The document discusses various age-related health problems in the elderly. It describes common signs and symptoms of aging such as decreased energy, memory changes, and sensory declines. Frequent health issues that occur in old age are also outlined, including arthritis, hypertension, diabetes, osteoporosis, and urinary incontinence. The assessment of health in the elderly includes evaluating physical, psychological, social, and nutritional status. Nurses caring for geriatric patients are responsible for comprehensive examinations, specialized care, mental health assessments, and facilitating religious activities.

1. vomiting
• Medical Definition of Vomit. Vomit: Matter
from the stomach that has come up into and
may be ejected beyond the mouth,
• the act of emptying the contents of the stomach
through the mouth:

2. Causes of vomiting
• Food Poisoning
• Indigestion
• Peptic ulcer
• Gastritis
• Acid reflux diseases
• Migraine
• Skull fracture
• Alcohol related liver
diseases
• Cirhosis of liver
• Biliary duct obstruction
• Intestinal obstruction
• Other causes
medication
psychological
environment

3. Pathophysiology of vomiting

4. Sign and symptoms of vomiting
Dehydration
Weakness
Chills with fever
Abdomen pain.

5. Diagnostic evaluation
• Blood investigation
• Gastric analysis
• Enzymes test
• X ray
• CT scan
• M RI
Management:-
Medical management
Nursing management.

6. Fever
Definition of fever:-
Fever, also known as pyrexia and febrile response.
is defined as having a temperature above the normal
range due to an increase in the body's temperature set
point. There is not a single agreed-upon upper limit
for normal temperature with sources using values
between 37.5 and 38.3 °C (99.5 and 100.9 °F).

7. Common causes of fever
A fever can be caused by many medical
conditions ranging from non serious to life threatening.
This includes:-
• viral bacterial and parasitic infections such as
the common cold urinary tract
infections meningitis malaria and appendicitis among
others.
• Non-infectious causes include vasculitis deep vein
thrombosis side effects of medication, and cancer
among others.
• It differs from hyperthermia in that hyperthermia is
an increase in body temperature over the temperature
set point, due to either too much heat production or not
enough heat loss.

8. Pathophysiology of fever

9. signs and symptoms of fever
• Depending on what's causing your fever,
additional fever signs and symptoms may include:
• Sweating
• Chills and shivering
• Headache
• Muscle aches
• Loss of appetite
• Irritability
• Dehydration
• General weakness

10. Diagnosis
• Ask questions about symptoms and medical
history
• Perform a physical exam
• Order tests, such as blood tests or a chest X-
ray, as needed, based on your medical history
and physical exam

11. Management
• Medical management
• Nursing management
• Alternative therapy

12. Incontinence
Definition:-
The involuntary loss of bowel and bladder
function. That is objectively demonstrable and
a social or hygienic problem.

13. Causes and risk factors of incontinence
• Impaired mobility
• Depression
• Stroke
• Diabetes
• Parkinson’s Disease
• Dementia (moderate to severe)
Pathophysiology of incontinence
Management of incontinence
Medical management
Surgical management
Psychological management
Nursing management.

14. Edema
• Is an abnormal accumulation of fluid in
the interstitium, located beneath the skin and in
the cavities of the body.

15. Causes of edema
• Edema can be the result of medication,
pregnancy or an underlying disease — often
congestive heart failure, kidney disease or
cirrhosis of the liver.

16. Edema occurs when tiny blood vessels in your body
(capillaries) leak fluid. The fluid builds up in surrounding
tissues, leading to swelling.
• Mild cases of edema may result from:
• Sitting or staying in one position for too long
• Eating too much salty food
• Having premenstrual signs and symptoms
• Being pregnant
Edema can also be a side effect of some medications,
including:
• High blood pressure medications
• Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
• Steroid drugs
• Estrogens
• Certain diabetes medications called thiazolidinediones

17. Pathophysiology of edema

18. Diagnosis
• To understand what might be causing your
edema,
• medical history.
• This information is often enough to determine
the underlying cause of edema.
• In some cases, X-rays, ultrasound exams,
magnetic resonance imaging, blood tests or
urine analysis may be necessary.

19. Management of edema
• Medical management:-
• Mild edema usually goes away on its own,
particularly if you help things along by raising the
affected limb higher than your heart.
• More-severe edema may be treated with drugs
that help your body expel excess fluid in the form
of urine (diuretics). One of the most common
diuretics is furosemide (Lasix). However, your
doctor will determine whether these types of
medications are a good option for you based on
your personal medical history.
• Long-term management typically focuses on
treating the underlying cause of the swelling. If
edema occurs as a result of medication use

20. • Surgical management
• Other management
-Movement.
-Elevation
-Massage.
-Compression.
-Protection
-Reduce salt intake.

21. Unconsciousness syncope
A person may become temporarily unconscious, or
faint,(fainting –lose consciousness for a short time
because of a temporarily insufficient supply of
oxygen to the brain.) when sudden changes occur
within the body. Common causes of temporary.
unconsciousness include: ... neurologic syncope, or
the loss of consciousness caused by a seizure, stroke,
or transient ischemic attack (TIA) (temporary artery
blockage in brain) dehydration.

22. Causes of unconsciousness syncope
• Common causes of temporary unconsciousness include:
• low blood sugar.
• low blood pressure.
• syncope, or the loss of consciousness due to lack of blood
flow to the brain.
• neurologic syncope, or the loss of consciousness caused by
a seizure, stroke, or transient ischemic attack (TIA)
• dehydration.
• problems with the heart's rhythm.

23. Pathophysiology

24. Sign and symptoms
• The sign of fainting is a sudden loss of consciousness.
• The following signs and symptoms may happen before a fainting
episode:
• A feeling of heaviness in the legs
• Blurred or "tunnel" vision
• Confusion
• Feeling warm or hot
• Lightheadedness, dizziness, a floating feeling
• Nausea
• Sweating
• Vomiting
• Yawning.
• When a person faints, they may:
• Fall over or slump
• Appear unusually pale
• Experience a drop in blood pressure and a weak pulse

25. Diagnostic evolution
• Medical history
• Physical examination
• X-ray
• CT scan
• MRI

27. Management
• Medical management
• Surgical management
• Neurological management
• Nursing management.

28. Age related problems (geriatric)
Geriatric :-Is the branch of medicine leading
with the physiological aspects of aging and
with diagnosis and treatment of diseases
affecting older adults.
Gerontology :-Is the study of all aspects of the
aging process and its consequences.

29. SING AND SYMPTOMS OF AGING
There are many different sign and symptoms of aging.
• Decrease in energy
• Easily tired
• Change in sleeping patterns
• Decrease memory
• Behavioral changes
• Skin and hair changes
• Decrease in vision and
hearing
• Change in bowel function
• Impaired concentration
• Confusion
• Anorexia.

30. Common health problem in old age
• Hearing loss
• Alzheimer’s disease
• Mental illnesses
• Arthritis and
osteoarthritis
• Blood pressure
• Stroke
• Renal diseases
• Diabetes
• Enlarge prostate
• Osteoporosis
• Cataract
• Constipation
• Falls and accidents
• Urinary incontinence.

31. Health assessment of elderly
• Physical development
-Adjust to physiological changes
-Adjust lifestyle to diminishing energy and ability
-Maintain vital signs.
• Psychological development
-Manage retirement years.
-Participate in social and leisure activities
-social network of friends
-self-esteem.

32. -measurements of weight height and vital signs
-observation of the skin
-examination of visual acuity
-Dietary pattern
-Bowel and urinary patterns
-Problems with reading writing and problem-solving
-Symptoms of depression
-Signs of abnormal bereavement
-Changes in cognitive function
-Signs of physical abuse
-Skin lesions
-Tooth decay
-peripheral arterial diseases

33. Responsibilities of geriatric nurse
• Physical examination.
• Provide adequate specialized care to aged
people
• Analyze the collected data to determine health
status.
• Assess the mental health
• Ensure the continuation of all religious and
spiritual activities.