Sporulation is the process of spores formation by bacteria during unfavorable condition
Germination is the process of spores return to give vegetative cells under favorable condition.
Sporulation is the process of spores formation by bacteria during unfavorable condition
Germination is the process of spores return to give vegetative cells under favorable condition.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
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2. Spores
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Highly resistant dormant state of bacteria found in certain genera
They are not destroyed by ordinary methods of boiling ofr several hours
They are killed when autoclaved at 15lb pressure (pound per square inch) at
121*C for 20 minutes.
3. Spores
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Bacterial spores are small oval or spherical structures that are very resistant to
high temperatures, radiation, desiccation, and chemical agents.
When they are formed intracellularly, they are called endospore. The bacterial cell
producing spore is called vegetative cell.
4. Formation Spores
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Related to depletion of exogenous nutrients
Sporulation involves the production many new structures, enzymes and
metabolites along with the disappearance of many vegetative cell components
It can be induced by PO4 S,C,N and Fe from culture medium
5. SPORULATION
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The process of production of spores is called sporulation or sporogenesis.
The one vegetative cell forms a single spore, which, after germination, developed
into a new cell.
It takes 8hrs-19h
8. FORMATION OF SPORE
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Fully develoed spore has:
core nuclear body surrounded by spore wall, a
delicate membrane (future cell wall)
Outside this is spore cortex
Which is enclosed by multilayered spore coat
9. FORMATION OF SPORE
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Spore cortex contains an unusual type of
peptidoglycan sensitive to lysozyme
Spore coat is formed by keratin like protein which
is impervious to antibacterial chemical;
Exosporium
10. FORMATION OF SPORE
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Additional outer covering called Exosporium
(having ridges and grooves)
Exosporium is a lipoprotein membrane with
some carbohydrate residue
Exosporium
12. ENDOSPORE
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Formed inside the parent vegetative cell.
Endospore are highly durable dehydrate cells, which can
survive extreme heat, lack of water, freezing and exposure
to many toxic chemicals and radiation.
15. SPORE FORMING BACTERIA
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GRAM POSITIVE BACILLI:
Obligate aerobes- genus Bacillus
eg.B.anthracis and B. subtilis
Oblicate anaerobes- genus clostridia
eg. Cl.tetani, Cl welchii, Cl. Botulinium, Cl perfringes
Other bacteria :
Gram positive coccus: spore sarcina
Gram negative Bacillus: Coxiella burneti
16. GERMINATION OF SPORE
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When transferred to a favorable conditions of growth spores germinates.
The spore loses its refractility and swells.
The spore wall is shed and germ cell appears by rupturing the spore coat
The germ cell elongates to form vegetative bacterium
18. GERMINATION OF SPORE
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Activation :
Most endospore cannot germinate immediately after they have formed.
Germinate after they have rested for several days or are first activated in a
nutritionally rich medium (heat,{60*C for 1hour}, low pH, sulfhydryl, abrasion, etc)
by one or another agent that damages the spore coat and germinates.
19. GERMINATION OF SPORE
Initiation:- After activation, a spore will initiate germination if the environmental
conditions are favorable
Binding of effector substance to spore coat, activates an autolysin which destroys
peptidoglycan of the cortex.
20. GERMINATION OF SPORE
Outgrowth :
Degradation of the cortex and outer layers results in the emergence of a
new vegetative cell consisting of the spore protoplast with its surrounding wall.
A period of active biosynthesis follows; this period , which terminates in cell
division, is called outgrowth.
21. Demonstration
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Gram staining:- spores appear as an unstained refractile body within the cell.
Modified Ziehl-Neelsan(ZN) staining:-spores appear as acid-fast (red colour).
ZN staining with 0.25-0.5% sulphuric acid as decolouring agent is used for spore
staining.
22. USE OF SPORE
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Spores of certain species of bacteria are employed as indicator for proper
sterilisation eg. Bacillus stearothermophilus which is destroyed at a temperature
of 121∘C for 10-20 min.
These spores may be kept in autoclave prior to its use.
Absence of the spores after autoclaving indicates proper sterilization.
