The document summarizes information about the ancient Indus Valley Civilization city of Harappa. It describes how Harappa was discovered in modern-day Pakistan when engineers building railway lines removed bricks from old buildings. Archaeologists later realized it was an ancient city dating back 4,700 years. These cities had fortified walls, elaborate baths and storehouses, and houses built around courtyards connected to drainage systems. Residents practiced crafts like weaving and metalworking. The cities organized trade networks to obtain raw materials from distant lands. By around 3,900 years ago, many cities were abandoned as the rulers lost control and residents moved to smaller settlements, though the exact reasons for the civilization's decline are unknown.
CBSE NCERT SOCIAL AND POLITICAL LIFE CLASS 6 CHAPTER GOVERNMENT ITS FUNCTIONS DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MONARCHY AND DEMOCRACY DEMOCRATIC REPRESENTATIVE GOVT RIGHT TO VOTE
6th std Social Science- Geography ch- 2 Latitudes and LongitudesNavya Rai
6th std Social Science- Geography ch- 2 Latitudes and Longitudes
The term used to describe the shape of the Earth is geoid, meaning ‘Earth Shaped’.
Earth rotates on its own axis.
The end points of the axis of the Earth are called poles.
The pole which points
towards the Pole Star is
called North Pole.
The opposite end is called
South Pole
This is PPT of class -7 ,Geography, Chapter -5, Water
Reference book is NCERT, .
This is useful for teachers who teach in CBSE and Chhattisgarh board.
so download and use online and offline teaching.
CBSE NCERT SOCIAL AND POLITICAL LIFE CLASS 6 CHAPTER GOVERNMENT ITS FUNCTIONS DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MONARCHY AND DEMOCRACY DEMOCRATIC REPRESENTATIVE GOVT RIGHT TO VOTE
6th std Social Science- Geography ch- 2 Latitudes and LongitudesNavya Rai
6th std Social Science- Geography ch- 2 Latitudes and Longitudes
The term used to describe the shape of the Earth is geoid, meaning ‘Earth Shaped’.
Earth rotates on its own axis.
The end points of the axis of the Earth are called poles.
The pole which points
towards the Pole Star is
called North Pole.
The opposite end is called
South Pole
This is PPT of class -7 ,Geography, Chapter -5, Water
Reference book is NCERT, .
This is useful for teachers who teach in CBSE and Chhattisgarh board.
so download and use online and offline teaching.
Indus Valley civilization also know as harappan civilization was one of the oldest urban civilization of the world, which flourished in the fertile plains of Indus river and its tributaries.
Indus valley civilisation | Detail Analysis | Early civilisation MDZAFARHASIB
Here you will learn about the Indus valley civilisation in a very lucid language which will help you to get the details of this civilisation .
*** want video on this topic click below
(PART - 1)
https://youtu.be/TS8VYGpMmtU
(PART -2 )
https://youtu.be/MNS3Ly7_0Wg
harappa civilisation short notes. for series 1 and 2 B.Arch course.
history,culture ,economy, sculptures, town planning,great bath granary,streets,lower town, drainage system ,houses etc...
Why do we need political parties?
Functions of Political Parties
Parties contest elections
Parties put forward different policies and programm
Parties make laws for a country
Parties form and run governments
Losing party play the role of opposition
Parties shape public opinion
Parties provide people access to government machinery
and welfare schemes implemented by governments
Why parties are a necessary condition for democracy ?
One-party systems
Two-party system
Multiparty system
National political parties
Conditions to be called National political parties
Indian National Congress (INC)
Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP)
Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)
Communist Party of India - (CPI)
Communist Party of India - Marxist (CPI-M)
Nationalist Congress Party (NCP)
State parties
Challenges to political parties
Lack of internal democracy within parties
Dynastic succession
Growing role of money and muscle power in
parties
very often parties do not seem to offer a
meaningful choice
How can parties be reformed?
What does democracy do?
What outcomes can we reasonably expect of democracy?
Does democracy fulfil these expectations in real life?
How to assess the outcomes of democracy?
Democracy is better because
Accountable, responsive and legitimate government
ELECTION,DEBATE AND INFORMATION
PEOPLE’S NEED AND CORRUPTION
Economic growth and development
Reduction of inequality and poverty
Accommodation of social diversity
Dignity and freedom of the citizens
Means of Transportations
Roadways
Golden Quadrilateral Super Highways
• National Highways
State Highways:
District Roads
Other Roads
Border Road
Railways
Pipelines
Waterways
Major Sea Ports
Airways
Communication
International Trade
Tourism as a Trade
GLOBALISATION AND INDIAN ECONOMY CLASS 10 X NCERT CBSEMahendra SST
How do we understand these rapid transformations?
PRODUCTION ACROSS COUNTRY
SPREADING Of PRODUCTION By MNC –
INTERLINKING PRODUCTION ACROSS COUNTRY-
MNCs set up production jointly with some of the local companies.
FOREIGN TRADE AND INTEGRATION OF MARKET –
WHAT IS GLOBALISATION-
FACTORS THAT ENABLED GLOBALISATION-
LIBERLISATION –
Removing barriers or restrictions set by the government is what is known as liberalisation.
WORLD TRADE ORGANISATION-
DEVELOPMENT
What is Development –
What Development Promises – Different People Different Goal
Income And Other Goal
National Development
How To Compare Different Countries Or States
Income And Other Criteria
Public Facilities
Sustainability of Development
ncert cbse class 10ecinomics
2 role of the government in health class vii 7Mahendra SST
NCERT CBSE SOCIAL SCIENCE CLASS 6,7,8,9,10 HISTORY POLITICAL SCIENCE GEOGRAPHY ECONOMICS
IN THIS CHAPTER YOU WILL GET ACCESS ABOUT CLASS SUBJECT SPL CHAPTER ROLE OF GOVT IN HEALTH What is health?
THE COST OF A CURE
Division Of Health Services
(a) Public health services and
(b) Private health facilities
Is adequate healthcare available to all?
What can be done?
The Kerala experience
The Costa Rican approach
1 tracing changes through a thousand yearsMahendra SST
NCERT CBSE SOCIAL SCIENCE CLASS 6,7,8,9,10 HISTORY POLITICAL SCIENCE GEOGRAPHY ECONOMICS
IN THIS CHAPTER YOU WILL GET ACCESS ABOUT CLASS 67HISORY CHAPTER 1
NCERT CBSE SOCIAL SCIENCE CLASS 6,7,8,9,10 HISTORY POLITICAL SCIENCE GEOGRAPHY ECONOMICS
IN THIS CHAPTER YOU WILL GET ACCESS ABOUT CLASS 6 HISORY CHAPTER WHAT WHERE HOW AND WHEN
NCERT CBSE SOCIAL SCIENCE CLASS 6,7,8,9,10 HISTORY POLITICAL SCIENCE GEOGRAPHY ECONOMICS
IN THIS CHAPTER YOU WILL GET ACCESS ABOUT CLASS 6 HISORY CHAPTER WHAT WHERE HOW AND WHEN
CBSE NCERT SOCIAL SCIENCE HISTORY GEOGRAPHY ECONOMICS POLITICAL SCIENCE CLASS 8 CHAPTER permanent settlement ryotwari and mahalwari system holt mackenzi charles cornwalis indigo and blue rebellion
CBSE NCERT SOCIAL SCIENCE HISTORY GEOGRAPHY ECONOMICS POLITICAL SCIENCE CLASS 9 CHAPTER poverty as challenge poverty definition poverty social exclusion vulnerability poverty line method causes of poverty
CBSE NCERT SOCIAL SCIENCE HISTORY GEOGRAPHY ECONOMICS POLITICAL SCIENCE CLASS 9 CHAPTER the story of village palampur factors of production farming in palampur non farming activities land labour physical capital fixed capital working capital human capital
CBSE NCERT SOCIAL SCIENCE HISTORY GEOGRAPHY ECONOMICS POLITICAL SCIENCE CLASS 10 CHAPTER money and credit barter system modern form of noney formal and informal sectors of credit collateral terms of credit
CBSE NCERT SOCIAL SCIENCE HISTORY GEOGRAPHY ECONOMICS POLITICAL SCIENCE CLASS 10 CHAPTER political parties components of political parties national and state parties how can political parties are reformed
CBSE NCERT SOCIAL SCIENCE HISTORY GEOGRAPHY ECONOMICS POLITICAL SCIENCE CLASS 9 CHAPTER our detailed election process constituencies candidate nomination challenges to election process
Cbse NCERT SOCIAL SCIENCE HISTORY GEOGRAPHY ECONOMICS POLITICAL SCIENCE CLASS 10 CHAPTER classifications of minerals conventional and non conventional energy resources
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Home assignment II on Spectroscopy 2024 Answers.pdf
3 in the earliest cities
1. CLASS VI NCERT CHAPTER 3
SUBJECT – S.SC. (SPL)
PRESENTED BY – MAHENDRA KUMAR
महेंद्र पारीक1
In The Earliest Cities
2. The story of Harappa
महेंद्र पारीक2
Harappa is in modern day Pakistan.
This site was discovered by the East India Company
when engineers doing the construction of railway lines.
Workers carried off thousands of bricks from the walls of
the old buildings of the city to build railway lines. Many
buildings were completely destroyed.
• It was about 80 years ago that archaeologists (DAYA
RAM SAHNI) could realize that it was an ancient city.
These cities developed about 4700 years ago
Most of the sites this civilization are in modern day
Pakistan. Some of the sites are in India, e.g. Kalibangan
(Northern Rajasthan), Banavali (Haryana), Dholavira
(Gujarat) and Lothal (Gujarat).
4. What was special about these
cities?
महेंद्र पारीक4
Many of these cities were divided into two or
more parts.
The part to the west was smaller but higher.
Archaeologists describe this as the citadel.
The part to the east was larger but lower. This
is called the lower town.
Very often walls of baked brick were built around
each part. The bricks were so well baked that
they have lasted for thousands of years.
The bricks were laid in an interlocking pattern and
that made the walls strong
5. What
was
special
about
these
cities?
महेंद्र पारीक5
In Mohenjodaro, a very special tank, which
archaeologists call the Great Bath, was built in this
area (citadel).
This was lined with bricks, coated with plaster, and
made water-tight with a layer of natural tar.
There were steps leading down to it from two sides,
while there were rooms on all sides.
Water was probably brought in from a well, and
drained out after use.
6. महेंद्र पारीक6
Kalibanga
n and
Lothal had
fire altars,
(above)
where
sacrifices
may have
been
performed.
Mohenjoda
ro,
Harappa,
and Lothal
had
elaborate
store
houses.(b
elow)
7. Houses, drains and streets
महेंद्र पारीक7
Houses -Houses were either one or two storeys high,
with rooms built around a courtyard.
Most houses had a separate bathing area, and some
had wells to supply water.
Drains - Although you cannot see it, each drain had a
gentle slope so that water could flow through it.
Very often, drains in houses were connected to those
on the streets and smaller drains led into bigger ones.
As the drains were covered, inspection holes were
provided at intervals to clean them.
All three — houses, drains and streets — were
probably planned and built at the same time.
8. Life
in
the
city
महेंद्र पारीक8
A Harappan city –
There were people who planned the construction of
special buildings in the city. These were probably the
rulers.
The rulers sent people to distant lands to get metal,
precious stones, and other things that they wanted.
The rulers may have kept the most valuable objects,
such as ornaments of gold and silver, or beautiful
beads, for themselves.
The scribes, who knew how to write,helped prepare
9. New crafts in the city
महेंद्र पारीक9
Objects that were made and found in
Harappan cities.
archaeologists found objects made of stone, shell
and metal, including copper, bronze, gold and
silver.
Copper and bronze were used to make tools,
weapons, ornaments and vessels.
Gold and silver were used to make ornaments
and vessels. Perhaps the most striking finds are
those of beads, weights, and blades.
10. महेंद्र पारीक10
The Harappans also made seals out of stone. These
are generally rectangular and usually have an animal
carved on them. (shown in above slide)
The Harappans also made pots with beautiful black
designs.
Cotton was probably grown at Mehrgarh (PAKISTAN)
from about 7000 years ago. Actual pieces of cloth
were found attached to the lid of a silver vase and
some copper objects at Mohenjodaro.
Archaeologists have also found spindle whorls made
of terracotta and faience. These were used to spin
thread.
See how well the face is carved and how carefully the
beard is shown . This must have been the work of an
expert crafts person.
13. In search of raw materials
महेंद्र पारीक13
What is raw material and its uses ?
Copper, tin, gold, silver and precious stones had to
be brought from distant places.
The Harappans probably got copper from present-
day Rajasthan, and even from Oman in West Asia.
Tin, which was mixed with copper to produce bronze,
may have been brought from Afghanistan and Iran.
Gold from Karnataka.
Precious stones from Gujarat, Iran and
Afghanistan
14. Food for people in the cities
महेंद्र पारीक14
farmers and herders supplied
food to crafts persons, scribes
and rulers in the cities.
We know from remains of plants
that the Harappans grew wheat,
barley, pulses, peas, rice,
sesame, linseed and mustard.
A new tool, the plough, was
used to dig the earth for turning
the soil and planting seeds.
While real ploughs, which were
probably made of wood, have
not survived, toy models have
been found.
15. Food for people in the cities
महेंद्र पारीक15
Some form of irrigation may have been used means
that water was stored and supplied to the fields
when the plants were growing.
The Harappans reared cattle, sheep, goat and
buffalo. Water and pastures were available around
settlements. They also collected fruits like ber,
caught fish and hunted wild animals like the
antelope.
16. A closer look — a Harappan towns in
Gujarat
महेंद्र पारीक16
The city of Dholavira was located on Khadir Beyt (also
spelled as Bet) in the Rann of Kutch, where there was
fresh water and fertile soil.
Dholavira was divided into three parts (rest cities -2), and
each part was surrounded with massive stone walls, with
entrances through gateways.
There was also a large open area in the settlement, where
public ceremonies could be held.
Other finds include large letters of the Harappan script that
were carved out of white stone and perhaps inlaid in wood.
This is a unique find as generally Harappan writing has
been found on small objects such as seals.
17. A closer look — a Harappan towns in
Gujarat
महेंद्र पारीक17
The city of Lothal stood beside a tributary of the
Sabarmati, in Gujarat, close to the Gulf of Khambat. It
was situated near areas where raw materials such as
semi-precious stones were easily available.
This was an important centre for making objects out
of stone, shell and metal. There was also a store
house in the city.
Many seals and sealings (the impression of seals on
clay) were found in this storehouse
18. The mystery of the end
महेंद्र पारीक18
Around 3900 years ago we find the beginning of a major
change. People stopped living in many of the cities.
In Mohenjodaro, we find that garbage piled up on the
streets, the drainage system broke down, and new, less
impressive houses were built, even over the streets. Why
did all this happen? We are not sure.
Some scholars suggest that the rivers dried up.
Others suggest that there was deforestation. This
could have happened because fuel was required for
baking bricks, and for smelting copper ores. Besides,
grazing by large herds of cattle, sheep and goat may have
destroyed the green cover.
In some areas there were floods. But none of these
reasons can explain the end of all the cities. Flooding,
or a river drying up would have had an effect in only some
areas.
It appears as if the rulers lost control. many people moved
into newer, smaller settlements to the east and the south