31. Cotton.pdf
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Cotton is a natural fiber that grows on a plant related to hibiscus. There are up to 50 cotton species in the Gossypium genus, with Gossypium hirsutum being the most commercially grown. Cotton fibers are used in textiles while the seeds are used as cattle feed and for cottonseed oil extraction. Cotton seeds develop fibers called lint that are removed by gins for use in textiles, while short hairs called fuzz remain on the seed.
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11. hybridization 19.06.2021
1. Hybridization involves crossing two plants or lines with differing genotypes to create variation. It can be used for combination breeding to transfer traits, transgressive breeding to improve quantitative traits, or to create hybrid varieties.
2. Procedures for hybridization include selecting parents, evaluating parents, emasculating flowers, bagging flowers to prevent unwanted crosses, tagging flowers, performing controlled pollination, and harvesting and storing F1 seeds.
3. Challenges with wide hybridization include failure of zygote formation or development, incompatible cytoplasm, endosperm abortion, and failure of F1 seedling development due to lethal genes or hybrid necrosis. Techniques like embryo rescue, autopolyploidy,
Clonal selection
Clone is the progeny of a single plant, produced by asexual reproduction
Clonal selection is the selection of the most desirable members of a clone for continued vegetative propagation rather than for sexual reproduction.
The members of a clone keep up genetic constancy.
So by clonal selection and continued vegetative propagation, the desirable qualities of plants can be maintained for long.
Plant Acclimatization
1. Acclimatization is the process by which plants adapt to changes in their environment over multiple generations through natural selection.
2. It requires genetic variability in introduced plant materials and occurs more readily in cross-pollinated species and annual crops.
3. Examples of acclimatization include humans developing more red blood cells at high altitudes and plants surviving freezing temperatures if the temperature drops gradually over time rather than suddenly.
Pigeon pea
Pigeon pea is an important crop that originated in India. It is grown for its edible seeds which are high in protein, and its leaves, shoots and fodder which are used for animal feed. The major growing regions are India, East Africa, and the Caribbean. Pigeon pea has a taproot system and trifoliate leaves. Its flowers form in axillary racemes and are self-pollinated. The pods contain 2-5 seeds that vary in size, shape and color. Traditional self-pollination and cross-pollination techniques involve emasculating flowers and manually transferring pollen.
Presentation on Breeding Techniques of Rice
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Mass Selection
Clone is the progeny of a single plant, produced by asexual reproduction
Clonal selection is the selection of the most desirable members of a clone for continued vegetative propagation rather than for sexual reproduction.
The members of a clone keep up genetic constancy.
So by clonal selection and continued vegetative propagation, the desirable qualities of plants can be maintained for long.
Apomixis in plants
Apomixis is a type of asexual reproduction in which seeds are formed without fertilization. There are two main types - gametophytic apomixis, where an unreduced cell gives rise to an embryo sac, and sporophytic apomixis, where an unreduced cell develops directly into an embryo. Apomixis was first discovered in citrus seeds in 1719 and allows for the production of genetically identical offspring from a single parent. While apomixis has advantages for plant breeding like fixing desirable traits, it is also genetically complex and the level can be affected by environmental factors.
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11. hybridization 19.06.2021
1. Hybridization involves crossing two plants or lines with differing genotypes to create variation. It can be used for combination breeding to transfer traits, transgressive breeding to improve quantitative traits, or to create hybrid varieties.
2. Procedures for hybridization include selecting parents, evaluating parents, emasculating flowers, bagging flowers to prevent unwanted crosses, tagging flowers, performing controlled pollination, and harvesting and storing F1 seeds.
3. Challenges with wide hybridization include failure of zygote formation or development, incompatible cytoplasm, endosperm abortion, and failure of F1 seedling development due to lethal genes or hybrid necrosis. Techniques like embryo rescue, autopolyploidy,
Clonal selection
Clone is the progeny of a single plant, produced by asexual reproduction
Clonal selection is the selection of the most desirable members of a clone for continued vegetative propagation rather than for sexual reproduction.
The members of a clone keep up genetic constancy.
So by clonal selection and continued vegetative propagation, the desirable qualities of plants can be maintained for long.
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2. It requires genetic variability in introduced plant materials and occurs more readily in cross-pollinated species and annual crops.
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Pigeon pea
Pigeon pea is an important crop that originated in India. It is grown for its edible seeds which are high in protein, and its leaves, shoots and fodder which are used for animal feed. The major growing regions are India, East Africa, and the Caribbean. Pigeon pea has a taproot system and trifoliate leaves. Its flowers form in axillary racemes and are self-pollinated. The pods contain 2-5 seeds that vary in size, shape and color. Traditional self-pollination and cross-pollination techniques involve emasculating flowers and manually transferring pollen.
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Clonal selection is the selection of the most desirable members of a clone for continued vegetative propagation rather than for sexual reproduction.
The members of a clone keep up genetic constancy.
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Cotton
1. Cotton is an important crop that provides the raw material for 85% of the textile industry. It is cultivated around the world, with India and China being the top producers.
2. Cotton plants belong to the genus Gossypium and have four domesticated species. The plants have prominent erect stems with alternately arranged leaves and zigzag fruiting branches.
3. Cotton flowers occur singly on branches and have five petals, numerous stamens united into a column, and a superior ovary that develops into a boll fruit. Pollination is primarily self-but sometimes cross-pollination occurs through insects.
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- Johannsen concluded that continuous inbreeding leads to homozygosity, variation within a pure line is due to environment only, and selection within a pure line is not effective because all plants have the same genotype.
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PEDIGREE METHOD OF PLANT BREEDING
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2. Cotton plants belong to the genus Gossypium and have four domesticated species. The plants have prominent erect stems with alternately arranged leaves and zigzag fruiting branches.
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Similar to 31. Cotton.pdf
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Maize Field Crop
Maize Field Crop
Place of origin : Mexico.
Origin of cultivated maize
The genus Zea was previously considered as monotypic. Later on teosinte has been included Euchlaena mexicana has been changed as Zea mexicana
Another wild relative is Tripsacum (gamma grass). All the three are inter crossable.
Three views about origin
1. From Teosinte it arose. Teosinte is having cob and tassel and easily crossable. This theory was not accepted based on cytological studies.
2. Maize arose from pod corn Zea mays var. tunicata thro’ natural mutation. This view is the most accepted one. But origin of pod corn is not known.
3. All the three came from common ancestor but this common ancestor lost during evolution.
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origin of maize
1. Maize originated in Mexico from one of three possible progenitors: teosinte grass, pod corn, or an unknown common ancestor.
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This document discusses natural fibers, including their classification, main types, production, properties, and market. The four main plant fibers are cotton, flax, hemp, and jute. Animal fibers include wool, silk, camel hair, and angora. Natural fibers are stronger and more sustainable than synthetic fibers. The strongest natural fiber is silk and the warmest is qiviut. Linen is a durable natural fiber and is stronger than cotton. Interest in natural fibers is growing due to their sustainability advantages over synthetics.
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Economic zoology deals with applying zoological knowledge to benefit humanity, such as cultivating animals for food and controlling pests. It covers topics like beneficial and harmful insects, crop pests, apiculture, sericulture, lac culture, aquaculture, venomous animals, and livestock/vector-borne diseases. Insects provide an estimated $57 billion in ecological services annually to justify greater conservation investments. Beneficial insects include pollinators that transfer crop pollen, valued at $3 billion in the US alone, and predators that control pests. Parasitic wasps, flies, and other insects also help limit pest populations. Productive insects include silkworms, honey bees, and lac
Cotton Floral biology and breeding techniques.pdf
This presentation gives information about breeding techniques in cotton. Conventional and non-conventional methods to produce hybrids in cotton is given crisp to easy understanding purpose
Seed Technology
Seeds are the most important means of plant reproduction and have many uses for humans. Seed technology is the study of seed production, handling, and storage in order to ensure high quality seeds for successful crop production. It is important for maintaining genetic resources and allowing study of plant processes. Seeds are a major source of food, feed, fibers, oils and other products worldwide.
CEREALS PPT.pptx
This document defines cereal grains and lists their main nutritional components. It then outlines and describes several major cereal grains, including wheat, oats, rice, maize, barley, and rye. Wheat is one of the most commonly consumed grains and is used worldwide in breads, pastas, and other foods. Oats are often consumed whole grain. Rice is the most widely eaten staple, especially in Asia and Africa. Maize originated in Mexico and is processed into foods like cornflakes and flour. Barley is one of the top four globally produced grains. Rye contains some gluten but not as much as wheat.
Pest of Cotton: Red cotton bug
Red Cotton Bug, Dysdercus cingulatus is a pest of cotton which suck the growing parts of the plant and attracts the bacteria which shows red lint. Ultimately it declines the crop productivity.
Soybean breeding methods
Mass selection and pure-line selection are two important breeding methods used for soybeans in the last five years. Hybridization techniques like pedigree method, bulk population method, single seed descent method, and backcrossing are also used. These methods involve crossing parental lines to create variation, then self-pollinating and selecting progeny over multiple generations to develop pure lines with desired traits.
Cotton presentation
This PowerPoint presentation summarizes information about fiber crops, with a focus on cotton and jute. It discusses the classification, history, cultivation, harvesting, and processing of these crops. Cotton and jute have been important natural fibers for thousands of years. Cotton is grown as an annual crop and is harvested from seed hairs covering cotton seeds. Jute thrives in warm, humid conditions and is harvested before flowering, between 120-150 days after sowing. Both crops require processing after harvesting to extract the usable fibers.
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HYBRID COTTON- present status and future prospects
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19. Mushroom Cultivation.pdf
This document discusses mushroom cultivation techniques. It covers the background and economic potential of mushroom cultivation in India. It then describes the three step process of cultivating the most popular white button mushroom: 1) producing spawn, 2) preparing compost, and 3) cropping. It also discusses cultivation techniques for other mushrooms species grown in India like oyster mushroom, paddy straw mushroom, and milky mushroom. It concludes by emphasizing the need for more training, compost production units, and exploitation of medicinal mushrooms in India.
33. Citrus canker.pdf
Xanthomonas citri is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped proteobacterium that is an aerobic, plant pathogenic bacteria. It is harmless to humans but causes citrus canker, a disease that infects citrus plants like lemons, oranges, and limes.
9. Saccharomyces (Yeast).pdf
Yeast is a single-celled fungus that can be found in places like skin, food, soil and intestines. It reproduces asexually through budding and is commonly used in baking due to its ability to ferment sugars into alcohol and carbon dioxide. The article provides an overview of the characteristics and uses of yeast written by an assistant professor of botany.
28. Applied Mycology.pdf
This document discusses fungi and their importance in various areas. It begins by introducing fungi and their heterotrophic nature. It then discusses their religious importance in ancient cultures. It describes several edible fungi used as food sources, including mushrooms, truffles, puffballs, and morels. The document also discusses fungi's role in medicine (producing antibiotics and ergot alkaloids), industries (producing organic acids, enzymes, and pigments), and their associations with insects and plants. It concludes by outlining fungi's role in causing spoilage, diseases, and crop damage.
35. Tobacco Mosaic Virus.pdf
This document is written by Hem Chander, an Assistant Professor of Botany at Career Point University in Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh, India. The author provides their name, title, affiliation, contact information which is Career Point University Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh 176041, India and email address hemchander78@gmail.com.
34. Angular Leaf Spot of Cotton.pdf
Angular leaf spot is a potentially destructive bacterial disease of cotton that causes leaf spots, boll rot, and black leg. It can significantly impact cotton production if left uncontrolled.
29. Medical Mycology.pdf
This document is written by Hem Chander, an Assistant Professor of Botany at Career Point University in Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh, India. The author provides their name, title, affiliation, contact information which is Career Point University Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh 176041, India and email address hemchander78@gmail.com.
18. Agaricus.pdf
Plants have developed various mechanisms to protect themselves from environmental stresses like drought, salinity and extreme temperatures. One such protective mechanism is accumulation of compatible solutes like proline, glycine betaine and trehalose which help in osmoregulation and stabilization of proteins and cell structures. Under stress conditions, plants regulate the biosynthesis and catabolism of these compatible solutes through various enzymes and genes to cope with the stress.
30. Phytopathology.pdf
This document is written by Hem Chander, an Assistant Professor of Botany at Career Point University in Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh, India. The author provides their name, title, affiliation, contact information which is Career Point University Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh 176041, India and email address hemchander78@gmail.com.
16. Puccinia.pdf
Plants have developed various mechanisms to protect themselves from environmental stresses like drought, salinity and extreme temperatures. One such protective mechanism is accumulation of compatible solutes like proline, glycine betaine and trehalose which help in osmoregulation and stabilization of proteins and cell structures. Under stress conditions, plants upregulate the biosynthesis of these compatible solutes to enhance stress tolerance.
32. Host Pathogen Relationship.pdf
Plants naturally interact with various microorganisms like bacteria, fungi and nematodes. They can become infected by viruses when insects feed on them and transmit pathogens. Plant pathogens have adapted strategies to invade plants, overcome their defenses, and colonize tissues to survive and reproduce. Pathogens secrete chemicals affecting host components and metabolism. Penetration and invasion are also aided by mechanical force exerted by pathogens on plant cell walls.
24. Phytophthora.pdf
- Phytophthora is a genus of parasitic oomycetes that infect plants. It contains 48 cosmopolitan species that are facultative parasites or saprophytes.
- One well-known species is P. infestans, which causes late blight in potatoes. It appears as small black or purple lesions on leaves and can rot tubers if conditions are moist.
- Phytophthora has coenocytic, aseptate mycelium that branches monopodially. It reproduces vegetatively through chlamydospores and asexually via sporangia borne on sporangiophores. Zoospores released from sporangia are biflagellate. Sex
22. Slime Molds.pdf
Slime molds are a lineage of amoebas that live in soil and sometimes gather by the thousands to form multicellular crawling bodies or develop into gigantic pulsating networks of protoplasm, though they usually live as single-celled creatures.
23. Oomycota.pdf
The document discusses the key characteristics of organisms in the division Oomycota. Oomycetes have cell walls composed of cellulose and a diploid dominant lifecycle. Their mycelium is coenocytic and produces septa only to separate reproductive structures. Asexual reproduction occurs through biflagellated zoospores produced in zoosporangia. Sexual reproduction is oogamous and heterogamous, with male nuclei from antheridia inserted into eggs in oogonia. There is no swimming sperm; eggs and sperm are the only haploid parts of their lifecycle. Over 500 species include water molds and downy mildews.
25. Albugo.pdf
- Albugo candida is a fungus that causes white rust, a disease affecting plants in the mustard family and others like asters, morning glories, and lamb's quarters.
- It infects above-ground plant parts through stomata, causing white irregular patches on leaves and stems that later powder. Flowers and fruits become deformed.
- The fungus reproduces asexually through conidia produced on sporangiophores and sexually through fertilization of female oogonia by male antheridia, forming thick-walled oospores.
- Oospores can remain dormant for long periods until conditions are suitable for germination into zoospores that can infect new host plants
26. Lichens.pdf
Lichens are a symbiotic partnership between a fungus and an alga. The fungus is the dominant partner that determines the lichen's characteristics like shape and fruiting bodies. The alga can be either green algae or cyanobacteria, with many lichens containing both types. The fungal partner is known as the mycobiont and provides structure, while the algal partner or phyconiont lives within the fungal thallus and provides food through photosynthesis.
15. Basidiomycota.pdf
Plants have developed various mechanisms to protect themselves from environmental stresses like drought, salinity and extreme temperatures. One such protective mechanism is accumulation of compatible solutes like proline, glycine betaine and trehalose which help in osmoregulation and protection of cellular structures under stress conditions. Compatible solutes act as molecular chaperones and help stabilize proteins and membranes during stress.
36. Vein Clearing-Mosaic of Okra.pdf
This document is written by Hem Chander, an Assistant Professor of Botany at Career Point University in Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh, India. The author provides their name, title, affiliation, contact information which is Career Point University Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh 176041, India and email address hemchander78@gmail.com.
14. Peziza.pdf
Peziza is a genus of cup fungi that grows on the ground, rotting wood, or dung. It produces cup or disc-shaped fruiting bodies called apothecia that can be sessile or stalked, and range in size from 0.5-10 cm in diameter. Peziza contains over 100 species and reproduces both sexually through antheridia and ascogonia fusion or asexually by producing conidia or chlamydospores.
20. Bioluminescence in fungi.pdf
This document summarizes bioluminescence in fungi. It defines bioluminescence as the production and emission of light from living organisms through chemical reactions. Early scientists observed glowing mushrooms but thought the light came from insects. Later, it was established that the light comes from chemical reactions involving luciferase enzymes, luciferin substrates, ATP, oxygen, and photons. Major fungal families exhibiting bioluminescence are Basidiomycetes, with some bioluminescent genera being Pleurotus and Mycena.
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5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
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31. Cotton.pdf
- 1. Cotton (Morphology, extraction and uses) By Hem Chander Assistant Professor (Botany) Career Point University Hamirpur (HP) 176041 hemchander78@gmail.com
- 2. Cotton is a natural fiber that grows on a plant. It is referred as the “King of Fibers”. It is both a food and fiber crop, and the plant is a leafy, green shrub related to the hibiscus species of plants. There are up to 50 species of cotton in the Gossypium genus. The most commercially grown cotton species is Gossypium hirsutum, first developed by the Mayan civilization in hirsutum, first developed by the Mayan civilization in Mexico. The fibers are used in textile industry, while the seed is used as feed for cattles. The kernels are rich in protein (10-20%) and oil (upto 25%). Cotton seed oil is extracted from the seeds.
- 18. The full-grown seed is irregularly pear – shaped, varying in size depending on the variety and conditions of growing. It may be naked or bear short hairs called "fuzz". All cultivated cottons bear long fibres named "lint" and a majority of them have also fuzz of the same seed. Lint and fuzz represent the outgrowths of epidermal cells on seeds. Some cells continue to lengthen while other stops growing seeds. Some cells continue to lengthen while other stops growing after at time. The former are the lint and the latter the fuzz. The lint is removed by gins while the fuzz remains attached. The colour of fibres may be white, brown or green and that of the seed is usually grey, brownish or black. The kernels are rich in protein (10-20%) and oil (upto 25%). Cotton seed oil is extracted from the seeds.