to determine which flywheel design optimizes strength and energy storage capabilities while minimizing vibrations and loads on the shaft.
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Design and Analysis of Hydraulic Actuator in a Typical Aerospace vehicle | J4...Journal For Research
An Aerospace Vehicle is capable of flight both within and outside the sensible atmosphere. An Actuation System is one of the most important Systems of an Aerospace vehicle. This paper study involves detailed study of various controls Actuation System and Design of a typical Hydraulic Actuation Systems. An actuator control system concerned with electrical, electronic or electro mechanical. Actuator control systems may take the form of extremely simple, manually-operated start-and-stop stations, or sophisticated, programmable computer systems. Hydraulic Actuation System contains Electro Hydraulic Actuators, Servo Valves, Feedback Sensing elements, Pump Motor package, Hydraulic Reservoir, Accumulator, various safety valves, Filters etc. The main objective of this study involves design of Hydraulic Actuator and selection of various other components for the Actuation Systems of an Aerospace Vehicle. Design of the system includes design of Hydraulic actuator and also the Modeling and Analysis of actuator using sophisticated Software.
Experimental Verification and Validation of Stress Distribution of Composite ...Journal For Research
This document summarizes an experimental study on the stress distribution of composite beams compared to metal beams under different support conditions. The study aims to analyze and compare the stress distribution of composite and metal beams using finite element analysis software and experimental testing with strain gauges and other tools. Based on a literature review, composite materials offer advantages over metals like lower weight and improved properties. The experimental results on stress distribution of composite and metal beams under different support conditions will be analyzed and compared to the finite element analysis results.
Image Binarization for the uses of Preprocessing to Detect Brain Abnormality ...Journal For Research
Computerized MR of brain image binarization for the uses of preprocessing of features extraction and brain abnormality identification of brain has been described. Binarization is used as intermediate steps of many MR of brain normal and abnormal tissues detection. One of the main problems of MRI binarization is that many pixels of brain part cannot be correctly binarized due to the extensive black background or the large variation in contrast between background and foreground of MRI. Proposed binarization determines a threshold value using mean, variance, standard deviation and entropy followed by a non-gamut enhancement that can overcome the binarization problem. The proposed binarization technique is extensively tested with a variety of MRI and generates good binarization with improved accuracy and reduced error.
A Research Paper on BFO and PSO Based Movie Recommendation System | J4RV4I1016Journal For Research
The objective of this work is to assess the utility of personalized recommendation system (PRS) in the field of movie recommendation using a new model based on neural network classification and hybrid optimization algorithm. We have used advantages of both the evolutionary optimization algorithms which are Particle swarm optimization (PSO) and Bacteria foraging optimization (BFO). In its implementation a NN classification model is used to obtain a movie recommendation which predict ratings of movie. Parameters or attributes on which movie ratings are dependent are supplied by user's demographic details and movie content information. The efficiency and accuracy of proposed method is verified by multiple experiments based on the Movie Lens benchmark dataset. Hybrid optimization algorithm selects best attributes from total supplied attributes of recommendation system and gives more accurate rating with less time taken. In present scenario movie database is becoming larger so we need an optimized recommendation system for better performance in terms of time and accuracy.
IoT based Digital Agriculture Monitoring System and Their Impact on Optimal U...Journal For Research
Although precision agriculture has been adopted in few countries, the greenhouse based modern agriculture industry in India still needs to be modernized with the involvement of technology for better production and cost control. In this paper we proposed a multifunction model for smart agriculture based on IoT. Due to variable atmospheric circumstances these conditions sometimes may vary from place to place in large farmhouse, which makes very difficult to maintain the uniform condition at all the places in the farmhouse manually. Soil and environment properties are sensed and periodically sent to cloud network through IoT. Analysis on cloud data is done for water requirement, total production and maintaining uniform environment conditions throughout greenhouse farm. Proposed model is beneficial for increase in agricultural production and for cost control and real time monitoring of farm.
A REVIEW PAPER ON BFO AND PSO BASED MOVIE RECOMMENDATION SYSTEM | J4RV4I1015Journal For Research
Recommendation system plays important role in Internet world and used in many applications. It has created the collection of many application, created global village and growth for numerous information. This paper represents the overview of Approaches and techniques generated in recommendation system. Recommendation system is categorized in three classes: Collaborative Filtering, Content based and hybrid based Approach. This paper classifies collaborative filtering in two types: Memory based and Model based Recommendation .The paper elaborates these approaches and their techniques with their limitations. The result of our system provides much better recommendations to users because it enables the users to understand the relation between their emotional states and the recommended movies.
HCI BASED APPLICATION FOR PLAYING COMPUTER GAMES | J4RV4I1014Journal For Research
This paper describes a command interface for games based on hand gestures and voice command defined by postures, movement and location. The system uses computer vision requiring no sensors or markers by the user. In voice command the speech recognizer, recognize the input from the user. It stores and passes command to the game, action takes place. We propose a simple architecture for performing real time colour detection and motion tracking using a webcam. The next step is to track the motion of the specified colours and the resulting actions are given as input commands to the system. We specify blue colour for motion tracking and green colour for mouse pointer. The speech recognition is the process of automatically recognizing a certain word spoken by a particular speaker based on individual information included in speech waves. This application will help in reduction in hardware requirement and can be implemented in other electronic devices also.
A REVIEW ON DESIGN OF PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM IN CHANDRAPUR CITY | J4RV4...Journal For Research
As we know the population of Chandrapur City has increased so far in this years and with that has increased the vehicles causing high traffic volume & rise in pollution. But the transportation system in Chandrapur City is still the same. To reduce the traffic volume & pollution, we have to study & design the new transportation system in Chandrapur City. The system would be as similar to Nagpur City with the implementation of Star City Buses. In this Study we would first compare the speed of various vehicles. Collection of population details of Chandrapur City, approximate number of vehicles running on road, collection of data with respect to Ticket fares in Nagpur City- whether it is according to Kilometers or places to be reached, calculation of Ticket Fares for Chandrapur City on the basis data collected. By all these, the best mode of transport in City can be studied. On the basis of above data collected from various respected fields, we will then proceed for the Design part of urban transport system in Chandrapur City. For Design purpose, firstly we have to mark the centre of the City, when the centre is decided; we will then select the Bus Terminus. From centre of the city, we would prefer to select the routes of the Buses. One route will be for the city side like Jatpura Gate, Pathanpura Gate. One route will be for Ballarpur going road. The other one for Mul going road, then next for Nagpur road. We could decide as many routes once we get the clear idea about all data. By getting all this details, the next step is to design the destination points of Buses. Then we have to design about the Bus bays, to reduce congestion in the particular intersections or Stops of bus. After the design also can suggest for Bus lanes. Implementation of Bus Rapid Transit System (BRT system) is the main aim behind to develop transportation mode of City. The design of the Transport System can be designed with the help of various software’s like AutoCAD and Revit.
A REVIEW ON LIFTING AND ASSEMBLY OF ROTARY KILN TYRE WITH SHELL BY FLEXIBLE G...Journal For Research
This document reviews different techniques for lifting and assembling rotary kiln tyres with shells. It discusses the current manual process using heavy cranes and labor, which is time-consuming and poses safety risks due to the heavy weights involved. The literature review covers various gripping techniques, cost-effective handling procedures, and analyses that can help design a safe lifting suspender for rotary kiln tyres. The conclusion indicates that lifting and assembly approaches as well as grasping principles need further study to develop improved solutions for safely handling the kiln components.
LABORATORY STUDY OF STRONG, MODERATE AND WEAK SANDSTONES | J4RV4I1012Journal For Research
Sandstones from seven different hydroelectric projects have been assessed to compare their water-related properties and engineering parameters and the comprehensive analysis has been presented. The study has been done by categorizing the sandstones in to three categories i.e. weak, moderate & strong sandstones. The study leads to four broad inferences: (1), there could be very large variation between two sandstones; e.g., here, sandstone S2, S4 & S5, vis-à-vis other two strong sandstones, is superior in all respects. (2), the four weak sandstones differ in respect of some – not all – properties and parameters. (3), none of the four weak sandstones is better than the other two in respect of all properties and parameters. (4), moderate sandstone shows higher values of shear strength parameters in comparison to all the sandstones (including stronger sandstones also) except S3 strong sandstone. In respect of individual properties, the grain density of all sandstones is similar, though their bulk densities, apparent porosity and water content show great variation. The weak, moderate and strong sandstones show qualitative difference in their uniaxial compressive strength and wave velocity (compression and shear, both); and the two are directly proportional. The study clearly demonstrates that there is no one-to-one correspondence between any two properties and parameters, but there is a diffused and/ or qualitative relationship between different sandstones, or certain properties and parameters of a particular variant.
DESIGN ANALYSIS AND FABRICATION OF MANUAL RICE TRANSPLANTING MACHINE | J4RV4I...Journal For Research
Need of rice transplanting machine is growing nowadays because of unique feature seeding in well sequence and well manners. This will save too much efforts of human being. Class of people who uses this kind of machine is farmers and they are having poor economic background. To feed growing population is a huge challenge. Importation of rice will lead to drain out the economy of the country. Mechanization of paddy sector will lead to higher productivity with releasing of work force to other sectors. The objective of this project is to design a paddy transplanting mechanism to transplant paddy seedling by small scale farmers in the country. Hence, this is considered as an activity that needed mechanization. For mechanization the modeling and simulation evaluated for hand operated rice seeding machine, which is help the farmers to planting more and more amount of rice in good quality with low energy consumption and less harm to the environment. India is predominately an agricultural country with rice as one of its main food crop. It Produce about 80 million tons rice annually which is about 22% of the world rice production. Culturally transplanting of young seeding is preferred over direct seeding for better yield and better crop management practice. But this operation requires large amount of manpower (about 400 Man-Hour/ha) and task is very laborious involving working in stopping posture and moving in muddy field.
AN OVERVIEW: DAKNET TECHNOLOGY - BROADBAND AD-HOC CONNECTIVITY | J4RV4I1009Journal For Research
DakNet, is an ad hoc network and an internet service planted on the applied science, which uses wireless technology to provide an asynchronous digital connectivity, it is the intermediate of wireless and asynchronous service that is the beginning of a technical way to universal broadband connectivity. The major process is it provides the broadband connectivity as wider. This paper broadly describes about the technology, architecture behind and its working principles.
Line following is one of the most important aspects of Robotics. A Line Follower Robot is an autonomous robot which is able to follow either a black or white line that is drawn on the surface consisting of a contrasting color. It is designed to move automatically and follow the made plot line. The path can be visible like a black line on a white surface or it can be invisible like a magnetic field. It will move in a particular direction Specified by the user and avoids the obstacle which is coming in the path. Autonomous Intelligent Robots are robot that can perform desired tasks in unstructured environments without continuous human guidance. It is an integrated design from the knowledge of Mechanical, Electrical, and Computer Engineering. LDR sensors based line follower robot design and Fabrication procedure which always direct along the black mark on the white surface. The robot uses several sensors to identify the line thus assisting the bot to stay on the track. The robot is driven by DC motors to control the movements of the wheels.
The project is to ask college related queries and get the responses through a chatbot an Artificial Conversational Entity. This System is a web application which provides answer to the query of the student. Students just have to query through the bot which is used for chatting. Students can chat using any format there is no specific format the user has to follow. This system helps the student to be updated about the college activities.
AN INTEGRATED APPROACH TO REDUCE INTRA CITY TRAFFIC AT COIMBATORE | J4RV4I1002Journal For Research
Coimbatore (11.0168°N,76.9558°E) is a fast developing cosmopolitan city with large number of industries and educational institutions. The development has lead to a large number of vehicles causing heavy traffic. The traffic congestion at Coimbatore has been a major problem which causes traffic jams and accidents. The major reason for traffic has been the mofussil buses that operate in the city. Around 1300 mofussil buses enter into the city, these buses play an important role in traffic congestion. The best solution is to construct a centralized bus stand at the outskirts of the city. This would reduce the traffic, accidents and also leads to development of the outskirts of the city. A suitable location near the city with sufficient road access to connecting cities has been chosen and the bus terminus has been designed, modeled with all facilities and features.
A REVIEW STUDY ON GAS-SOLID CYCLONE SEPARATOR USING LAPPLE MODEL | J4RV4I1001Journal For Research
Cyclone is the most commonly used device to separate dust particles from gas and dust flow. The performance of cyclone separator can be measured in terms of collection efficiency and pressure drop. Parameters like Inlet Flow velocity, the particle size distribution in feed, dimensions of inlet and outlet ducts and cyclone affects the performance of cyclone significantly. Various Mathematical models used for calculation of cut off diameter of separator, flow rate, target efficiency and no. of vortex inside the cyclone to design and study to check the performance of existing cyclone separator. Also new dimensions can be design with help of models. Here, in this study the efficiency achieved with Lapple model cumulatively 86.47%.
During past few years, brain tumor segmentation in CT has become an emergent research area in the field of medical imaging system. Brain tumor detection helps in finding the exact size and location of tumor. An efficient algorithm is proposed in this project for tumor detection based on segmentation and morphological operators. Firstly quality of scanned image is enhanced and then morphological operators are applied to detect the tumor in the scanned image. The problem with biopsy is that the patient has to be hospitalized and also the results (around 15%) give false negative. Scan images are read by radiologist but it's a subjective analysis which requires more experience. In the proposed work we segment the renal region and then classify the tumors as benign or malignant by using ANFIS, which is a non-invasive automated process. This approach reduces the waiting time of the patient.
USE OF GALVANIZED STEELS FOR AUTOMOTIVE BODY- CAR SURVEY RESULTS AT COASTAL A...Journal For Research
An extensive study of automotive body corrosion was conducted in Mumbai area to track corrosion performance of currently used materials of construction for automotive, especially cars with low end cost. The study consisted of a wide range of areas, starting from a closed car parking to several coastal and other humid regions such as Juhu Beach, Varsova beach and other adjoining areas. Data such as visible perforations, paint blisters, and surface rust were seen especially at vulnerable areas such as doors, mudguards, bonnet areas etc. Also, a comparison was done with low cost cars built with normal steel with those built using galvanized steels.
The main objective of our work is to deliver the goods at proper time by an unmanned drone. An Autonomous drone for delivering the goods such as bombs, medical kids, and foods mainly for military uses. This drone was used for dispatching the bombs and armed guns in battle field. And it is also used for delivering the medicines and foods for soldiers in our country borders.
SURVEY ON A MODERN MEDICARE SYSTEM USING INTERNET OF THINGS | J4RV3I12024Journal For Research
Since the population of the world is aging rapidly, how to provide appropriate health care to the elderly and unwell people becomes an important issue and draws high attention from medical, academic and industrial fields of the society. The Internet of Things (IoT) drives the evolution of the Internet and is regarded as a great potential to improve quality of life for the surging number of elderly people, significantly. As Android operating system gains immense popularity nowadays, it is a trend to make use of it for the wider access of IoT utility. This project presents a health monitoring system prototype based on IoT, with the increasing use of sensors by medical devices, remote and continuous monitoring of a patient’s health. This network of sensors and other mobile communication devices referred to as the Internet of Things for Medical Devices (IoT-MD), is poised to revolutionize the functioning of the healthcare industry. Untimed medicine administration can always show adverse effects on the health of the patients. The proposed system is designed to help these patients to take the required medicine in the right proportion at the right time. The basic ideology is integrating the principle of IoT with weight-based slot sensing on a normal pillbox. To make it more state-of-the-art, it is inbuilt with a Wi-Fi module for alerting the patient and also the chemist at the needed instant using IoT.
Rainfall intensity duration frequency curve statistical analysis and modeling...bijceesjournal
Using data from 41 years in Patna’ India’ the study’s goal is to analyze the trends of how often it rains on a weekly, seasonal, and annual basis (1981−2020). First, utilizing the intensity-duration-frequency (IDF) curve and the relationship by statistically analyzing rainfall’ the historical rainfall data set for Patna’ India’ during a 41 year period (1981−2020), was evaluated for its quality. Changes in the hydrologic cycle as a result of increased greenhouse gas emissions are expected to induce variations in the intensity, length, and frequency of precipitation events. One strategy to lessen vulnerability is to quantify probable changes and adapt to them. Techniques such as log-normal, normal, and Gumbel are used (EV-I). Distributions were created with durations of 1, 2, 3, 6, and 24 h and return times of 2, 5, 10, 25, and 100 years. There were also mathematical correlations discovered between rainfall and recurrence interval.
Findings: Based on findings, the Gumbel approach produced the highest intensity values, whereas the other approaches produced values that were close to each other. The data indicates that 461.9 mm of rain fell during the monsoon season’s 301st week. However, it was found that the 29th week had the greatest average rainfall, 92.6 mm. With 952.6 mm on average, the monsoon season saw the highest rainfall. Calculations revealed that the yearly rainfall averaged 1171.1 mm. Using Weibull’s method, the study was subsequently expanded to examine rainfall distribution at different recurrence intervals of 2, 5, 10, and 25 years. Rainfall and recurrence interval mathematical correlations were also developed. Further regression analysis revealed that short wave irrigation, wind direction, wind speed, pressure, relative humidity, and temperature all had a substantial influence on rainfall.
Originality and value: The results of the rainfall IDF curves can provide useful information to policymakers in making appropriate decisions in managing and minimizing floods in the study area.
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024Sinan KOZAK
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
Applications of artificial Intelligence in Mechanical Engineering.pdfAtif Razi
Historically, mechanical engineering has relied heavily on human expertise and empirical methods to solve complex problems. With the introduction of computer-aided design (CAD) and finite element analysis (FEA), the field took its first steps towards digitization. These tools allowed engineers to simulate and analyze mechanical systems with greater accuracy and efficiency. However, the sheer volume of data generated by modern engineering systems and the increasing complexity of these systems have necessitated more advanced analytical tools, paving the way for AI.
AI offers the capability to process vast amounts of data, identify patterns, and make predictions with a level of speed and accuracy unattainable by traditional methods. This has profound implications for mechanical engineering, enabling more efficient design processes, predictive maintenance strategies, and optimized manufacturing operations. AI-driven tools can learn from historical data, adapt to new information, and continuously improve their performance, making them invaluable in tackling the multifaceted challenges of modern mechanical engineering.
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The guide then proceeds to explain how to set up the SSH service within the WSL environment, an integral part of the process. Alongside this, it also provides detailed instructions on how to modify the inbound rules of the Windows firewall to facilitate the process, ensuring that there are no connectivity issues that could potentially hinder the debugging process.
The document further emphasizes on the importance of checking the connection between the Windows and WSL environments, providing instructions on how to ensure that the connection is optimal and ready for remote debugging.
It also offers an in-depth guide on how to configure the WSL interpreter and files within the PyCharm environment. This is essential for ensuring that the debugging process is set up correctly and that the program can be run effectively within the WSL terminal.
Additionally, the document provides guidance on how to set up breakpoints for debugging, a fundamental aspect of the debugging process which allows the developer to stop the execution of their code at certain points and inspect their program at those stages.
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artificial intelligence and data science contents.pptxGauravCar
What is artificial intelligence? Artificial intelligence is the ability of a computer or computer-controlled robot to perform tasks that are commonly associated with the intellectual processes characteristic of humans, such as the ability to reason.
› ...
Artificial intelligence (AI) | Definitio
An improved modulation technique suitable for a three level flying capacitor ...IJECEIAES
This research paper introduces an innovative modulation technique for controlling a 3-level flying capacitor multilevel inverter (FCMLI), aiming to streamline the modulation process in contrast to conventional methods. The proposed
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The aquaponic system of planting is a method that does not require soil usage. It is a method that only needs water, fish, lava rocks (a substitute for soil), and plants. Aquaponic systems are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its use not only helps to plant in small spaces but also helps reduce artificial chemical use and minimizes excess water use, as aquaponics consumes 90% less water than soil-based gardening. The study applied a descriptive and experimental design to assess and compare conventional and reconstructed aquaponic methods for reproducing tomatoes. The researchers created an observation checklist to determine the significant factors of the study. The study aims to determine the significant difference between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquaponics systems propagating tomatoes in terms of height, weight, girth, and number of fruits. The reconstructed aquaponics system’s higher growth yield results in a much more nourished crop than the traditional aquaponics system. It is superior in its number of fruits, height, weight, and girth measurement. Moreover, the reconstructed aquaponics system is proven to eliminate all the hindrances present in the traditional aquaponics system, which are overcrowding of fish, algae growth, pest problems, contaminated water, and dead fish.
Manufacturing Process of molasses based distillery ppt.pptx
3-AXIAL AUTOMATED BOWLING ARM | J4RV3I12012
1. Journal for Research | Volume 03 | Issue 12 | February 2018
ISSN: 2395-7549
All rights reserved by www.journal4research.org 48
3-Axial Automated Bowling Arm
Mrs. Eazhisai Vallabi M. Sivapughalventhan V.
Assistant Professor UG Student
Department of Instrumentation and Control Engineering Department of Instrumentation and Control Engineering
Saranathan College of Engineering
Tiruchirappalli, India
Saranathan College of Engineering
Tiruchirappalli, India
Suhith S. Syed Ahamad Raza Saqqaf M.
UG Student UG Student
Department of Instrumentation and Control Engineering Department of Instrumentation and Control Engineering
Saranathan College of Engineering
Tiruchirappalli, India
Saranathan College of Engineering
Tiruchirappalli, India
Udhayakumar S.
UG Student
Department of Instrumentation and Control Engineering
Saranathan College of Engineering, Tiruchirappalli, India
Abstract
Bowling machines has been used in sports over a long period of time. Primarily bowling machines are used by the batsman to
improve their batting technique. At the same time it saves the bowler from overuse injuries like lumbar spine injuries and disk
degeneration. The aim of the project is to design a robotic arm that bowls automatically at different adjustable speeds for the
cricket practice. The balls are thrown by a robotic arm provided with the gripper. The arm is driven by a dc motor and two servo
motors. The entire system is controlled by the microcontroller. The following report shows the entire research criteria to design
and develop the robotic bowling arm (both mechanical and electrical).
Keywords: DC Motor, PWM, Microcontroller
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________
I. INTRODUCTION
An automatic bowling arm is a device that works as a net practice bowler, means delivering balls to the batsman. As in cricket,
there is a requirement of a person for using a bowling arm. Therefore design an adjustable bowling arm to overcome the
requirement. The bowling arm can simulate various types of pace, at different lengths accurately. The bowling arm is which
enables a batsman to practice and to work on specific skills through repetitions of the ball being bowled at a certain length, line
and speed. In cricket and baseball batsmen need to practice playing different varieties of bowling to be technically perfect for
batting. At different times batsman require a bowler for practicing on the net. The batsmen require the bowler to bowl at a
particular line and length as per his needs. Sometimes the bowler is able to bowl at that spot, but more than often the bowler may
not be able to bowl at that perfect spot because of various reasons. Thus, it can be easily seen that the human body cannot
perform the task with the exact accuracy, as required. So, there is a need for an adjustable bowling arm which can bowl perfectly
at the perfect line and length.
Another problem which a batsman often faces on the net practice is that the balls bowled to him vary in pace, while a regular
pace of bowling is expected. A human cannot bowl at the exact same pace required continuously. This problem is also resolved
with the help of the bowling arm. The speed required is set in the bowling arm and now the batsman can face the required speed
balls continuously. The main mechanism of working in a mechanical bowling arm consists of two servo motor, gripper and DC
motor. The device is mounted on a stand, at such a height as to simulate the delivery of a bowler of average because of various
reasons.
II. LITERATURE REVIEW
Three-dimensional vision analysis to measure the release characteristics of elite bowlers in cricket
Alexander - Cricket is a sport played internationally in over 100 countries. Two teams face one another in a match, each taking
it in turns to bat and field. In the fielding side, bowlers deliver the ball to the batsman who then responds by hitting the ball away.
Batting and bowling are complex and dynamic skills which must be practised at length in training. However, due to the
demanding nature of bowling, batsmen can train against a machine to face sufficient numbers of deliveries.
Design and Experimental Analysis of Automatic Bowling Machine
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Jitendra Kumar - The term automatic is used because of machine does not require any person to constantly put balls into the
machine therefore the need for an extra man to stand along with machine has overcome. In the present case, two high speed DC
motors has been used. Two wheels are also brought in use, mounting over the motors. The whole setup placed over a tripod,
whose height and angle of projection for bowling can be adjusted manually. The speed of the two motors for driving the wheels
can be varied by using a pulse width modulation (PWM) with microcontroller.
A new taxonomic system for the sub-classification of cricket bowling actions
Ferdinands, René E D - The mixed bowling action is associated with injuries in the lumbar spine and has been shown to have
no performance benefits over other bowling actions. The purpose of this study was to assess the mixed bowling action with
reference to a more comprehensive classification system to facilitate the development of more targeted bowling action
remediation programs. A total of 70 fast bowlers were tested using a three-dimensional motion analysis system (240 Hz).
Kinematic data of the shoulders and pelvis were analysed with respect to a modified set of angle threshold criteria to classify
bowling actions.
Abbreviations and Acronyms
Define abbreviations and acronyms the first time they are used in the text, even after they have already been defined in the
abstract. Abbreviations such as Journal for Research, SI, ac, and dc do not have to be defined. Abbreviations that incorporate
periods should not have spaces: write “C.N.R.S.,” not “C. N. R. S.” Do not use abbreviations in the title unless they are
unavoidable (for example, “Journal for Research” in the title of this article).
Other Recommendations
Use one space after periods and colons. Hyphenate complex modifiers: “zero-field-cooled magnetization.” Avoid dangling
participles, such as, “Using (1), the potential was calculated.” [It is not clear who or what used (1).] Write instead, “The potential
was calculated by using (1),” or “Using (1), we calculated the potential.”
Use a zero before decimal points: “0.25,” not “.25.” Use “cm3
,” not “cc.” Indicate sample dimensions as “0.1 cm 0.2 cm,”
not “0.1 0.2 cm2
.” The abbreviation for “seconds” is “s,” not “sec.” Use “Wb/m2
” or “webers per square meter,” not
“webers/m2
.” When expressing a range of values, write “7 to 9” or “7-9,” not “7~9.”
A parenthetical statement at the end of a sentence is punctuated outside of the closing parenthesis (like this). (A parenthetical
sentence is punctuated within the parentheses.) In American English, periods and commas are within quotation marks, like “this
period.” Other punctuation is “outside”! Avoid contractions; for example, write “do not” instead of “don’t.” The serial comma is
preferred: “A, B, and C” instead of “A, B and C.”
If you wish, you may write in the first person singular or plural and use the active voice (“I observed that ...” or “We observed
that ...” instead of “It was observed that ...”). Remember to check spelling. If your native language is not English, please get a
native English-speaking colleague to carefully proofread your paper.
III. DESIGN & METHODOLOGY
Electrical Aspect
As per the speed require through the wheels, DC motor is concerned. The basic principle operation of an electrical motor is it
always converts electrical energy into the mechanical energy. When a DC supply is connected to the input of a DC motor, there
will be mechanical power output at the shaft. The speed control of direct current (DC) motor for various applications is very
important. The speed control of a DC motor by pulse width modulation infrared remote control has been discussed by Gung et al.
PWM may be used as an efficient DC motor speed control. Controller used TV remote control to send data to ATmega16
microcontroller through the IR receiver. This command controls the L293D driver IC to control the direction and speed of a DC
motor Development of advance motor drives increases efficiency and reliability. A DC drives are known for higher efficiency,
lower maintenance and higher cost. The DC motor is uses in many industrial applications requiring variable speed and load
characteristics due to its ease of controllability.
Principle of Operation of DC Motor
Consider a coil in a magnetic field of flux density B. When the two ends of the coil are connected across a DC voltage source,
current I flow through it. A force is exerted on the coil as a result of the interaction of magnetic field and electric current. The
force on the two sides of the coil is such that the coil starts to move in the direction of force.
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Fig. 1:
IV. BLOCK DIAGRAM
Fig. 2:
V. TORQUE EQUATION
The equation for torque developed in a DC motor can be derived as follows:
The force on one coil of wire
F = I × l × B, (1)
Torque equation;
T = K Ia (2)
VI. SPEED OF A DC MOTOR
For the motor the induced emf is;
E ZNP A = φ 60 Volt (3)
Induced emf also known as back emf and can be written as;
Eb = V – Ia Ra (4)
So the speed of a dc motor can be control by using above equations;
ω φ = E La Rad /sec (5)
ω φ = V I − R K a a a Rad/sec (6)
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The speed of a DC motor can be control either control the armature voltage or by varying field flux.
VII.CONTROL SYSTEM
Modern and advance technologies are increasing day by day, demanding process and control automation in all sectors.
Automation results into better quality, increases production and reducing costs. The variable speed drives, which can control the
speed of A.C./D.C. motors, are indispensable controlling elements in automation systems. Depending on the applications, some
of them are fixed speed and some of the variable speed drives. In electrical system the speed of D/C motor can be controlled by
using modern power electronics applications. The variable speed drives, till a couple of decades back, have various limitations,
such as poor efficiencies, larger space, lower speeds, etc. However, the power electronic devices such as SCR, MOSFETs,
IGBTs etc., with the microcontrollers have variable speed drive systems which are not only in the smaller in size but also very
efficient, highly reliable and meeting all the stringent demands of various industries. Pulse width modulation is a method for
binary signals generation, which has two signal periods high and low. The width of each pulse varies between 0 and the time
period T. The main principle is control of power by varying the duty cycle. Here the conduction time of the load is controlled.
Pulse width modulation speed control works by driving the motor with a series of “ON-OFF” pulses and varying the duty cycle,
the fraction of time that the output voltage is “ON” compared to when it is “OFF”, of the pulses while keeping the frequency
constant. The waveform of the pulse width modulation shows in fig: The wave form of the pulse width modulation As the
microcontroller concerned the ports of the controller are not very sufficient to drive DC motor so, there is a requirement of a
‘Driver’. The DC Motors require more current then the microcontroller pin can typically generate. For this it require switches
such as (Transistors, MOSFET, Relay etc.) which can accept a small current, amplify this and generate a larger current, which
further drives a motor. This entire process has done by what is known as a motor driver. It is basically a current amplifier which
takes a low-current signal from the microcontroller and gives out a proportionally higher current signal which can control and
drive a motor. In most cases, a transistor can act as a switch and perform this task which drives the motor in a single direction. A
microcontroller is a small computer on a single integrated circuit containing a processor core, memory, and programmable
input/output peripherals. Advantages of Microcontroller Microcontrollers are widely used in control system due to the following
reasons:
Design and Simulation
Flexibility
High Integration
Easy to Use and
Cost.
Fig. 3:
VIII. TESTING & RESULT
The results has tested and performed using a golf ball as a prototype dimpled ball and the basic speed measuring formula, with
the distance being constant and the voltage being supplied to the motors being varied. 10 feet pitch has been taken as an analogy
for this purpose. Table 1 show the results.
Table - 1
S. No DC Voltage (Volts) Speed of Ball (kmph)
1 3v 65
2 6v 78
3 9v 96
4 12v 109
IX. ADVANTAGES OF THE ARM
Reduced helper requirement, Compact size, Low cost, Batsman can adjust the machine as per the equipment, it can delivered at
various different speeds by using pulse width modulation, speed accuracy is better
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X. FUTURE WORKS
Use of infrared sensors for delivering balls automatically. Spin and swing application by varying the speed of both the motors at
different times. Alarm system Voice control for delivering balls at the will of batsman, using voice command. Accuracy and
Reliability and high speed control without any vibrations.
XI. CONCLUSION
In this paper an automatic bowling machine has been designed. The batsman can practice by adjusting the bowling machine as
per his/her requirement. The pulse width modulation used to controlling the speed of the dc motor. For 3 V, 6 V, 9 V and 12 V
dc supply, it gives the speed from 65 Km/hr to 110 Km/ hr.
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