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This document discusses several key concepts in community and ecosystem ecology: 1) Competition between populations can lead to resource partitioning and character displacement as species evolve non-overlapping niches. Predator-prey dynamics affect both populations in complex ways. 2) Symbiotic relationships like parasitism, commensalism, and mutualism involve interactions that benefit one or both populations. Coevolution often occurs in symbiotic relationships as species adapt to one another. 3) Communities are dynamic, changing over time through ecological succession as disturbances alter composition and diversity towards climax communities. Island biogeography models show biodiversity increases with habitat area and proximity to mainland.
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The passage describes several ecological concepts and methods used to study plant and animal populations and communities, including:
1) Factors that influence species distributions such as temperature, water, light, soil pH, salinity, and nutrients are outlined.
2) Random quadrat sampling and transect methods to study and compare population sizes and distributions are explained.
3) The niche concept including an organism's habitat, feeding activities, and interactions is defined.
4) Examples of species interactions like competition, herbivory, predation, parasitism, and mutualism are given.
5) The principles of competitive exclusion and distinguishing fundamental versus realized niches are explained.
6) Biom
Unit 2 ecosystem
An ecosystem is a community of organisms and their physical environment that interact. It includes biotic factors like producers, consumers, and decomposers, as well as abiotic factors such as climate, soil, and water. Energy flows through the ecosystem in food chains and webs while matter is recycled through biotic and abiotic interactions. Ecological succession over time leads to the development of climax communities as the environment changes.
ECOSYSTEM And its characteriisticspptx
This document provides an overview of key concepts related to ecosystems, including:
- An ecosystem consists of both biotic (living) and abiotic (non-living) components that interact. Examples of ecosystems include forests and oceans.
- Energy from the sun or chemicals flows through an ecosystem via food chains and webs. Producers like plants harness energy, which is then consumed by herbivores, carnivores, and decomposers at increasing trophic levels.
- Organisms within an ecosystem engage in various interactions such as competition, predation, and symbiosis. While competition occurs when organisms require the same resources, symbiotic relationships can be mutualistic, commensalistic, or parasitic in nature
Ecology chpter 9 10
Ecology is the study of interactions between organisms and their environment. It examines these connections across different levels of organization, from organisms and populations up to ecosystems, biomes, and the biosphere. Ecosystems consist of biotic and abiotic factors interacting within a defined area. Energy and nutrients flow through ecosystems via food chains, food webs, and other pathways. Climate and other environmental factors help determine the different biomes found around the world such as deserts and forests.
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Section9
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Section14
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38 Lecture Ppt
- 1. Copyright Ā© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Chapter 38 Community and Ecosystem Ecology
- 2. A Community Contains Several Interacting Populations in the Same Locale 38-
- 4. Figure 38.1A Competition only occurs between two species of Paramecium when they are grown together 38-
- 5. Figure 38.1B Character displacement occurs in finches when they coexist, compared to when they exist separately 38-
- 6. Figure 38.1C Niche specialization occurs among five species of coexisting warblers 38-
- 7. Figure 38.1D Competition occurs between two species of barnacles 38-
- 11. Figure 38.2B Antipredator defenses 38-
- 12. Figure 38.2C Mimicry: All of these insects have the same coloration 38-
- 14. 38-
- 16. Figure 38.4 A clownfish living among a sea anemoneās tentacles 38-
- 18. Figure 38.5 Social parasitism in the cuckoo 38-
- 20. Figure 38.6A Clarkās nutcrackers store and disperse the seeds of whitebark pine trees 38-
- 21. Figure 38.6B Cleaning symbiosis occurs when small fish clean large fish 38-
- 22. A Community Develops and Changes Over Time 38-
- 24. Figure 38.7A Island distance from mainland and rate of species migration 38-
- 25. Figure 38.7B Island size and rate of species extinction 38-
- 26. Figure 38.7C Equilibrium model of species richness 38-
- 28. Figure 38.8A Secondary succession in a conifer plantation 38-
- 30. Figure 38.8B Secondary succession in a cultivated cornfield 38-
- 31. An Ecosystem Is a Community Interacting with the Physical Environment 38-
- 34. Figure 38.9 Niche specifications of plants compared to animals 38-
- 36. Figure 38.10A Energy flow and chemical cycling in an ecosystem 38-
- 37. Figure 38.10B Energy balances for an herbivore 38-
- 39. Figure 38.11 Grazing food web ( top ) and detrital food web ( bottom ) 38-
- 41. Figure 38.12 Ecological pyramid based on the biomass content of bog populations could also be used to represent an energy pyramid 38-
- 43. Figure 38.13 Model for chemical cycling 38-
- 45. Figure 38.14 The phosphorus cycle 38-
- 47. Figure 38.15 The nitrogen cycle 38-