Sporulation is the process of spores formation by bacteria during unfavorable condition
Germination is the process of spores return to give vegetative cells under favorable condition.
Sporulation is the process of spores formation by bacteria during unfavorable condition
Germination is the process of spores return to give vegetative cells under favorable condition.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
2. Spores
◌Highly resistant dormant state of bacteria found in certain genera
◌They are not destroyed by ordinary methods of boiling ofr several
hours
◌They are killed when autoclaved at 15lb pressure (pound per square
inch) at 121*C for 20 minutes.
3. Spores
◌Bacterial spores are small oval or spherical structures that are very
resistant to high temperatures, radiation, desiccation, and
chemical agents.
◌When they are formed intracellularly, they are called endospore. The
bacterial cell producing spore is called vegetative cell.
4. Formation Spores
◌Related to depletion of exogenous nutrients
◌Sporulation involves the production many new structures, enzymes
and metabolites along with the disappearance of many vegetative cell
components
◌It can be induced by PO4 S,C,N and Fe from culture medium
5. SPORULATION
◌The process of production of spores is called sporulation or
sporogenesis.
◌The one vegetative cell forms a single spore, which, after
germination, developed into a new cell.
◌ It takes 8hrs-19h
8. FORMATION OF SPORE
◌Fully develoed spore has:
◌core nuclear body surrounded by spore
wall, a delicate membrane (future cell
wall)
◌Outside this is spore cortex
◌Which is enclosed by multilayered
spore coat
9. FORMATION OF SPORE
◌Spore cortex contains an unusual type of
peptidoglycan sensitive to lysozyme
◌Spore coat is formed by keratin like
protein which is impervious to
antibacterial chemical;
Exosporium
10. FORMATION OF SPORE
◌Additional outer covering called
Exosporium (having ridges and
grooves)
◌Exosporium is a lipoprotein membrane
with some carbohydrate residue
Exosporium
12. ENDOSPORE
◌Formed inside the parent vegetative cell.
◌Endospore are highly durable dehydrate cells, which can
◌survive extreme heat, lack of water, freezing and exposure
◌to many toxic chemicals and radiation.
13. EXOSPORE
◌Formed outside the vegetative cell by
◌budding at one end of the cell.
◌The Exospore do not contain dipicolinic acid.
16. GERMINATION OF SPORE
◌When transferred to a favorable conditions of growth spores
germinates.
◌The spore loses its refractility and swells.
◌The spore wall is shed and germ cell appears by rupturing the
spore coat
◌The germ cell elongates to form vegetative bacterium
18. GERMINATION OF SPORE
Activation :
• Most endospore cannot germinate immediately after they have formed.
• Germinate after they have rested for several days or are first activated
in a nutritionally rich medium (heat,{60*C for 1hour}, low pH,
sulfhydryl, abrasion, etc) by one or another agent that damages the
spore coat and germinates.
19. GERMINATION OF SPORE
Initiation:- After activation, a spore will initiate germination if the
environmental conditions are favorable
Binding of effector substance to spore coat, activates an autolysin
which destroys peptidoglycan of the cortex.
20. GERMINATION OF SPORE
Outgrowth :
Degradation of the cortex and outer layers results in the emergence of a
new vegetative cell consisting of the spore protoplast with its
surrounding wall.
A period of active biosynthesis follows; this period , which terminates in
cell division, is called outgrowth.
21. Demonstration
◌Gram staining:- spores appear as an unstained refractile body
within the cell.
◌Modified Ziehl-Neelsan(ZN) staining:-spores appear as acid-fast
(red colour). ZN staining with 0.25-0.5% sulphuric acid as
decolouring agent is used for spore staining.
22. USE OF SPORE
◌Spores of certain species of bacteria are employed as indicator for
proper sterilisation eg. Bacillus stearothermophilus which is
destroyed at a temperature of 121∘C for 10-20 min.
◌ These spores may be kept in autoclave prior to its use.
◌ Absence of the spores after autoclaving indicates proper
sterilization.
15lb:The pound per square inch or, more accurately, pound-force per square inch is a unit of pressure or of stress based on avoirdupois units.
Vegetative cells are any cells of the body except those which take part in the production of gametes. These cells are produced from the cells which pre-exist through the process of asexual reproduction. In bacteria, the normal living cells are vegetative cells.
phosphorus (po4). S. Sulfur. Latin sulphur, 'brimstone' 16., carbon (C), nitrogen (N), iron (Fe)
Impervious: unable to be affected by.
Impervious: unable to be affected by.
Impervious: unable to be affected by.
Dipicolinic acid (pyridine-2,6-dicarboxylic acid or PDC and DPA) is a chemical compound which plays a role in the heat resistance of bacterial endospores.
