This document contains information about the design of reinforced concrete footings, including: - Unit 5 of a course covers limit state design of footings such as wall footings, axially loaded rectangular pads, and combined rectangular footings. - Sample problems and their answers related to footing design are provided, covering topics like soil bearing capacity, minimum depth, and steel distribution. - Factors to consider in footing design include soil properties, structure type and loads, settlement, and cost. Footing types like trapezoidal and combined are discussed.

1. CE6505 – DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE ELEMENTS
Compiled by: Mr. S. MANIKANDAN, Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Shanmuganathan Engineering College.
UNIT – V
LIMIT STATE DESIGN OF FOOTING
 Design of wall footing
 Design of axially and eccentrically loaded rectangular pad and sloped footings
 Design of combined rectangular footing for two columns only

2. 2 CE6505 – DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE ELEMENTS
S.M.K./A.P./CIVIL/S.E.C.
2 Marks [Questions & Answers]
01) State the governing factors to decide the design of R.C. footing.
Ans.: The following factors to decide the design of R.C. footing:
(i) Soil strata
(ii) Bearing capacity and standard penetration test value
(iii) Type of structure & Type of loads
(iv) Permissible differential settlement, and
(v) Economy.
02) Define safe bearing capacity of soil.
Ans.: The maximum pressure which the soil can carry safely without risk of shear failure is called the
safe bearing capacity of soil.
03) State the rankine’s equation to determine the minimum depth of foundation?
Ans.:
p0 1 – sin 2
Where,
Depth of foundation (h) = p0 = Axial load on the column
1 + sin = Unit weight of soil
= Angle of repose
04) Define wall footing.
Ans.: The wall footings (as shown in fig.) provided under masonry or
concrete walls carrying direct vertical loads may be designed either
of plain concrete or reinforced concrete.
A wall footing essentially deflects upward in transverse
direction as cantilever (one-way action) and a strip of unit width
along its length is considered for its design.
05) How do you calculate the base area in the case of axially loaded footings?
Ans.:
(Axial load on the column + 10 % of axial load on the
column as self weight)
Area for axially loaded footing =
Safe bearing capacity of the soil

3. UNIT V – LIMIT STATE DESIGN OF FOOTING 3
TWO MARK Q & A and BIG QUESTIONS
06) How is the main steel distributed in wall footings and two-way rectangular footings?
Ans.: In wall footings, the main steel is distributed uniformly over the full width of the footing.
In two-way rectangular footing, the main steel in the longer direction is distributed uniformly
across the full width of the footing.
07) Write down the Codal provisions for tensile reinforcement for two way R.C. rectangular
footing.
Ans.: As per clause 34.3.1 of IS 456: 2000, In two-way reinforced
rectangular footing, the reinforcement in the longer direction shall
be distributed uniformly across the full width of the footing. For
reinforcement in short direction, a central band equal to the width
of the footing shall be marked along the length of the footing and
portion of the reinforcement as shown in fig.
08) What is one way and two way shear in footing?
Ans.: One way shear is rate of change of bending moment. It’s typically called beam shear. However
two way shear is punching shear and its effect is two way. It's also called flat slab shear.
09) What is punching shear in RCC footing?
Ans.: The shear action of footing slab is in two directions, it is known as punching shear.
10) Under what situations trapezoidal footings are preferred?
Ans.: An isolated footing for column on property line would extend beyond the property line which
can be avoided by combining such footing with that of interior column. In that situation trapezoidal
footing should be preferred.
11) When is the combined footing provided?
Ans.: The combined footing should be provided in following circumstances:
(i) when the columns are very near to each other so that their footings overlap,
(ii) when the bearing capacity of soil is less, requiring more area under individual footing,
(iii) when the end column is near a property line, so that its footing cannot be spread in that
direction.

4. 4 CE6505 – DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE ELEMENTS
S.M.K./A.P./CIVIL/S.E.C.
12) What is the necessity to provide combined rectangular footing?
Ans.: Combined footings are formed by combining two or more equally or unequally loaded columns
into one footing. This arrangement averages out and provides a more or less uniform load distribution
in the supporting soil. These footings are usually rectangular in shape.
13) Give the general steps involved in the design of combined footing.
Ans.: The following steps are essential to design the combined footing:
(i) Proportioning of footing
(ii) Bending pattern
(iii) One way shear
(iv) Two way shear
(v) Development length, etc.
14) Name any four loads you would consider in the design of masonry walls.
Ans.: Design load is decided based on the following consideration:
(i) Dead load + Live load
(ii) Dead load + Appropriate live load + Seismic load
(iii) Dead load + Appropriate live load + Wind load
(iv) Dead load + Seismic load.

5. UNIT V – LIMIT STATE DESIGN OF FOOTING 5
TWO MARK Q & A and BIG QUESTIONS
16 Mark [Questions]
CE2306 (R 2008) - April / May 2015 (A.U. Chennai) – Q.P. Code: 71258
(Or)
CE2306 (R 2008) – November / December 2014 (A.U. Chennai) – Q.P. Code: 91243
(Or)
CE2306 (R 2008) – May / June 2014 (A.U. Chennai) – Q.P. Code: 51242
(Or)

6. 6 CE6505 – DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE ELEMENTS
S.M.K./A.P./CIVIL/S.E.C.
CE2306 (R 2008) – November / December 2013 (A.U. Chennai) – Q.P. Code: 31210
(Or)
CE2306 (R 2008) - May / June 2013 (A.U. Chennai) – Q.P. Code: 21210
(a) Write down the design steps in detail of rectangular combined footing. (16)
(Or)
(b) Design a RC combined rectangular footing for two columns located 3.6 m apart. The overall
sizes of the columns are 400 mm X 400 mm and 600 mm X 600 mm and the loads are 1000 kN
and 1500 kN respectively. The space available for width of the footing restricted to 1800 mm.
The safe bearing capacity of soil is 280 kN/m2
. Use M 15 concrete and Fe 415 steel. (16)
CE2306 (R 2008) – November / December 2012 (A.U. Chennai) – Q.P. Code: 11194
(Or)

7. UNIT V – LIMIT STATE DESIGN OF FOOTING 7
TWO MARK Q & A and BIG QUESTIONS
CE2306 (R 2008) - May / June 2012 (A.U. Chennai) – Q.P. Code: 10229
(Or)
CE1354 (R 2004) - April / May 2011 (A.U. Chennai) – Q.P. Code: 55232
(Or)
Compiled By:
Mr. S. MANIKANDAN M.E. (Structural Engg.)
Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering,
Shanmuganathan Engineering College, Arasampatti, Pudukkottai – 622507.
Email: smanikandanme@gmail.com