Maximal sprinting speed of elite soccer playersFernando Farias
Current findings might help individuals involved within the physical preparation of players (e.g. technical coaches, fitness coaches, and sport science staff) when developing training programs and training sessions in line with the playing positions, and with the levels of high speed running targeted to reach during specific training drills like sided-games.
Indeed, the closer to match-play situations regarding the rules with goals, goalkeepers, the larger pitch sizes and greater number of players involved, the higher sprinting speed running players would reach during sided-games. However, coaches are advised to add specific speed drills to sided-games in order to elicit a stimulus of high-speed running high enough to prepare players for competition.
Kinematic factors of off speed and power spike techniques in volleyballAlexander Decker
The document summarizes a study that compared the kinematic factors of power and off-speed spike techniques in volleyball. The study found:
1) There were no significant differences in shoulder, elbow, wrist, or body inclination angles between the two spike techniques.
2) Pre-impact arm swing speed and post-impact ball speed also did not significantly differ between techniques.
3) The techniques of elite junior volleyball players for the power and off-speed spikes appear to be highly individualized based on the kinematic results.
To examine the acute effects of generic (Running Drills, RD) and specific (Small-
Sided Games, SSG) Long Sprint Ability (LSA) drills on internal and external load of male
soccer-players. Methods: Fourteen academy-level soccer-players (mean±SD; age 17.6±0.61
years, height 1.81±0.63 m, body-mass 69.53±4.65 kg) performed four 30s LSA bouts for
maintenance (work:rest, 1:2) and production (1:5) with RD and SSG drills. Players’ external-
load was tracked with GPS technology (20Hz) and heart-rate (HR), blood-lactate
concentrations (BLc) and rate of perceived exertion (RPE) were used to characterize players’
internal-load. Individual peak BLc was assessed with a 30s all-out test on a non-motorized
treadmill (NMT). Results: Compared to SSGs the RDs had a greater effect on external-load
and BLc (large and small, respectively). During SSGs players covered more distance with
high-intensity decelerations (moderate-to-small). Muscular-RPE was higher (small-to-large)
in RD than in SSG. The production mode exerted a moderate effect on BLc while the
maintenance condition elicited higher cardiovascular effects (small-to-large). Conclusion:
The results of this study showed the superiority of generic over specific drills in inducing
LSA related physiological responses. In this regard production RD showed the higher post-
exercise BLc. Interestingly, individual peak blood-lactate responses were found after the
NMT 30s all-out test, suggesting this drill as a valid option to RD bouts. The practical
physiological diversity among the generic and specific LSA drills here considered, enable
fitness trainers to modulate prescription of RD and SSG drills for LSA according to training
schedule.
Three dimensional biomechanical analysis of the drag in penalty corner drag f...Alexander Decker
This document analyzes the biomechanics of the penalty corner drag flick in field hockey through 3D motion analysis. It studied four specialized male drag flickers from two universities. Video analysis captured joint angles, velocities and accelerations during the drag flick. Statistical analysis found several kinematic variables differed significantly between the universities, including drag distance, shoulder and pelvis linear velocities, and angular velocities and accelerations of various joints. This suggests differences in drag flick technique influence accuracy. The study aimed to provide biomechanical information to help coaches and players enhance drag flick performance.
Sprint running acceleration is a key feature of physical performance in team sports, and recent
literature shows that the ability to generate large magnitudes of horizontal ground reaction force
and mechanical effectiveness of force application are paramount. We tested the hypothesis that
very-heavy loaded sled sprint training would induce an improvement in horizontal force
production, via an increased effectiveness of application. Training-induced changes in sprint
performance and mechanical outputs were computed using a field method based on velocity-
time data, before and after an 8-week protocol (16 sessions of 10x20-m sprints). 16 male
amateur soccer players were assigned to either a very-heavy sled (80% body-mass sled load)
or a control group (unresisted sprints). The main outcome of this pilot study is that very-heavy
sled resisted sprint training, using much greater loads than traditionally recommended, clearly
increased maximal horizontal force production compared to standard unloaded sprint training
(effect size of 0.80 vs 0.20 for controls, unclear between-group difference) and mechanical
effectiveness (i.e. more horizontally applied force; effect size of 0.95 vs -0.11, moderate
between-group difference)
Os resultados atuais indicaram que a ocorrência de lesões de isquiotibiais podem estar associadas a uma mudança hierárquica na distribuição da atividade metabólica dentro do complexo muscular do isquiotibial após o trabalho excêntrico em que o Semitendinoso provavelmente deveria tomar a parte principal, seguido pelo BÍceps Femural e Semimembranoso. Quando o BF aumenta sua contribuição e é ativado em uma extensão proporcionalmente maior, o risco de sofrer uma lesão do isquiotibial pode aumentar substancialmente.
Maximal sprinting speed of elite soccer playersFernando Farias
Current findings might help individuals involved within the physical preparation of players (e.g. technical coaches, fitness coaches, and sport science staff) when developing training programs and training sessions in line with the playing positions, and with the levels of high speed running targeted to reach during specific training drills like sided-games.
Indeed, the closer to match-play situations regarding the rules with goals, goalkeepers, the larger pitch sizes and greater number of players involved, the higher sprinting speed running players would reach during sided-games. However, coaches are advised to add specific speed drills to sided-games in order to elicit a stimulus of high-speed running high enough to prepare players for competition.
Kinematic factors of off speed and power spike techniques in volleyballAlexander Decker
The document summarizes a study that compared the kinematic factors of power and off-speed spike techniques in volleyball. The study found:
1) There were no significant differences in shoulder, elbow, wrist, or body inclination angles between the two spike techniques.
2) Pre-impact arm swing speed and post-impact ball speed also did not significantly differ between techniques.
3) The techniques of elite junior volleyball players for the power and off-speed spikes appear to be highly individualized based on the kinematic results.
To examine the acute effects of generic (Running Drills, RD) and specific (Small-
Sided Games, SSG) Long Sprint Ability (LSA) drills on internal and external load of male
soccer-players. Methods: Fourteen academy-level soccer-players (mean±SD; age 17.6±0.61
years, height 1.81±0.63 m, body-mass 69.53±4.65 kg) performed four 30s LSA bouts for
maintenance (work:rest, 1:2) and production (1:5) with RD and SSG drills. Players’ external-
load was tracked with GPS technology (20Hz) and heart-rate (HR), blood-lactate
concentrations (BLc) and rate of perceived exertion (RPE) were used to characterize players’
internal-load. Individual peak BLc was assessed with a 30s all-out test on a non-motorized
treadmill (NMT). Results: Compared to SSGs the RDs had a greater effect on external-load
and BLc (large and small, respectively). During SSGs players covered more distance with
high-intensity decelerations (moderate-to-small). Muscular-RPE was higher (small-to-large)
in RD than in SSG. The production mode exerted a moderate effect on BLc while the
maintenance condition elicited higher cardiovascular effects (small-to-large). Conclusion:
The results of this study showed the superiority of generic over specific drills in inducing
LSA related physiological responses. In this regard production RD showed the higher post-
exercise BLc. Interestingly, individual peak blood-lactate responses were found after the
NMT 30s all-out test, suggesting this drill as a valid option to RD bouts. The practical
physiological diversity among the generic and specific LSA drills here considered, enable
fitness trainers to modulate prescription of RD and SSG drills for LSA according to training
schedule.
Three dimensional biomechanical analysis of the drag in penalty corner drag f...Alexander Decker
This document analyzes the biomechanics of the penalty corner drag flick in field hockey through 3D motion analysis. It studied four specialized male drag flickers from two universities. Video analysis captured joint angles, velocities and accelerations during the drag flick. Statistical analysis found several kinematic variables differed significantly between the universities, including drag distance, shoulder and pelvis linear velocities, and angular velocities and accelerations of various joints. This suggests differences in drag flick technique influence accuracy. The study aimed to provide biomechanical information to help coaches and players enhance drag flick performance.
Sprint running acceleration is a key feature of physical performance in team sports, and recent
literature shows that the ability to generate large magnitudes of horizontal ground reaction force
and mechanical effectiveness of force application are paramount. We tested the hypothesis that
very-heavy loaded sled sprint training would induce an improvement in horizontal force
production, via an increased effectiveness of application. Training-induced changes in sprint
performance and mechanical outputs were computed using a field method based on velocity-
time data, before and after an 8-week protocol (16 sessions of 10x20-m sprints). 16 male
amateur soccer players were assigned to either a very-heavy sled (80% body-mass sled load)
or a control group (unresisted sprints). The main outcome of this pilot study is that very-heavy
sled resisted sprint training, using much greater loads than traditionally recommended, clearly
increased maximal horizontal force production compared to standard unloaded sprint training
(effect size of 0.80 vs 0.20 for controls, unclear between-group difference) and mechanical
effectiveness (i.e. more horizontally applied force; effect size of 0.95 vs -0.11, moderate
between-group difference)
Os resultados atuais indicaram que a ocorrência de lesões de isquiotibiais podem estar associadas a uma mudança hierárquica na distribuição da atividade metabólica dentro do complexo muscular do isquiotibial após o trabalho excêntrico em que o Semitendinoso provavelmente deveria tomar a parte principal, seguido pelo BÍceps Femural e Semimembranoso. Quando o BF aumenta sua contribuição e é ativado em uma extensão proporcionalmente maior, o risco de sofrer uma lesão do isquiotibial pode aumentar substancialmente.
Bryan Heiderscheit
Professor, Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Director, UW Runners' Clinic, Director, Badger Athletic Performance Research, Co-director, UW Neuromuscular Biomechanics Lab, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
-
Hamstrings are most susceptible to injury during the early stance phase of sprinting
(13th October, Barcelona)
6th MuscleTech Network Workshop
Bilateral and unilateral vertical ground reaction forcesFernando Farias
The purposes of this study were to assess unilateral and bilateral vertical jump performance
characteristics, and to compare the vertical ground reaction force characteristics of the impulse and landing
phase of a vertical jump between the dominant and non-dominant leg in soccer players.
Acute effect of different combined stretching methodsFernando Farias
The purpose of this study was to investigate the acute effect of different stretching methods, during a warm-up,
on the acceleration and speed of soccer players. The acceleration performance of 20 collegiate soccer players (body height:
177.25 ± 5.31 cm; body mass: 65.10 ± 5.62 kg; age: 16.85 ± 0.87 years; BMI: 20.70 ± 5.54; experience: 8.46 ± 1.49
years) was evaluated after different warm-up procedures, using 10 and 20 m tests. Subjects performed five types of a
warm-up: static, dynamic, combined static + dynamic, combined dynamic + static, and no-stretching. Subjects were
divided into five groups. Each group performed five different warm-up protocols in five non-consecutive days. The
warm-up protocol used for each group was randomly assigned. The protocols consisted of 4 min jogging, a 1 min
stretching program (except for the no-stretching protocol), and 2 min rest periods, followed by the 10 and 20 m sprint
test, on the same day. The current findings showed significant differences in the 10 and 20 m tests after dynamic
stretching compared with static, combined, and no-stretching protocols. There were also significant differences between
the combined stretching compared with static and no-stretching protocols. We concluded that soccer players performed
better with respect to acceleration and speed, after dynamic and combined stretching, as they were able to produce more
force for a faster execution.
11.[6 12]assessing the relationship of kinematics with dribbling performance ...Alexander Decker
The document assessed the relationship between kinematics and dribbling performance in basketball at different phases. Twenty male basketball players aged 18-28 participated. Motion capture data of high dribbles were collected and correlations with performance scores were calculated. Results showed insignificant relationships between dribbling performance and angles of joints like the ankle, knee, hip, shoulder, elbow and wrist at both the preparation and execution phases of high dribbles. This suggests that joint angles may not be primary determinants of high dribble performance in basketball.
Anthony Shield - is nmi a risk factor for hamstring strain injury MuscleTech Network
Anthony Shield
Senior lecturer, School of Exercise and Nutrition Science Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia.
-
Is neuromuscular inhibition a risk factor for hamstring strain?
663229 - Reliability of Power Output in Single Leg Counter Movement Jump in E...Sergio Gaggioni
This document summarizes a study that assessed the reliability of using single leg countermovement jumps (CMJs) to measure power output in elite rugby players. Twenty professional rugby players performed 3 maximal single leg CMJs with each leg. Power output was measured using a force platform. Results showed excellent reliability for power output measurements between jumps, with intraclass correlation coefficients of 0.963-0.974 for left and right legs. Power output was similarly reliable when comparing forwards and backs, suggesting single leg CMJs could reliably measure limb asymmetries and be used to assess an athlete's readiness to return to play following injury. However, further research is needed to address limitations like jumping form.
This systematic review examined 49 studies on the effects of foam rolling (FR) on performance and recovery. Regarding performance, FR appears to be an effective warm-up tool to increase flexibility, but should be used in combination with dynamic stretching and active warm-up. The optimal duration to improve flexibility is 90-120 seconds of FR. Regarding recovery, FR may reduce delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) and muscle pain after exercise. FR also seems to enhance recovery when used after exercise, improving symptoms of post-exercise muscle pain. Dosages of 3-5 sets of 30-60 seconds of FR with 10-30 second rest periods appear optimal for recovery and performance benefits.
Neuromuscular plasticity in quadriceps functions in response to trainingMuscleTech Network
Neuromuscular plasticity in quadriceps functions in response to training and how this might affect sprinting ability and kicking performance
Per Aagaard
8th MuscleTech Network Workshop
Differences in strength and speed demands between 4v4 and 8v8 SSGFernando Farias
Small-sided games (SSGs) have been extensively used in training
footballers worldwide and have shown very good efficacy in
improving player performance (Hill-Haas, Dawson, Impellizzeri,
& Coutts, 2011). As an example, it has been shown that the
technical performance (Owen, Wong del, McKenna, & Dellal,
2011) and physical performance (Chaouachi et al., 2014; Dellal,
Varliette, Owen, Chirico, & Pialoux, 2012) of footballers can be
enhanced using SSG-based football training programmes.
In the last two decades, extensive research has been pub-
lished on physical and physiological response during SSGs in
football (for refs, see Halouani, Chtourou, Gabbett, Chaouachi,
& Chamari, 2014). It was found that the time-motion charac-
teristics of SSGs could vary greatly depending on certain
structural (e.g., pitch size, number of players, type and number
of goals) and rule (e.g., number of ball touches) constraints.
For example, it was observed that higher maximum speeds are
reached during SSGs played on bigger pitches (Casamichana &
Castellano, 2010). Furthermore, heart rate (HR) and lactate
concentrations were shown to be sensitive to structural and
rule changes in SSGs.
The document analyzes technical factors that determine performance in tackles and rucks in international rugby union. It finds that front-on tackles reduce the chances of offloads and tackle breaks, while fending during contact increases those chances. It also finds that actively placing the ball in rucks increases the probability of maintaining possession. The techniques identified should be emphasized in training to improve competition performance and strategies.
This study examined the relationship between caffeine consumption before Super Rugby games and post-game sleep in 20 elite rugby players. Players wore activity monitors to measure sleep for 3 days before, after, and the night of an evening game. Players consumed caffeine as normal before and during games. Caffeine levels in saliva were higher after games than before in most players. This was associated with a 3.5 hour delay in falling asleep and 1.5 fewer hours of sleep after games. The findings suggest that caffeine before Super Rugby games can negatively impact post-game sleep quality and duration.
Epidemiological studies have consistently shown hamstring
strain injuries (HSIs) to have a high prevalence rate in many
sports, such as sprinting (11%; Lysholm & Wiklander, 1987),
Australian Rules Football (16–23%; Orchard, 2001; Orchard,
Marsden, Lord, & Garlick, 1997) and football (12–14%:
Ekstrand, Hagglund, & Walden, 2011; Hawkins, Hulse,
Wilkinson, Hodson, & Gibson, 2001). The epidemiology and
aetiology of HSI in football has received extensive attention in
the scientific literature (Ekstrand et al., 2011; Woods et al., 2004),
given the economic burden associated with professional
players missing training and competitive fixtures (Woods,
Hawkins, Hulse, & Hodson, 2002). b
Flywheel training in football for injury prevention and performanceJari Puustinen
The document discusses using flywheel training for injury prevention and performance in football. It describes how flywheels can provide eccentric overload training through the entire range of motion compared to free weights. A 10-week training program for junior elite soccer players using flywheels twice per week reduced muscle injury rates and improved jumping and sprinting abilities. For in-season training, a weekly 25-minute high-intensity session incorporating flywheels improved change of direction ability in football players.
The hamstring muscle group is the most frequently injured, representing
approximately 12 to 24% of all athletic injuries.1,2 These injuries may be due to
disproportionate training performed for the quadriceps,3 with hamstring strains
occurring more frequently in those who demonstrated hamstring weakness, and
lower hamstring-to-quadriceps strength ratios.2 Thus, hamstring strength is impor-
tant for athletic performance and injury prevention in a variety of sports.
Progression criteria during a muscle injury rehabilitation in footballFootball Medicine
This document outlines progression criteria for rehabilitation from a muscle injury in football (soccer). It discusses the biological healing process, defines muscle injuries and their risk factors and epidemiology. It then presents a 4-step, 3-week rehabilitation approach with specific progression criteria for each step, including achieving pain-free movement, increases in strength and range of motion, and return to functional training activities and team training. Imaging and clinical findings are also described for monitoring injury healing.
Melhorar ou até mesmo manter o desempenho atlético em jogadores de esportes de equipe competitivos durante o longo período da temporada é um dos maiores desafios para qualquer treinador comprometido. Tempo muito limitado está disponível entre as partidas semanais para introduzir sessões intensivas de treinamento de força e poder, com uma freqüência normal de 1-2 unidades por semana. Este fato estimula a busca de métodos de treinamento mais eficientes capazes de melhorar uma ampla variedade de habilidades funcionais, evitando ao mesmo tempo os efeitos de fadiga.
Impact of the Nordic hamstring and hip extension exercises on hamstring archi...Fernando Farias
The architectural and morphological adaptations of the hamstrings in response to training
33 with different exercises have not been explored. PURPOSE: To evaluate changes in biceps
34 femoris long head (BFLH) fascicle length and hamstring muscle size following 10-weeks of
35 Nordic hamstring exercise (NHE) or hip extension (HE) training. METHODS: Thirty
36 recreationally active male athletes (age, 22.0 ± 3.6 years, height, 180.4 ± 7 cm, weight, 80.8 ±
37 11.1 kg) were allocated to one of three groups: 1) HE training (n=10), NHE training (n=10),
38 or no training (CON) (n=10). BFLH fascicle length was assessed before, during (Week 5) and
39 after the intervention with 2D-ultrasound. Hamstring muscle size was determined before and
40 after training via magnetic resonance imaging.
This study examined the impact of four different small-sided games (SSGs) on the physical and physiological demands of rugby union players. Fourteen players participated in 15-minute sessions of: 1) 1 vs 1 evasion drills, 2) 2 vs 1 evasion drills, 3) 7 vs 7 matches, and 4) 7-a-side matches. Data on distances covered, impacts, and heart rate was collected. While heart rates were similar between SSGs, impacts varied, with the 1 vs 1 drill producing the fewest impacts per minute. The SSG formats elicited different levels of physical performance and skill qualities from players. Future use of this data may help coaches design position-specific training programs
Volleyball originated in 1895 in Holyoke, Massachusetts and was officially added to the Summer Olympics in 1964. A volleyball game is played by two teams of six players on a court divided by a net. Each team tries to ground the ball on the opposing team's court without letting it touch the ground on their own side more than three times. Players must hit the ball without carrying or holding it and cannot touch the ball twice consecutively.
Volleyball originated in Europe in the late 19th century and was brought to the United States by William G. Morgan in 1895. Over time, the sport developed standardized rules and organizations like the United States Volleyball Association and the International Volleyball Federation. A key milestone was volleyball becoming an official Olympic sport in 1964.
The Fédération Internationale de Volleyball (FIVB) is the international governing body for volleyball. It has 220 affiliated national federations and is headquartered in Lausanne, Switzerland. The FIVB organizes the Men's Volleyball World Championship annually which 148 teams participate in. The tournament structure involves teams being placed in preliminary pools and the top teams advancing through further pools until a champion is crowned.
Bryan Heiderscheit
Professor, Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Director, UW Runners' Clinic, Director, Badger Athletic Performance Research, Co-director, UW Neuromuscular Biomechanics Lab, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
-
Hamstrings are most susceptible to injury during the early stance phase of sprinting
(13th October, Barcelona)
6th MuscleTech Network Workshop
Bilateral and unilateral vertical ground reaction forcesFernando Farias
The purposes of this study were to assess unilateral and bilateral vertical jump performance
characteristics, and to compare the vertical ground reaction force characteristics of the impulse and landing
phase of a vertical jump between the dominant and non-dominant leg in soccer players.
Acute effect of different combined stretching methodsFernando Farias
The purpose of this study was to investigate the acute effect of different stretching methods, during a warm-up,
on the acceleration and speed of soccer players. The acceleration performance of 20 collegiate soccer players (body height:
177.25 ± 5.31 cm; body mass: 65.10 ± 5.62 kg; age: 16.85 ± 0.87 years; BMI: 20.70 ± 5.54; experience: 8.46 ± 1.49
years) was evaluated after different warm-up procedures, using 10 and 20 m tests. Subjects performed five types of a
warm-up: static, dynamic, combined static + dynamic, combined dynamic + static, and no-stretching. Subjects were
divided into five groups. Each group performed five different warm-up protocols in five non-consecutive days. The
warm-up protocol used for each group was randomly assigned. The protocols consisted of 4 min jogging, a 1 min
stretching program (except for the no-stretching protocol), and 2 min rest periods, followed by the 10 and 20 m sprint
test, on the same day. The current findings showed significant differences in the 10 and 20 m tests after dynamic
stretching compared with static, combined, and no-stretching protocols. There were also significant differences between
the combined stretching compared with static and no-stretching protocols. We concluded that soccer players performed
better with respect to acceleration and speed, after dynamic and combined stretching, as they were able to produce more
force for a faster execution.
11.[6 12]assessing the relationship of kinematics with dribbling performance ...Alexander Decker
The document assessed the relationship between kinematics and dribbling performance in basketball at different phases. Twenty male basketball players aged 18-28 participated. Motion capture data of high dribbles were collected and correlations with performance scores were calculated. Results showed insignificant relationships between dribbling performance and angles of joints like the ankle, knee, hip, shoulder, elbow and wrist at both the preparation and execution phases of high dribbles. This suggests that joint angles may not be primary determinants of high dribble performance in basketball.
Anthony Shield - is nmi a risk factor for hamstring strain injury MuscleTech Network
Anthony Shield
Senior lecturer, School of Exercise and Nutrition Science Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia.
-
Is neuromuscular inhibition a risk factor for hamstring strain?
663229 - Reliability of Power Output in Single Leg Counter Movement Jump in E...Sergio Gaggioni
This document summarizes a study that assessed the reliability of using single leg countermovement jumps (CMJs) to measure power output in elite rugby players. Twenty professional rugby players performed 3 maximal single leg CMJs with each leg. Power output was measured using a force platform. Results showed excellent reliability for power output measurements between jumps, with intraclass correlation coefficients of 0.963-0.974 for left and right legs. Power output was similarly reliable when comparing forwards and backs, suggesting single leg CMJs could reliably measure limb asymmetries and be used to assess an athlete's readiness to return to play following injury. However, further research is needed to address limitations like jumping form.
This systematic review examined 49 studies on the effects of foam rolling (FR) on performance and recovery. Regarding performance, FR appears to be an effective warm-up tool to increase flexibility, but should be used in combination with dynamic stretching and active warm-up. The optimal duration to improve flexibility is 90-120 seconds of FR. Regarding recovery, FR may reduce delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) and muscle pain after exercise. FR also seems to enhance recovery when used after exercise, improving symptoms of post-exercise muscle pain. Dosages of 3-5 sets of 30-60 seconds of FR with 10-30 second rest periods appear optimal for recovery and performance benefits.
Neuromuscular plasticity in quadriceps functions in response to trainingMuscleTech Network
Neuromuscular plasticity in quadriceps functions in response to training and how this might affect sprinting ability and kicking performance
Per Aagaard
8th MuscleTech Network Workshop
Differences in strength and speed demands between 4v4 and 8v8 SSGFernando Farias
Small-sided games (SSGs) have been extensively used in training
footballers worldwide and have shown very good efficacy in
improving player performance (Hill-Haas, Dawson, Impellizzeri,
& Coutts, 2011). As an example, it has been shown that the
technical performance (Owen, Wong del, McKenna, & Dellal,
2011) and physical performance (Chaouachi et al., 2014; Dellal,
Varliette, Owen, Chirico, & Pialoux, 2012) of footballers can be
enhanced using SSG-based football training programmes.
In the last two decades, extensive research has been pub-
lished on physical and physiological response during SSGs in
football (for refs, see Halouani, Chtourou, Gabbett, Chaouachi,
& Chamari, 2014). It was found that the time-motion charac-
teristics of SSGs could vary greatly depending on certain
structural (e.g., pitch size, number of players, type and number
of goals) and rule (e.g., number of ball touches) constraints.
For example, it was observed that higher maximum speeds are
reached during SSGs played on bigger pitches (Casamichana &
Castellano, 2010). Furthermore, heart rate (HR) and lactate
concentrations were shown to be sensitive to structural and
rule changes in SSGs.
The document analyzes technical factors that determine performance in tackles and rucks in international rugby union. It finds that front-on tackles reduce the chances of offloads and tackle breaks, while fending during contact increases those chances. It also finds that actively placing the ball in rucks increases the probability of maintaining possession. The techniques identified should be emphasized in training to improve competition performance and strategies.
This study examined the relationship between caffeine consumption before Super Rugby games and post-game sleep in 20 elite rugby players. Players wore activity monitors to measure sleep for 3 days before, after, and the night of an evening game. Players consumed caffeine as normal before and during games. Caffeine levels in saliva were higher after games than before in most players. This was associated with a 3.5 hour delay in falling asleep and 1.5 fewer hours of sleep after games. The findings suggest that caffeine before Super Rugby games can negatively impact post-game sleep quality and duration.
Epidemiological studies have consistently shown hamstring
strain injuries (HSIs) to have a high prevalence rate in many
sports, such as sprinting (11%; Lysholm & Wiklander, 1987),
Australian Rules Football (16–23%; Orchard, 2001; Orchard,
Marsden, Lord, & Garlick, 1997) and football (12–14%:
Ekstrand, Hagglund, & Walden, 2011; Hawkins, Hulse,
Wilkinson, Hodson, & Gibson, 2001). The epidemiology and
aetiology of HSI in football has received extensive attention in
the scientific literature (Ekstrand et al., 2011; Woods et al., 2004),
given the economic burden associated with professional
players missing training and competitive fixtures (Woods,
Hawkins, Hulse, & Hodson, 2002). b
Flywheel training in football for injury prevention and performanceJari Puustinen
The document discusses using flywheel training for injury prevention and performance in football. It describes how flywheels can provide eccentric overload training through the entire range of motion compared to free weights. A 10-week training program for junior elite soccer players using flywheels twice per week reduced muscle injury rates and improved jumping and sprinting abilities. For in-season training, a weekly 25-minute high-intensity session incorporating flywheels improved change of direction ability in football players.
The hamstring muscle group is the most frequently injured, representing
approximately 12 to 24% of all athletic injuries.1,2 These injuries may be due to
disproportionate training performed for the quadriceps,3 with hamstring strains
occurring more frequently in those who demonstrated hamstring weakness, and
lower hamstring-to-quadriceps strength ratios.2 Thus, hamstring strength is impor-
tant for athletic performance and injury prevention in a variety of sports.
Progression criteria during a muscle injury rehabilitation in footballFootball Medicine
This document outlines progression criteria for rehabilitation from a muscle injury in football (soccer). It discusses the biological healing process, defines muscle injuries and their risk factors and epidemiology. It then presents a 4-step, 3-week rehabilitation approach with specific progression criteria for each step, including achieving pain-free movement, increases in strength and range of motion, and return to functional training activities and team training. Imaging and clinical findings are also described for monitoring injury healing.
Melhorar ou até mesmo manter o desempenho atlético em jogadores de esportes de equipe competitivos durante o longo período da temporada é um dos maiores desafios para qualquer treinador comprometido. Tempo muito limitado está disponível entre as partidas semanais para introduzir sessões intensivas de treinamento de força e poder, com uma freqüência normal de 1-2 unidades por semana. Este fato estimula a busca de métodos de treinamento mais eficientes capazes de melhorar uma ampla variedade de habilidades funcionais, evitando ao mesmo tempo os efeitos de fadiga.
Impact of the Nordic hamstring and hip extension exercises on hamstring archi...Fernando Farias
The architectural and morphological adaptations of the hamstrings in response to training
33 with different exercises have not been explored. PURPOSE: To evaluate changes in biceps
34 femoris long head (BFLH) fascicle length and hamstring muscle size following 10-weeks of
35 Nordic hamstring exercise (NHE) or hip extension (HE) training. METHODS: Thirty
36 recreationally active male athletes (age, 22.0 ± 3.6 years, height, 180.4 ± 7 cm, weight, 80.8 ±
37 11.1 kg) were allocated to one of three groups: 1) HE training (n=10), NHE training (n=10),
38 or no training (CON) (n=10). BFLH fascicle length was assessed before, during (Week 5) and
39 after the intervention with 2D-ultrasound. Hamstring muscle size was determined before and
40 after training via magnetic resonance imaging.
This study examined the impact of four different small-sided games (SSGs) on the physical and physiological demands of rugby union players. Fourteen players participated in 15-minute sessions of: 1) 1 vs 1 evasion drills, 2) 2 vs 1 evasion drills, 3) 7 vs 7 matches, and 4) 7-a-side matches. Data on distances covered, impacts, and heart rate was collected. While heart rates were similar between SSGs, impacts varied, with the 1 vs 1 drill producing the fewest impacts per minute. The SSG formats elicited different levels of physical performance and skill qualities from players. Future use of this data may help coaches design position-specific training programs
Volleyball originated in 1895 in Holyoke, Massachusetts and was officially added to the Summer Olympics in 1964. A volleyball game is played by two teams of six players on a court divided by a net. Each team tries to ground the ball on the opposing team's court without letting it touch the ground on their own side more than three times. Players must hit the ball without carrying or holding it and cannot touch the ball twice consecutively.
Volleyball originated in Europe in the late 19th century and was brought to the United States by William G. Morgan in 1895. Over time, the sport developed standardized rules and organizations like the United States Volleyball Association and the International Volleyball Federation. A key milestone was volleyball becoming an official Olympic sport in 1964.
The Fédération Internationale de Volleyball (FIVB) is the international governing body for volleyball. It has 220 affiliated national federations and is headquartered in Lausanne, Switzerland. The FIVB organizes the Men's Volleyball World Championship annually which 148 teams participate in. The tournament structure involves teams being placed in preliminary pools and the top teams advancing through further pools until a champion is crowned.
Muay Thai originated over 1000 years ago in Thailand and involves common blows like elbow thrusts, knee strikes, and high kicks that can result in death or injury. Kickboxing originated more recently in the 1970s from martial arts in Asia and focuses more on punching and kicking with safety rules and protective gear. While both involve kicking and punching, Muay Thai emphasizes knee and elbow strikes as decisive blows and originated as combat techniques, whereas kickboxing emphasizes safety and originated as a competitive sport.
By 2050, one-third of Canadians will be over 60 years old. This aging population will face increased risks of dementia like Alzheimer's disease. It's estimated that over 30 trillion dollars in wealth will be transferred from baby boomers to the next generation, the largest transfer in history. As seniors live longer, our healthcare system is unprepared for their needs, and family members may have to take on more unpaid caregiving roles to support the elderly. Proper planning through powers of attorney, wills, and long-term care options can help individuals and society cope with the impacts of an aging population.
Boxing training provides many health benefits such as improved cardiovascular health, muscle toning, strength, flexibility, and stress relief. It can help you burn 350-500 calories per hour by doing combinations of jabs, punches, and kicks. Proper boxing techniques are used either against punching bags or partners. Cardio kickboxing classes are a fun and effective way to get exercise. Regular cardio training, such as walking, jogging, and cycling, also has benefits like increased energy, disease prevention, weight control, fat loss, and stress relief. It is recommended to do cardio 3-5 times per week for 30-45 minutes at a moderate intensity.
This document discusses key concepts in biomechanics and how they relate to improving sports performance. It covers:
1. The three main factors that affect how far a projectile travels horizontally: angle of release, velocity at release, and height of release.
2. How the optimal angle of release depends on the relative heights of release and landing.
3. How increasing release velocity and height can increase horizontal distance traveled.
4. How forces like Bernoulli's principle and the Magnus effect can influence a projectile's flight path and allow it to travel farther.
This document discusses the anatomy and biomechanics of the elbow. It notes that the elbow is a complex "sloppy hinge" joint that relies on bones, ligaments, and muscles to provide stability. The key stabilizing structures are the anterior bundle of the medial collateral ligament, lateral collateral ligament complex, coronoid process, and radial head. Pathologies like osteoarthritis can change the biomechanics by narrowing the joint space and causing osteophyte formation and capsular thickening.
The document provides guidance for students to create a booklet or PowerPoint presentation analyzing performance in their chosen sport. It outlines four key areas for students to address: (1) rules, regulations and terminology of the sport, (2) observing and analyzing good and bad performances, (3) evaluating strengths and weaknesses, and (4) planning strategies and practices to improve performance. Students are advised to choose a sport they know well and clearly explain each point without unnecessary details. The presentation will be graded based on demonstrating understanding of performance analysis in their chosen sport.
Muay Thai is a Thai martial art that has existed for 2,000 years. Practitioners use elbows, knees, fists, and kicks to defeat opponents, but it requires years of disciplined training to condition the body through intense workouts and fights, especially to strengthen shins. Muay Thai fighters begin training from a young age, living at gyms where they learn humility and how to identify and improve their weaknesses through constant self-conditioning, both physically and mentally.
The document discusses several studies that analyzed biomechanics during stair climbing. SAMANTHA M. REID et al. (2007) found that alternate stair ambulation patterns like step-by-step lead-leg and trail-leg had higher knee loads than traditional step-over-step. M. Spanjaard et al. (2008) examined how increasing step-height and body mass influenced lower limb biomechanics during descent. Centro di Bioingegneria et al. (2002) investigated biomechanics at different stair inclinations. Additional studies analyzed kinematics of ascending and descending, differentiated patterns between young and older adults, and identified normal parameters in young individuals.
The document provides an overview of performance analysis as a tool for coaches. It discusses how performance analysis provides objective feedback on team and individual performance through systematic observation and analysis of metrics. It also outlines different systems that can be used for performance analysis, including during games, at halftime, and post-game to evaluate tactics, motivation, and identify trends over time. The goal of performance analysis is to educate and coach players by identifying strengths and weaknesses without blame.
The document discusses the principle of summation of forces, where maximum force is generated by recruiting muscles sequentially from largest to smallest. It provides examples of how this principle applies to specific athletic skills like kicking a football, serving a tennis ball, and serving a volleyball. The volleyball serve example describes how core, hip, leg, shoulder, arm, and hand muscles are recruited in order from trunk to extremities to transfer force from the body to the ball.
Year 11 biomechanics with levers, force summationryanm9
The document discusses key concepts in biomechanics including:
- Characteristics of linear, angular, and general motion.
- Centre of gravity and how it can change depending on body position.
- Line of gravity and base of support in relation to stability.
- Newton's laws of motion and how they apply to human movement.
- Force summation and how multiple body parts can work together to maximize force.
- Projectile motion principles like gravity, speed, height, and angle of release that influence how objects are thrown or projected.
Volleyball originated in 1895 and was added to the Olympics in 1964 for indoor and 1996 for beach. Indoor volleyball is played by 6 players on each side on an 18mx9m court using leather balls, with rotations and positions including setter, hitter, and libero. Matches consist of best-of-5 sets up to 25 points. Beach volleyball is played in doubles on a 16mx8m court with softer balls, no positions, best-of-3 sets up to 21 points, and allows tipping and kicking of the ball.
Biomechanics is the study of human movement and the forces acting on the body during motion and rest. It helps identify optimal techniques and allows skills to be broken down. The centre of gravity is the point where the body is balanced and changes based on position. The line of gravity passes through the centre of gravity to the ground. Stability depends on the line of gravity falling within the base of support, which are the contact points with the ground. Newton's laws of motion describe how forces cause and change motion. Forces must be applied optimally through large muscle groups in sequence to maximize momentum. Friction occurs between contacting surfaces and can help or hinder performance.
The document outlines the rules for intramural volleyball at Northeastern University for the summer of 2006. It discusses general rules such as rally point scoring up to 25 points and best 2 out of 3 games to win a match. It also covers specific rules regarding serving, contacting the ball, blocking, fouls, replays and the roles of the referee and umpire in officiating the matches.
1. The document discusses kinematics concepts including speed, velocity, acceleration, and graphical analysis of motion. It provides definitions and formulas for speed, velocity, and acceleration. It discusses calculating average speed and acceleration using change in distance or velocity over time.
2. Graphs of distance-time and speed-time are presented and used to analyze motion including periods of rest, uniform motion, uniform acceleration, and non-uniform acceleration. Problem examples are provided to calculate values related to motion under acceleration.
3. The key concepts of uniform and non-uniform acceleration are defined. Acceleration occurs when velocity is changing, while uniform acceleration means the rate of change of velocity remains constant.
This study examined the relationship between selected physical fitness variables (speed, agility, flexibility) and long jump performance in 20 male college long jumpers. Speed was measured by a sprint test, agility by a shuttle run test, and flexibility by the sit-and-reach test. Long jump performance was measured over three trials. Correlation analysis found significant relationships between long jump performance and speed (r=-.759), agility (r=-.839), and flexibility (r=.860), suggesting that higher levels of speed, agility, and flexibility are associated with better long jump performance. The study supports the hypothesis that physical fitness variables can predict aspects of performance in the long jump.
Relationship between Selected Anthropometric Measurement and Volleyball Playe...Sports Journal
The present study was undertaken to find out the significant relationship of selected anthropometric variables with the volleyball playing performance. 25 university level male volleyball players from Guru Ghasidas Univertsity, Bilaspur were selected as a subject for the present study with age range between 18 to 22 years. The following anthropometric variables i.e. Height, Weight, Arm length and Leg length variables were selected for the testing the hypothesis. The playing performance was analyzed by three experts through subjective observation. Pearson’s Product Moment correlation test was employed for the present study and the level of significance was set at 0.05. The statistical test was computed by using standard statistical package SPSS 16. Analysis of the results indicated that Height and Leg length from the anthropometric variables were shown the significant relationship with the volleyball playing performance.
1) The study examined the role of rotational power and mobility on cricket ball throwing velocity. It assessed rotational mobility, power outputs, and throwing velocities of professional and under-19 cricketers.
2) Participants were divided into fast and slow throwing groups based on cricket ball velocity. The fast throwers had significantly greater force, work, and throwing velocities compared to slow throwers.
3) However, slow throwers showed significantly greater range of motion in the thoracic and hip regions. The study concluded that greater proximal mobility may not increase throwing velocity, as reduced mobility can aid in transferring momentum from the lower body during explosive tasks like throwing.
Prediction of kabaddi playing ability from selected anthropometrical and phys...iaemedu
This document summarizes a study that aimed to predict kabaddi playing ability from selected anthropometric and physical variables among college-level players. 144 male kabaddi players aged 18-28 were assessed for anthropometric measurements like height, weight, and limb lengths. Physical fitness tests included speed, flexibility, leg strength, muscular power and endurance. Playing ability was subjectively assessed by coaches. Correlation analysis found playing ability significantly correlated with speed and leg strength. Regression analysis identified leg strength, muscular power, speed, leg length and arm length as the best predictors of playing ability, accounting for 87% of the variance. The study concluded that kabaddi requires qualities like strength, speed, endurance and coordination
This document summarizes a study on the biomechanics of the instep kick in soccer. The study investigated factors that affect the efficiency of the instep kick, including last stride length, angle of thigh flexion/extension, and relationship of velocity between body joints. Three subjects performed instep kicks that were analyzed using APAS and Kinovea systems. The results showed that a longer last stride length, greater thigh extension angle, and smaller knee flexion angle contributed to higher ball velocity and kicking accuracy. Subject 3 generally demonstrated biomechanical parameters that were more favorable for an accurate instep kick.
“Relationship of Kinematic Variables with the Performance of Standing Broad J...IOSR Journals
Abstract: The purpose of investigation was to study the relationship of kinematics variables with the
performance of standing broad jump. Subjects were randomly selected from J.N.V. University, Jodhpur and
M.D.S. University, Ajmer. The criterion measure used for this study was the performance in standing broad
jump and selected kinematics variables. To analyze the raw data coefficient of correlation (r) were calculated
and results were compared with the help of Analysis of variance (ANOVA) technique where level of significance
was set at .05.
Effect of sand training on jumping abilities of junior volleyball playersAlexander Decker
The document summarizes a study that examined the effects of a 6-week sand training program on the jumping abilities of 15 junior male volleyball players, compared to a control group of 15 players who did technical and tactical volleyball training. The sand training group showed statistically significant improvements in block jump, spike jump, and standing broad jump heights, increasing explosive leg strength and vertical jump ability. The control group also improved but to a lesser extent. The study concluded that sand training can effectively develop vertical jumping performance for sports requiring this skill.
11.javelin throwing technique a biomechanical studyAlexander Decker
This document is a research paper that analyzes the biomechanics of javelin throwing technique. It describes a study that filmed 6 javelin throwers from Aligarh Muslim University in India using high-speed cameras. The study found a significant positive correlation between throwing distance and initial javelin velocity at release. It found insignificant correlations between distance and other release parameters like angle, height, etc. The results suggest throwers should achieve high acceleration during their run-up and carry the javelin at optimal angles to maximize distance.
Javelin throwing technique a biomechanical studyAlexander Decker
This study analyzed the biomechanics of the javelin throwing technique through high-speed video analysis of 6 athletes. The study found:
1) A significant positive correlation between throwing distance and initial javelin velocity at release.
2) Insignificant correlations between throwing distance and release angle, attitude angle, attack angle, and release height.
3) Positive significant correlations between throwing distance and approach run velocity, pull distance, and forward trunk rotation angle.
The results suggest the most important factor for distance is high initial velocity, which is influenced by fast approach, leg thrust, and optimal carry angle during the last strides.
11.javelin throwing technique a biomechanical studyAlexander Decker
This document is a research paper that analyzes the biomechanics of javelin throwing technique. It describes a study that filmed 6 javelin throwers from Aligarh Muslim University in India using high-speed cameras. The study found a significant positive correlation between throwing distance and initial javelin velocity at release. It found insignificant correlations between distance and other release parameters like angle, height, etc. The results suggest throwers should achieve high acceleration during their run-up and carry the javelin at optimal angles to maximize distance.
Relationship of two vertical jumping tests to sprint and change of direction ...Isaiah McFarland
This study examined the relationship between vertical jump performance and speed/agility tests in male and female collegiate soccer players. 36 NCAA Division II soccer players (20 males and 16 females) performed countermovement jumps, squat jumps, 10m and 30m sprint tests, and change of direction speed tests. Moderate to strong correlations were found between vertical jump heights and sprint/agility performance for both males and females. The results suggest power production, as measured by vertical jumps, is related to linear speed and change of direction ability in collegiate soccer players.
Investigation of Relationship of Strength and Size of Different Body Parts to...IOSR Journals
This study investigated the relationship between strength, body size, and the velocity of volleyball serves and spikes. 30 male university volleyball players were measured for arm strength, grip strength, leg strength, back strength, arm length, hand length, leg length, foot length, and upper body length. Their serve and spike velocities were also recorded. Correlation analyses found significant relationships between serve velocity and arm strength, grip strength, leg strength, back strength, arm length, hand length, leg length, and upper body length. Significant relationships were also found between spike velocity and the same strength and body size measures. A multiple correlation analysis found that arm strength, arm length, and leg strength combined to highly correlate with serve velocity. Overall, the study
This document summarizes the results of physiological and anthropometric tests conducted on a male collegiate volleyball player. Testing included measures of height, weight, body composition, vertical jump height, drop jump height, 5m and 10m sprint times, and performance on a Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test. The athlete's results were generally higher or better than values reported for elite national volleyball teams, despite the athlete being shorter than average for the sport. This suggests that the athlete's extensive strength and conditioning program, with a focus on lower body power and plyometrics, has allowed him to outperform taller athletes. While genetics may play a role in his height, training appears to be a major factor in his physical capabilities. Further improvements could
This study aimed to adopt a teaching method using task analysis for badminton forehand overhead clear coaching experiment and evaluate the coaching effects. Sixty male participants (mean age: 14.6 years old) without badminton training experience were recruited. All the participants were assigned into two groups (30 participants in either group). Task analysis teaching method was applied in one group as task analysis group and conventional teaching method was applied in the other group as control group. Before the coaching
experiment, there were no differences in physical fi tness and badminton level between the two groups. Motor skills were evaluated using. phase performance score. Badminton forehand overhead clear skills were evaluated using shuttlecock landing performance score. After the experiment, motor skills (25.8 ± 1.3 vs. 51.8 ± 3.7, p < 0.01) and badminton forehand overhead clear skills (22.2 ± 2.4 vs. 54.0 ± 6.4, p < 0.01) in task analysis group improved signifi cantly. In control group, motor skills (25.2 ± 1.4 vs. 36.2 ± 2.8, p < 0.01) and badminton. forehand overhead clear skills (23.2 ± 2.9 vs 50.8 ± 5.2, p < 0.01) also improved signifi cantly. Two-way ANOVA analysis revealed that
the coaching effects of task analysis group were signifi cantly better than control group both of motor skills (51.8 ± 3.7 vs. 36.2 ± 2.8, p < 0.01) and badminton forehand overhead clear skills (54.0 ± 6.4 vs. 50.8 ± 5.2, p < 0.05). In conclusion, task analysis teaching method could boost badminton motor skill learning and develop motor skill abilities.
The Analysis of Plyometric Training Program on University Handball PlayersIOSR Journals
This study analyzed the effects of a 16-week plyometric training program on 21 university handball players. Testing was conducted before, during, and after the program to measure changes in explosive power and speed/force capabilities. While explosive power metrics like vertical jump height did not significantly improve, speed/force metrics like medicine ball throws saw reliable gains, especially in female players. The program was effective at improving handball players' ability to perform repeated maximal height jumps quickly, an important skill in the sport. The study demonstrates that plyometric training can boost speed/force abilities more than explosive power in handball players.
This study investigated the effect of shoes containing nanosilica particles on knee valgus angle during landing in active females. Fourteen active females performed drop jump and single leg drop landing tasks barefoot and while wearing shoes with polyvinyl chloride outsoles or thermoplastic elastomer and nanosilica particle outsoles. Knee valgus angle was lowest while wearing the nanosilica particle shoe and highest barefoot. The nanosilica particle shoe reduced knee valgus angle more than the polyvinyl chloride shoe. Drop jump landing produced greater knee valgus than single leg landing. The nanosilica particle shoe appears to improve control of knee movement during landing.
Effect of shoes containing nanosilica particles on knee valgus in active fema...Nanomedicine Journal (NMJ)
Abstract
Objective(s):
The effect of silica nanoparticles (SNPs) in sport shoes outsoles on the parameters related to anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) Injury has not been investigated. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of shoes outsole containing a composite of thermoplastic elastomer based on styrene-butadiene and silica nanoparticles (TPEN shoe) on Knee Valgus Angle (KVA) as a risk factor of ACL injuries during landing.
Materials and Methods:
Fourteen active healthy women without knee injuries and disorders performed bilateral drop jump (DJ) and single leg drop landing (SLL) tasks in barefoot, wearing shoes fabricated with polyvinyl chloride outsole (PVC shoe) and TPEN shoes conditions , randomly. The knee valgus angle values of right and left legs were calculated in the landing conditions. Two factors repeated measures ANOVA were used to investigate the effect of landing and footwear conditions on KVA of right and left legs.
Results:
For both left and right limbs, the KVA was at maximum and minimum values during landing with barefoot and TPEN shoes, respectively. PVC shoe significantly reduced the knee valgus by 3.84% in left and 4.18% in right knee (P<0.05)><0.05).
Conclusion:
Shod landing and specially TPEN shoe decreases KVA compared to barefoot. Our results suggested that using SNPs could produce some viscoelasticity property and a better joint movement control in shoe outsoles which can reduce KVA and consequent reduction of ACL Injury.
Comparison of Selected Anthropometric and Physical Fitness Variables between ...IOSR Journals
1) The study compared selected physical fitness and anthropometric variables between offensive (chasers) and defensive (runners) female Kho-Kho players from Annamalai University.
2) Speed, agility, cardio-respiratory endurance, arm length, and leg length were measured for 10 chasers and 10 runners.
3) The results showed no significant differences between chasers and runners for any of the physical fitness or anthropometric variables tested.
Kinematic analysis of shot release of intercollegiate athletesSports Journal
This study analyzed the kinematic parameters of two shot put athletes from an intercollegiate athletics championship. Video data was collected and analyzed using motion capture software. Key parameters measured included release velocity, angle, height, and horizontal distance as well as trunk angle, shoulder-hip separation, and angular velocities of the shoulder and pelvis. The results showed Athlete I had a higher release velocity, lower release angle, and greater trunk angle compared to Athlete II. Athlete I also showed less negative shoulder-hip separation. In general, Athlete I's technique resulted in a higher release point and more horizontal force application, leading to a greater throwing distance. The study provides coaches and athletes information to help improve shot put techniques.
Abnormalities of hormones and inflammatory cytokines in women affected with p...Alexander Decker
Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) have elevated levels of hormones like luteinizing hormone and testosterone, as well as higher levels of insulin and insulin resistance compared to healthy women. They also have increased levels of inflammatory markers like C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and leptin. This study found these abnormalities in the hormones and inflammatory cytokines of women with PCOS ages 23-40, indicating that hormone imbalances associated with insulin resistance and elevated inflammatory markers may worsen infertility in women with PCOS.
A usability evaluation framework for b2 c e commerce websitesAlexander Decker
This document presents a framework for evaluating the usability of B2C e-commerce websites. It involves user testing methods like usability testing and interviews to identify usability problems in areas like navigation, design, purchasing processes, and customer service. The framework specifies goals for the evaluation, determines which website aspects to evaluate, and identifies target users. It then describes collecting data through user testing and analyzing the results to identify usability problems and suggest improvements.
A universal model for managing the marketing executives in nigerian banksAlexander Decker
This document discusses a study that aimed to synthesize motivation theories into a universal model for managing marketing executives in Nigerian banks. The study was guided by Maslow and McGregor's theories. A sample of 303 marketing executives was used. The results showed that managers will be most effective at motivating marketing executives if they consider individual needs and create challenging but attainable goals. The emerged model suggests managers should provide job satisfaction by tailoring assignments to abilities and monitoring performance with feedback. This addresses confusion faced by Nigerian bank managers in determining effective motivation strategies.
A unique common fixed point theorems in generalized dAlexander Decker
This document presents definitions and properties related to generalized D*-metric spaces and establishes some common fixed point theorems for contractive type mappings in these spaces. It begins by introducing D*-metric spaces and generalized D*-metric spaces, defines concepts like convergence and Cauchy sequences. It presents lemmas showing the uniqueness of limits in these spaces and the equivalence of different definitions of convergence. The goal of the paper is then stated as obtaining a unique common fixed point theorem for generalized D*-metric spaces.
A trends of salmonella and antibiotic resistanceAlexander Decker
This document provides a review of trends in Salmonella and antibiotic resistance. It begins with an introduction to Salmonella as a facultative anaerobe that causes nontyphoidal salmonellosis. The emergence of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella is then discussed. The document proceeds to cover the historical perspective and classification of Salmonella, definitions of antimicrobials and antibiotic resistance, and mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in Salmonella including modification or destruction of antimicrobial agents, efflux pumps, modification of antibiotic targets, and decreased membrane permeability. Specific resistance mechanisms are discussed for several classes of antimicrobials.
A transformational generative approach towards understanding al-istifhamAlexander Decker
This document discusses a transformational-generative approach to understanding Al-Istifham, which refers to interrogative sentences in Arabic. It begins with an introduction to the origin and development of Arabic grammar. The paper then explains the theoretical framework of transformational-generative grammar that is used. Basic linguistic concepts and terms related to Arabic grammar are defined. The document analyzes how interrogative sentences in Arabic can be derived and transformed via tools from transformational-generative grammar, categorizing Al-Istifham into linguistic and literary questions.
A time series analysis of the determinants of savings in namibiaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the determinants of savings in Namibia from 1991 to 2012. It reviews previous literature on savings determinants in developing countries. The study uses time series analysis including unit root tests, cointegration, and error correction models to analyze the relationship between savings and variables like income, inflation, population growth, deposit rates, and financial deepening in Namibia. The results found inflation and income have a positive impact on savings, while population growth negatively impacts savings. Deposit rates and financial deepening were found to have no significant impact. The study reinforces previous work and emphasizes the importance of improving income levels to achieve higher savings rates in Namibia.
A therapy for physical and mental fitness of school childrenAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the importance of exercise in maintaining physical and mental fitness for school children. It discusses how physical and mental fitness are developed through participation in regular physical exercises and cannot be achieved solely through classroom learning. The document outlines different types and components of fitness and argues that developing fitness should be a key objective of education systems. It recommends that schools ensure pupils engage in graded physical activities and exercises to support their overall development.
A theory of efficiency for managing the marketing executives in nigerian banksAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study examining efficiency in managing marketing executives in Nigerian banks. The study was examined through the lenses of Kaizen theory (continuous improvement) and efficiency theory. A survey of 303 marketing executives from Nigerian banks found that management plays a key role in identifying and implementing efficiency improvements. The document recommends adopting a "3H grand strategy" to improve the heads, hearts, and hands of management and marketing executives by enhancing their knowledge, attitudes, and tools.
This document discusses evaluating the link budget for effective 900MHz GSM communication. It describes the basic parameters needed for a high-level link budget calculation, including transmitter power, antenna gains, path loss, and propagation models. Common propagation models for 900MHz that are described include Okumura model for urban areas and Hata model for urban, suburban, and open areas. Rain attenuation is also incorporated using the updated ITU model to improve communication during rainfall.
A synthetic review of contraceptive supplies in punjabAlexander Decker
This document discusses contraceptive use in Punjab, Pakistan. It begins by providing background on the benefits of family planning and contraceptive use for maternal and child health. It then analyzes contraceptive commodity data from Punjab, finding that use is still low despite efforts to improve access. The document concludes by emphasizing the need for strategies to bridge gaps and meet the unmet need for effective and affordable contraceptive methods and supplies in Punjab in order to improve health outcomes.
A synthesis of taylor’s and fayol’s management approaches for managing market...Alexander Decker
1) The document discusses synthesizing Taylor's scientific management approach and Fayol's process management approach to identify an effective way to manage marketing executives in Nigerian banks.
2) It reviews Taylor's emphasis on efficiency and breaking tasks into small parts, and Fayol's focus on developing general management principles.
3) The study administered a survey to 303 marketing executives in Nigerian banks to test if combining elements of Taylor and Fayol's approaches would help manage their performance through clear roles, accountability, and motivation. Statistical analysis supported combining the two approaches.
A survey paper on sequence pattern mining with incrementalAlexander Decker
This document summarizes four algorithms for sequential pattern mining: GSP, ISM, FreeSpan, and PrefixSpan. GSP is an Apriori-based algorithm that incorporates time constraints. ISM extends SPADE to incrementally update patterns after database changes. FreeSpan uses frequent items to recursively project databases and grow subsequences. PrefixSpan also uses projection but claims to not require candidate generation. It recursively projects databases based on short prefix patterns. The document concludes by stating the goal was to find an efficient scheme for extracting sequential patterns from transactional datasets.
A survey on live virtual machine migrations and its techniquesAlexander Decker
This document summarizes several techniques for live virtual machine migration in cloud computing. It discusses works that have proposed affinity-aware migration models to improve resource utilization, energy efficient migration approaches using storage migration and live VM migration, and a dynamic consolidation technique using migration control to avoid unnecessary migrations. The document also summarizes works that have designed methods to minimize migration downtime and network traffic, proposed a resource reservation framework for efficient migration of multiple VMs, and addressed real-time issues in live migration. Finally, it provides a table summarizing the techniques, tools used, and potential future work or gaps identified for each discussed work.
A survey on data mining and analysis in hadoop and mongo dbAlexander Decker
This document discusses data mining of big data using Hadoop and MongoDB. It provides an overview of Hadoop and MongoDB and their uses in big data analysis. Specifically, it proposes using Hadoop for distributed processing and MongoDB for data storage and input. The document reviews several related works that discuss big data analysis using these tools, as well as their capabilities for scalable data storage and mining. It aims to improve computational time and fault tolerance for big data analysis by mining data stored in Hadoop using MongoDB and MapReduce.
1. The document discusses several challenges for integrating media with cloud computing including media content convergence, scalability and expandability, finding appropriate applications, and reliability.
2. Media content convergence challenges include dealing with the heterogeneity of media types, services, networks, devices, and quality of service requirements as well as integrating technologies used by media providers and consumers.
3. Scalability and expandability challenges involve adapting to the increasing volume of media content and being able to support new media formats and outlets over time.
This document surveys trust architectures that leverage provenance in wireless sensor networks. It begins with background on provenance, which refers to the documented history or derivation of data. Provenance can be used to assess trust by providing metadata about how data was processed. The document then discusses challenges for using provenance to establish trust in wireless sensor networks, which have constraints on energy and computation. Finally, it provides background on trust, which is the subjective probability that a node will behave dependably. Trust architectures need to be lightweight to account for the constraints of wireless sensor networks.
This document discusses private equity investments in Kenya. It provides background on private equity and discusses trends in various regions. The objectives of the study discussed are to establish the extent of private equity adoption in Kenya, identify common forms of private equity utilized, and determine typical exit strategies. Private equity can involve venture capital, leveraged buyouts, or mezzanine financing. Exits allow recycling of capital into new opportunities. The document provides context on private equity globally and in developing markets like Africa to frame the goals of the study.
This document discusses a study that analyzes the financial health of the Indian logistics industry from 2005-2012 using Altman's Z-score model. The study finds that the average Z-score for selected logistics firms was in the healthy to very healthy range during the study period. The average Z-score increased from 2006 to 2010 when the Indian economy was hit by the global recession, indicating the overall performance of the Indian logistics industry was good. The document reviews previous literature on measuring financial performance and distress using ratios and Z-scores, and outlines the objectives and methodology used in the current study.
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Jep 2
1. Journal of Education and Practice - Vol 2, No 2 www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1735 (Paper) ISSN 2222-288X (Online)
A Comparison of Selected Biomechanical Parameters of
Spike Serves between Intervarsity and Intercollegiate
Volleyball Players
Ikram Hussain
Department of Physical Health and Sports Education,
Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, (U.P.), India.
E-mail: ikram.husain@gmail.com
Asim Khan (Corresponding author)
Department of Physical Health and Sports Education,
Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, (U.P.), India.
E-mail: khanasim100@gmail.com
Arif Mohammad
Department of Physical Health and Sports Education,
Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, (U.P.), India.
E-mail: arifmohammad@hotmail.co.in
The present empirical research work has been undertaken under UGC, SAP (DRS-I) Programme, running
in the Department of Physical Health and Sports Education, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India.
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to compare the selected biomechanical parameters of spike service between
intervarsity and intercollegiate level volleyball players. Twelve (6 Intervarsity and 6 Intercollegiate level)
male volleyball players were selected as the subjects for this study from Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India. The
mean age, height, body weight, arm length and leg length of intervarsity players were 22.25 years (SD
0.94), 178.33 cm (1.06), 69.67kg (1.29), 59.74 cm (1.05) and 87.74 (1.73) respectively, whereas
intercollegiate players were 21.92 years (SD 0.66), 173.56 cm (1.65), 67.50 kg (1.38), 57.17 (1.25) and
86.32 (1.83) respectively. All subjects were right-handed volleyball players. The players were allowed to
have warm-up and trials. Each subject was asked to do the spike service. Five services were recorded from
one side of the body with a high speed camcorder (Canon Legria HF S10) operating at 1/2000 with a frame
rate of 60 frames per second. Data were collected from the movement onset until the ball crosses the net
(successful). The camcorder was placed on a tripod at the height of 6 feet on the right angle of the subjects
at a distance of 12 meters away to the side-line. Recorded data were digitized with the help of Silicon
Coach Pro7 motion analysis software. The selected kinematics variables were ball height, jump height,
hand velocity and ball velocity. The other segmental angles were also be studied in this study those were
ankle angle, knee angle, hip angle, shoulder angle, elbow angle and wrist angle. The t-test was used for
statistical analysis of the data by using SPSS-18 version software. The results revealed that insignificant
difference exits between intervarsity and intercollegiate level male volleyball players in the spike serve
performance.
The International Institute for Science, Technology and Education (IISTE)
www.iiste.org
2. Journal of Education and Practice - Vol 2, No 2 www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1735 (Paper) ISSN 2222-288X (Online)
Keywords: Volleyball, spike service, intervarsity, segmental angle.
1. Introduction
One of the most dramatic skills in modern volleyball is the spike serve or the jump serve which provides an
exciting and dynamic skill that is captivating for players and spectators alike. It is very difficult to win
matches without an efficient serve (Hayrinen et al., 2000). The most used technique of serve in men’s
international top volleyball is jump serve. The efficiency of jump serve is related to the velocity of the serve
(Hayrinen et al., 2009). The biomechanics of jump serve has been studied before by Coleman (1997),
Huang and Hu (2007) and Masamura et al. (2007), but the serve velocities have increased so there was a
need to update earlier findings and to investigate which elements have the biggest effect to the velocity of
the jump serve. The player starts about four to five meters behind the end line of the court, uses a fast run
up, a dynamic spike take-off and an exciting spike action at the peak of their jump that sends the ball across
the net. The spike serve has become a dangerous offensive weapon for the top volleyball teams of today, as
a great spike server can produce a number of aces over the course of a match. The spike serve is somewhat
similar to the spike at the net, except the velocities after impact are somewhat lower for the serve when
compared to the spike (Tant et al., 1993). A study of the spike vs. the serve for collegiate volleyball players
revealed similar speeds for the male athletes but slower speeds for the female serve when compared to the
spike (male jump serve 19.7 m/s, male spike 22.4 m/s, female jump serve 13.2 m/s, female spike 17.8 m/s).
A study of the front row spikes of elite international volleyball spikers reported mean impact ball speeds of
27 m/s (Coleman, 1993).
The players who are generally very tall and have very high vertical jumps that allow them to produce a
downward angle on the ball: a fact exacerbated by the heavy topspin usually applied. Their strength and
athleticism also allow them to produce very high hand velocities at impact that produce high ball velocities
that are very difficult for the opponent to return. An examination of the serves of the players at different
level may provide some useful information regarding optimal technique, so that other skilled players will
be able to emulate this skill and improve their own ball speed and accuracy.
The spike serve has many similarities to the spike itself. The player strikes the ball with maximum force at
the peak of his jump, and tries to place it so that the opponent cannot receive it cleanly. It has been
suggested that a successful spike is determined by three factors, which are likely similar to those of the
jump serve: the position of the ball at impact, the speed of the ball after impact, and the direction of
movement of the ball after impact (Chung et al., 1990). In the jump serve the ball position at impact is
determined by the toss of the server - an effective serve requires a perfectly placed toss and a perfectly
timed run up. The higher the point of impact, the sharper the downward angle of the serve, and the more
margins for error there is for the server to utilize a higher ball velocity. This makes it faster to arrive on the
other side of the net and thus there is less time for the receiver to interpret the path of the ball and move into
position to play it, increasing the chance of an error or an inaccurate pass. Therefore, it was the aim of this
study to provide descriptive kinematics of some of the biomechanical factors involved in the jump serve.
2. Methodology
The principal method used is comparative kinematics method, aimed at finding the differences in
kinematics variables purpose in gaining information of spike serve performance between intervarsity and
intercollegiate level volleyball players.
2.1 Selection of Subject
A total twelve (6 Intervarsity and 6 Intercollegiate level) male volleyball players were taken as the subject
for the study from the Aligarh district of Uttar Pradesh, India. The mean age, height, body weight, arm
length and leg length of intervarsity players were 22.25 years (SD 0.94), 178.33 cm (1.06), 69.67kg (1.29),
59.74 cm (1.05) and 87.74 (1.73) respectively, whereas intercollegiate players were 21.92 years (SD 0.66),
173.56 cm (1.65), 67.50 kg (1.38), 57.17 (1.25) and 86.32 (1.83) respectively. All subjects in this study
were right-handed volleyball players. They all were healthy and don’t had any injury reported within the
The International Institute for Science, Technology and Education (IISTE)
www.iiste.org
3. Journal of Education and Practice - Vol 2, No 2 www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1735 (Paper) ISSN 2222-288X (Online)
last year.
2.2. Tools and Equipments
For the purpose of this study a high speed camcorder (Canon Legria HF S10), camera tripod, measuring
tape, marking powder, volleyballs, volleyball court, motion analysis software (Silicon Coach Pro7) and
computer system were used.
2.3. Procedure for Data Collection
For the kinematical data a high speed Canon Legria HF S10 camcorder operating at 1/2000 with a frame
rate of 60 frames per second was used to capture the spike serve performance. Data was collected from the
movement onset until the ball crosses the net. The camcorder was placed perpendicular at a distance of
twelve meters on the right side of the players mounted at a height of six feet above the ground and capture
video clips of sufficient coverage to clearly see the spike serve process. All subjects performed five
officially allotted serve but the best one valid (successful) serve was selected for further analysis. The
recorded video footages were downloaded, slashed and edited by using the downloaded version of
STHVCD55 Software. Digitization, smoothing and analysis were conducted using the Silicon Coach Pro7
motion analysis software. The selected kinematics variables were ball height, jump height, ball velocity and
hand velocity. The other selected parameters were ankle angle, knee angle, hip angle, shoulder angle, elbow
angle and wrist angle.
3. Result
Table 1: Anthropometric descriptions of Intervarsity and Intercollegiate male Volleyball Players
Anthropometric Description
Groups Mean & SD
Age Height Weight Arm Length Leg Length
Mean 22.25 Yrs 178.33 cm 69.67 Kg 59.74 cm 87.74 cm
Intervarsity
SD 0.94 Yrs 1.06 cm 1.29 Kg 1.05 cm 1.73 cm
Mean 21.92 Yrs 173.56 cm 67.50 Kg 57.17 cm 86.32 cm
Intercollegiate
SD 0.66 Yrs 1.65 cm 1.38 Kg 1.25 cm 1.83 cm
Table 2: Indicating Mean, Standard Deviation and t values of selected Biomechanical Parameters of Spike
Serve Performance between Intervarsity and Intercollegiate level Volleyball Players
Biomechanical Intervarsity Intercollegiate
Cal. t
Parameters Mean SD Mean SD
Ball Height (Meter) 2.17 0.10 2.02 0.08 0.001
Jump Height (Meter) 0.92 0.02 0.85 0.04 0.02
Ball Velocity (m/s) 22.67 1.74 21.78 1.15 0.20
Hand Velocity (m/s) 12.72 0.72 11.05 0.50 0.004
*Significant at 0.05 level of significance with 10 df Tab. t = 2.23
The result of the statistical analysis revealed that there is no significant difference exist between intervarsity
and intercollegiate players in their all the parameters studies presented in table-1 (ball height, jump height,
The International Institute for Science, Technology and Education (IISTE)
www.iiste.org
4. Journal of Education and Practice - Vol 2, No 2 www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1735 (Paper) ISSN 2222-288X (Online)
ball velocity and hand velocity). It has showed that the calculated t values of all the selected variables were
less than tabulated t value (2.23) at 0.05 level of significance with 10 degree of freedom.
The International Institute for Science, Technology and Education (IISTE)
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5. Journal of Education and Practice - Vol 2, No 2 www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1735 (Paper) ISSN 2222-288X (Online)
Table 3: Indicating t values of selected body joint angles between Intervarsity and Intercollegiate level
Volleyball Players
Intervarsity Intercollegiate
Segmental angle Cal. t
Mean SD Mean SD
Ankle Angle (Degree) 162.55 3.61 161.67 5.60 0.34
Knee Angle (Degree) 173.88 3.46 170.63 3.65 0.12
Hip Angle (Degree) 171.30 2.48 168.07 2.03 0.003
Shoulder Angle (Degree) 156.14 3.91 153.40 4.04 0.10
Elbow Angle (Degree) 152.64 3.01 154.71 1.62 0.13
Wrist Angle (Degree) 166.92 1.37 153.34 2.56 1.05
*Significant at 0.05 level of significance with 10 df Tab. t = 2.23
The result of the statistical analysis of spike (jump) serve revealed that there is no significant difference
exist between intervarsity and intercollegiate players in their all the variables studies presented in table-1
(ankle angle, knee angle, hip angle, shoulder angle, elbow angle and wrist angle). It has showed that the
calculated t values of all the selected parameters were less than tabulated t value (2.23) at 0.05 level of
significance with 10 degree of freedom.
Figure 1: Showing Comparison of Ball Height, Jump Height, Hand Velocity and Ball Velocity between
Intervarsity and Intercollegiate Volleyball Players
Figure 2: Showing Comparison of Ball Height, Jump Height, Hand Velocity and Ball Velocity between
Intervarsity and Intercollegiate Volleyball Players
The International Institute for Science, Technology and Education (IISTE)
www.iiste.org
6. Journal of Education and Practice - Vol 2, No 2 www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1735 (Paper) ISSN 2222-288X (Online)
Figure 3: Showing Comparison of Different Joint Angles between Intervarsity and Intercollegiate
Volleyball Players
4. Discussion
It was the aim of this study to examine the mechanical factors between two levels of volleyball players
underpinning the jump or attack serve. The result of the present study indicated that there is no significant
differences exist between intervarsity and intercollegiate volleyball players in their ball height, jump height,
ball velocity and hand velocity. Further insignificant differences were found between these two groups in
their different body joint angles (ankle, knee, hip, shoulder, elbow and wrist). This might be due to the fact
that the variation in the ball height, jump height, ball velocity and hand velocity of intervarsity and
intercollegiate volleyball players is very less. Secondly the angle of the segments during spike serve
between intervarsity and intercollegiate may be same but the movement forces applied on the ball may be
differ and not dependent on the angle of segment but on the speed of change of angle which is return
increase the velocity of segment to transfer to the ball. Here we also found that when the hand velocity was
higher the ball velocity was also higher. It shows that the ball velocity is directly correlated with the hand
velocity.
5. Conclusion
On the basis of the findings it is concluded that intervarsity and intercollegiate level volleyball players were
no significantly differ in their ball height, jump height, ball velocity, hand velocity further insignificant
differences were found in their ankle angle, knee angle, hip angle, shoulder angle, elbow angle and wrist
The International Institute for Science, Technology and Education (IISTE)
www.iiste.org
7. Journal of Education and Practice - Vol 2, No 2 www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1735 (Paper) ISSN 2222-288X (Online)
angle this is due to the level of the participants in this study is almost similar. But we also found that good
power production abilities in the core, shoulder and arm and optimal function of the kinetic chain are the
most important elements in producing maximum velocities in jump serve as well as the mobility of the hip
joint and the thoracic vertebrae are important factors in achieving maximum ball velocities in jump serve.
References
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Korean Journal of Sport Science, 2, 124-151.
Coleman, S. G. S. (1993). A three-dimensional cinematographic analysis of the volleyball spike. Journal of
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Coleman, S. (1997). A 3D kinematic analysis of the volleyball jump serve. Proceedings of the XV
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The International Institute for Science, Technology and Education (IISTE)
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